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• 101. [Article] Mapping Stripe Rust Resistance in a BrundageXCoda Winter Wheat Recombinant Inbred Line Population

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping Stripe Rust Resistance in a BrundageXCoda Winter Wheat Recombinant Inbred Line Population Author: Case, Austin J., Carter, Arron H., Zemetra, Robert S., Naruoka, Yukiko, Chen, Xianming, Garland-Campbell, Kimberly A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Title: Mapping Stripe Rust Resistance in a BrundageXCoda Winter Wheat Recombinant Inbred Line Population Author: Case, Austin J., Carter, Arron H., Zemetra, Robert S., Naruoka, Yukiko, Chen, Xianming, Garland-Campbell, Kimberly A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Close

• 102. [Article] In situ transformation of toluene and xylene to benzylsuccinic acid analogs in contaminated groundwater

  The rate of removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and the xylene isomers (BTEX) from contaminated groundwater is needed to design remediation processes. Benzylsuccinic acid (BSA) and methyl-benzylsuccinic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: In situ transformation of toluene and xylene to benzylsuccinic acid analogs in contaminated groundwater Author: Reusser, Dominik E. The rate of removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and the xylene isomers (BTEX) from contaminated groundwater is needed to design remediation processes. Benzylsuccinic acid (BSA) and methyl-benzylsuccinic acid (methyl BSA) are unambiguous metabolites of anaerobic BTEX biodegradation. An analytical method for quantitative determination of BSA in groundwater samples was developed. Samples containing BSA and methyl BSA were extracted onto 0.5 g of styrene-divinylbenzene, eluted with ethyl acetate, and methylated with diazomethane. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization was used for separation and detection. The recovery from spiked 1 L groundwater samples was 88 to 100 %. The precision of the method, indicated by the relative standard error was ± 4% with a method detection limit of 0.2 μg/L. The method was then used to analyze samples from single-well push-pull tests conducted by injecting deuterated toluene and xylene into BTEX-contaminated wells in order to demonstrate in-situ biodegradation. Unambiguous evidence for deuterated toluene and xylene biodegradation was obtained with the observation of deuterated BSA and methyl BSA coupled with the utilization of nitrate presumably due to denitrification as terminal-electron-accepting process. Minimum first-order degradation rates for deuterated toluene estimated from formation of BSA were 0.0004 to 0.001 day⁻¹. Rates of methyl BSA formation were not calculated because methyl BSA, although detected, was not above the quantitation limit. Removal rates of deuterated toluene and o-xylene were not directly measurable because the rates were too low to measure significant changes in parent compound concentrations. Wells for which the formation of deuterated BSA and methyl BSA were observed had lower relative concentrations of toluene and xylenes relative to total BTEX than wells for which no deuterated BSA and methyl BSA were observed. Retardation factors for injected deuterated toluene and background toluene of 2 and 14, respectively, were obtained from push-pull tests conducted to determine toluene transport properties. Differences in retardation factors for injected and background toluene indicate differences between injected and background solute transport and is a topic that requires further study. Title: In situ transformation of toluene and xylene to benzylsuccinic acid analogs in contaminated groundwater Author: Reusser, Dominik E. The rate of removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and the xylene isomers (BTEX) from contaminated groundwater is needed to design remediation processes. Benzylsuccinic acid (BSA) and methyl-benzylsuccinic acid (methyl BSA) are unambiguous metabolites of anaerobic BTEX biodegradation. An analytical method for quantitative determination of BSA in groundwater samples was developed. Samples containing BSA and methyl BSA were extracted onto 0.5 g of styrene-divinylbenzene, eluted with ethyl acetate, and methylated with diazomethane. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization was used for separation and detection. The recovery from spiked 1 L groundwater samples was 88 to 100 %. The precision of the method, indicated by the relative standard error was ± 4% with a method detection limit of 0.2 μg/L. The method was then used to analyze samples from single-well push-pull tests conducted by injecting deuterated toluene and xylene into BTEX-contaminated wells in order to demonstrate in-situ biodegradation. Unambiguous evidence for deuterated toluene and xylene biodegradation was obtained with the observation of deuterated BSA and methyl BSA coupled with the utilization of nitrate presumably due to denitrification as terminal-electron-accepting process. Minimum first-order degradation rates for deuterated toluene estimated from formation of BSA were 0.0004 to 0.001 day⁻¹. Rates of methyl BSA formation were not calculated because methyl BSA, although detected, was not above the quantitation limit. Removal rates of deuterated toluene and o-xylene were not directly measurable because the rates were too low to measure significant changes in parent compound concentrations. Wells for which the formation of deuterated BSA and methyl BSA were observed had lower relative concentrations of toluene and xylenes relative to total BTEX than wells for which no deuterated BSA and methyl BSA were observed. Retardation factors for injected deuterated toluene and background toluene of 2 and 14, respectively, were obtained from push-pull tests conducted to determine toluene transport properties. Differences in retardation factors for injected and background toluene indicate differences between injected and background solute transport and is a topic that requires further study. Close

• 103. [Article] Transfer, characterization and mapping of white mold resistance in an advanced backcross interspecific population between Phaseolus vulgaris and Phaseolus coccineus

  The advanced backcross-quatitative trait loci (AB-QTL) breeding method was employed on snap bean (OR 91G x PI433251B) and dry bean (M0162 x PI433251B) interspecific populations to transfer resistance QTL ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transfer, characterization and mapping of white mold resistance in an advanced backcross interspecific population between Phaseolus vulgaris and Phaseolus coccineus Author: Zimmerman, Shawna Jean The advanced backcross-quatitative trait loci (AB-QTL) breeding method was employed on snap bean (OR 91G x PI433251B) and dry bean (M0162 x PI433251B) interspecific populations to transfer resistance QTL from resistant donor parent Phaseolus coccineus into P. vulgaris. For OR 91G x PI433251B, analyses produced nine linkage groups corresponding to eight core linkage groups for P. vulgaris consisting of 40 markers covering 336.7 cM (approximately 28.1% of the estimated bean genome). MQM mapping revealed one QTL that was located on linkage group Pv05 (LOD of 3.2) associated with 2009 percent field severity and accounted for 6.4% of the phenotypic variation. For M0162 x PI433251B, three linkage groups were observed, corresponding to three core linkage groups for P. vulgaris and consisted of 11 markers covering 42.44 cM (approximately 3.5% of the estimated bean genome). One QTL was identified with MQM mapping on linkage group Pv02 with a LOD of 1.8 and associated with the 2009 percent field severity, and accounted for 9.8% of the phenotypic variation. Because many SSR markers with known locations on previously published common bean linkage maps were unlinked, we constructed virtual maps to order polymorphic SSRs. In conjunction with single factor analysis and the Kruskall-Wallis analysis, probable locations of QTL were identified in the absence of the traditional QTL mapping. In addition to QTL mapping, trends for interspecific populations were investigated by comparing three different populations: the two populations being reported in this document for the first time (OR 91G x PI433251B and M0162 x PI433251B) and the previously analyzed OR 91G x PI255956. The general trends for interspecific populations were severe segregation distortion attributed to overrepresentation of heterozygotes, low marker polymorphism and regions of the genome that appear to recombine infrequently. Title: Transfer, characterization and mapping of white mold resistance in an advanced backcross interspecific population between Phaseolus vulgaris and Phaseolus coccineus Author: Zimmerman, Shawna Jean The advanced backcross-quatitative trait loci (AB-QTL) breeding method was employed on snap bean (OR 91G x PI433251B) and dry bean (M0162 x PI433251B) interspecific populations to transfer resistance QTL from resistant donor parent Phaseolus coccineus into P. vulgaris. For OR 91G x PI433251B, analyses produced nine linkage groups corresponding to eight core linkage groups for P. vulgaris consisting of 40 markers covering 336.7 cM (approximately 28.1% of the estimated bean genome). MQM mapping revealed one QTL that was located on linkage group Pv05 (LOD of 3.2) associated with 2009 percent field severity and accounted for 6.4% of the phenotypic variation. For M0162 x PI433251B, three linkage groups were observed, corresponding to three core linkage groups for P. vulgaris and consisted of 11 markers covering 42.44 cM (approximately 3.5% of the estimated bean genome). One QTL was identified with MQM mapping on linkage group Pv02 with a LOD of 1.8 and associated with the 2009 percent field severity, and accounted for 9.8% of the phenotypic variation. Because many SSR markers with known locations on previously published common bean linkage maps were unlinked, we constructed virtual maps to order polymorphic SSRs. In conjunction with single factor analysis and the Kruskall-Wallis analysis, probable locations of QTL were identified in the absence of the traditional QTL mapping. In addition to QTL mapping, trends for interspecific populations were investigated by comparing three different populations: the two populations being reported in this document for the first time (OR 91G x PI433251B and M0162 x PI433251B) and the previously analyzed OR 91G x PI255956. The general trends for interspecific populations were severe segregation distortion attributed to overrepresentation of heterozygotes, low marker polymorphism and regions of the genome that appear to recombine infrequently. Close

• 104. [Article] The effect of bud self pollination, open flower self pollination, and cross pollination on the field characteristics of broccoli progenies

  To determine the effect of bud pollination, compared to pollination of open flowers and crossing, on field characteristics of broccoli progenies, an experiment was conducted in 1974 and 1975 at Corvallis, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of bud self pollination, open flower self pollination, and cross pollination on the field characteristics of broccoli progenies Author: Yin, Yun-Fu To determine the effect of bud pollination, compared to pollination of open flowers and crossing, on field characteristics of broccoli progenies, an experiment was conducted in 1974 and 1975 at Corvallis, Oregon. Single plants of 55 broccoli lines were pollinated, using four methods, i.e. bud pollination (BP), open flower pollination (OS), open flower pollination with ether treatment as an aid (OSE), and crossing with a common parent (CP). BP resulted in a substantially greater number of seed set per cluster than OS or OSE and slightly less than CP. There was a significant overall effect of pollination methods on seed weight, but it was the result of greater seed weight resulting from CP compared to other treatments. Broccoli lines differed greatly in seed weight and number of seeds per cluster. The use of ether did not significantly increase number of seed per cluster or seed weight. Thirty-nine lines were direct seeded in the field. Because of seed shortages and seedling losses, the experimental design of four replications in a randomized block was complete for only seven lines, and a total of 20 lines had at least one replication for each treatment. Separate analyses were made of the data for these seven lines and 20 lines respectively. In the field-grown progenies, the quantitative characteristics of plant height, plant weight, and head diameter, were greater for CP, intermediate for OS-OSE, and lowest for BP. Head weight was similarly, but less conclusively affected. Number of days to head emergence was longer in progenies from BP than OS-OSE, and those from OS-OSE took longer than progenies from CP. Number of days to harvest maturity followed the same pattern in the analysis of 20 lines but was inconclusive in the analysis of seven lines. Results for floret size and rosetting were generally inconclusive. The experiment generally supported the hypothesis that BP results in progenies with less plant vigor than those pollinated after normal anthesis (OS). The use of ether as an aid in open flower pollination generally had no effect on the field characteristics of resulting progenies. Title: The effect of bud self pollination, open flower self pollination, and cross pollination on the field characteristics of broccoli progenies Author: Yin, Yun-Fu To determine the effect of bud pollination, compared to pollination of open flowers and crossing, on field characteristics of broccoli progenies, an experiment was conducted in 1974 and 1975 at Corvallis, Oregon. Single plants of 55 broccoli lines were pollinated, using four methods, i.e. bud pollination (BP), open flower pollination (OS), open flower pollination with ether treatment as an aid (OSE), and crossing with a common parent (CP). BP resulted in a substantially greater number of seed set per cluster than OS or OSE and slightly less than CP. There was a significant overall effect of pollination methods on seed weight, but it was the result of greater seed weight resulting from CP compared to other treatments. Broccoli lines differed greatly in seed weight and number of seeds per cluster. The use of ether did not significantly increase number of seed per cluster or seed weight. Thirty-nine lines were direct seeded in the field. Because of seed shortages and seedling losses, the experimental design of four replications in a randomized block was complete for only seven lines, and a total of 20 lines had at least one replication for each treatment. Separate analyses were made of the data for these seven lines and 20 lines respectively. In the field-grown progenies, the quantitative characteristics of plant height, plant weight, and head diameter, were greater for CP, intermediate for OS-OSE, and lowest for BP. Head weight was similarly, but less conclusively affected. Number of days to head emergence was longer in progenies from BP than OS-OSE, and those from OS-OSE took longer than progenies from CP. Number of days to harvest maturity followed the same pattern in the analysis of 20 lines but was inconclusive in the analysis of seven lines. Results for floret size and rosetting were generally inconclusive. The experiment generally supported the hypothesis that BP results in progenies with less plant vigor than those pollinated after normal anthesis (OS). The use of ether as an aid in open flower pollination generally had no effect on the field characteristics of resulting progenies. Close

• 105. [Article] Use of Pyrosequencing Technology to Genotype Imidazolinone-Tolerant Wheat

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America, Inc. and can be found at: https://www.crop...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Use of Pyrosequencing Technology to Genotype Imidazolinone-Tolerant Wheat Author: Fischinger, Frank, Ellison, Mackenzie T., Zemetra, Robert S., Kuhl, Joseph C. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America, Inc. and can be found at: https://www.crops.org/publications/cs. Title: Use of Pyrosequencing Technology to Genotype Imidazolinone-Tolerant Wheat Author: Fischinger, Frank, Ellison, Mackenzie T., Zemetra, Robert S., Kuhl, Joseph C. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America, Inc. and can be found at: https://www.crops.org/publications/cs. Close

• 106. [Article] Quantification of Complex Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mixtures in Standard Reference Materials Using GC×GC/ToF-MS

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-chrom...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quantification of Complex Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mixtures in Standard Reference Materials Using GC×GC/ToF-MS Author: Hoh, Eunha, Manzano, Carlos, Simonich, Staci L. Massey This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-chromatography-a. Title: Quantification of Complex Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mixtures in Standard Reference Materials Using GC×GC/ToF-MS Author: Hoh, Eunha, Manzano, Carlos, Simonich, Staci L. Massey This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-chromatography-a. Close

• 107. [Article] Genomic and phenotypic characterization of in vitro-generated Chlamydia trachomatis recombinants

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by BioMed Central Ltd. and can be found at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Genomic and phenotypic characterization of in vitro-generated Chlamydia trachomatis recombinants Author: Jeffrey, Brendan M., Rockey, Daniel D., Sandoz, Kelsi M., Suchland, Robert J., Eriksen, Steven G. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by BioMed Central Ltd. and can be found at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/. Title: Genomic and phenotypic characterization of in vitro-generated Chlamydia trachomatis recombinants Author: Jeffrey, Brendan M., Rockey, Daniel D., Sandoz, Kelsi M., Suchland, Robert J., Eriksen, Steven G. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by BioMed Central Ltd. and can be found at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/. Close

• 108. [Article] Study of simultaneous codeposition of metals at solid electrodes

  As with many pairs of metals, the electrodeposition of Pb-Tl, Cu-Cd, and Cu-Ni at solid electrodes yielded partial polarization curves shifted from the polarization curves of the single metals. The curves ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Study of simultaneous codeposition of metals at solid electrodes Author: Yindepit, Somrat As with many pairs of metals, the electrodeposition of Pb-Tl, Cu-Cd, and Cu-Ni at solid electrodes yielded partial polarization curves shifted from the polarization curves of the single metals. The curves for the more noble metals (Pb, Cu) were shifted negatively while the less noble metals'(Tl, Cd, Ni) curves were shifted positively. Such shifts are found to be related to the difference in the binding energy between atoms of the same metals and between atoms of different metals. Thermodynamic calculation shows that the heat of sublimation, and subsequently the strength of the metallic bond, of the alloy is typically higher than the heat of sublimation of the less noble component, but lower than that of the more noble component. Thus, the incorporation of the atoms of the less noble metal into the alloy lattice is energetically more favorable than the incorporation into the same lattice of the less noble metal. Similarly, the incorporation of the atoms of the more noble metal into the alloy lattice is energetically less favorable than incorporation into the same crystal lattice of the more noble metal. The heats of sublimation of the alloys of Ag-Cd, Ag-Zn, Au-Cu, Co-Fe, Cu-Cd, Cu-Ni, Cu-Sn, Cu-Zn, Fe-Zn, Ni-Fe, and Pb -Tl have been calculated and tabulated together with the heats of sublimation of the parent metals. The direction of the shift of the partial polarization curves of these metals during codeposition indeed, confirm the thermodynamic considerations. The principles developed here should be useful in the study of codeposition of alloys and in analytical applications of solid electrodes. The simultaneous codeposition of Pb-Tl, Cu-Cd, and Cu-Ni were explored by cyclic voltammetry and stripping analysis. In support of this, a Cyclic Voltammetry Programmer, an Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Timer, and associated hardware were constructed. Shift in stripping potentials were observed during anodic dissolution of alloys. The stripping potentials shifted in the same direction as the deposition potentials shifted in partial polarization curves. Title: Study of simultaneous codeposition of metals at solid electrodes Author: Yindepit, Somrat As with many pairs of metals, the electrodeposition of Pb-Tl, Cu-Cd, and Cu-Ni at solid electrodes yielded partial polarization curves shifted from the polarization curves of the single metals. The curves for the more noble metals (Pb, Cu) were shifted negatively while the less noble metals'(Tl, Cd, Ni) curves were shifted positively. Such shifts are found to be related to the difference in the binding energy between atoms of the same metals and between atoms of different metals. Thermodynamic calculation shows that the heat of sublimation, and subsequently the strength of the metallic bond, of the alloy is typically higher than the heat of sublimation of the less noble component, but lower than that of the more noble component. Thus, the incorporation of the atoms of the less noble metal into the alloy lattice is energetically more favorable than the incorporation into the same lattice of the less noble metal. Similarly, the incorporation of the atoms of the more noble metal into the alloy lattice is energetically less favorable than incorporation into the same crystal lattice of the more noble metal. The heats of sublimation of the alloys of Ag-Cd, Ag-Zn, Au-Cu, Co-Fe, Cu-Cd, Cu-Ni, Cu-Sn, Cu-Zn, Fe-Zn, Ni-Fe, and Pb -Tl have been calculated and tabulated together with the heats of sublimation of the parent metals. The direction of the shift of the partial polarization curves of these metals during codeposition indeed, confirm the thermodynamic considerations. The principles developed here should be useful in the study of codeposition of alloys and in analytical applications of solid electrodes. The simultaneous codeposition of Pb-Tl, Cu-Cd, and Cu-Ni were explored by cyclic voltammetry and stripping analysis. In support of this, a Cyclic Voltammetry Programmer, an Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Timer, and associated hardware were constructed. Shift in stripping potentials were observed during anodic dissolution of alloys. The stripping potentials shifted in the same direction as the deposition potentials shifted in partial polarization curves. Close

• 109. [Article] Gender role attitudes among Thai college students : traditional or egalitarian?

  The purpose of this investigation is to explore gender role attitudes among Thai college students and to determine whether differences in gender role attitudes among Thai college students are related to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender role attitudes among Thai college students : traditional or egalitarian? Author: Surinya, Tippavan The purpose of this investigation is to explore gender role attitudes among Thai college students and to determine whether differences in gender role attitudes among Thai college students are related to the sex of students, college major and family structure. To investigate this problem a Gender Role Attitude Inventory is developed and three hypothesis are developed. Research participants include 300 junior/undergraduate college students at Kasetsart University in Bangkok, Thailand. Frequencies and descriptive statistics are used to analyze the sample and inferential statistics are used to interpret the data and to answer the research question posed. The group West is used to compare the mean difference of students' gender role attitude scores between male and female students, between female students who participate in traditional feminine college majors and those who are involved in nontraditional college majors, and between students who grew up in families where both parents worked outside the home and those who were raised in families where fathers were employed and mothers did not work outside the home. The results show that female students expressed significantly more egalitarian gender role attitudes than male students. Female students with nontraditional majors tend to demonstrate more egalitarian gender role attitudes than those with traditional majors. Students from dual-earner families, where both father and mother worked outside the home, are shown to have higher levels of egalitarian gender role attitudes as compare to students from single-earner families, where fathers were employed outside the home and mothers were not employed in wage labor. Title: Gender role attitudes among Thai college students : traditional or egalitarian? Author: Surinya, Tippavan The purpose of this investigation is to explore gender role attitudes among Thai college students and to determine whether differences in gender role attitudes among Thai college students are related to the sex of students, college major and family structure. To investigate this problem a Gender Role Attitude Inventory is developed and three hypothesis are developed. Research participants include 300 junior/undergraduate college students at Kasetsart University in Bangkok, Thailand. Frequencies and descriptive statistics are used to analyze the sample and inferential statistics are used to interpret the data and to answer the research question posed. The group West is used to compare the mean difference of students' gender role attitude scores between male and female students, between female students who participate in traditional feminine college majors and those who are involved in nontraditional college majors, and between students who grew up in families where both parents worked outside the home and those who were raised in families where fathers were employed and mothers did not work outside the home. The results show that female students expressed significantly more egalitarian gender role attitudes than male students. Female students with nontraditional majors tend to demonstrate more egalitarian gender role attitudes than those with traditional majors. Students from dual-earner families, where both father and mother worked outside the home, are shown to have higher levels of egalitarian gender role attitudes as compare to students from single-earner families, where fathers were employed outside the home and mothers were not employed in wage labor. Close

• 110. [Article] Supporting the Families of International Graduate Students with Accompanying Dependents

  Research universities in the United States recognize the importance of attracting graduate students from around the world to make global collaborations possible and to take advantage of the worldwide demand ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Supporting the Families of International Graduate Students with Accompanying Dependents Author: Rains, Shalece L. Research universities in the United States recognize the importance of attracting graduate students from around the world to make global collaborations possible and to take advantage of the worldwide demand for higher education. Educational research has developed a large body of literature on the specialized supports that improve successful outcomes for international graduate students; however, accompanying spouses need more attention in research as well as in practice. The current case study is designed to explore how research universities support international graduate students with dependents, under the assumption that supporting student success includes welcoming and supporting the dependent spouses. The present multisite, embedded single case study is designed to determine the range of ecological levels present in the set of interventions--programs and policies that address (1) orientation, (2) social engagement, (3) skills training, (4) opportunities to serve, and (5) space for critical dialog--at each of the universities sampled. The study found emerging tendencies to include accompanying spouses in communications and programming, although the norm is still to address a student-only audience. Of the five critical services identified, programs and policies related to orientation and social engagement were more often inclusive of accompanying spouses whereas sponsored opportunities for community engagement through volunteer service and for dialogue around critical issues were least likely to be available. This preliminary study is intended to encourage the application of ecological theory and environmental assessment (Schuh & Upcraft, 2001; Strange & Banning, 2001) of international student service units to promote the full engagement of international graduate students and accompanying spouses. Title: Supporting the Families of International Graduate Students with Accompanying Dependents Author: Rains, Shalece L. Research universities in the United States recognize the importance of attracting graduate students from around the world to make global collaborations possible and to take advantage of the worldwide demand for higher education. Educational research has developed a large body of literature on the specialized supports that improve successful outcomes for international graduate students; however, accompanying spouses need more attention in research as well as in practice. The current case study is designed to explore how research universities support international graduate students with dependents, under the assumption that supporting student success includes welcoming and supporting the dependent spouses. The present multisite, embedded single case study is designed to determine the range of ecological levels present in the set of interventions--programs and policies that address (1) orientation, (2) social engagement, (3) skills training, (4) opportunities to serve, and (5) space for critical dialog--at each of the universities sampled. The study found emerging tendencies to include accompanying spouses in communications and programming, although the norm is still to address a student-only audience. Of the five critical services identified, programs and policies related to orientation and social engagement were more often inclusive of accompanying spouses whereas sponsored opportunities for community engagement through volunteer service and for dialogue around critical issues were least likely to be available. This preliminary study is intended to encourage the application of ecological theory and environmental assessment (Schuh & Upcraft, 2001; Strange & Banning, 2001) of international student service units to promote the full engagement of international graduate students and accompanying spouses. Close

• 111. [Article] Crystal Engineering with Thioureas: A Structure-Based Inquiry

  xviii, 724 p. : ill. (some col.)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crystal Engineering with Thioureas: A Structure-Based Inquiry Author: Paisner, Kathryn A., 1983- Year: 2011 xviii, 724 p. : ill. (some col.) Title: Crystal Engineering with Thioureas: A Structure-Based Inquiry Author: Paisner, Kathryn A., 1983- Year: 2011 xviii, 724 p. : ill. (some col.) Close

• 112. [Article] The Predictive Relation of a High School Mathematic GPA to High-Stakes Assessment Achievement Scores in Mathematics

  Course grades, which often include non-achievement factors such as effort and behavior and are subject to individual teacher grading philosophies, suffer from issues of unreliability. Yet, course grades ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Predictive Relation of a High School Mathematic GPA to High-Stakes Assessment Achievement Scores in Mathematics Author: West, Suzanne Year: 2013 Course grades, which often include non-achievement factors such as effort and behavior and are subject to individual teacher grading philosophies, suffer from issues of unreliability. Yet, course grades continue to be utilized as a primary tool for reporting academic achievement to students and parents and are used by most colleges and universities as an admissions measure. High-stakes assessment results are also used by schools to convey student achievement, and several states now require students to pass an exam to receive a diploma. What is less clear, however, is the relation between these two measures, GPA and high-stakes assessment results. One purpose of this study was to examine the predictive relation of mathematics GPA to student performance on high-stakes assessments. Multiple regression models were used to analyze the predictive relation between mathematics GPA and performance on the ACT and the Oregon Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (OAKS), two high-stakes assessments. In addition, the regression analyses were used to examine the influence of other student-level variables such as talented and gifted status and math courses taken prior to testing on the relation between mathematics GPA and performance on the two high-stakes assessments. In all, 299 high school students from a single grade-level enrolled in one Oregon suburban school district participated in the study. Results indicate that GPA is a significant variable in a high-stakes assessment outcome. Additionally, results of the multiple regression reveal significant student-level effects on assessment outcomes that reduce explained common variance in both the ACT and OAKS models. Implications for practice and suggestions for future research are discussed. Title: The Predictive Relation of a High School Mathematic GPA to High-Stakes Assessment Achievement Scores in Mathematics Author: West, Suzanne Year: 2013 Course grades, which often include non-achievement factors such as effort and behavior and are subject to individual teacher grading philosophies, suffer from issues of unreliability. Yet, course grades continue to be utilized as a primary tool for reporting academic achievement to students and parents and are used by most colleges and universities as an admissions measure. High-stakes assessment results are also used by schools to convey student achievement, and several states now require students to pass an exam to receive a diploma. What is less clear, however, is the relation between these two measures, GPA and high-stakes assessment results. One purpose of this study was to examine the predictive relation of mathematics GPA to student performance on high-stakes assessments. Multiple regression models were used to analyze the predictive relation between mathematics GPA and performance on the ACT and the Oregon Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (OAKS), two high-stakes assessments. In addition, the regression analyses were used to examine the influence of other student-level variables such as talented and gifted status and math courses taken prior to testing on the relation between mathematics GPA and performance on the two high-stakes assessments. In all, 299 high school students from a single grade-level enrolled in one Oregon suburban school district participated in the study. Results indicate that GPA is a significant variable in a high-stakes assessment outcome. Additionally, results of the multiple regression reveal significant student-level effects on assessment outcomes that reduce explained common variance in both the ACT and OAKS models. Implications for practice and suggestions for future research are discussed. Close

• 113. [Article] Variation in Sex Allocation and Floral Morphology in an Expanding Distylous Plant Hybrid Complex

  Premise of research. Sex allocation, the relative energy devoted to producing pollen, ovules, and floral displays, can significantly affect reproductive output and population dynamics. In this study, we ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Variation in Sex Allocation and Floral Morphology in an Expanding Distylous Plant Hybrid Complex Author: Ward, Jennifer Rhode, Cowart, M. Leigh, Clifford, Julie, Camp, Mieko, Cruzan, Mitchell B. Year: 2014 Premise of research. Sex allocation, the relative energy devoted to producing pollen, ovules, and floral displays, can significantly affect reproductive output and population dynamics. In this study, we investigated floral morphology and gamete production in bisexual, distylous plants from a self-incompatible hybrid complex (Piriqueta cistoides ssp. caroliniana Walter [Arbo]; Turneraceae). Sampling focused on two parent types (C, V) and their stable hybrid derivative (H). Since H morphotypes are heterotic for growth and fruit production, we hypothesized that they would produce larger flowers with more gametes. We also anticipated that plants with long styles (long morphs) would produce less pollen than short morphs, since long-morph pollen is larger. Methodology. Over two consecutive summers, flowers were collected from 1465 individual plants in 28 field populations. Floral parameters were measured digitally, and each flower’s pollen number, ovule number, and stigma-anther separation was quantified under a dissecting microscope. Gamete production (n = 332) and stigma-anther separation (n = 119) were also quantified for plants from a greenhouse accession. Pivotal results. Floral display differed among morphotypes, with H plants producing the largest flowers and C plants displaying the least petal separation. Hybrid morphotypes produced significantly more pollen than parental morphotypes, and pollen quantity was significantly greater for long morphs. Ovule production, however, was greatest for V flowers. Stigma-anther separation differed between years and style morphs (greater for short morphs) but not among morphotypes or within a single season. Conclusions. Differences in pollen production between morphs were not consistent with trade-offs in pollen size and number or selection for increased male function in short morphs. Greater stigma-anther separation in short morphs supported the hypothesis of selection to reduce pollen interference. Enhanced floral display and pollen production followed other heterotic traits observed in H morphotypes. The superior ability of H morphotypes to attract pollinators and sire seeds might partially explain this hybrid zone’s continuing expansion. Title: Variation in Sex Allocation and Floral Morphology in an Expanding Distylous Plant Hybrid Complex Author: Ward, Jennifer Rhode, Cowart, M. Leigh, Clifford, Julie, Camp, Mieko, Cruzan, Mitchell B. Year: 2014 Premise of research. Sex allocation, the relative energy devoted to producing pollen, ovules, and floral displays, can significantly affect reproductive output and population dynamics. In this study, we investigated floral morphology and gamete production in bisexual, distylous plants from a self-incompatible hybrid complex (Piriqueta cistoides ssp. caroliniana Walter [Arbo]; Turneraceae). Sampling focused on two parent types (C, V) and their stable hybrid derivative (H). Since H morphotypes are heterotic for growth and fruit production, we hypothesized that they would produce larger flowers with more gametes. We also anticipated that plants with long styles (long morphs) would produce less pollen than short morphs, since long-morph pollen is larger. Methodology. Over two consecutive summers, flowers were collected from 1465 individual plants in 28 field populations. Floral parameters were measured digitally, and each flower’s pollen number, ovule number, and stigma-anther separation was quantified under a dissecting microscope. Gamete production (n = 332) and stigma-anther separation (n = 119) were also quantified for plants from a greenhouse accession. Pivotal results. Floral display differed among morphotypes, with H plants producing the largest flowers and C plants displaying the least petal separation. Hybrid morphotypes produced significantly more pollen than parental morphotypes, and pollen quantity was significantly greater for long morphs. Ovule production, however, was greatest for V flowers. Stigma-anther separation differed between years and style morphs (greater for short morphs) but not among morphotypes or within a single season. Conclusions. Differences in pollen production between morphs were not consistent with trade-offs in pollen size and number or selection for increased male function in short morphs. Greater stigma-anther separation in short morphs supported the hypothesis of selection to reduce pollen interference. Enhanced floral display and pollen production followed other heterotic traits observed in H morphotypes. The superior ability of H morphotypes to attract pollinators and sire seeds might partially explain this hybrid zone’s continuing expansion. Close

• 114. [Article] Perceived Administrative Support for Teachers of Urban At-risk Students

  The purpose of this study was to investigate effective administrative support for successful teachers of urban at-risk students. The main difficulty in studying administrative support is that it comes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Perceived Administrative Support for Teachers of Urban At-risk Students Author: Bennet-Costi, Betsy Year: 1993 The purpose of this study was to investigate effective administrative support for successful teachers of urban at-risk students. The main difficulty in studying administrative support is that it comes in so many ways. Johnson’s (1990) theory of workplace variables and Butterworth's (1981) social exchange theory were the basis for this study. Failures of at-risk students threaten the well being of public schools and have become a generally recognized social problem of national priority. This study explores how principals act to influence the success of teachers as they work with at-risk students. It is grounded in the following four assumptions: 1. Administrators significantly influence workplace satisfaction (Butterworth, 1981; Sergiovani, 1991). 2. Workplace satisfaction directly affects quality of performance (Johnson, 1990; Lortie, 1975). 3. Teachers have a moral right to a satisfying workplace (Goodlad, 1984). 4. At-risk students are, in important ways, unique in their educational needs (Capuzzi & Gross, 1989; Chenoweth, 1993). Collection, analysis, and evaluation of data were guided by three research questions focusing on how uncommonly successful teachers of urban at-risk students perceive their administrative support, what these teachers recommend regarding administrative support and what these teachers recommend regarding preparation for teachers to teach at-risk students. The teachers were deemed successful by a combination of parental, student, teacher, and administrator evaluations (Peterson, Bennet, & Sherman, 1991). Thirty-nine teachers who had been recommended by their peers, parents, students, and building and central office administrators were sent letters inviting them to participate in this study. The first 18 who responded were interviewed using a 15 item protocol. Three were elementary teachers, 10 were middle school teachers, and 5 were high school teachers. Four of the 10 middle school teachers were from one middle school but the others were from a variety of schools. The elite interview technique proposed by Marshall and Rossman (1989) was used because it was felt that surveys do not elicit the depth of information desired and a single case study would not give enough breadth. The interview responses were analyzed both as individual documents and also an analysis by item was conducted. Twenty-two recommendations for aspiring and practicing administrators are listed and the eight main themes are listed. The results show specific kinds of support that can help teachers of at-risk students succeed: personal support, peer support, and training for both teachers and administrators. In general, the successful teachers felt that they did not receive adequate administrative support even though when asked the question “do you feel supported by your administrators?" some said "yes." The results also indicate that administrators need further training in both interpersonal skills and communication skills. Title: Perceived Administrative Support for Teachers of Urban At-risk Students Author: Bennet-Costi, Betsy Year: 1993 The purpose of this study was to investigate effective administrative support for successful teachers of urban at-risk students. The main difficulty in studying administrative support is that it comes in so many ways. Johnson’s (1990) theory of workplace variables and Butterworth's (1981) social exchange theory were the basis for this study. Failures of at-risk students threaten the well being of public schools and have become a generally recognized social problem of national priority. This study explores how principals act to influence the success of teachers as they work with at-risk students. It is grounded in the following four assumptions: 1. Administrators significantly influence workplace satisfaction (Butterworth, 1981; Sergiovani, 1991). 2. Workplace satisfaction directly affects quality of performance (Johnson, 1990; Lortie, 1975). 3. Teachers have a moral right to a satisfying workplace (Goodlad, 1984). 4. At-risk students are, in important ways, unique in their educational needs (Capuzzi & Gross, 1989; Chenoweth, 1993). Collection, analysis, and evaluation of data were guided by three research questions focusing on how uncommonly successful teachers of urban at-risk students perceive their administrative support, what these teachers recommend regarding administrative support and what these teachers recommend regarding preparation for teachers to teach at-risk students. The teachers were deemed successful by a combination of parental, student, teacher, and administrator evaluations (Peterson, Bennet, & Sherman, 1991). Thirty-nine teachers who had been recommended by their peers, parents, students, and building and central office administrators were sent letters inviting them to participate in this study. The first 18 who responded were interviewed using a 15 item protocol. Three were elementary teachers, 10 were middle school teachers, and 5 were high school teachers. Four of the 10 middle school teachers were from one middle school but the others were from a variety of schools. The elite interview technique proposed by Marshall and Rossman (1989) was used because it was felt that surveys do not elicit the depth of information desired and a single case study would not give enough breadth. The interview responses were analyzed both as individual documents and also an analysis by item was conducted. Twenty-two recommendations for aspiring and practicing administrators are listed and the eight main themes are listed. The results show specific kinds of support that can help teachers of at-risk students succeed: personal support, peer support, and training for both teachers and administrators. In general, the successful teachers felt that they did not receive adequate administrative support even though when asked the question “do you feel supported by your administrators?" some said "yes." The results also indicate that administrators need further training in both interpersonal skills and communication skills. Close

• 115. [Article] Characterization of physiological resistance to white mold and search for molecular markers linked to resistance via advanced backcross QTL analysis in an interspecific cross between Phaseolus coccineus and P. vulgaris

  White mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, results in severe losses in the production of common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, especially snap bean varieties. Advanced backcross QTL analysis ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterization of physiological resistance to white mold and search for molecular markers linked to resistance via advanced backcross QTL analysis in an interspecific cross between Phaseolus coccineus and P. vulgaris Author: Haggard, Jack Erron White mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, results in severe losses in the production of common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, especially snap bean varieties. Advanced backcross QTL analysis was used to identify quantitative trait loci for resistance to white mold in an interspecific cross of P. vulgaris and P. coccineus and to select resistant, well-adapted germplasm for development of superior common bean cultivars. A population of 115 BC2F4 lines from a cross of snap bean cultivar OR 91G x runner bean accession PI 255956 was genotyped using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP®) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Corresponding BC2F5 progeny were evaluated for resistance to white mold in a greenhouse straw test and for tolerance to oxalate in a laboratory test. BC2F6 lines were then tested for resistance under field conditions. Single factor analysis of variance identified 29 marker loci contributing to response in at least one phenotypic test. One QTL conditioning 6% of the variance for field resistance was identified by composite interval mapping on linkage group 09, anchored to the consensus linkage group b09 by SSR loci. Significant deviation from expected segregation ratios was observed at all but 3 SSR loci and at all but 7 AFLP® loci (p < 0.05). Codominant SSR markers revealed excessive heterozygosity, and an underrepresented donor homozygous marker class. Several SSR markers polymorphic between parents failed to segregate in the progeny, particularly those corresponding to bean core map linkage groups b01, b04, and b05. Several lines were identified as possessing resistance superior to the recurrent parent. These will be incorporated into our efforts to produce highly resistant snap bean varieties. Title: Characterization of physiological resistance to white mold and search for molecular markers linked to resistance via advanced backcross QTL analysis in an interspecific cross between Phaseolus coccineus and P. vulgaris Author: Haggard, Jack Erron White mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, results in severe losses in the production of common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, especially snap bean varieties. Advanced backcross QTL analysis was used to identify quantitative trait loci for resistance to white mold in an interspecific cross of P. vulgaris and P. coccineus and to select resistant, well-adapted germplasm for development of superior common bean cultivars. A population of 115 BC2F4 lines from a cross of snap bean cultivar OR 91G x runner bean accession PI 255956 was genotyped using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP®) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Corresponding BC2F5 progeny were evaluated for resistance to white mold in a greenhouse straw test and for tolerance to oxalate in a laboratory test. BC2F6 lines were then tested for resistance under field conditions. Single factor analysis of variance identified 29 marker loci contributing to response in at least one phenotypic test. One QTL conditioning 6% of the variance for field resistance was identified by composite interval mapping on linkage group 09, anchored to the consensus linkage group b09 by SSR loci. Significant deviation from expected segregation ratios was observed at all but 3 SSR loci and at all but 7 AFLP® loci (p < 0.05). Codominant SSR markers revealed excessive heterozygosity, and an underrepresented donor homozygous marker class. Several SSR markers polymorphic between parents failed to segregate in the progeny, particularly those corresponding to bean core map linkage groups b01, b04, and b05. Several lines were identified as possessing resistance superior to the recurrent parent. These will be incorporated into our efforts to produce highly resistant snap bean varieties. Close

• 116. [Article] "College is a challenge, but I've got dreams and I know I can do it!" : deaf students in mainstream colleges

  Deaf students in mainstream colleges are withdrawing at an alarming rate. Approximately 70% of the 123,000 deaf students enrolled in 2,300 colleges across the United States will not persist until graduation. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "College is a challenge, but I've got dreams and I know I can do it!" : deaf students in mainstream colleges Author: Smith, Julia A. Deaf students in mainstream colleges are withdrawing at an alarming rate. Approximately 70% of the 123,000 deaf students enrolled in 2,300 colleges across the United States will not persist until graduation. This qualitative study examined what factors in the academic and social environment are linked to deaf college students' perceptions of academic and social success and satisfaction. An ecological perspective provided the theoretical lens for analysis. Fourteen self-identified deaf students, recruited from four mainstream colleges, were interviewed. Participants were between the ages of 18 to 23, single, and not living with their family of origin. All students attended institutions of higher education that enrolled a small number of deaf students. Key questions focused on relationships with parents, family communication, personal characteristics, high school preparation for college, and current academic and social experiences in their college environments. Participants described how their lives were shaped by early shared language with parents as well as current perceptions of closeness with family members. All participants attended mainstream high schools and shared how these experiences influenced their academic and social readiness for college. Results also illustrated how students who are deaf navigate academically and socially in college environments where there are few deaf students. The students in the study possessed personal characteristics that are important indicators to success in college, such as self-determination and a strong sense of cultural identity. Clear and purposeful goals were also evident and contributed to students' success thus far. Although 13 participants preferred communication in sign language, all found ways to effectively interact with faculty and classmates who could not sign. This study's findings included recommendations for practitioners who work with college students who are deaf. Suggestions included improvements to interpreter and notetaking services, in-service training for faculty who have not worked with deaf students in the classroom, enhanced accessibility to classroom and extracurricular activities, and general ideas to make the mainstream college environment more deaf-friendly and inclusive for deaf students. Title: "College is a challenge, but I've got dreams and I know I can do it!" : deaf students in mainstream colleges Author: Smith, Julia A. Deaf students in mainstream colleges are withdrawing at an alarming rate. Approximately 70% of the 123,000 deaf students enrolled in 2,300 colleges across the United States will not persist until graduation. This qualitative study examined what factors in the academic and social environment are linked to deaf college students' perceptions of academic and social success and satisfaction. An ecological perspective provided the theoretical lens for analysis. Fourteen self-identified deaf students, recruited from four mainstream colleges, were interviewed. Participants were between the ages of 18 to 23, single, and not living with their family of origin. All students attended institutions of higher education that enrolled a small number of deaf students. Key questions focused on relationships with parents, family communication, personal characteristics, high school preparation for college, and current academic and social experiences in their college environments. Participants described how their lives were shaped by early shared language with parents as well as current perceptions of closeness with family members. All participants attended mainstream high schools and shared how these experiences influenced their academic and social readiness for college. Results also illustrated how students who are deaf navigate academically and socially in college environments where there are few deaf students. The students in the study possessed personal characteristics that are important indicators to success in college, such as self-determination and a strong sense of cultural identity. Clear and purposeful goals were also evident and contributed to students' success thus far. Although 13 participants preferred communication in sign language, all found ways to effectively interact with faculty and classmates who could not sign. This study's findings included recommendations for practitioners who work with college students who are deaf. Suggestions included improvements to interpreter and notetaking services, in-service training for faculty who have not worked with deaf students in the classroom, enhanced accessibility to classroom and extracurricular activities, and general ideas to make the mainstream college environment more deaf-friendly and inclusive for deaf students. Close

• 117. [Article] Mechanisms affecting the bioaccumulation of dietary quinoline by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

  Factors that influenced the uptake, storage, and elimination of dietary quinoline by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were studied to obtain an understanding of the mechanisms affecting the bioaccumulation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mechanisms affecting the bioaccumulation of dietary quinoline by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) Author: Dauble, Dennis D. Factors that influenced the uptake, storage, and elimination of dietary quinoline by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were studied to obtain an understanding of the mechanisms affecting the bioaccumulation of dietary contaminants in teleosts. Rainbow trout readily absorbed ¹⁴C-quinoline from pelleted food (1% ration at 138 ug quinoline/g food) and most tissues reached apparent steady-state after 10 days feeding. Maximum whole-body concentrations of quinoline plus metabolites were only 30 ng/g after 7 days depuration. Uptake rate constants ranged from 0.00006/day for muscle to 0.1455/day for gallbladder plus bile. Mean elimination half-life for quinoline-derived radioactivity ranged from 0.4 days in gills to 8.7 days for muscle. Depending on tissue, 58-83% of the stored radioactivity was present as metabolites. About 14% of the radioactivity in the bile was present as glucuronide conjugates. Quinoline was absorbed from the stomach by rainbow trout and peak serum levels occurred 4-8 hr after a single feeding. Pharmacokinetics were described using a two-compartment body model with first-order absorption and disposition; estimated half-lives for the a and B phase were 4.1 and 54.1 hr, respectively. Depending on dose, 71 to 83% of the ingested radioactivity was excreted during the first 24 hr after feeding. Branchial excretion was the primary route of excretion, all other routes (fecal, biliary, urinary, dermal) contributing <5% of the eliminated dose within 48 hr after ingestion. There was evidence for saturation of minor excretory pathways as the dose was increased from 1 to 100 mg quinoline/kg body weight. Apparent spillover into the branchial route occurred at the 100 mg/kg dose. Quinoline was eliminated across the gills as parent compound; no peaks representing individual polar metabolites were detected. Physiological processes associated with feeding and digestion influenced the absorption and fate of dietary quinoline. The pH of the gut environment affected the availability of quinoline and potential for transfer across tissue membranes. Acidic gastric secretions were initially buffered by the food bolus, affecting the degree of ionization of parent compound. In the more alkaline intestine. >99% of quinoline was available for absorption. About 60% of the residual body burden was stored in the gallbladder bile, but bile was retained only in starved fish. There was no evidence for enterohepatic circulation of quinoline or its metabolites following ejection of gallbladder bile. Increased feeding rates enhanced the movement of the food bolus and associated radioactivity through the intestine, but did not affect patterns of tissue disposition. Title: Mechanisms affecting the bioaccumulation of dietary quinoline by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) Author: Dauble, Dennis D. Factors that influenced the uptake, storage, and elimination of dietary quinoline by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were studied to obtain an understanding of the mechanisms affecting the bioaccumulation of dietary contaminants in teleosts. Rainbow trout readily absorbed ¹⁴C-quinoline from pelleted food (1% ration at 138 ug quinoline/g food) and most tissues reached apparent steady-state after 10 days feeding. Maximum whole-body concentrations of quinoline plus metabolites were only 30 ng/g after 7 days depuration. Uptake rate constants ranged from 0.00006/day for muscle to 0.1455/day for gallbladder plus bile. Mean elimination half-life for quinoline-derived radioactivity ranged from 0.4 days in gills to 8.7 days for muscle. Depending on tissue, 58-83% of the stored radioactivity was present as metabolites. About 14% of the radioactivity in the bile was present as glucuronide conjugates. Quinoline was absorbed from the stomach by rainbow trout and peak serum levels occurred 4-8 hr after a single feeding. Pharmacokinetics were described using a two-compartment body model with first-order absorption and disposition; estimated half-lives for the a and B phase were 4.1 and 54.1 hr, respectively. Depending on dose, 71 to 83% of the ingested radioactivity was excreted during the first 24 hr after feeding. Branchial excretion was the primary route of excretion, all other routes (fecal, biliary, urinary, dermal) contributing <5% of the eliminated dose within 48 hr after ingestion. There was evidence for saturation of minor excretory pathways as the dose was increased from 1 to 100 mg quinoline/kg body weight. Apparent spillover into the branchial route occurred at the 100 mg/kg dose. Quinoline was eliminated across the gills as parent compound; no peaks representing individual polar metabolites were detected. Physiological processes associated with feeding and digestion influenced the absorption and fate of dietary quinoline. The pH of the gut environment affected the availability of quinoline and potential for transfer across tissue membranes. Acidic gastric secretions were initially buffered by the food bolus, affecting the degree of ionization of parent compound. In the more alkaline intestine. >99% of quinoline was available for absorption. About 60% of the residual body burden was stored in the gallbladder bile, but bile was retained only in starved fish. There was no evidence for enterohepatic circulation of quinoline or its metabolites following ejection of gallbladder bile. Increased feeding rates enhanced the movement of the food bolus and associated radioactivity through the intestine, but did not affect patterns of tissue disposition. Close

• 118. [Article] A clinical and genetic study of tuberous sclerosis

  Tuberous sclerosis is a serious heritable human disorder that involves many organ systems. It was first recognized as a disease entity over a century ago. Its mode of transmission in familial cases has ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A clinical and genetic study of tuberous sclerosis Author: Edwards, Thomas Allen Tuberous sclerosis is a serious heritable human disorder that involves many organ systems. It was first recognized as a disease entity over a century ago. Its mode of transmission in familial cases has been fairly well established to be that of a single gene locus autosomal dominant trait. However, the majority of cases reported in the medical literature have been found to be of de novo mutational origin. The finding of a high proportion of these sporadic cases was confirmed in the present study and is consistent with the markedly lowered fertility of affected individuals. The population of the Oregon State Fairview Hospital and Training Center, the state institution for the mentally retarded, was investigated relative to the incidence of patients with tuberous sclerosis and the clinical, radiological and genetic aspects of the ten propositi were evaluated. Two parents of the ten index cases were found to be affected with the disease thereby bringing the: total of ascertained cases to 12. This number of affected residents represents an incidence in Oregon of about 1 per 175,000 and this estimate is probably lower than the actual frequency of tuberous sclerosis in the state. Yet, this incidence is approximately comparable to that reported in several published reviews of tuberous sclerosis in other countries. Physical and radiographic examinations were accomplished for the index cases. All available relatives (77 percent of living relatives) of the propositi were examined and photographed. Skull x-rays of the two affected parents revealed intracranial calcifications typical of the disorder. A majority of the ten propositi exhibited dermatological legions such as a typical facial rash, fibromata of the fingers and toes, "sharkskin-like" plaques, depigmented areas and cafe-au-lait spots. All affected individuals were found to display x-ray abnormalities with intracranial calcifications being the most frequently found radiographic lesion. Implications derived from this study regarding genetic counseling of affected persons and their families are discussed with emphasis on the importance of a thorough genetic history, complete medical examination of the patient and of close relatives; and, where indicated, selected x-rays of the affected person and relatives considered to be possible carriers of the trait. The wide spectrum of expressivity for this condition must be borne in mind when carrying out a genetic analysis. With the present limited knowledge regarding the causation of "spontaneous point mutations" and the lack of effective measures to prevent such de novo genetic aberrations, it is not feasible to diminish the frequency of sporadic cases of tuberous sclerosis. On the other hand, correct diagnosis and appropriate genetic counseling should allow a significant decrease in the transmission of this trait to the progeny of affected persons and should permit reassurance of relatives of sporadic cases regarding the risk of recurrence in these families. However, the usual precautions pertaining to the designation of any affected individual as a sporadic rather than a familial case must be followed and this admonition is particularly relevant to a heritable disorder with marked variability of expressivity as is the case for tuberous sclerosis. Title: A clinical and genetic study of tuberous sclerosis Author: Edwards, Thomas Allen Tuberous sclerosis is a serious heritable human disorder that involves many organ systems. It was first recognized as a disease entity over a century ago. Its mode of transmission in familial cases has been fairly well established to be that of a single gene locus autosomal dominant trait. However, the majority of cases reported in the medical literature have been found to be of de novo mutational origin. The finding of a high proportion of these sporadic cases was confirmed in the present study and is consistent with the markedly lowered fertility of affected individuals. The population of the Oregon State Fairview Hospital and Training Center, the state institution for the mentally retarded, was investigated relative to the incidence of patients with tuberous sclerosis and the clinical, radiological and genetic aspects of the ten propositi were evaluated. Two parents of the ten index cases were found to be affected with the disease thereby bringing the: total of ascertained cases to 12. This number of affected residents represents an incidence in Oregon of about 1 per 175,000 and this estimate is probably lower than the actual frequency of tuberous sclerosis in the state. Yet, this incidence is approximately comparable to that reported in several published reviews of tuberous sclerosis in other countries. Physical and radiographic examinations were accomplished for the index cases. All available relatives (77 percent of living relatives) of the propositi were examined and photographed. Skull x-rays of the two affected parents revealed intracranial calcifications typical of the disorder. A majority of the ten propositi exhibited dermatological legions such as a typical facial rash, fibromata of the fingers and toes, "sharkskin-like" plaques, depigmented areas and cafe-au-lait spots. All affected individuals were found to display x-ray abnormalities with intracranial calcifications being the most frequently found radiographic lesion. Implications derived from this study regarding genetic counseling of affected persons and their families are discussed with emphasis on the importance of a thorough genetic history, complete medical examination of the patient and of close relatives; and, where indicated, selected x-rays of the affected person and relatives considered to be possible carriers of the trait. The wide spectrum of expressivity for this condition must be borne in mind when carrying out a genetic analysis. With the present limited knowledge regarding the causation of "spontaneous point mutations" and the lack of effective measures to prevent such de novo genetic aberrations, it is not feasible to diminish the frequency of sporadic cases of tuberous sclerosis. On the other hand, correct diagnosis and appropriate genetic counseling should allow a significant decrease in the transmission of this trait to the progeny of affected persons and should permit reassurance of relatives of sporadic cases regarding the risk of recurrence in these families. However, the usual precautions pertaining to the designation of any affected individual as a sporadic rather than a familial case must be followed and this admonition is particularly relevant to a heritable disorder with marked variability of expressivity as is the case for tuberous sclerosis. Close

• 119. [Article] Transferrin polymorphism in a population of Nuttall's cottontail in central Oregon

  Temporal changes in gene frequencies and genotype frequencies, monthly densities, survival rates, growth rates, trap susceptibility and home ranges were evaluated from 291 Nuttall's cottontails (Sylvilagus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transferrin polymorphism in a population of Nuttall's cottontail in central Oregon Author: Skalski, John Raymond Temporal changes in gene frequencies and genotype frequencies, monthly densities, survival rates, growth rates, trap susceptibility and home ranges were evaluated from 291 Nuttall's cottontails (Sylvilagus nuttallii) captured 950 times by livetrapping and 53 cottontails collected by shooting. Electrophoretic analyses of sera revealed protein polymorphism at the transferrin locus in the Nuttall's cottontail population. The locus was characterized by three codominant alleles, Trf-A, Trf-B and Trf-C with relative mobilities of 1.04, 1.00 and 0.95, respectively. No significant relationship between transferrin genotypes of Nuttall's cottontails and their sex was observed (P > 0.05). The frequencies of the transferrin genotypes was not significantly different from expected values computed by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium frequencies suggesting genetic inheritance at a single autosomal locus (P > 0. 05). During the summer of 1974 the occurrence of the Trf-BB genotype increased 13.3 percent between the samples of parental stock and their trappable progeny. In 1975, the Trf-BB genotype frequency decreased by 14.5 percent between parental stock and trappable progeny. Associated with the opposite trends in Trf-BB genotype frequencies between years were significant differences in the growth rates of juveniles in 1974 and 1975 (P < 0.05). Mean rate of growth for juveniles in a litter were computed by regression of weight at first capture against date of acquisition for all juveniles of a litter group. Computed rates of growth ranged from 1.51 to 3.70 grams per day for juveniles in litter groups in 1974 and from 4.28 to 5.98 grams per day in 1975. The differences in growth rates of juveniles between 1974 and 1975 were thought to be related to a 4-fold difference in precipitation falling from the time the first litter was weaned through August each year with 1.47 cm and 5.89 cm of rain, respectively. There was a significant difference in Trf-C gene frequencies between the 1974 and 1975 trappable progeny (P < 0. 05). Significant changes in the gene pool of the cottontail population were thought to have resulted from possible selection of juveniles best adapted to the prevailing environment. Apparently four litters of cottontails were produced during the 1974 and 1975 breeding seasons with an estimated total production of 305.6 and 354.1 young, respectively. Monthly estimates of population density ranged from 17.8 cottontails per 100-ha on 14 February 1974 to 241.8 cottontails per 100-ha on 31 July 1975. Estimates of cottontail density on 30 August 1974 and 1975 were 173.6 and 213.9 cottontails per 100-ha, respectively. The overall survival rate of juvenile cottontails from birth through 30 August was 42.1 and 44.4 percent, respectively, for 1974 and 1975. However, the minimum survival rate for cottontials in the trapped population was computed as 78.8 and 73.6 percent, respectively, for 1974 and 1975. Survival rates indicated a high rate of mortality for juveniles prior to their entrance into the trapped population. No differences were found in the size of home ranges or weights at first capture of cottontails of the various transferrin genotypes captured (P > 0. 05). Cottontails of the Trf-BC genotype were found to be significantly more difficult to capture than those of the Trf-BB in 1975 with 35.1 and 26.3 trapnights required per capture, respectively (P < 0. 05). Transferrin genotypes were determined for 51 of the 53 cottontails collected by shooting in September 1975. Analysis indicated no significant relationship between the transferrin genotype composition of the sample and the method of acquisition, with the comparison of cottontails livetrapped in August 1975 and those shot in September 1975 (P > 0. 05). No significant differences were found between the sex and age structure of the hunted sample of September 1975 and the trapped population of August 1975 (P > 0.05). Title: Transferrin polymorphism in a population of Nuttall's cottontail in central Oregon Author: Skalski, John Raymond Temporal changes in gene frequencies and genotype frequencies, monthly densities, survival rates, growth rates, trap susceptibility and home ranges were evaluated from 291 Nuttall's cottontails (Sylvilagus nuttallii) captured 950 times by livetrapping and 53 cottontails collected by shooting. Electrophoretic analyses of sera revealed protein polymorphism at the transferrin locus in the Nuttall's cottontail population. The locus was characterized by three codominant alleles, Trf-A, Trf-B and Trf-C with relative mobilities of 1.04, 1.00 and 0.95, respectively. No significant relationship between transferrin genotypes of Nuttall's cottontails and their sex was observed (P > 0.05). The frequencies of the transferrin genotypes was not significantly different from expected values computed by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium frequencies suggesting genetic inheritance at a single autosomal locus (P > 0. 05). During the summer of 1974 the occurrence of the Trf-BB genotype increased 13.3 percent between the samples of parental stock and their trappable progeny. In 1975, the Trf-BB genotype frequency decreased by 14.5 percent between parental stock and trappable progeny. Associated with the opposite trends in Trf-BB genotype frequencies between years were significant differences in the growth rates of juveniles in 1974 and 1975 (P < 0.05). Mean rate of growth for juveniles in a litter were computed by regression of weight at first capture against date of acquisition for all juveniles of a litter group. Computed rates of growth ranged from 1.51 to 3.70 grams per day for juveniles in litter groups in 1974 and from 4.28 to 5.98 grams per day in 1975. The differences in growth rates of juveniles between 1974 and 1975 were thought to be related to a 4-fold difference in precipitation falling from the time the first litter was weaned through August each year with 1.47 cm and 5.89 cm of rain, respectively. There was a significant difference in Trf-C gene frequencies between the 1974 and 1975 trappable progeny (P < 0. 05). Significant changes in the gene pool of the cottontail population were thought to have resulted from possible selection of juveniles best adapted to the prevailing environment. Apparently four litters of cottontails were produced during the 1974 and 1975 breeding seasons with an estimated total production of 305.6 and 354.1 young, respectively. Monthly estimates of population density ranged from 17.8 cottontails per 100-ha on 14 February 1974 to 241.8 cottontails per 100-ha on 31 July 1975. Estimates of cottontail density on 30 August 1974 and 1975 were 173.6 and 213.9 cottontails per 100-ha, respectively. The overall survival rate of juvenile cottontails from birth through 30 August was 42.1 and 44.4 percent, respectively, for 1974 and 1975. However, the minimum survival rate for cottontials in the trapped population was computed as 78.8 and 73.6 percent, respectively, for 1974 and 1975. Survival rates indicated a high rate of mortality for juveniles prior to their entrance into the trapped population. No differences were found in the size of home ranges or weights at first capture of cottontails of the various transferrin genotypes captured (P > 0. 05). Cottontails of the Trf-BC genotype were found to be significantly more difficult to capture than those of the Trf-BB in 1975 with 35.1 and 26.3 trapnights required per capture, respectively (P < 0. 05). Transferrin genotypes were determined for 51 of the 53 cottontails collected by shooting in September 1975. Analysis indicated no significant relationship between the transferrin genotype composition of the sample and the method of acquisition, with the comparison of cottontails livetrapped in August 1975 and those shot in September 1975 (P > 0. 05). No significant differences were found between the sex and age structure of the hunted sample of September 1975 and the trapped population of August 1975 (P > 0.05). Close

• 120. [Article] Disease resistance and spring phenological characteristics of Ribes L. germplasm

  North American cultivation of Ribes L. may expand as small fruit growers seek species to diversify horticultural crops. The Ribes industry was suppressed for decades out of fear that cultivated black currants ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Disease resistance and spring phenological characteristics of Ribes L. germplasm Author: Dalton, Daniel T. North American cultivation of Ribes L. may expand as small fruit growers seek species to diversify horticultural crops. The Ribes industry was suppressed for decades out of fear that cultivated black currants and gooseberries would intensify the fungal disease white pine blister rust (WPBR) on five-needle pine (Pinus L. section Quinquefoliae) species. These pines were historically vital to the timber industry. Today, plant breeders seek to strengthen the Ribes small fruit industry through production of material suitable for North American conditions. Paramount to this effort is the development of resistance against major pests and diseases. Growers must be able to recognize the attributes of available genotypes prior to field establishment. The objectives of this research were to determine disease resistance and phenological characteristics of Ribes selections at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis, Oregon. Since the early 1930's, plant breeders have used immune black currant (R. nigrum L.) germplasm as a control tactic against the exotic WPBR, caused by the basidiomycete fungus Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fischer. In 1999, a seedling population was generated at the NCGR from a cross involving susceptible pistillate R. nigrum 'Ben Lomond' and immune staminate parent R. ussuriense Jancz. x R. nigrum 'Consort.' To test the inheritance of resistance in the F₁ population, aeciospore and urediniospore treatments were applied in 2008 to single-leaf softwood cuttings under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. Resistant F₁ phenotypes segregated in a 1:1 ratio consistent with the pattern of simple dominant inheritance of a single gene. Artificial inoculations testing aeciospore and urediniospore infectivity produced equivalent disease severity in the experimental Ribes genotypes. Resistance to the native powdery mildew fungus, Podosphaera mors-uvae (Schwein.) U. Brown and S. Takamatsu, was also evaluated in the F₁ population. Individuals segregated for resistance in a 1:3 ratio after exposure to elevated disease pressure in the greenhouse. Fifteen F₁ genotypes were resistant to both fungal pathogens and are candidates for further breeding trials. In a second study, five years of spring phenological survey data were analyzed using a growing degree-day (GDD) model, with the objective to identify cultivars adapted to North American conditions. Ribes section Calobotrya was the earliest group to reach "first bloom," followed sequentially by R. [superscript]xnidigrolaria Bauer hybrid species, section Symphocalyx, section Grossularia, section Ribes, and lastly, section Botrycarpum. Early and late-flowering accessions were identified for each taxon. Title: Disease resistance and spring phenological characteristics of Ribes L. germplasm Author: Dalton, Daniel T. North American cultivation of Ribes L. may expand as small fruit growers seek species to diversify horticultural crops. The Ribes industry was suppressed for decades out of fear that cultivated black currants and gooseberries would intensify the fungal disease white pine blister rust (WPBR) on five-needle pine (Pinus L. section Quinquefoliae) species. These pines were historically vital to the timber industry. Today, plant breeders seek to strengthen the Ribes small fruit industry through production of material suitable for North American conditions. Paramount to this effort is the development of resistance against major pests and diseases. Growers must be able to recognize the attributes of available genotypes prior to field establishment. The objectives of this research were to determine disease resistance and phenological characteristics of Ribes selections at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis, Oregon. Since the early 1930's, plant breeders have used immune black currant (R. nigrum L.) germplasm as a control tactic against the exotic WPBR, caused by the basidiomycete fungus Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fischer. In 1999, a seedling population was generated at the NCGR from a cross involving susceptible pistillate R. nigrum 'Ben Lomond' and immune staminate parent R. ussuriense Jancz. x R. nigrum 'Consort.' To test the inheritance of resistance in the F₁ population, aeciospore and urediniospore treatments were applied in 2008 to single-leaf softwood cuttings under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. Resistant F₁ phenotypes segregated in a 1:1 ratio consistent with the pattern of simple dominant inheritance of a single gene. Artificial inoculations testing aeciospore and urediniospore infectivity produced equivalent disease severity in the experimental Ribes genotypes. Resistance to the native powdery mildew fungus, Podosphaera mors-uvae (Schwein.) U. Brown and S. Takamatsu, was also evaluated in the F₁ population. Individuals segregated for resistance in a 1:3 ratio after exposure to elevated disease pressure in the greenhouse. Fifteen F₁ genotypes were resistant to both fungal pathogens and are candidates for further breeding trials. In a second study, five years of spring phenological survey data were analyzed using a growing degree-day (GDD) model, with the objective to identify cultivars adapted to North American conditions. Ribes section Calobotrya was the earliest group to reach "first bloom," followed sequentially by R. [superscript]xnidigrolaria Bauer hybrid species, section Symphocalyx, section Grossularia, section Ribes, and lastly, section Botrycarpum. Early and late-flowering accessions were identified for each taxon. Close

• 121. [Article] Heritability for perloline, nitrogen, and digestibility characteristics in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) single-crosses grown in two locations

  Tall fescue often results in poor liveweight gains. This may be accounted for by variations in perloline content, nitrogen content, or digestibility of the plant. Two groups of tall fescue plants were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heritability for perloline, nitrogen, and digestibility characteristics in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) single-crosses grown in two locations Author: Watson, Clarence Ellis Tall fescue often results in poor liveweight gains. This may be accounted for by variations in perloline content, nitrogen content, or digestibility of the plant. Two groups of tall fescue plants were examined for each of these traits. These groups consisted of (a) fifteen single-crosses of a six parent diallel and (b) seven cultivars of tall fescue. The diallel cross was planted at Corvallis, Oregon and Columbia, Missouri. Plots were harvested and sampled on April 8 and September 22, 1975 at Corvallis; Oregon and on October 16, 1975 at Columbia, Missouri. The two cuttings at Corvallis, Oregon and the fall cuttings at Corvallis and Columbia were analyzed as multiple environments. The cultivars were planted at Corvallis, Oregon and harvested April 10, July 11, and September 22, 1975. All samples were analyzed for perloline and nitrogen content. Samples from the fall harvests at Corvallis, Oregon and Columbia, Missouri were analyzed for in vitro digestibility. There were significant differences among crosses for perloline content. Significant general and specific combining ability was found for perloline content. Broad-sense heritabilities (H[subscript B. S.] = .21-.94) tended to be larger than narrow-sense heritabilities (H[subscript N.S.] = .15-.53). There appeared to be a high degree of dominance for low perloline. Significant differences existed among the cultivars for perloline content. Dates of harvest were a significant source of variation for perloline content, with perloline increasing steadily over the season. Significant genotype x environment interactions were found, suggesting that lines should be tested over locations and years. It should be possible to select for low perloline lines with a program of recurrent selection using a high perloline tester. Significant differences were found among crosses for nitrogen content. General combining ability was significant in all cases. Narrow-sense heritabilities (H[subscript N.S.] = .50-.72) were almost as large as the broad-sense heritabilities (H[subscript B. S.]= .55-.89), suggesting primarily additive gene action for nitrogen content. No differences were found among the cultivars for nitrogen content, but cuttings were a significant source of variation. Differences among cuttings as well as the cutting x cultivar interaction appeared to be due to soil fertility levels and disease. Selection for nitrogen content should be possible with recurrent selection. Lines should be tested over environments. There were differences in in vitro digestibility among crosses for the September harvest at Corvallis, Oregon, but not for the October harvest at Columbia, Missouri. General combining ability was a significant source of variation. The broad-sense heritability (H[subscript B. S.] = .74) was high. The narrowsense heritability (H[subscript N.S.] = .18) was very low, however, indicating that in vitro digestibility was controlled primarily by nonadditive gene action. Digestibilities were significantly higher at Corvallis, Oregon than at Columbia, Missouri. No genotype x environment interaction was found. Selection for high in vitro digestibility should be possible with a program of recurrent selection for specific combining ability. Title: Heritability for perloline, nitrogen, and digestibility characteristics in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) single-crosses grown in two locations Author: Watson, Clarence Ellis Tall fescue often results in poor liveweight gains. This may be accounted for by variations in perloline content, nitrogen content, or digestibility of the plant. Two groups of tall fescue plants were examined for each of these traits. These groups consisted of (a) fifteen single-crosses of a six parent diallel and (b) seven cultivars of tall fescue. The diallel cross was planted at Corvallis, Oregon and Columbia, Missouri. Plots were harvested and sampled on April 8 and September 22, 1975 at Corvallis; Oregon and on October 16, 1975 at Columbia, Missouri. The two cuttings at Corvallis, Oregon and the fall cuttings at Corvallis and Columbia were analyzed as multiple environments. The cultivars were planted at Corvallis, Oregon and harvested April 10, July 11, and September 22, 1975. All samples were analyzed for perloline and nitrogen content. Samples from the fall harvests at Corvallis, Oregon and Columbia, Missouri were analyzed for in vitro digestibility. There were significant differences among crosses for perloline content. Significant general and specific combining ability was found for perloline content. Broad-sense heritabilities (H[subscript B. S.] = .21-.94) tended to be larger than narrow-sense heritabilities (H[subscript N.S.] = .15-.53). There appeared to be a high degree of dominance for low perloline. Significant differences existed among the cultivars for perloline content. Dates of harvest were a significant source of variation for perloline content, with perloline increasing steadily over the season. Significant genotype x environment interactions were found, suggesting that lines should be tested over locations and years. It should be possible to select for low perloline lines with a program of recurrent selection using a high perloline tester. Significant differences were found among crosses for nitrogen content. General combining ability was significant in all cases. Narrow-sense heritabilities (H[subscript N.S.] = .50-.72) were almost as large as the broad-sense heritabilities (H[subscript B. S.]= .55-.89), suggesting primarily additive gene action for nitrogen content. No differences were found among the cultivars for nitrogen content, but cuttings were a significant source of variation. Differences among cuttings as well as the cutting x cultivar interaction appeared to be due to soil fertility levels and disease. Selection for nitrogen content should be possible with recurrent selection. Lines should be tested over environments. There were differences in in vitro digestibility among crosses for the September harvest at Corvallis, Oregon, but not for the October harvest at Columbia, Missouri. General combining ability was a significant source of variation. The broad-sense heritability (H[subscript B. S.] = .74) was high. The narrowsense heritability (H[subscript N.S.] = .18) was very low, however, indicating that in vitro digestibility was controlled primarily by nonadditive gene action. Digestibilities were significantly higher at Corvallis, Oregon than at Columbia, Missouri. No genotype x environment interaction was found. Selection for high in vitro digestibility should be possible with a program of recurrent selection for specific combining ability. Close

• 122. [Article] Analysis of nonlinear pharmacokinetic systems and the nonlinear disposition of phenylbutazone in equine (horses)

  The first part of the dissertation is to evaluate the use of proposed and established equations for area under the plasma concentration versus time (AUC) for molecules undergoing nonlinear Michaelis–Menten ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of nonlinear pharmacokinetic systems and the nonlinear disposition of phenylbutazone in equine (horses) Author: Ma, Lian The first part of the dissertation is to evaluate the use of proposed and established equations for area under the plasma concentration versus time (AUC) for molecules undergoing nonlinear Michaelis–Menten pharmacokinetic elimination. The effects of varying Michaelis-Menten parameters, rate of drug absorption, or bioavailability on the predictability of drug exposure (AUC) for single-dose data were performed by computer simulation for one- compartment model with first-order drug absorption and two- compartment model with i.v.-bolus administration. Results show that the use of our proposed equation for one-compartment 1st-order absorption model is adequate in most cases of dose, k[subscript a] and clearance ratio. The use of the established equation for two-compartment i.v. model, however, was indentified to be limited under low doses and high clearance ratio (V[subscript m]/K[subscript m]). The second part is to study the potential drug interaction between Phenylbutazone and Ranitidine in thoroughbred horses. Pharmacokinetic study was conducted in a cross-over design in which the horses received co-administration of ranitidine or control treatment. The study started with single-dose oral administrations of 2.2, 4.4, and 8.8 mg/kg phenylbutazone, and then multiple-dose administrations 2.2, 4.4, and 8.8 mg/kg phenylbutazone with a 1-week washout period between trials. Neither plasma concentration profiles nor the observed pharmacokinetic parameters of phenylbutazone were significantly altered by ranitidine treatment. The results suggest that concurrent treatment with ranitidine and phenylbutazone does not result in elevations of plasma phenylbutazone concentrations. Ranitidine should be safe to be co-administered with phenylbutazone in thoroughbred horses. The third part is about two pharmacokinetic studies investigating O,O-dimethylphosphate (DMP) and xanthohumol (XN) respectively, in Male Sprague-Dawley rats. Levels of urinary dialkylphosphates (DAPs) are currently used as a biomarker of human exposure to organophosphorus insecticides (OPs). It is known that OPs degrade on food commodities to DAPs at levels that approach or exceed those of the parent OP. However, little has been reported on the extent of DAP absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Rats were administered DMP at 20 mg/kg via oral gavage and I.V. injection. DMP bioavailability was found to be 107 ± 39 % and the amount of the orally administered dose recovered in the urine was 30 ± 9.9 % by 48 hrs. The in vitro metabolic stability, high bioavailability and extent of DMP urinary excretion following oral exposure in a rat model suggests that measurement of DMP as a biomarker of insecticide exposure may lead to overestimation of human exposure. Xanthohumol (XN) is a dietary flavonoid found in hops showing health protective actions against cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. This study provides basic pharmacokinetics (PK) parameters for XN and its major metabolites in rats. The maximum concentration (C[subscript max]) and area under the curve (AUC[subscript 0-∞]) of total XN (free and conjugated) were 2.9 ± 0.1 mg/L and 2.5 ± 0.3 h*mg/L in the IV group, 0.019 ± 0.002 mg/L and 0.84 ± 0.17 h*mg/L in the oral low group, 0.043 ± 0.002 mg/L and 1.03 ± 0.12 h*mg/L in the oral medium group, and 0.15 ± 0.01 mg/L and 2.49 ± 0.10 h*mg/L in the oral high group. The bioavailability of XN is dose-dependent and approximately 0.33, 0.13 and 0.11 in rats, for the low, medium and high dose groups, respectively. Title: Analysis of nonlinear pharmacokinetic systems and the nonlinear disposition of phenylbutazone in equine (horses) Author: Ma, Lian The first part of the dissertation is to evaluate the use of proposed and established equations for area under the plasma concentration versus time (AUC) for molecules undergoing nonlinear Michaelis–Menten pharmacokinetic elimination. The effects of varying Michaelis-Menten parameters, rate of drug absorption, or bioavailability on the predictability of drug exposure (AUC) for single-dose data were performed by computer simulation for one- compartment model with first-order drug absorption and two- compartment model with i.v.-bolus administration. Results show that the use of our proposed equation for one-compartment 1st-order absorption model is adequate in most cases of dose, k[subscript a] and clearance ratio. The use of the established equation for two-compartment i.v. model, however, was indentified to be limited under low doses and high clearance ratio (V[subscript m]/K[subscript m]). The second part is to study the potential drug interaction between Phenylbutazone and Ranitidine in thoroughbred horses. Pharmacokinetic study was conducted in a cross-over design in which the horses received co-administration of ranitidine or control treatment. The study started with single-dose oral administrations of 2.2, 4.4, and 8.8 mg/kg phenylbutazone, and then multiple-dose administrations 2.2, 4.4, and 8.8 mg/kg phenylbutazone with a 1-week washout period between trials. Neither plasma concentration profiles nor the observed pharmacokinetic parameters of phenylbutazone were significantly altered by ranitidine treatment. The results suggest that concurrent treatment with ranitidine and phenylbutazone does not result in elevations of plasma phenylbutazone concentrations. Ranitidine should be safe to be co-administered with phenylbutazone in thoroughbred horses. The third part is about two pharmacokinetic studies investigating O,O-dimethylphosphate (DMP) and xanthohumol (XN) respectively, in Male Sprague-Dawley rats. Levels of urinary dialkylphosphates (DAPs) are currently used as a biomarker of human exposure to organophosphorus insecticides (OPs). It is known that OPs degrade on food commodities to DAPs at levels that approach or exceed those of the parent OP. However, little has been reported on the extent of DAP absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Rats were administered DMP at 20 mg/kg via oral gavage and I.V. injection. DMP bioavailability was found to be 107 ± 39 % and the amount of the orally administered dose recovered in the urine was 30 ± 9.9 % by 48 hrs. The in vitro metabolic stability, high bioavailability and extent of DMP urinary excretion following oral exposure in a rat model suggests that measurement of DMP as a biomarker of insecticide exposure may lead to overestimation of human exposure. Xanthohumol (XN) is a dietary flavonoid found in hops showing health protective actions against cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. This study provides basic pharmacokinetics (PK) parameters for XN and its major metabolites in rats. The maximum concentration (C[subscript max]) and area under the curve (AUC[subscript 0-∞]) of total XN (free and conjugated) were 2.9 ± 0.1 mg/L and 2.5 ± 0.3 h*mg/L in the IV group, 0.019 ± 0.002 mg/L and 0.84 ± 0.17 h*mg/L in the oral low group, 0.043 ± 0.002 mg/L and 1.03 ± 0.12 h*mg/L in the oral medium group, and 0.15 ± 0.01 mg/L and 2.49 ± 0.10 h*mg/L in the oral high group. The bioavailability of XN is dose-dependent and approximately 0.33, 0.13 and 0.11 in rats, for the low, medium and high dose groups, respectively. Close

• 123. [Article] Resource allocation in four syntopic species of marine diving birds

  During 1969-1971 I studied patterns of resource allocation and behavioral interaction among Brandt's Cormorants, Pelagic Cormorants, Common Murres and Pigeon Guillemots in the area of a breeding colony ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Resource allocation in four syntopic species of marine diving birds Author: Scott, James Michael, 1941- During 1969-1971 I studied patterns of resource allocation and behavioral interaction among Brandt's Cormorants, Pelagic Cormorants, Common Murres and Pigeon Guillemots in the area of a breeding colony on Yaquina Head on the central Oregon coast. Extensive studies of the breeding colony were combined with detailed observations of the distribution, abundance and behavior of these birds at sea. The nesting areas differed considerably among the four species. Brandt's Cormorants and Common Murres were the most similar, both nesting in colonies on flat or gently sloping, unvegetated surfaces of the same offshore rock. In contrast, Pelagic Cormorants nested on the face of precipitous cliffs on the mainland and offshore rocks, singly or in loose aggregations; Pigeon Guillemots also nested singly or in loose aggregations in nooks, crevices and sometimes burrows on mainland and offshore cliffs. Breeding phenologies overlapped almost completely, with egg laying beginning in late May and the first young fledging in mid-July. Murres initiated egg laying as early as May 6 and had an abbreviated nestling period. At an age of 2-3 weeks, chicks left the breeding rock, and were accompanied at sea by the adult male. Dispersal from the breeding colony was primarily longshore rather than offshore. The energetic and competitive advantages of this type of parental care pattern in murres and other alcids are discussed. I suggest that precociality has evolved in some alcids as the result of a gain in subaqueous flight capabilities at the expense of aerial flight. The greater underwater maneuverability permits those species with precocial young to exploit highly mobile midwater fish populations at great distances from the breeding colony. However, their decreased ability to ferry food from the offshore feeding areas to the breeding colony has resulted in selection for early abandonment of the colony by adult and chick. The four species differed in the average length and range of dive times. The ratio of dive time/rest time, however, was very similar when all dive times or a specific dive time were considered. Pelagic Cormorants had the lowest average dive time, while Brandt's Cormorants, Pigeon Guillemots and Common Murres took increasingly longer dives. The same ranking of species was observed for offshore distribution, with Pelagic Cormorants foraging closest to the beach and Brandt's Cormorants slightly further offshore, followed by Pigeon Guillemots with Common Murres being the most pelagic in their foraging distribution. Pigeon Guillemots fed exclusively on bottom-dwelling species while Common Murres took primarily midwater fish. The cormorants fed upon prey occurring in both areas. In addition, both species of cormorants and the murres as well as Western Gulls fed together in mixed-species feeding flocks. These flocks foraged primarily upon schooling fish of the families Engraulidae and Osmeridae, which represent a patchily distributed but locally abundant food source. The three diving species which participate in mixed species flocks thus differed in their offshore distribution and took slightly different prey items, although overlapping extensively in their utilization of the more abundant species, such as anchovies and juvenile rockfish. This zonation results in less predation pressure per unit area on the less common and more predictably distributed prey species, but allows the entire offshore area to be searched effectively for abundant but patchily distributed fish schools. The behavioral interactions between members of the mixed species flocks allow rapid communication of prey school locations and permit each species to maintain contact with the school for a much longer time. The temporal and spatial overlap in the occurrence of breeding activities may contribute to a more effective coverage of the area surrounding the colony during the time of year at which food supplies are abundant. Title: Resource allocation in four syntopic species of marine diving birds Author: Scott, James Michael, 1941- During 1969-1971 I studied patterns of resource allocation and behavioral interaction among Brandt's Cormorants, Pelagic Cormorants, Common Murres and Pigeon Guillemots in the area of a breeding colony on Yaquina Head on the central Oregon coast. Extensive studies of the breeding colony were combined with detailed observations of the distribution, abundance and behavior of these birds at sea. The nesting areas differed considerably among the four species. Brandt's Cormorants and Common Murres were the most similar, both nesting in colonies on flat or gently sloping, unvegetated surfaces of the same offshore rock. In contrast, Pelagic Cormorants nested on the face of precipitous cliffs on the mainland and offshore rocks, singly or in loose aggregations; Pigeon Guillemots also nested singly or in loose aggregations in nooks, crevices and sometimes burrows on mainland and offshore cliffs. Breeding phenologies overlapped almost completely, with egg laying beginning in late May and the first young fledging in mid-July. Murres initiated egg laying as early as May 6 and had an abbreviated nestling period. At an age of 2-3 weeks, chicks left the breeding rock, and were accompanied at sea by the adult male. Dispersal from the breeding colony was primarily longshore rather than offshore. The energetic and competitive advantages of this type of parental care pattern in murres and other alcids are discussed. I suggest that precociality has evolved in some alcids as the result of a gain in subaqueous flight capabilities at the expense of aerial flight. The greater underwater maneuverability permits those species with precocial young to exploit highly mobile midwater fish populations at great distances from the breeding colony. However, their decreased ability to ferry food from the offshore feeding areas to the breeding colony has resulted in selection for early abandonment of the colony by adult and chick. The four species differed in the average length and range of dive times. The ratio of dive time/rest time, however, was very similar when all dive times or a specific dive time were considered. Pelagic Cormorants had the lowest average dive time, while Brandt's Cormorants, Pigeon Guillemots and Common Murres took increasingly longer dives. The same ranking of species was observed for offshore distribution, with Pelagic Cormorants foraging closest to the beach and Brandt's Cormorants slightly further offshore, followed by Pigeon Guillemots with Common Murres being the most pelagic in their foraging distribution. Pigeon Guillemots fed exclusively on bottom-dwelling species while Common Murres took primarily midwater fish. The cormorants fed upon prey occurring in both areas. In addition, both species of cormorants and the murres as well as Western Gulls fed together in mixed-species feeding flocks. These flocks foraged primarily upon schooling fish of the families Engraulidae and Osmeridae, which represent a patchily distributed but locally abundant food source. The three diving species which participate in mixed species flocks thus differed in their offshore distribution and took slightly different prey items, although overlapping extensively in their utilization of the more abundant species, such as anchovies and juvenile rockfish. This zonation results in less predation pressure per unit area on the less common and more predictably distributed prey species, but allows the entire offshore area to be searched effectively for abundant but patchily distributed fish schools. The behavioral interactions between members of the mixed species flocks allow rapid communication of prey school locations and permit each species to maintain contact with the school for a much longer time. The temporal and spatial overlap in the occurrence of breeding activities may contribute to a more effective coverage of the area surrounding the colony during the time of year at which food supplies are abundant. Close

• 124. [Article] The inheritance of volatile alcohols associated with frozen bush snap beans

  Inheritance of the volatile components in bush snap beans, O.S.U. 58-110 X 'Romano' cross and reciprocal, was determined using gas-liquid chromatographic technique with gas-entrainment on-column trapping. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The inheritance of volatile alcohols associated with frozen bush snap beans Author: Toya, Dan K. Inheritance of the volatile components in bush snap beans, O.S.U. 58-110 X 'Romano' cross and reciprocal, was determined using gas-liquid chromatographic technique with gas-entrainment on-column trapping. A sample of 10 to 14 pods averaging 5 grams from a single plant was found to be adequate for F₁, F₂, and backcross studies. The characteristic low concentration of l-octen-3-ol in O.S.U. 58-110 was dominant over that of the higher concentration of 'Romano' in the F₁ generation. A chi square goodness of fit test for a 3:1 ratio in the F₂ and 1:1 ratio in the backcross of the F₁ to 'Romano' indicated a single dominant gene controlling the inheritance of 1-octen- 3-ol. A better fit to a 9:7 ratio was shown for the F₂, but backcrosses to both parents did not indicate a two gene action. Backcross results have shown the importance of studying inheritance by more than one method. The difference in mean concentration and the amount of overlapping in the concentration of linalool found in the two varieties made it impossible to distinguish any genetic ratios. Flower color inheritance for crosses involving 'Blue Lake' types (white flower) X 'Romano' (light purple) were shown to be controlled by two genes. Dominant gene V subscript [lae] produced the purple color while the recessive remained white. The second gene, Aeq. (with other dominant influencing genes) when dominant caused the banners to be a darker purple color than if the gene was recessive. No linkage was found between flower color intensifier and 1-octen- 3-ol. It was not possible to determine linkage of the flower color, V subscript [lae], and l-octen-3-ol. An oval 'Blue Lake' mutant was found in the line O.S.U. 9025. Compared to the original round pod type, it was characterized by strings on both sutures, oval pod, glossy smooth light green outer skin, and light color inner flesh. Thawing time, maturity, and processing affected the concentration of l-octen-3-ol. Concentration of l-octen-3-ol decreased with maturity (days from anthesis). The concentration in frozen beans was found to increase with longer thawing times. Processed samples, whether frozen or canned, were lower in concentration than fresh raw samples. Processing influences on other volatiles were mostly quantitative, but several of the compounds were lost in the frozen samples. Increases in the "lower boiling" volatiles of the canned products were attributed to the heat induction and degradation of metabolites. A loss of volatiles in the frozen samples and "higher boiling" components in the canned product is believed to be through vaporization and leaching into the hot water bath during the blanching process. Reduction in quantity and losses of compounds with influence of thawing time made the freezing process less desirable for preserving samples for genetic studies. Fresh raw samples would be better for inheritance studies if the time required for analysis could be reduced. Maturity and the nature of quantitative variation among varieties would limit the use of volatile flavor components for chemotaxonomy; yet analysis for phenolics, alkaloids, and flavonoids, combined with botanical means, should provide the most effective system for differentiating varieties. Title: The inheritance of volatile alcohols associated with frozen bush snap beans Author: Toya, Dan K. Inheritance of the volatile components in bush snap beans, O.S.U. 58-110 X 'Romano' cross and reciprocal, was determined using gas-liquid chromatographic technique with gas-entrainment on-column trapping. A sample of 10 to 14 pods averaging 5 grams from a single plant was found to be adequate for F₁, F₂, and backcross studies. The characteristic low concentration of l-octen-3-ol in O.S.U. 58-110 was dominant over that of the higher concentration of 'Romano' in the F₁ generation. A chi square goodness of fit test for a 3:1 ratio in the F₂ and 1:1 ratio in the backcross of the F₁ to 'Romano' indicated a single dominant gene controlling the inheritance of 1-octen- 3-ol. A better fit to a 9:7 ratio was shown for the F₂, but backcrosses to both parents did not indicate a two gene action. Backcross results have shown the importance of studying inheritance by more than one method. The difference in mean concentration and the amount of overlapping in the concentration of linalool found in the two varieties made it impossible to distinguish any genetic ratios. Flower color inheritance for crosses involving 'Blue Lake' types (white flower) X 'Romano' (light purple) were shown to be controlled by two genes. Dominant gene V subscript [lae] produced the purple color while the recessive remained white. The second gene, Aeq. (with other dominant influencing genes) when dominant caused the banners to be a darker purple color than if the gene was recessive. No linkage was found between flower color intensifier and 1-octen- 3-ol. It was not possible to determine linkage of the flower color, V subscript [lae], and l-octen-3-ol. An oval 'Blue Lake' mutant was found in the line O.S.U. 9025. Compared to the original round pod type, it was characterized by strings on both sutures, oval pod, glossy smooth light green outer skin, and light color inner flesh. Thawing time, maturity, and processing affected the concentration of l-octen-3-ol. Concentration of l-octen-3-ol decreased with maturity (days from anthesis). The concentration in frozen beans was found to increase with longer thawing times. Processed samples, whether frozen or canned, were lower in concentration than fresh raw samples. Processing influences on other volatiles were mostly quantitative, but several of the compounds were lost in the frozen samples. Increases in the "lower boiling" volatiles of the canned products were attributed to the heat induction and degradation of metabolites. A loss of volatiles in the frozen samples and "higher boiling" components in the canned product is believed to be through vaporization and leaching into the hot water bath during the blanching process. Reduction in quantity and losses of compounds with influence of thawing time made the freezing process less desirable for preserving samples for genetic studies. Fresh raw samples would be better for inheritance studies if the time required for analysis could be reduced. Maturity and the nature of quantitative variation among varieties would limit the use of volatile flavor components for chemotaxonomy; yet analysis for phenolics, alkaloids, and flavonoids, combined with botanical means, should provide the most effective system for differentiating varieties. Close

• 125. [Article] Microsatellite Marker Development, Characterization and Mapping in European Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.), and Investigation of Novel Sources of Eastern Filbert Blight Resistance in Corylus

  European hazelnut, an important nut crop in Oregon agriculture, is threatened by the fungal disease eastern filbert blight (EFB) caused by Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller. The hazelnut breeding program ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Microsatellite Marker Development, Characterization and Mapping in European Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.), and Investigation of Novel Sources of Eastern Filbert Blight Resistance in Corylus Author: Bhattarai, Gehendra European hazelnut, an important nut crop in Oregon agriculture, is threatened by the fungal disease eastern filbert blight (EFB) caused by Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller. The hazelnut breeding program at OSU has been working on development of EFB-resistant cultivars. DNA markers allow mapping of traits using segregating progenies and identification of linked markers. The breeding of hazelnuts involves use of DNA markers to genotype individuals and facilitate selection in a procedure known as marker-assisted selection (MAS). This technique is particularly promising in tree crops with a long juvenile phase like the hazelnuts. 'Gasaway' resistance governed by a dominant allele at a single locus was identified and several EFB-resistant cultivars carrying the dominant allele from this source have been released. Infection of 'Gasaway' and some of its offspring by A. anomala isolates has been noted, and indicates an urgent need to investigate new sources of resistance, identify new resistance genes and incorporate them into the breeding effort. New microsatellite markers were developed from the genomic sequence of hazelnut cv. 'Jefferson'. A total of 17,802 simple sequence repeat (SSR) motifs exceeding 15 bp in length and consisting of tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexa- nucleotide repeats were identified in the 'Jefferson' genome. Removal of duplicates, short fragments, repeats at ends, and repeats containing only A's and T's reduced the number of unique fragments to 2,069. Visual inspection of these unique fragments alligned with genome sequences of 7 other accessions in Tablet software identified 489 sequences with variation in number of repeats but with conserved flanking regions. Amplification of a set of 24 diverse accessions and separation on agarose gels led to the development of 366 new polymorphic markers. These were used to genotype 48 diverse accessions using capillary electrophoresis for fragment sizing. An additional 15 parents were also fingerprinted at these new 366 microsatellite loci. Using the mapping population (OSU 252.146 x OSU 414.062), 213 loci were mapped. A dendrogram was constructed which showed a high level of polymorphism in hazelnut. Tightly linked markers were identified for 'Gasaway' resistance and MAS is routinely used. The hazelnut acreage in Oregon is increasing every year with the planting of these new EFB-resistant cultivars. However, concern about disease resistance breakdown prompted an investigation of 12 new EFB resistance sources. Segregating progenies were inoculated by placement of potted trees under an inoculation structure, in the greenhouse, or in the field by tying a diseased branch on each tree. A chi-square goodness-of-fit test was used compare observed with expected segregation ratios. Very few seedlings of Moscow selections N01, N01-06, and N01-07 were resistant and were likely escapes. 'Grand Traverse', C. heterophylla 'Ogyoo', 'Yoder #5', C. americana 'Rush', Moscow N23, N26, N27, and N37 segregated in 1:1 ratio, indicating resistance governed by a single locus and a dominant allele for resistance. 'Uebov' transmitted resistance to only ~15 % of its seedlings. Resistance from 'Uebov', 'Grand Traverse', and C. heterophylla 'Ogyoo' were assigned to LG6 but only 'Uebov' and 'Grand Traverse' were mapped. Resistance from 'Yoder #5', Moscow N27 and C. americana 'Rush' was assigned to LG7. Mapping of the remaining resistance sources will be completed in the future. Title: Microsatellite Marker Development, Characterization and Mapping in European Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.), and Investigation of Novel Sources of Eastern Filbert Blight Resistance in Corylus Author: Bhattarai, Gehendra European hazelnut, an important nut crop in Oregon agriculture, is threatened by the fungal disease eastern filbert blight (EFB) caused by Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller. The hazelnut breeding program at OSU has been working on development of EFB-resistant cultivars. DNA markers allow mapping of traits using segregating progenies and identification of linked markers. The breeding of hazelnuts involves use of DNA markers to genotype individuals and facilitate selection in a procedure known as marker-assisted selection (MAS). This technique is particularly promising in tree crops with a long juvenile phase like the hazelnuts. 'Gasaway' resistance governed by a dominant allele at a single locus was identified and several EFB-resistant cultivars carrying the dominant allele from this source have been released. Infection of 'Gasaway' and some of its offspring by A. anomala isolates has been noted, and indicates an urgent need to investigate new sources of resistance, identify new resistance genes and incorporate them into the breeding effort. New microsatellite markers were developed from the genomic sequence of hazelnut cv. 'Jefferson'. A total of 17,802 simple sequence repeat (SSR) motifs exceeding 15 bp in length and consisting of tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexa- nucleotide repeats were identified in the 'Jefferson' genome. Removal of duplicates, short fragments, repeats at ends, and repeats containing only A's and T's reduced the number of unique fragments to 2,069. Visual inspection of these unique fragments alligned with genome sequences of 7 other accessions in Tablet software identified 489 sequences with variation in number of repeats but with conserved flanking regions. Amplification of a set of 24 diverse accessions and separation on agarose gels led to the development of 366 new polymorphic markers. These were used to genotype 48 diverse accessions using capillary electrophoresis for fragment sizing. An additional 15 parents were also fingerprinted at these new 366 microsatellite loci. Using the mapping population (OSU 252.146 x OSU 414.062), 213 loci were mapped. A dendrogram was constructed which showed a high level of polymorphism in hazelnut. Tightly linked markers were identified for 'Gasaway' resistance and MAS is routinely used. The hazelnut acreage in Oregon is increasing every year with the planting of these new EFB-resistant cultivars. However, concern about disease resistance breakdown prompted an investigation of 12 new EFB resistance sources. Segregating progenies were inoculated by placement of potted trees under an inoculation structure, in the greenhouse, or in the field by tying a diseased branch on each tree. A chi-square goodness-of-fit test was used compare observed with expected segregation ratios. Very few seedlings of Moscow selections N01, N01-06, and N01-07 were resistant and were likely escapes. 'Grand Traverse', C. heterophylla 'Ogyoo', 'Yoder #5', C. americana 'Rush', Moscow N23, N26, N27, and N37 segregated in 1:1 ratio, indicating resistance governed by a single locus and a dominant allele for resistance. 'Uebov' transmitted resistance to only ~15 % of its seedlings. Resistance from 'Uebov', 'Grand Traverse', and C. heterophylla 'Ogyoo' were assigned to LG6 but only 'Uebov' and 'Grand Traverse' were mapped. Resistance from 'Yoder #5', Moscow N27 and C. americana 'Rush' was assigned to LG7. Mapping of the remaining resistance sources will be completed in the future. Close

• 126. [Article] Quantitative shape analysis of soil map delineations in Benton County, Oregon

  Soils are 3-dimensional bodies that make up natural landscapes. In addition to the morphological properties used to characterize soils, soil bodies also have the properties of size and shape. Soil maps ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quantitative shape analysis of soil map delineations in Benton County, Oregon Author: Poore, Joel K. Soils are 3-dimensional bodies that make up natural landscapes. In addition to the morphological properties used to characterize soils, soil bodies also have the properties of size and shape. Soil maps are made in an effort to provide information on the spatial distribution of different kinds of soils. Soil mappers draw to scale, as accurately as possible, the sizes and shapes of the different kinds of soil bodies they observe in the landscape. Beyond that, however, very little quantitative information relative to size and shape is provided to soil map users. Quantitative shape characterization presents several opportunities to learn about soil genesis and soil interpretations for land use. Intriguing questions include "Why does a soil body have the particular shape it has?", "Does each map unit possess an intrinsic shape or range of shapes?", "Do existing map unit interpretations apply equally to delineations of different size and shape?", "How can shape data for individual delineations be aggregated into an overall description of soil patterns in different geographic areas?", "What effects do soil patterns have on land use?". None of these questions can be answered without first having an appropriate technique for characterizing the shapes of individual delineations. The objective of this research, therefore, was to examine several possible shape indexes and isolate those few which had the greatest utility for characterizing shape. These few were then used to examine shape distributions within a few selected map units and compare shapes between map units. Data were collected by digitizing 452 delineations sampled from 13 different kinds of soil bodies identified in the soil survey of Benton County. For each delineation, 43 potential indexes were calculated. These included primary measurements, such as area and perimeter, and figure attribute ratios such as Horton's form ratio, Miller's circularity index, Schumm's elongation ratio, and Fridland's coefficient of dissection. A convex hull was circumscribed around each delineation, and the same primary measurements and attribute ratios were calculated for the convex hull. Additional indexes were calculated by comparing values determined for a delineation and corresponding values for it's convex hull. One additional technique used was to fit each polygon and convex hull with a 22-sided vertex lag polygon. Calculation of distances between vertices of this polygon leads to the derivation of a vertex lag index of shape. Variations on the vertex lag theme provided several additional indexes. Correlation analysis showed that the set of 43 indexes was highly intercorrelated. In order to reduce this set to a smaller set of minimally correlated indexes, the entire data set was subjected to a factor analysis. The result was a set of three dominant factors, which together accounted for 86.1% of the total variance in the data set. Each factor was interpreted by considering the nature of the shape indexes that loaded heavily on it, and a single index was selected to represent each factor on the basis of maximum interpretability. The first factor was interpreted as a measure of the complexity, or irregularity, of a delineation. The vertex lag index for the delineation was selected as the best single index to represent this attribute of shape. The second factor included all of the primary measurements. Though not a measure of shape per se, primary measurement data were viewed as significant elements in the spatial description of soil map delineations. Polygon area was taken as the best index to represent the effects of primary measurements. The third factor was interpreted as a measure of form. In this case, Schumm's elongation ratio, as measured on the convex hull, was found to be the most interpretable index of form. These three attributes, size, form, and complexity, provided the best quantitative description of shape. The indexes that represent them were found to be minimally correlated and maximally interpretable. Each of the 13 kinds of soil bodies sampled was characterized in terms of the three aspects of shape using descriptive statistics and frequency histograms. Comparisons between samples were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test. The data suggested that delineations belonging to a single soil mapping unit do have distinctive distributions of size, form, and complexity. Shape differences between mapping units were most evident when comparing soils on different landforms, parent materials, and slope gradients. Title: Quantitative shape analysis of soil map delineations in Benton County, Oregon Author: Poore, Joel K. Soils are 3-dimensional bodies that make up natural landscapes. In addition to the morphological properties used to characterize soils, soil bodies also have the properties of size and shape. Soil maps are made in an effort to provide information on the spatial distribution of different kinds of soils. Soil mappers draw to scale, as accurately as possible, the sizes and shapes of the different kinds of soil bodies they observe in the landscape. Beyond that, however, very little quantitative information relative to size and shape is provided to soil map users. Quantitative shape characterization presents several opportunities to learn about soil genesis and soil interpretations for land use. Intriguing questions include "Why does a soil body have the particular shape it has?", "Does each map unit possess an intrinsic shape or range of shapes?", "Do existing map unit interpretations apply equally to delineations of different size and shape?", "How can shape data for individual delineations be aggregated into an overall description of soil patterns in different geographic areas?", "What effects do soil patterns have on land use?". None of these questions can be answered without first having an appropriate technique for characterizing the shapes of individual delineations. The objective of this research, therefore, was to examine several possible shape indexes and isolate those few which had the greatest utility for characterizing shape. These few were then used to examine shape distributions within a few selected map units and compare shapes between map units. Data were collected by digitizing 452 delineations sampled from 13 different kinds of soil bodies identified in the soil survey of Benton County. For each delineation, 43 potential indexes were calculated. These included primary measurements, such as area and perimeter, and figure attribute ratios such as Horton's form ratio, Miller's circularity index, Schumm's elongation ratio, and Fridland's coefficient of dissection. A convex hull was circumscribed around each delineation, and the same primary measurements and attribute ratios were calculated for the convex hull. Additional indexes were calculated by comparing values determined for a delineation and corresponding values for it's convex hull. One additional technique used was to fit each polygon and convex hull with a 22-sided vertex lag polygon. Calculation of distances between vertices of this polygon leads to the derivation of a vertex lag index of shape. Variations on the vertex lag theme provided several additional indexes. Correlation analysis showed that the set of 43 indexes was highly intercorrelated. In order to reduce this set to a smaller set of minimally correlated indexes, the entire data set was subjected to a factor analysis. The result was a set of three dominant factors, which together accounted for 86.1% of the total variance in the data set. Each factor was interpreted by considering the nature of the shape indexes that loaded heavily on it, and a single index was selected to represent each factor on the basis of maximum interpretability. The first factor was interpreted as a measure of the complexity, or irregularity, of a delineation. The vertex lag index for the delineation was selected as the best single index to represent this attribute of shape. The second factor included all of the primary measurements. Though not a measure of shape per se, primary measurement data were viewed as significant elements in the spatial description of soil map delineations. Polygon area was taken as the best index to represent the effects of primary measurements. The third factor was interpreted as a measure of form. In this case, Schumm's elongation ratio, as measured on the convex hull, was found to be the most interpretable index of form. These three attributes, size, form, and complexity, provided the best quantitative description of shape. The indexes that represent them were found to be minimally correlated and maximally interpretable. Each of the 13 kinds of soil bodies sampled was characterized in terms of the three aspects of shape using descriptive statistics and frequency histograms. Comparisons between samples were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test. The data suggested that delineations belonging to a single soil mapping unit do have distinctive distributions of size, form, and complexity. Shape differences between mapping units were most evident when comparing soils on different landforms, parent materials, and slope gradients. Close

• 127. [Article] Hybridization between imidazolinone-resistant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrical Host.) and selection pressure impacts on proportion of resistance alleles

  Imazamox-resistant wheat (Clearfield®) cultivars carry the Imi1 gene, which confers resistance to the imidazolinone (IMI) herbicide imazamox. Imazamox provides selective control of jointed goatgrass and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hybridization between imidazolinone-resistant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrical Host.) and selection pressure impacts on proportion of resistance alleles Author: Martins, Bianca Asssis Barbosa Imazamox-resistant wheat (Clearfield®) cultivars carry the Imi1 gene, which confers resistance to the imidazolinone (IMI) herbicide imazamox. Imazamox provides selective control of jointed goatgrass and other weeds in IMI-resistant wheat. Imi1 gene flow between IMI-resistant wheat and jointed goatgrass may occur via hybridization and backcross events. In 2009 and 2010, surveys were conducted in Eastern Oregon to determine the prevalence of the Imi1 gene in wheat by jointed goatgrass hybrids in Eastern Oregon. Tissue and spikes from hybrids were collected and Imi1 presence was detected by PCR assays. We assessed hybrid yield components and explored how these components varied across the sampled sites. The association between the proportion of IMI-resistant hybrids and type of system (agricultural or non-agricultural) or management practice in the commercial fields was determined. A total of 128 sites were surveyed over the two years. Of 1,410 plants sampled, 1,100 were positive for the Imi1 gene of which 1,087 were heterozygousand 13 samples were homozygous for the gene. The 13 homozygous plants provide evidence that they are of backcross generations because they no longer carry the wild type allele. This is the first report of natural occurrence of IMI-resistant backcross plants in commercial wheat fields. Non-agricultural sites or fields with IMI-resistant wheat production back-to-back, were two factors associated with a greater proportion of IMI-resistant hybrids. These results indicate that it is important to choose field management practices that reduce the production of IMI-resistant hybrids, and to manage non-agricultural areas with jointed goatgrass infestations to prevent introgression of the Imi1 gene in these hybridization zones. The most economic and environmental friendly method to selectively control the pathogen Oculimacula yallundae in winter wheat is the use of resistant wheat cultivars. These cultivars carry the Pch1 gene, which provides resistance to foot rot. Once the Imi1 and Pch1 genes are introgressed into a jointed goatgrass population, their intraspecific movement and fate in the progeny remains largely unstudied. Therefore, field experiments were conducted using Imi1 and Pch1 resistance genes introgressed into a single jointed goatgrass population and selection pressure treatments were applied. The progeny were genotyped to detect the presence of the resistance alleles in order to determine proportion and the level of gene flow. In addition, selection pressure effects on yield components were analyzed. The herbicide-resistance allele proportion in the progeny was greater when parent plants were treated with imazamox. The disease-resistance allele proportion did not differ among the selection pressure treatments in the first year, but was greater with disease in the second year. The herbicide-resistance gene flow was greater with herbicide selection pressure in the first year but did not differ in the second year. Disease resistance gene flow did not differ among the selection pressure treatments. Because the resistance allele proportion increased in the two experiments for herbicide and in experiment one for disease resistance, it is likely that once introgression takes place, the increase of the resistance alleles in subsequent generations will reach fixation, with selection pressure. In addition, selection pressure treatments reduced yield components in the parental plants compared with the control treatment. This study revealed that there was no fitness cost associated with IMIresistant or foot rot resistance in jointed goatgrass in the absence of selection pressure. The knowledge of how selection pressure at the field level influences the resistance gene flow and the proportion with which the resistance genes occur in the progeny is important to prevent resistance spread. In addition, it lays the ground work for researchers to continue investigating the impacts of selection pressure on resistance genes in subsequent generations or other genes of ecological significance such as drought, cold or salt tolerance. Title: Hybridization between imidazolinone-resistant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrical Host.) and selection pressure impacts on proportion of resistance alleles Author: Martins, Bianca Asssis Barbosa Imazamox-resistant wheat (Clearfield®) cultivars carry the Imi1 gene, which confers resistance to the imidazolinone (IMI) herbicide imazamox. Imazamox provides selective control of jointed goatgrass and other weeds in IMI-resistant wheat. Imi1 gene flow between IMI-resistant wheat and jointed goatgrass may occur via hybridization and backcross events. In 2009 and 2010, surveys were conducted in Eastern Oregon to determine the prevalence of the Imi1 gene in wheat by jointed goatgrass hybrids in Eastern Oregon. Tissue and spikes from hybrids were collected and Imi1 presence was detected by PCR assays. We assessed hybrid yield components and explored how these components varied across the sampled sites. The association between the proportion of IMI-resistant hybrids and type of system (agricultural or non-agricultural) or management practice in the commercial fields was determined. A total of 128 sites were surveyed over the two years. Of 1,410 plants sampled, 1,100 were positive for the Imi1 gene of which 1,087 were heterozygousand 13 samples were homozygous for the gene. The 13 homozygous plants provide evidence that they are of backcross generations because they no longer carry the wild type allele. This is the first report of natural occurrence of IMI-resistant backcross plants in commercial wheat fields. Non-agricultural sites or fields with IMI-resistant wheat production back-to-back, were two factors associated with a greater proportion of IMI-resistant hybrids. These results indicate that it is important to choose field management practices that reduce the production of IMI-resistant hybrids, and to manage non-agricultural areas with jointed goatgrass infestations to prevent introgression of the Imi1 gene in these hybridization zones. The most economic and environmental friendly method to selectively control the pathogen Oculimacula yallundae in winter wheat is the use of resistant wheat cultivars. These cultivars carry the Pch1 gene, which provides resistance to foot rot. Once the Imi1 and Pch1 genes are introgressed into a jointed goatgrass population, their intraspecific movement and fate in the progeny remains largely unstudied. Therefore, field experiments were conducted using Imi1 and Pch1 resistance genes introgressed into a single jointed goatgrass population and selection pressure treatments were applied. The progeny were genotyped to detect the presence of the resistance alleles in order to determine proportion and the level of gene flow. In addition, selection pressure effects on yield components were analyzed. The herbicide-resistance allele proportion in the progeny was greater when parent plants were treated with imazamox. The disease-resistance allele proportion did not differ among the selection pressure treatments in the first year, but was greater with disease in the second year. The herbicide-resistance gene flow was greater with herbicide selection pressure in the first year but did not differ in the second year. Disease resistance gene flow did not differ among the selection pressure treatments. Because the resistance allele proportion increased in the two experiments for herbicide and in experiment one for disease resistance, it is likely that once introgression takes place, the increase of the resistance alleles in subsequent generations will reach fixation, with selection pressure. In addition, selection pressure treatments reduced yield components in the parental plants compared with the control treatment. This study revealed that there was no fitness cost associated with IMIresistant or foot rot resistance in jointed goatgrass in the absence of selection pressure. The knowledge of how selection pressure at the field level influences the resistance gene flow and the proportion with which the resistance genes occur in the progeny is important to prevent resistance spread. In addition, it lays the ground work for researchers to continue investigating the impacts of selection pressure on resistance genes in subsequent generations or other genes of ecological significance such as drought, cold or salt tolerance. Close

• 128. [Article] Breeding ecology and nest site selection of Kittlitz's murrelets on Kodiak Island, Alaska

  The Kittlitz's murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris) is a rare member of the seabird family Alcidae that breeds in coastal areas of Alaska and Beringian Russia. The species belongs to the genus Brachyramphus, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Breeding ecology and nest site selection of Kittlitz's murrelets on Kodiak Island, Alaska Author: Lawonn, Matthew James The Kittlitz's murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris) is a rare member of the seabird family Alcidae that breeds in coastal areas of Alaska and Beringian Russia. The species belongs to the genus Brachyramphus, an unusual seabird taxon in which all three extant species nest non-colonially, situating their nests up to 75 km inland from coastal marine waters. This nesting strategy is different from that of most seabird species, which tend to nest colonially on remote islands or sea cliffs, where terrestrial predators are generally absent or cannot easily access nests. Within the genus Brachyramphus, Kittlitz's murrelet is notable because a majority of the global population appears to nest on the surface of the ground in rocky alpine habitat near inland or tidewater glaciers, foraging in adjacent marine waters influenced by glacial outflows. The unusual nesting habits of Kittlitz's murrelet have made the study of its nesting ecology difficult, and gaps therefore exist in our understanding of the species' breeding biology. Kittlitz's murrelet populations have declined substantially in core areas of its range, causing the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service to designate the species as a candidate for protection under the Endangered Species Act. A better understanding of Kittlitz's murrelet nesting ecology is crucial for determining potential causes of these declines and for future management of the species. To this end, I studied Kittlitz's murrelet breeding ecology and nest site selection during 2008-2011 on Kodiak Island, Alaska, in an unglaciated area that was recently found to have large numbers of accessible nests. I and my colleagues found 53 active Kittlitz's murrelet nests in inland scree-dominated habitats and placed remote, motion-sensing cameras at 33 nests. Adults exchanged incubation duties at the nest every 24 or 48 h, almost exclusively during early morning twilight. Following hatching of eggs, parents provisioned their single nestling with an average of 3.9 to 4.8 fish per day, depending on the year. Parental visits to the nest during chick-rearing occurred primarily after sunrise in the early to mid-morning hours, and during evening twilight. Fish were delivered singly to the chick, and Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus), a high-lipid forage fish, accounted for about 92% of all identifiable chick meal deliveries. Chick growth rates were high relative to confamilial species, consistent with the high quality of chick diets; the logistic growth rate constant (K) was 0.291, greater than that for any other semi-precocial alcid. Chicks fledged an average of 24.8 d after hatching and asymptotic chick body mass averaged about 135.5 g, approximately 58% of adult body mass. Age at fledging, asymptotic chick body mass (% adult mass), and the number of meal deliveries required to fledge a chick were all lower than or as low as any other species of semi-precocial alcid. The average estimated nest survival rate during 2008-2011 was 0.093 (95% CI = 0.01–0.30), which is extremely low compared to other species in the family Alcidae, and is almost certainly insufficient to sustain a stable population. The primary causes of nest failure were depredation (47% of total nest fates), mostly by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and unexplained nestling mortality on the nest (21% of nest fates). Saxitoxin and/or pathogenic endoparasite burdens were observed in five of six necropsied chick carcasses, suggesting possible causes for chick mortality not directly attributable to predation. Habitat characteristics of Kittlitz's murrelet nest sites differed significantly from unused sites at several scales. At a small scale (within 5 m of the nest), nest sites had a lower percent coverage of vegetation and higher percent coverage of intermediate-sized rocks (5–30 cm diameter), compared to randomly selected unused sites. Nest sites were also located on steeper, more north-facing slopes compared to randomly selected sites. Nest sites also had a lower percent coverage of vegetation than randomly-selected sites at larger scales (within 25 m and 50 m of the nest site). Nest sites were located significantly farther from the edge of densely-vegetated habitats than random sites. There was no evidence that nest sites were different from randomly-selected sites in terms of elevation, proximity to ridgelines, or proximity to the open ocean, although a low degree of variation within the study area for these habitat characteristics may have precluded detection of potential differences. Nest survival rates did not co-vary with slope, percent vegetation coverage, distance from vegetated edges, or percent cover of intermediate-sized rocks; however, this result may be an artifact of a limited sample size. The results of this thesis will provide managers with a better understanding of the factors that may limit Kittlitz's murrelet nesting success, such as nest predation and forage fish availability, as well as factors that may influence the quality and distribution of Kittlitz’s murrelet nesting habitat in the future, given on-going and progressive climate change. Title: Breeding ecology and nest site selection of Kittlitz's murrelets on Kodiak Island, Alaska Author: Lawonn, Matthew James The Kittlitz's murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris) is a rare member of the seabird family Alcidae that breeds in coastal areas of Alaska and Beringian Russia. The species belongs to the genus Brachyramphus, an unusual seabird taxon in which all three extant species nest non-colonially, situating their nests up to 75 km inland from coastal marine waters. This nesting strategy is different from that of most seabird species, which tend to nest colonially on remote islands or sea cliffs, where terrestrial predators are generally absent or cannot easily access nests. Within the genus Brachyramphus, Kittlitz's murrelet is notable because a majority of the global population appears to nest on the surface of the ground in rocky alpine habitat near inland or tidewater glaciers, foraging in adjacent marine waters influenced by glacial outflows. The unusual nesting habits of Kittlitz's murrelet have made the study of its nesting ecology difficult, and gaps therefore exist in our understanding of the species' breeding biology. Kittlitz's murrelet populations have declined substantially in core areas of its range, causing the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service to designate the species as a candidate for protection under the Endangered Species Act. A better understanding of Kittlitz's murrelet nesting ecology is crucial for determining potential causes of these declines and for future management of the species. To this end, I studied Kittlitz's murrelet breeding ecology and nest site selection during 2008-2011 on Kodiak Island, Alaska, in an unglaciated area that was recently found to have large numbers of accessible nests. I and my colleagues found 53 active Kittlitz's murrelet nests in inland scree-dominated habitats and placed remote, motion-sensing cameras at 33 nests. Adults exchanged incubation duties at the nest every 24 or 48 h, almost exclusively during early morning twilight. Following hatching of eggs, parents provisioned their single nestling with an average of 3.9 to 4.8 fish per day, depending on the year. Parental visits to the nest during chick-rearing occurred primarily after sunrise in the early to mid-morning hours, and during evening twilight. Fish were delivered singly to the chick, and Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus), a high-lipid forage fish, accounted for about 92% of all identifiable chick meal deliveries. Chick growth rates were high relative to confamilial species, consistent with the high quality of chick diets; the logistic growth rate constant (K) was 0.291, greater than that for any other semi-precocial alcid. Chicks fledged an average of 24.8 d after hatching and asymptotic chick body mass averaged about 135.5 g, approximately 58% of adult body mass. Age at fledging, asymptotic chick body mass (% adult mass), and the number of meal deliveries required to fledge a chick were all lower than or as low as any other species of semi-precocial alcid. The average estimated nest survival rate during 2008-2011 was 0.093 (95% CI = 0.01–0.30), which is extremely low compared to other species in the family Alcidae, and is almost certainly insufficient to sustain a stable population. The primary causes of nest failure were depredation (47% of total nest fates), mostly by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and unexplained nestling mortality on the nest (21% of nest fates). Saxitoxin and/or pathogenic endoparasite burdens were observed in five of six necropsied chick carcasses, suggesting possible causes for chick mortality not directly attributable to predation. Habitat characteristics of Kittlitz's murrelet nest sites differed significantly from unused sites at several scales. At a small scale (within 5 m of the nest), nest sites had a lower percent coverage of vegetation and higher percent coverage of intermediate-sized rocks (5–30 cm diameter), compared to randomly selected unused sites. Nest sites were also located on steeper, more north-facing slopes compared to randomly selected sites. Nest sites also had a lower percent coverage of vegetation than randomly-selected sites at larger scales (within 25 m and 50 m of the nest site). Nest sites were located significantly farther from the edge of densely-vegetated habitats than random sites. There was no evidence that nest sites were different from randomly-selected sites in terms of elevation, proximity to ridgelines, or proximity to the open ocean, although a low degree of variation within the study area for these habitat characteristics may have precluded detection of potential differences. Nest survival rates did not co-vary with slope, percent vegetation coverage, distance from vegetated edges, or percent cover of intermediate-sized rocks; however, this result may be an artifact of a limited sample size. The results of this thesis will provide managers with a better understanding of the factors that may limit Kittlitz's murrelet nesting success, such as nest predation and forage fish availability, as well as factors that may influence the quality and distribution of Kittlitz’s murrelet nesting habitat in the future, given on-going and progressive climate change. Close

• 129. [Article] Coral-reef fishes : insights into larval dispersal and invasion ecology

  Because many coral-reef fishes are observable in situ, are amenable to transplantation, have small home ranges and short generation times, they provide a excellent system to investigate many topics within ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coral-reef fishes : insights into larval dispersal and invasion ecology Author: Pusack, Timothy J. Because many coral-reef fishes are observable in situ, are amenable to transplantation, have small home ranges and short generation times, they provide a excellent system to investigate many topics within general ecology, fisheries biology, and conservation biology. The primary goal of this dissertation was to use the coral-reef fishes system to investigate two pressing sets of issues that face marine ecologists and managers of living marine resources. The first topic is the spatial and temporal patterns of larval dispersal and reproductive success in a marine metapopulation (Chapter 2). Because miniscule larvae are difficult to track in the vast pelagic environment, little is known about the patterns of larval dispersal. Yet, the more that is understood about the spatial and temporal variability in larval dispersal, the easier it will be to identify sites that are self-sustaining and exporting larvae to unprotect sites, a common goal of marine reserves. Incorporating this information into siting of marine reserves will improve their effectiveness. The second topic is fundamental in the ecology of biological invasions: species specific interactions between an invasive predator and native species. Specifically, I investigated the ability of an invasive predator to disrupt natural population regulation of a native prey species (Chapter 3), and the ability of a native predator to provide biotic resistance against the invasive species (Chapter 4). Because management of the lionfish invasion is needed throughout the Caribbean and Atlantic waters, it is necessary to understand not only how lionfish can change the native system, but also potential ways to moderate the negative effects. To address the first topic, we collected a total of 3,278 genetic tissue samples from bicolor damselfish (Stegastes partitus) over a four year period from reefs near four islands that encompass Exuma Sound, Bahamas (Chapter 2). Using a Bayesian parentage analysis, eight parent-offspring pairs were detected, which directly documented both connectivity between and self-recruitment on an ecological time scale. Remarkably, some larvae returned to the exact same reef where they were spawned, while others traveled to sites greater than 100 km distance. The only study island without a detected parent-offspring pair, Lee Stocking Island, was also the island that showed the most restrictive gene flow on evolutionary time scales. Additionally, variability was documented in the spatial and temporal signatures of sweepstakes reproduction and Wahlund effects. The variation we observed may be influenced by seasonal mesoscale gyres present in Exuma Sound, which play a prominent role in shaping local oceanographic patterns. Understanding how to identify pathways of larval dispersal is important to designing networks of marine reserves, because a common goal of reserves is to protect populations that are self-seeding and can export larvae. Thus, this research not only demonstrates that temporal variability is a prominent characteristic of larval dispersal, but provides an example of how to identify these populations. To address the second topic, two studies using both lab observations and manipulative field experiments were conducted to study the interaction between invasive Indo-Pacific red lionfish (Pterois volitans) and two different native species. In the first study (Chapter 3) three different data sets were used to document the effect of lionfish predation on their top prey species, the bridled goby (Coryphopterus glaucofraenum). The first data set was extracted from three previous studies to compare the change in abundance of bridled goby between patch reefs with lionfish and patch reefs that were predator-free. The second data set came from laboratory feeding trials to test for the presence of a size refuge for bridled goby caused by lionfish gape limitation. The third data set came from a manipulative field experiment using 22 nearshore reefs where the per capita mortality of bridled gobies was compared among four orthogonal predator treatments: (1) predator-free control, (2) a single native predator only -- the graysby grouper (Cephalopholis cruentatus) -- representing the pre-invasion system, (3) a single lionfish only, and (4) one native grouper and one lionfish, representing the invaded system. The combined results from these three data sets demonstrated that lionfish can consistently consume a significant amount and an extremely high proportion of bridled goby on small patch reefs. While small lionfish cannot eat bridled goby larger than 0.42 times their body size, large lionfish eat virtually the entire size range of bridled goby. These findings indicate that lionfish have the potential to extirpate local goby populations. In the second experiment, lionfish were exposed to different abundances of a native grouper, the Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus), on 28 nearshore patch reefs in the Bahamas. Lionfish persistence and growth was monitored over 10 weeks, as well as the abundance of small, < 5 cm total length (TL), native reef fishes. Nassau grouper did not affect lionfish persistence or growth. Yet, reefs with a lionfish and many Nassau grouper saw a significant increase in the abundance of small reef fishes compared to reefs with only lionfish or lionfish with few grouper. Thus, it appears that high densities of Nassau grouper provide some biotic resistance on Bahamian patch reefs by potentially interfering with lionfish predation on native fishes, perhaps by interrupting stalking behavior. This dissertation highlights the flexibility of the coral-reef fishes system for investigation of broadly different topics in basic and applied ecology. Coral-reef fishes are a tractable system for both large and small scale studies, as well as laboratory observations and manipulative field experiments. The findings of this dissertation advance the understanding of metapopulation dynamics and have implications for fisheries management and marine reserve design. This research also documents further evidence of the negative effects of lionfish, yet provides some promising findings that may indicate some native biotic resistance to this devastating of marine invasions. Title: Coral-reef fishes : insights into larval dispersal and invasion ecology Author: Pusack, Timothy J. Because many coral-reef fishes are observable in situ, are amenable to transplantation, have small home ranges and short generation times, they provide a excellent system to investigate many topics within general ecology, fisheries biology, and conservation biology. The primary goal of this dissertation was to use the coral-reef fishes system to investigate two pressing sets of issues that face marine ecologists and managers of living marine resources. The first topic is the spatial and temporal patterns of larval dispersal and reproductive success in a marine metapopulation (Chapter 2). Because miniscule larvae are difficult to track in the vast pelagic environment, little is known about the patterns of larval dispersal. Yet, the more that is understood about the spatial and temporal variability in larval dispersal, the easier it will be to identify sites that are self-sustaining and exporting larvae to unprotect sites, a common goal of marine reserves. Incorporating this information into siting of marine reserves will improve their effectiveness. The second topic is fundamental in the ecology of biological invasions: species specific interactions between an invasive predator and native species. Specifically, I investigated the ability of an invasive predator to disrupt natural population regulation of a native prey species (Chapter 3), and the ability of a native predator to provide biotic resistance against the invasive species (Chapter 4). Because management of the lionfish invasion is needed throughout the Caribbean and Atlantic waters, it is necessary to understand not only how lionfish can change the native system, but also potential ways to moderate the negative effects. To address the first topic, we collected a total of 3,278 genetic tissue samples from bicolor damselfish (Stegastes partitus) over a four year period from reefs near four islands that encompass Exuma Sound, Bahamas (Chapter 2). Using a Bayesian parentage analysis, eight parent-offspring pairs were detected, which directly documented both connectivity between and self-recruitment on an ecological time scale. Remarkably, some larvae returned to the exact same reef where they were spawned, while others traveled to sites greater than 100 km distance. The only study island without a detected parent-offspring pair, Lee Stocking Island, was also the island that showed the most restrictive gene flow on evolutionary time scales. Additionally, variability was documented in the spatial and temporal signatures of sweepstakes reproduction and Wahlund effects. The variation we observed may be influenced by seasonal mesoscale gyres present in Exuma Sound, which play a prominent role in shaping local oceanographic patterns. Understanding how to identify pathways of larval dispersal is important to designing networks of marine reserves, because a common goal of reserves is to protect populations that are self-seeding and can export larvae. Thus, this research not only demonstrates that temporal variability is a prominent characteristic of larval dispersal, but provides an example of how to identify these populations. To address the second topic, two studies using both lab observations and manipulative field experiments were conducted to study the interaction between invasive Indo-Pacific red lionfish (Pterois volitans) and two different native species. In the first study (Chapter 3) three different data sets were used to document the effect of lionfish predation on their top prey species, the bridled goby (Coryphopterus glaucofraenum). The first data set was extracted from three previous studies to compare the change in abundance of bridled goby between patch reefs with lionfish and patch reefs that were predator-free. The second data set came from laboratory feeding trials to test for the presence of a size refuge for bridled goby caused by lionfish gape limitation. The third data set came from a manipulative field experiment using 22 nearshore reefs where the per capita mortality of bridled gobies was compared among four orthogonal predator treatments: (1) predator-free control, (2) a single native predator only -- the graysby grouper (Cephalopholis cruentatus) -- representing the pre-invasion system, (3) a single lionfish only, and (4) one native grouper and one lionfish, representing the invaded system. The combined results from these three data sets demonstrated that lionfish can consistently consume a significant amount and an extremely high proportion of bridled goby on small patch reefs. While small lionfish cannot eat bridled goby larger than 0.42 times their body size, large lionfish eat virtually the entire size range of bridled goby. These findings indicate that lionfish have the potential to extirpate local goby populations. In the second experiment, lionfish were exposed to different abundances of a native grouper, the Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus), on 28 nearshore patch reefs in the Bahamas. Lionfish persistence and growth was monitored over 10 weeks, as well as the abundance of small, < 5 cm total length (TL), native reef fishes. Nassau grouper did not affect lionfish persistence or growth. Yet, reefs with a lionfish and many Nassau grouper saw a significant increase in the abundance of small reef fishes compared to reefs with only lionfish or lionfish with few grouper. Thus, it appears that high densities of Nassau grouper provide some biotic resistance on Bahamian patch reefs by potentially interfering with lionfish predation on native fishes, perhaps by interrupting stalking behavior. This dissertation highlights the flexibility of the coral-reef fishes system for investigation of broadly different topics in basic and applied ecology. Coral-reef fishes are a tractable system for both large and small scale studies, as well as laboratory observations and manipulative field experiments. The findings of this dissertation advance the understanding of metapopulation dynamics and have implications for fisheries management and marine reserve design. This research also documents further evidence of the negative effects of lionfish, yet provides some promising findings that may indicate some native biotic resistance to this devastating of marine invasions. Close

• 130. [Article] Closing the Gap: Developing a Transportation Curriculum for the Oregon Young Scholars Program: Project Summary Report

  This OTREC educational proposal links experiential and transportation education from the University of Oregon with minority youth during the Summer ‘08 two-week session of the Oregon Young Scholar’s Program ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Closing the Gap: Developing a Transportation Curriculum for the Oregon Young Scholars Program: Project Summary Report Author: Gary, Carla, Steiner, Bethany, Kalnbach, Chuck Year: 2013 This OTREC educational proposal links experiential and transportation education from the University of Oregon with minority youth during the Summer ‘08 two-week session of the Oregon Young Scholar’s Program (OYSP). The grant provides OYSP an opportunity to create a transportation based curriculum during the Summer ‘08 program with the ultimate purpose of increasing minority interest and hopefully eventual employment in transportation related fields. OYSP was developed in 2005 to nurture the potential of marginalized minority students, to prepare these students for higher education, and to increase the awareness of their parents or caregivers about what it will take for these students to achieve at higher education institutions. Each year, OYSP brings in a subsequent cohort of students. The Summer ‘08 session will be the first year that four years’ worth of students will be attending the program (50+ students). Each year, students attend morning academic sessions focused on Math and Writing, the two basic components of any education. In the afternoon, students are grouped into smaller academic cohorts in business, community planning and design, public policy, arts, chemistry, and psychology. The proposed transportation theme for the ’08 session will infuse all elements of the summer program. All cohorts will focus on transportation as it relates to the cohort. For example, the chemistry cohort will focus on the chemistry of alternative fuels and the power derived verses the power needed to create the fuels. The public policy cohort will look at public health implication of transportation choices. Other elements of the program including community service, field trips, and guest speakers will support the transportation theme. Students will discuss the role of public art at bus stations, will take bike rides through the city and analyze the infrastructure from a youth perspective, and will talk with personnel in the City of Eugene the Public Works and Planning departments about their careers. The program will culminate in a two-day charrette focusing on a transportation issue in the City of Eugene. Program participants will work with community leaders, professionals and fellow students to develop recommendations for a specific community topic. This integrated educational approach facilitates exploration of the field from diverse perspectives and encourages students to creativity involve themselves in the world of transportation. Not only will the high school students benefit from the experience, the 10 undergraduate students that we employ to serve as mentors and teaching and resident assistants will also be immersed in transportation topics and activities. They will be responsible for helping with homework and assisting with curriculum design. This direct involvement with the topic will expose, and hopefully inspire them to pursue transportation related classes at the university and consider it for a career. In summary, this project involves 50+ minority students in a rich, single-topic focused experience building on the continuing partnerships between the University of Oregon and high schools to support minority youth. This grant request furthers the OTREC and DOT goals and generates interest in the profession of transportation among those least represented in the field. The program is directed and supported by the Office of Institutional Equity and Diversity at the University of Oregon. Match money will come from the university, private foundations, and the City of Eugene. Money from OTREC would allow us to turn the entire focus of the program to transportation. Title: Closing the Gap: Developing a Transportation Curriculum for the Oregon Young Scholars Program: Project Summary Report Author: Gary, Carla, Steiner, Bethany, Kalnbach, Chuck Year: 2013 This OTREC educational proposal links experiential and transportation education from the University of Oregon with minority youth during the Summer ‘08 two-week session of the Oregon Young Scholar’s Program (OYSP). The grant provides OYSP an opportunity to create a transportation based curriculum during the Summer ‘08 program with the ultimate purpose of increasing minority interest and hopefully eventual employment in transportation related fields. OYSP was developed in 2005 to nurture the potential of marginalized minority students, to prepare these students for higher education, and to increase the awareness of their parents or caregivers about what it will take for these students to achieve at higher education institutions. Each year, OYSP brings in a subsequent cohort of students. The Summer ‘08 session will be the first year that four years’ worth of students will be attending the program (50+ students). Each year, students attend morning academic sessions focused on Math and Writing, the two basic components of any education. In the afternoon, students are grouped into smaller academic cohorts in business, community planning and design, public policy, arts, chemistry, and psychology. The proposed transportation theme for the ’08 session will infuse all elements of the summer program. All cohorts will focus on transportation as it relates to the cohort. For example, the chemistry cohort will focus on the chemistry of alternative fuels and the power derived verses the power needed to create the fuels. The public policy cohort will look at public health implication of transportation choices. Other elements of the program including community service, field trips, and guest speakers will support the transportation theme. Students will discuss the role of public art at bus stations, will take bike rides through the city and analyze the infrastructure from a youth perspective, and will talk with personnel in the City of Eugene the Public Works and Planning departments about their careers. The program will culminate in a two-day charrette focusing on a transportation issue in the City of Eugene. Program participants will work with community leaders, professionals and fellow students to develop recommendations for a specific community topic. This integrated educational approach facilitates exploration of the field from diverse perspectives and encourages students to creativity involve themselves in the world of transportation. Not only will the high school students benefit from the experience, the 10 undergraduate students that we employ to serve as mentors and teaching and resident assistants will also be immersed in transportation topics and activities. They will be responsible for helping with homework and assisting with curriculum design. This direct involvement with the topic will expose, and hopefully inspire them to pursue transportation related classes at the university and consider it for a career. In summary, this project involves 50+ minority students in a rich, single-topic focused experience building on the continuing partnerships between the University of Oregon and high schools to support minority youth. This grant request furthers the OTREC and DOT goals and generates interest in the profession of transportation among those least represented in the field. The program is directed and supported by the Office of Institutional Equity and Diversity at the University of Oregon. Match money will come from the university, private foundations, and the City of Eugene. Money from OTREC would allow us to turn the entire focus of the program to transportation. Close

• 131. [Article] Early Identification of At-Risk Children in a Rural School District Using Multiple Predictor Variables

  The purpose of this study was to determine if data routinely collected during the kindergarten year and at entry into first grade could be used to predict whether a child would be perceived as successful ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Early Identification of At-Risk Children in a Rural School District Using Multiple Predictor Variables Author: Wilde, Richard Wayne Year: 1991 The purpose of this study was to determine if data routinely collected during the kindergarten year and at entry into first grade could be used to predict whether a child would be perceived as successful or not successful by the end of first grade. The need for immediate continued research on this topic was established through the review of literature, which highlighted the extent of the at-risk problem both locally and nationally. The growing number of at-risk students combined with the minimal impact of the educational programs mandates the need to identify these students in time to prevent school failure. However, clear identification procedures are not currently available and previous studies have raised substantial questions regarding the accuracy of early identification procedures. The presenting problem of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of a set of predictor variables, and then to analyze these findings as to whether or not they were accurate enough for use as an initial identification process for subsequent classes. The primary research approach of this study was a longitudinal data collection and correlational analysis, with discriminant analysis techniques used to determine predictive accuracy. The study was limited to data on the class of 2001 from two elementary schools within the Washougal School District. The data collected and the subsequent analysis were used to answer six exploratory research questions. No hypothesis was proposed. This study used ratings and scores obtained from the administration of the Preschool Screening system, kindergarten teacher ratings, the School Success Rating Scale, and the Gates-MacGinitie Reading Readiness Tests as predictor variables. Criterion measures of school success/failure were: placement into special programs or grade retention, and end-of-first-grade evaluations of individual student success (report cards, teacher ratings, Gates-MacGinitie Reading Achievement, and the School Success Ratings Scale). The demographic variables of gender, age, parent marital status, and eligibility for free or reduced lunch were analyzed for their potential to exceed or enhance the accuracy of the predictor variables. Three types of measurement were defined and required in order for a predictor or predictor combination to be considered adequate for use in an identification process. These were overall accuracy, criterion sensitivity and specificity accuracy, and prediction sensitivity and specificity accuracy. An 80 percent accuracy level was desired on all three types of measurement. Findings of this study indicated that no single or combination of predictor, and/or demographic variables produced all three desired levels of accuracy. Various combinations of the predictor and demographic variables produced overall accuracy rates exceeding 80 percent for each of the criterion variables. Criterion measured sensitivity and specificity were found to be adequate for use in the prediction of at-risk students. Prediction measured specificity was also found to be highly accurate. Prediction sensitivity, however, was below the desired 80 percent level, indicating that the predictor variables over identify at-risk students. It was concluded that the predictor variables could be used in an identification process if mild over-identification of at-risk students was acceptable to the district. Any use of these identification procedures is assumed to be in connection with ethical intervention practices. Recommendations from this study included cross validation of the results and continuation of the study regarding the predictive accuracy of the identified variables as the students move through higher grade levels. The study also encouraged the Washougal School District to develop a formal collection and processing procedure for their routinely collected data. Title: Early Identification of At-Risk Children in a Rural School District Using Multiple Predictor Variables Author: Wilde, Richard Wayne Year: 1991 The purpose of this study was to determine if data routinely collected during the kindergarten year and at entry into first grade could be used to predict whether a child would be perceived as successful or not successful by the end of first grade. The need for immediate continued research on this topic was established through the review of literature, which highlighted the extent of the at-risk problem both locally and nationally. The growing number of at-risk students combined with the minimal impact of the educational programs mandates the need to identify these students in time to prevent school failure. However, clear identification procedures are not currently available and previous studies have raised substantial questions regarding the accuracy of early identification procedures. The presenting problem of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of a set of predictor variables, and then to analyze these findings as to whether or not they were accurate enough for use as an initial identification process for subsequent classes. The primary research approach of this study was a longitudinal data collection and correlational analysis, with discriminant analysis techniques used to determine predictive accuracy. The study was limited to data on the class of 2001 from two elementary schools within the Washougal School District. The data collected and the subsequent analysis were used to answer six exploratory research questions. No hypothesis was proposed. This study used ratings and scores obtained from the administration of the Preschool Screening system, kindergarten teacher ratings, the School Success Rating Scale, and the Gates-MacGinitie Reading Readiness Tests as predictor variables. Criterion measures of school success/failure were: placement into special programs or grade retention, and end-of-first-grade evaluations of individual student success (report cards, teacher ratings, Gates-MacGinitie Reading Achievement, and the School Success Ratings Scale). The demographic variables of gender, age, parent marital status, and eligibility for free or reduced lunch were analyzed for their potential to exceed or enhance the accuracy of the predictor variables. Three types of measurement were defined and required in order for a predictor or predictor combination to be considered adequate for use in an identification process. These were overall accuracy, criterion sensitivity and specificity accuracy, and prediction sensitivity and specificity accuracy. An 80 percent accuracy level was desired on all three types of measurement. Findings of this study indicated that no single or combination of predictor, and/or demographic variables produced all three desired levels of accuracy. Various combinations of the predictor and demographic variables produced overall accuracy rates exceeding 80 percent for each of the criterion variables. Criterion measured sensitivity and specificity were found to be adequate for use in the prediction of at-risk students. Prediction measured specificity was also found to be highly accurate. Prediction sensitivity, however, was below the desired 80 percent level, indicating that the predictor variables over identify at-risk students. It was concluded that the predictor variables could be used in an identification process if mild over-identification of at-risk students was acceptable to the district. Any use of these identification procedures is assumed to be in connection with ethical intervention practices. Recommendations from this study included cross validation of the results and continuation of the study regarding the predictive accuracy of the identified variables as the students move through higher grade levels. The study also encouraged the Washougal School District to develop a formal collection and processing procedure for their routinely collected data. Close

• 132. [Article] An Experimental Study of Scotopic Sensitivity Irlen Syndrome in Learning Disabled Students

  This study examined the effect on reading performance of a controversial treatment for a dysfunction of visual perception known as Scotopic sensitivity/lrlen Syndrome. The treatment, referred to as spectral ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Experimental Study of Scotopic Sensitivity Irlen Syndrome in Learning Disabled Students Author: Farber, Kathleen Hickam Year: 1994 This study examined the effect on reading performance of a controversial treatment for a dysfunction of visual perception known as Scotopic sensitivity/lrlen Syndrome. The treatment, referred to as spectral modification, involved the use of colored transparent overlays for reading by four elementary school children in their actual school environments. The diagnostic, prescriptive and remediation procedures used in this study were originally developed by Helen Irlen, a California psychologist and researcher. Irlen conceptualized Scotopic Sensitivity Syndrome as a difficulty in visual processing of the printed page when perceived through full spectrum light. Spectral modification techniques were considered controversial in that they were employed prior to scientific validation of the syndrome. Previous research used pre-test/post-test experimental designs to test the effect of spectral modification on reading performance. The research problem addressed here was that the technique had not been systematically examined over time in the school setting, and from the practitioner's point of view. Sample selection involved pre-screening and screening phases. The pre-screening procedures of teacher recommendation and file review resulted in a pool of 26 children who were screened with the Irlen Differential Perceptual Interview Survey. Four subjects were selected who were in separate school settings, who demonstrated Irlen Syndrome to a significant extent, and whose profiles did not present variables which would compromise their participation. These four underwent comprehensive vision evaluations as a preliminary assessment procedure. A four-strand single-subject experimental design was used to generate data on subjects' rate and accuracy of oral reading, and comprehension of silent reading. Performance changes during experimental reading trials varied between the four, although three subjects exhibited positive performance change on one indicator. A supporting procedure was that subjects were pre and post-tested on the three performance indicators. Post-test results corroborated the changes demonstrated by three subjects Interview formats were employed to obtain qualitative data from teachers, parents, and the subjects themselves. Recommendations for practitioners intending to implement spectral modification techniques were generated from this data. Title: An Experimental Study of Scotopic Sensitivity Irlen Syndrome in Learning Disabled Students Author: Farber, Kathleen Hickam Year: 1994 This study examined the effect on reading performance of a controversial treatment for a dysfunction of visual perception known as Scotopic sensitivity/lrlen Syndrome. The treatment, referred to as spectral modification, involved the use of colored transparent overlays for reading by four elementary school children in their actual school environments. The diagnostic, prescriptive and remediation procedures used in this study were originally developed by Helen Irlen, a California psychologist and researcher. Irlen conceptualized Scotopic Sensitivity Syndrome as a difficulty in visual processing of the printed page when perceived through full spectrum light. Spectral modification techniques were considered controversial in that they were employed prior to scientific validation of the syndrome. Previous research used pre-test/post-test experimental designs to test the effect of spectral modification on reading performance. The research problem addressed here was that the technique had not been systematically examined over time in the school setting, and from the practitioner's point of view. Sample selection involved pre-screening and screening phases. The pre-screening procedures of teacher recommendation and file review resulted in a pool of 26 children who were screened with the Irlen Differential Perceptual Interview Survey. Four subjects were selected who were in separate school settings, who demonstrated Irlen Syndrome to a significant extent, and whose profiles did not present variables which would compromise their participation. These four underwent comprehensive vision evaluations as a preliminary assessment procedure. A four-strand single-subject experimental design was used to generate data on subjects' rate and accuracy of oral reading, and comprehension of silent reading. Performance changes during experimental reading trials varied between the four, although three subjects exhibited positive performance change on one indicator. A supporting procedure was that subjects were pre and post-tested on the three performance indicators. Post-test results corroborated the changes demonstrated by three subjects Interview formats were employed to obtain qualitative data from teachers, parents, and the subjects themselves. Recommendations for practitioners intending to implement spectral modification techniques were generated from this data. Close

• 133. [Article] Spatial and temporal population dynamics of Cantharellus formosus, the Pacific Golden chanterelle, in Oregon

  This dissertation was undertaken to improve the understanding of the population dynamics of the Pacific Golden chanterelle, Cantharellus formosus. It addresses the longevity of individuals over a 12 year ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial and temporal population dynamics of Cantharellus formosus, the Pacific Golden chanterelle, in Oregon Author: Collins, Kelly Patrice This dissertation was undertaken to improve the understanding of the population dynamics of the Pacific Golden chanterelle, Cantharellus formosus. It addresses the longevity of individuals over a 12 year period and the limits of gene flow within the area of a 6,400 hectare watershed at the H.J. Andrews Long Term Ecological Research site and the 112 km square Willamette Valley of Oregon. I found that certain genets (i.e. genotypic individuals), called predominant genets, were able to survive for many years and inhabited an area of approximately 4 meters in diameter. Predominant genets produced sporocarps nearly every year, but many related and unrelated genets appeared and disappeared within the boundaries of that genet (as measured by sporocarps), especially in abundant or "good" years of sporocarp production. There was very little differentiation found between 9 plots in the the 6,400 hectare watershed (FST=0.001-0.008). Most differentiation was driven by one or two plots that differed in each of the years sampled (1998, 2000). Migration rates and genetic diversity also differed within the two years sampled. These results demonstrate the differences that occur between abundant years, when many different genets produce a single sporocarp, and less abundant years, when only the predominant genets produce sporocarps. The trend of little differentiation continued at the larger scale when the Willamette Valley was tested as a barrier to dispersal. I found no barrier to dispersal between the Coast Mountain Range and the Cascade Mountain Range that border the Willamette Valley. The two northernmost populations on the Coast Range showed somewhat larger differentiation, as did parameters between populations when evaluated by region. Analysis of molecular variance partitioned nearly twice the amount of variance to regions when calculated by genotypic frequencies (11%) as opposed to allelic frequencies (6%). This suggests that there is a tendency for genetic exchange between close populations. Differentiation was not supported by low estimated migration rates. These findings support a heirarchical dispersal scenario in which the majority of spores fall close to the parental sporocarp and mate with close neighbors. Other spores are captured in surface air currents and dispersed to other populations nearby. A few spores are transported to higher convection layers that disperse them many miles. The overall factor that limits the dispersal of C. formosus is not capacity to disperse, but more likely environmental factors such as availability of host trees like Douglas fir, Hemlock, and Sitka Spruce, proper moisture conditions of the soil, and low exchangeable acidity. Title: Spatial and temporal population dynamics of Cantharellus formosus, the Pacific Golden chanterelle, in Oregon Author: Collins, Kelly Patrice This dissertation was undertaken to improve the understanding of the population dynamics of the Pacific Golden chanterelle, Cantharellus formosus. It addresses the longevity of individuals over a 12 year period and the limits of gene flow within the area of a 6,400 hectare watershed at the H.J. Andrews Long Term Ecological Research site and the 112 km square Willamette Valley of Oregon. I found that certain genets (i.e. genotypic individuals), called predominant genets, were able to survive for many years and inhabited an area of approximately 4 meters in diameter. Predominant genets produced sporocarps nearly every year, but many related and unrelated genets appeared and disappeared within the boundaries of that genet (as measured by sporocarps), especially in abundant or "good" years of sporocarp production. There was very little differentiation found between 9 plots in the the 6,400 hectare watershed (FST=0.001-0.008). Most differentiation was driven by one or two plots that differed in each of the years sampled (1998, 2000). Migration rates and genetic diversity also differed within the two years sampled. These results demonstrate the differences that occur between abundant years, when many different genets produce a single sporocarp, and less abundant years, when only the predominant genets produce sporocarps. The trend of little differentiation continued at the larger scale when the Willamette Valley was tested as a barrier to dispersal. I found no barrier to dispersal between the Coast Mountain Range and the Cascade Mountain Range that border the Willamette Valley. The two northernmost populations on the Coast Range showed somewhat larger differentiation, as did parameters between populations when evaluated by region. Analysis of molecular variance partitioned nearly twice the amount of variance to regions when calculated by genotypic frequencies (11%) as opposed to allelic frequencies (6%). This suggests that there is a tendency for genetic exchange between close populations. Differentiation was not supported by low estimated migration rates. These findings support a heirarchical dispersal scenario in which the majority of spores fall close to the parental sporocarp and mate with close neighbors. Other spores are captured in surface air currents and dispersed to other populations nearby. A few spores are transported to higher convection layers that disperse them many miles. The overall factor that limits the dispersal of C. formosus is not capacity to disperse, but more likely environmental factors such as availability of host trees like Douglas fir, Hemlock, and Sitka Spruce, proper moisture conditions of the soil, and low exchangeable acidity. Close

• 134. [Article] Influence of lidar, Landsat imagery, disturbance history, plot location accuracy, and plot size on accuracy of imputation maps of forest composition and structure

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of lidar, Landsat imagery, disturbance history, plot location accuracy, and plot size on accuracy of imputation maps of forest composition and structure Author: Braaten, Justin, Gregory, Matthew J., McGaughey, Robert J., Roberts, Heather M., Henderson, Emilie B., Ohmann, Janet L., Zald, Harold S. J. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/remote-sensing-of-environment/. Title: Influence of lidar, Landsat imagery, disturbance history, plot location accuracy, and plot size on accuracy of imputation maps of forest composition and structure Author: Braaten, Justin, Gregory, Matthew J., McGaughey, Robert J., Roberts, Heather M., Henderson, Emilie B., Ohmann, Janet L., Zald, Harold S. J. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/remote-sensing-of-environment/. Close

• 135. [Article] Degradation kinetics of taxol using mass spectroscopy

  Paclitaxel is a very important anticancer drug commonly called Taxol®. We know from previous work (Hoffman, et al., 1998) that Taxol exists in filbert, Corylus avellana L. material. Quantification of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Degradation kinetics of taxol using mass spectroscopy Author: Zhang, Jun Paclitaxel is a very important anticancer drug commonly called Taxol®. We know from previous work (Hoffman, et al., 1998) that Taxol exists in filbert, Corylus avellana L. material. Quantification of Taxol in filbert plant material is painstaking and hitherto was accomplished by rapidly processing single batches in a complicated procedure (Hoffman, et al., 1998), which seemingly unavoidably, was accompanied by some degradation. However for extraction, testing, plant physiological and horticultural purposes a simplified method of determining Taxol yield is required. All simplified methods tested were found limited by rapid degradation of Taxol. Under these conditions not only is the sought product broken down, but we were unable to distinguish Taxol precursors from degradation products. Thus it was decided to go back to first principles and study the degradation of Taxol in vitro. Degradation kinetics of Taxol was studied using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS) to identify possible Taxol adducts and degradation products. Our preparation for ESIMS analysis by experimental necessity involved various other components. Since some of these components interacted with the degradation products, we developed a program to distinguish these putative adducts from spurious components found in the system and we were able to plot the pH dependence of Taxol degradation in this system at room temperature (approximately 25oC). The results of the mass spectrometric analysis of these degradants were found dependent on pH and time. Our results show major degradation at pH 9 and beyond, plus minor degradation at pH 5. Two optimum pHs for stability were found at pH 4 and pH 7. This data varies slightly from the published results Dordunoo and Burt (1996). Our smoother curves define two pHs events in this pH range which to our knowledge, have not been reported and our temperature was lower. We hope that this information will help us extract Taxol more efficiently with greater yield from novel plant sources, e.g. hazel (filbert) tree, Corylus avellana L. The possibility of Taxol dimer formation in solution and perhaps in vivo can be inferred, but not proven, in this work. This dimer, may exist, in dynamic equilibrium with parent compound, Taxol. Title: Degradation kinetics of taxol using mass spectroscopy Author: Zhang, Jun Paclitaxel is a very important anticancer drug commonly called Taxol®. We know from previous work (Hoffman, et al., 1998) that Taxol exists in filbert, Corylus avellana L. material. Quantification of Taxol in filbert plant material is painstaking and hitherto was accomplished by rapidly processing single batches in a complicated procedure (Hoffman, et al., 1998), which seemingly unavoidably, was accompanied by some degradation. However for extraction, testing, plant physiological and horticultural purposes a simplified method of determining Taxol yield is required. All simplified methods tested were found limited by rapid degradation of Taxol. Under these conditions not only is the sought product broken down, but we were unable to distinguish Taxol precursors from degradation products. Thus it was decided to go back to first principles and study the degradation of Taxol in vitro. Degradation kinetics of Taxol was studied using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS) to identify possible Taxol adducts and degradation products. Our preparation for ESIMS analysis by experimental necessity involved various other components. Since some of these components interacted with the degradation products, we developed a program to distinguish these putative adducts from spurious components found in the system and we were able to plot the pH dependence of Taxol degradation in this system at room temperature (approximately 25oC). The results of the mass spectrometric analysis of these degradants were found dependent on pH and time. Our results show major degradation at pH 9 and beyond, plus minor degradation at pH 5. Two optimum pHs for stability were found at pH 4 and pH 7. This data varies slightly from the published results Dordunoo and Burt (1996). Our smoother curves define two pHs events in this pH range which to our knowledge, have not been reported and our temperature was lower. We hope that this information will help us extract Taxol more efficiently with greater yield from novel plant sources, e.g. hazel (filbert) tree, Corylus avellana L. The possibility of Taxol dimer formation in solution and perhaps in vivo can be inferred, but not proven, in this work. This dimer, may exist, in dynamic equilibrium with parent compound, Taxol. Close

• 136. [Article] Selective control of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. in Mentha piperita L. with 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid

  A series of field experiments was conducted during 1975 and 1976 to examine peppermint tolerance and Canada, thistle response to Dowco 290 (3, 6- dichloropicolinic acid). Peppermint oil yield and Canada ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Selective control of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. in Mentha piperita L. with 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid Author: Whitesides, Ralph E. A series of field experiments was conducted during 1975 and 1976 to examine peppermint tolerance and Canada, thistle response to Dowco 290 (3, 6- dichloropicolinic acid). Peppermint oil yield and Canada thistle density were considered most important in evaluating experimental results. Peppermint tolerance to Dowco 290 was studied in weed-free peppermint (cv. Mitcham).. Rates of 0.25 lb/A or more reduced peppermint oil yield. Time of application appeared to be less critical than rate of herbicide as oil production decreased with increasing rates. Mint injury was sufficiently severe at high rates to cause yield reductions the year of treatment, but recovery was good and no reduction in oil yield was found 1 year later. Spring application of Dowco 290 to peppermint (cv. Mitcham and Todd's Mitcham) infested with Canada thistles resulted in erratic oil yield but good thistle control. Oil yield was difficult to evaluate because of the variability of the peppermint stand. All rates of Dowco 290 tested gave good short-term thistle control and rates of 0.5 lb/A or more gave excellent seasonal control, There was no advantage to split applications of Dowco 290 (fall plus spring) over a single application in the spring. An excellent combination of good thistle control and high oil yield was obtained from sequential treatments in the spring when 0.125 lb/A was applied 10 weeks prior to harvest and 0.063 lb/A was applied 2 weeks later. Trans location of Dowco 290 through underground thistle parts was demonstrated by treating parent plants and observing the response in a connected daughter plant. The herbicide was not lethal at rates that translocated to connected plants, but it did cause abnormal floral development. Dowco 290 was sufficiently active when applied at 0.25 lb/A to control all underground plant parts of test thistles even when treated plant parts were removed as soon as 1 hour after treatment. Root mortality was measured by a modified tetrazolium test. Seedling Canada thistle plants were slightly more sensitive to Dowco 290 than plants which developed from mature rootstock. After seedling plants had developed a more complex root system, regrowth from rootstock of plants grown from seed and from mature rootstock was similar. Title: Selective control of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. in Mentha piperita L. with 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid Author: Whitesides, Ralph E. A series of field experiments was conducted during 1975 and 1976 to examine peppermint tolerance and Canada, thistle response to Dowco 290 (3, 6- dichloropicolinic acid). Peppermint oil yield and Canada thistle density were considered most important in evaluating experimental results. Peppermint tolerance to Dowco 290 was studied in weed-free peppermint (cv. Mitcham).. Rates of 0.25 lb/A or more reduced peppermint oil yield. Time of application appeared to be less critical than rate of herbicide as oil production decreased with increasing rates. Mint injury was sufficiently severe at high rates to cause yield reductions the year of treatment, but recovery was good and no reduction in oil yield was found 1 year later. Spring application of Dowco 290 to peppermint (cv. Mitcham and Todd's Mitcham) infested with Canada thistles resulted in erratic oil yield but good thistle control. Oil yield was difficult to evaluate because of the variability of the peppermint stand. All rates of Dowco 290 tested gave good short-term thistle control and rates of 0.5 lb/A or more gave excellent seasonal control, There was no advantage to split applications of Dowco 290 (fall plus spring) over a single application in the spring. An excellent combination of good thistle control and high oil yield was obtained from sequential treatments in the spring when 0.125 lb/A was applied 10 weeks prior to harvest and 0.063 lb/A was applied 2 weeks later. Trans location of Dowco 290 through underground thistle parts was demonstrated by treating parent plants and observing the response in a connected daughter plant. The herbicide was not lethal at rates that translocated to connected plants, but it did cause abnormal floral development. Dowco 290 was sufficiently active when applied at 0.25 lb/A to control all underground plant parts of test thistles even when treated plant parts were removed as soon as 1 hour after treatment. Root mortality was measured by a modified tetrazolium test. Seedling Canada thistle plants were slightly more sensitive to Dowco 290 than plants which developed from mature rootstock. After seedling plants had developed a more complex root system, regrowth from rootstock of plants grown from seed and from mature rootstock was similar. Close

• 137. [Article] Genetic patterns of demography and diversity in eastern North Pacific rockfishes (genus Sebastes)

  The 100 North Pacific rockfish species in the genus Sebastes are highly diverse. Rockfishes fertilize their eggs internally and release swimming larvae. Complex courting behaviors may allow female rockfish ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Genetic patterns of demography and diversity in eastern North Pacific rockfishes (genus Sebastes) Author: Johansson, Mattias Lars The 100 North Pacific rockfish species in the genus Sebastes are highly diverse. Rockfishes fertilize their eggs internally and release swimming larvae. Complex courting behaviors may allow female rockfish to be selective about their mates and may promote and maintain speciation. In this study, I applied genetic techniques to survey the factors that structure rockfish populations and have potential to affect speciation. First, I used microsatellites to test the hypothesis that the rangewide signal of isolation-by-distance previously identified in copper rockfish is the result of localized habitat or oceanographic breaks. I found significant population divergence at both the whole-coast and Oregon-coast scales. I also identified a weak but significant barrier to larval migration south of Newport, Oregon. Second, I used a candidate gene approach to assess the possibility that olfactory receptor related to class A, type 2 (Ora2) genes could differentiate species at mating. I characterized sequence variation in Ora2 genes between five distantly-related rockfishes and tested for evidence of positive selection. My results suggest that rockfishes possess a single, highly conserved Ora2 gene. Although evidence of positive selection was found for nine amino acids, shared alleles were found across all five study species. This suggests that the Ora2 gene in isolation could not differentiate species during mating season. Finally, I tested the hypothesis that rockfishes mate non-randomly based on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotype, as has been seen in other fishes. I characterized MHC genotypes of copper and quillback rockfish in a captive-mating population, identified parents of fourteen broods, and drew inferences about mate choice based on known parentage. I found a significant proportion of multiple-fathered broods, a high degree of hybridization, and that these two species possess multiple, highly-variable MHC genes. I did not find strong evidence that females selected males based on MHC. This may be because larval survival is stochastic, which promotes a bet-hedging strategy, rather than a high degree of selectivity. This work complements our understanding of the population genetics of nearshore rockfishes, and offers a first look at two gene families that may function in mate choice to avoid hybridization and improve larval quality. Title: Genetic patterns of demography and diversity in eastern North Pacific rockfishes (genus Sebastes) Author: Johansson, Mattias Lars The 100 North Pacific rockfish species in the genus Sebastes are highly diverse. Rockfishes fertilize their eggs internally and release swimming larvae. Complex courting behaviors may allow female rockfish to be selective about their mates and may promote and maintain speciation. In this study, I applied genetic techniques to survey the factors that structure rockfish populations and have potential to affect speciation. First, I used microsatellites to test the hypothesis that the rangewide signal of isolation-by-distance previously identified in copper rockfish is the result of localized habitat or oceanographic breaks. I found significant population divergence at both the whole-coast and Oregon-coast scales. I also identified a weak but significant barrier to larval migration south of Newport, Oregon. Second, I used a candidate gene approach to assess the possibility that olfactory receptor related to class A, type 2 (Ora2) genes could differentiate species at mating. I characterized sequence variation in Ora2 genes between five distantly-related rockfishes and tested for evidence of positive selection. My results suggest that rockfishes possess a single, highly conserved Ora2 gene. Although evidence of positive selection was found for nine amino acids, shared alleles were found across all five study species. This suggests that the Ora2 gene in isolation could not differentiate species during mating season. Finally, I tested the hypothesis that rockfishes mate non-randomly based on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotype, as has been seen in other fishes. I characterized MHC genotypes of copper and quillback rockfish in a captive-mating population, identified parents of fourteen broods, and drew inferences about mate choice based on known parentage. I found a significant proportion of multiple-fathered broods, a high degree of hybridization, and that these two species possess multiple, highly-variable MHC genes. I did not find strong evidence that females selected males based on MHC. This may be because larval survival is stochastic, which promotes a bet-hedging strategy, rather than a high degree of selectivity. This work complements our understanding of the population genetics of nearshore rockfishes, and offers a first look at two gene families that may function in mate choice to avoid hybridization and improve larval quality. Close

• 138. [Article] Pyramiding quantitative trait loci conditioning partial resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in bush blue lake green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

  Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a necrotrophic pathogen capable of causing white mold, a severe disease in common bean. White mold is of particular concern to the Oregon snap bean processing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pyramiding quantitative trait loci conditioning partial resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in bush blue lake green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) Author: Barrett, Miles Andrew Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a necrotrophic pathogen capable of causing white mold, a severe disease in common bean. White mold is of particular concern to the Oregon snap bean processing industry, where processors allow less than 3% incidence in harvested shipments. Breeding for white mold resistance in beans has been difficult due to quantitative inheritance and low heritability. We combined two quantitative trait loci (QTL) for physiological resistance to white mold: a QTL located on linkage group 7 from G122 and a B8 QTL from NY6020. The B7 QTL is linked to phaseolin for which a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker phaseolin has been used successfully to transfer the QTL in dry bean. The transfer in snap bean is more challenging because this QTL is also linked to the p locus which conditions the white-seeded trait. While most snap beans have T phaseolin seed protein, the OSU bush blue lake (BBL) materials have the S form of phaseolin, facilitating the use of T phaseolin as a selectable marker in breeding for white mold resistance. Thus, transfer of this QTL has to be coupled with breaking the linkage between colored seed and the resistance QTL. The B8 QTL is linked to the SS18₁₆₅₀ SCAR and AW19₁₂₀₀ random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Oregon State University BBL bean germplasm originally developed with single QTL were crossed to pyramid the two resistance QTL. The assumptions made in combining these two sources of resistance are that the QTL are non-allelic and are additive. OSU 6229, OSU 6230, and OSU 6241 are advanced breeding lines that have the SS18₁₆₅₀ allele from NY6020 and show statistically significant higher levels of resistance in the field and greenhouse (straw) test compared to susceptible cultivars. White-seeded, T phaseolin types were selected from a OR 91G x G122 BC₂F₃ population. The selected lines showed levels of resistance significantly better than the susceptible check cultivars in the straw test. The two sources were crossed and the progeny were subjected to three or more generations of phenotypic selection in the straw test. One hundred and forty eight families were planted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). All families had been previously genotyped using the PHAS and SS18₁₆₅₀ SCAR molecular markers. Plants were inoculated using actively growing mycelium of S. sclerotiorum and scored using a modified straw test to test for genetic additivity among marker classes. None of the lines were statistically more resistant than G122, a QTL donor and standard resistant check. In a separate study, data collected in NY6020-5 x OR 91G and NY6020-5 x OSU 5613 populations suggest that NY6020-5 has a B7 QTL equivalent to G122. Other researchers have presented evidence that G122 has a B8 QTL equivalent to NY6020. Finally in a mixed linear model study we identified two markers, B18₁₅₀₀ and C8₁₂₀₀, which should prove useful in breeding for white mold resistance. While the material that we developed does not show significantly higher levels of resistance than the resistant parents, we have transferred the resistance QTL into a bush blue lake background, and the lines derived from this work should have significantly higher levels of resistance than existing commercial cultivars. We also present evidence of a QTL not previously identified in NY6020-5. Title: Pyramiding quantitative trait loci conditioning partial resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in bush blue lake green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) Author: Barrett, Miles Andrew Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a necrotrophic pathogen capable of causing white mold, a severe disease in common bean. White mold is of particular concern to the Oregon snap bean processing industry, where processors allow less than 3% incidence in harvested shipments. Breeding for white mold resistance in beans has been difficult due to quantitative inheritance and low heritability. We combined two quantitative trait loci (QTL) for physiological resistance to white mold: a QTL located on linkage group 7 from G122 and a B8 QTL from NY6020. The B7 QTL is linked to phaseolin for which a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker phaseolin has been used successfully to transfer the QTL in dry bean. The transfer in snap bean is more challenging because this QTL is also linked to the p locus which conditions the white-seeded trait. While most snap beans have T phaseolin seed protein, the OSU bush blue lake (BBL) materials have the S form of phaseolin, facilitating the use of T phaseolin as a selectable marker in breeding for white mold resistance. Thus, transfer of this QTL has to be coupled with breaking the linkage between colored seed and the resistance QTL. The B8 QTL is linked to the SS18₁₆₅₀ SCAR and AW19₁₂₀₀ random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Oregon State University BBL bean germplasm originally developed with single QTL were crossed to pyramid the two resistance QTL. The assumptions made in combining these two sources of resistance are that the QTL are non-allelic and are additive. OSU 6229, OSU 6230, and OSU 6241 are advanced breeding lines that have the SS18₁₆₅₀ allele from NY6020 and show statistically significant higher levels of resistance in the field and greenhouse (straw) test compared to susceptible cultivars. White-seeded, T phaseolin types were selected from a OR 91G x G122 BC₂F₃ population. The selected lines showed levels of resistance significantly better than the susceptible check cultivars in the straw test. The two sources were crossed and the progeny were subjected to three or more generations of phenotypic selection in the straw test. One hundred and forty eight families were planted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). All families had been previously genotyped using the PHAS and SS18₁₆₅₀ SCAR molecular markers. Plants were inoculated using actively growing mycelium of S. sclerotiorum and scored using a modified straw test to test for genetic additivity among marker classes. None of the lines were statistically more resistant than G122, a QTL donor and standard resistant check. In a separate study, data collected in NY6020-5 x OR 91G and NY6020-5 x OSU 5613 populations suggest that NY6020-5 has a B7 QTL equivalent to G122. Other researchers have presented evidence that G122 has a B8 QTL equivalent to NY6020. Finally in a mixed linear model study we identified two markers, B18₁₅₀₀ and C8₁₂₀₀, which should prove useful in breeding for white mold resistance. While the material that we developed does not show significantly higher levels of resistance than the resistant parents, we have transferred the resistance QTL into a bush blue lake background, and the lines derived from this work should have significantly higher levels of resistance than existing commercial cultivars. We also present evidence of a QTL not previously identified in NY6020-5. Close

• 139. [Article] Genetic variation and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Willamette Valley of Oregon

  The population genetic structure of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougi.) in the Willamette Valley of Oregon was investigated. Cones were collected from native stands of ponderosa pine from the Willamette ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Genetic variation and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Willamette Valley of Oregon Author: Gooding, Geoffrey David The population genetic structure of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougi.) in the Willamette Valley of Oregon was investigated. Cones were collected from native stands of ponderosa pine from the Willamette Valley, eastern Oregon, southwest Oregon and the Puget Sound Basin of Washington. Seeds were subjected to isozyme analysis of 12 enzyme systems controlled by 20 different loci. Population genetic parameters for progeny, parent trees and pollen were estimated from isozyme data using BIOSYS-2, a population genetic statistical software package. For progeny data, total gene diversity (HT) was 0.249; average genic diversity within stands (Hs) was 0.231; average genic diversity among stands (DST) was 0.017; the proportion of total genic diversity due to differences among stands (GST) was 0.067. Based on gene diversity statistics and genetic distances, stands of Willamette Valley ponderosa pine do not differ substantially from one another or from other populations of ponderosa pine in Washington and Oregon. These results suggest that protection of the Willamette Valley population can be accomplished by conserving a large number of individuals in a few large stands or many small stands. Multilocus and single-locus estimates of outcrossing rate were determined for six stands within the Willamette Valley. Outcrossing rates were estimated for seven polymorphic loci using MLTR, a mating system analysis software package. Estimates of multilocus outcrossing for these stands (mean 0.642; range 0.365 to 0.879) were substantially lower than estimates previously reported for other populations of ponderosa pine, other pine species, and other species in the family Pinaceae. No significant difference was detected among stands in outcrossing rate. The high level of inbreeding observed in this population could be attributable to population fragmentation due to human activities, or to reduced levels of pollen production in this population compared to other populations of ponderosa pine. Genetic conservation strategies for this population should include the protection of the large native stands that remain and the use of local, adapted sources for afforestation. Management of pollen in a seed orchard should improve the genetic quality of seed over wild stand seed by reducing inbreeding levels. Title: Genetic variation and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Willamette Valley of Oregon Author: Gooding, Geoffrey David The population genetic structure of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougi.) in the Willamette Valley of Oregon was investigated. Cones were collected from native stands of ponderosa pine from the Willamette Valley, eastern Oregon, southwest Oregon and the Puget Sound Basin of Washington. Seeds were subjected to isozyme analysis of 12 enzyme systems controlled by 20 different loci. Population genetic parameters for progeny, parent trees and pollen were estimated from isozyme data using BIOSYS-2, a population genetic statistical software package. For progeny data, total gene diversity (HT) was 0.249; average genic diversity within stands (Hs) was 0.231; average genic diversity among stands (DST) was 0.017; the proportion of total genic diversity due to differences among stands (GST) was 0.067. Based on gene diversity statistics and genetic distances, stands of Willamette Valley ponderosa pine do not differ substantially from one another or from other populations of ponderosa pine in Washington and Oregon. These results suggest that protection of the Willamette Valley population can be accomplished by conserving a large number of individuals in a few large stands or many small stands. Multilocus and single-locus estimates of outcrossing rate were determined for six stands within the Willamette Valley. Outcrossing rates were estimated for seven polymorphic loci using MLTR, a mating system analysis software package. Estimates of multilocus outcrossing for these stands (mean 0.642; range 0.365 to 0.879) were substantially lower than estimates previously reported for other populations of ponderosa pine, other pine species, and other species in the family Pinaceae. No significant difference was detected among stands in outcrossing rate. The high level of inbreeding observed in this population could be attributable to population fragmentation due to human activities, or to reduced levels of pollen production in this population compared to other populations of ponderosa pine. Genetic conservation strategies for this population should include the protection of the large native stands that remain and the use of local, adapted sources for afforestation. Management of pollen in a seed orchard should improve the genetic quality of seed over wild stand seed by reducing inbreeding levels. Close

• 140. [Article] Breeding for bruchid resistance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) : interspecific introgression of lectin-like seed proteins from tepary bean (P. acutifolius A. Gray), genetic control and bruchid resistance characterization.

  Interspecific hybridization was initiated between wild P. acutifolius accession G40199 and P. vulgaris to introgress resistance to Acanthoscelides obtectus (bean seed weevil). F1 interspecific hybrids ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Breeding for bruchid resistance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) : interspecific introgression of lectin-like seed proteins from tepary bean (P. acutifolius A. Gray), genetic control and bruchid resistance characterization. Author: Kusolwa, Paul Mbogo Interspecific hybridization was initiated between wild P. acutifolius accession G40199 and P. vulgaris to introgress resistance to Acanthoscelides obtectus (bean seed weevil). F1 interspecific hybrids were recovered by embryo rescue and maintained until flowering. Mostly sterile hybrids were backcrossed twice to common bean cultivar ICA Pijao to recover sufficient fertility for the lines to reproduce without assistance. The inheritance of a 33 kDa seed storage protein from accession G40199 was studied in an F2 intraspecific population from a cross of G40199 and a cultivated Brown Tepary accession. G40199 possessed the protein but Brown Tepary did not. The protein was inherited as a single dominant gene in a F2 population of 116 individuals. Following these observations, interspecific hybrids were progeny tested for the introgression of a 33 kDa protein from accession G40199. Backcross interspecific introgression lines were used as bridge parents to transfer the 33 kDa protein into the large red seeded cultivar Rojo adapted to Tanzania, and into a phaseolin null backcross breeding line of Rojo with the objective of introgressing resistance to A. obtectus into a Sub-Saharan Africa variety. Genomic, proteomic and phylogenetic characterization of genes associated with the 33 kDa proteins were conducted in order to identify the mechanism of resistance found in accession G40199. Genomic DNA encoding a family of lectin-like seed storage proteins (the complex APA locus) was amplified by PCR using primers for arcelin, phytohaemagglutinin and alpha amylase inhibitors. The PCR products were used as molecular markers and co-segregated with the 33 kDa protein. Analyses of mRNA expression identified two arcelin variants, ARL-3pa and ARL-4pa, as expressed in G40199 and its derived interspecific hybrids. MS-MS proteomic analysis of seed protein profiles in G40199 demonstrated the presence of protein peptides with amino acid sequences corresponding to the two arcelin variants and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) protein subunits. Essentially similar protein peptides were observed in the introgression lines. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the difference of the two arcelin variants in G40199 that clustered with P. acutifolius arcelin-like proteins and were separated from those of P. vulgaris. Seeds from G40199 and BC2F3 interspecific hybrid lines were subjected to an A. obtectus feeding trial at OSU. Introgression lines expressing the homozygous 33 kDa protein demonstrated significant bruchid resistance. This resistance was exhibited as delayed insect emergence with a mean of 63 days for 50% F1 adults after inoculation compared to 44 days to 50% adult for ICA Pijao. In addition, reduced size and weight of adults, and reduced number of adults was observed in a period of 72 days after bruchid infestation. G40199 was completely resistant with no emerging adults. The 33 kDa protein which is linked to co-expression of ARL-3pa, ARL-4pa and PHA protein subunits is a contributing factor to the observed resistance to A. obtectus among interspecific hybrids. Title: Breeding for bruchid resistance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) : interspecific introgression of lectin-like seed proteins from tepary bean (P. acutifolius A. Gray), genetic control and bruchid resistance characterization. Author: Kusolwa, Paul Mbogo Interspecific hybridization was initiated between wild P. acutifolius accession G40199 and P. vulgaris to introgress resistance to Acanthoscelides obtectus (bean seed weevil). F1 interspecific hybrids were recovered by embryo rescue and maintained until flowering. Mostly sterile hybrids were backcrossed twice to common bean cultivar ICA Pijao to recover sufficient fertility for the lines to reproduce without assistance. The inheritance of a 33 kDa seed storage protein from accession G40199 was studied in an F2 intraspecific population from a cross of G40199 and a cultivated Brown Tepary accession. G40199 possessed the protein but Brown Tepary did not. The protein was inherited as a single dominant gene in a F2 population of 116 individuals. Following these observations, interspecific hybrids were progeny tested for the introgression of a 33 kDa protein from accession G40199. Backcross interspecific introgression lines were used as bridge parents to transfer the 33 kDa protein into the large red seeded cultivar Rojo adapted to Tanzania, and into a phaseolin null backcross breeding line of Rojo with the objective of introgressing resistance to A. obtectus into a Sub-Saharan Africa variety. Genomic, proteomic and phylogenetic characterization of genes associated with the 33 kDa proteins were conducted in order to identify the mechanism of resistance found in accession G40199. Genomic DNA encoding a family of lectin-like seed storage proteins (the complex APA locus) was amplified by PCR using primers for arcelin, phytohaemagglutinin and alpha amylase inhibitors. The PCR products were used as molecular markers and co-segregated with the 33 kDa protein. Analyses of mRNA expression identified two arcelin variants, ARL-3pa and ARL-4pa, as expressed in G40199 and its derived interspecific hybrids. MS-MS proteomic analysis of seed protein profiles in G40199 demonstrated the presence of protein peptides with amino acid sequences corresponding to the two arcelin variants and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) protein subunits. Essentially similar protein peptides were observed in the introgression lines. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the difference of the two arcelin variants in G40199 that clustered with P. acutifolius arcelin-like proteins and were separated from those of P. vulgaris. Seeds from G40199 and BC2F3 interspecific hybrid lines were subjected to an A. obtectus feeding trial at OSU. Introgression lines expressing the homozygous 33 kDa protein demonstrated significant bruchid resistance. This resistance was exhibited as delayed insect emergence with a mean of 63 days for 50% F1 adults after inoculation compared to 44 days to 50% adult for ICA Pijao. In addition, reduced size and weight of adults, and reduced number of adults was observed in a period of 72 days after bruchid infestation. G40199 was completely resistant with no emerging adults. The 33 kDa protein which is linked to co-expression of ARL-3pa, ARL-4pa and PHA protein subunits is a contributing factor to the observed resistance to A. obtectus among interspecific hybrids. Close

• 141. [Article] New male sterile mutant in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) : inheritance, genetic relationship to other mutants and sex types, and response to chemical and environmental factors

  A new male sterile (MS) mutant was found in 1988 in an inbred line of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in the greenhouse of Sunseeds Company. The mutant is characterized by normal corolla in both male and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: New male sterile mutant in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) : inheritance, genetic relationship to other mutants and sex types, and response to chemical and environmental factors Author: Zhang, Qi (Qi Qun), 1956- A new male sterile (MS) mutant was found in 1988 in an inbred line of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in the greenhouse of Sunseeds Company. The mutant is characterized by normal corolla in both male and female flowers, normal fertility in the female, and absence of pollen in otherwise normal-appearing male flowers. The inheritance of this pollen sterile (PS) mutant was studied in F₂ segregates derived from crosses between PS and male fertile (MF) plants, and by mating PS plants with MF sib plants of the heterozygous genotype (PS ps). Chi-square tests indicated that the PS character controlled by a single recessive gene, assigned the tentative designation ps. Six reciprocal crosses made between heterozygous PS and heterozygous apetalous (Ap) type produced a total 370 fertile : 0 PS F₁ plants, indicating that there is no allelic relationship between PS and Ap. F₁ generations from each of gynoecious PS, and monoecious PS crossed with monoecious, gynoecious (silver ion treated) and hermaphroditic pollen parents had no PS plants. By variance analysis and contrasting the individual effects of three sex types, Gy, M and H, on PS, it was found that sex types do not significantly influence PS levels in F₂ families even though PS occurs in male flowers (a sexual character). It was not possible to effect changes in the expression of PS by application of cytokinin, indole acetic acid (IAA) or gibberellin (GA₃), and there were likewise no changes in response to temperature and fertilizer treatment. Unlike gynoecy, which is responsive to some external factors, PS is a stable characteristic. MS-1, a previously reported male sterile, was studied in different environments. It was found that MS-1 is heritable but significantly affected by environmental factors. The study indicated that MS-1 is a strong female sterile and semi-male sterile type. The male flower buds of MS-1 plants are able to open normally after the 10th to 15th node under greenhouse conditions. All staminate flower buds aborted in the field. The result of an allelism test indicated that MS-1 is not allelic to Ap. Title: New male sterile mutant in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) : inheritance, genetic relationship to other mutants and sex types, and response to chemical and environmental factors Author: Zhang, Qi (Qi Qun), 1956- A new male sterile (MS) mutant was found in 1988 in an inbred line of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in the greenhouse of Sunseeds Company. The mutant is characterized by normal corolla in both male and female flowers, normal fertility in the female, and absence of pollen in otherwise normal-appearing male flowers. The inheritance of this pollen sterile (PS) mutant was studied in F₂ segregates derived from crosses between PS and male fertile (MF) plants, and by mating PS plants with MF sib plants of the heterozygous genotype (PS ps). Chi-square tests indicated that the PS character controlled by a single recessive gene, assigned the tentative designation ps. Six reciprocal crosses made between heterozygous PS and heterozygous apetalous (Ap) type produced a total 370 fertile : 0 PS F₁ plants, indicating that there is no allelic relationship between PS and Ap. F₁ generations from each of gynoecious PS, and monoecious PS crossed with monoecious, gynoecious (silver ion treated) and hermaphroditic pollen parents had no PS plants. By variance analysis and contrasting the individual effects of three sex types, Gy, M and H, on PS, it was found that sex types do not significantly influence PS levels in F₂ families even though PS occurs in male flowers (a sexual character). It was not possible to effect changes in the expression of PS by application of cytokinin, indole acetic acid (IAA) or gibberellin (GA₃), and there were likewise no changes in response to temperature and fertilizer treatment. Unlike gynoecy, which is responsive to some external factors, PS is a stable characteristic. MS-1, a previously reported male sterile, was studied in different environments. It was found that MS-1 is heritable but significantly affected by environmental factors. The study indicated that MS-1 is a strong female sterile and semi-male sterile type. The male flower buds of MS-1 plants are able to open normally after the 10th to 15th node under greenhouse conditions. All staminate flower buds aborted in the field. The result of an allelism test indicated that MS-1 is not allelic to Ap. Close

• 142. [Article] Community conflict : a case study of the implementation of a bilingual education program

  This research project is an historical case study of the conflict which evolved from the deliberations and subsequent implementation of bilingual education in Central School District 13J, Independence, Oregon. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Community conflict : a case study of the implementation of a bilingual education program Author: Guzmán, Juan This research project is an historical case study of the conflict which evolved from the deliberations and subsequent implementation of bilingual education in Central School District 13J, Independence, Oregon. The time period under consideration spans 35 months, beginning in August 1974, when district officials first proposed bilingual education, and ending in June 1977, when the first year of bilingual education in the district was completed. Investigation of the conflict in Independence was guided by the following questions. 1. What is the nature of the conflict resulting from the bilingual education issue in Independence, Oregon? 2. To what extent does this conflict affect educational policy? 3. What is the nature of community influence regarding school decisions and educational policy? The investigation of these questions required that two types of data be gathered. The first type--news media reporting, county and school district surveys, personal correspondence, government records--provided an historical perspective for considering the district's decision to implement bilingual education. The second type of data--personal interviews and informal conversations--addressed the need for bilingual education in Independence, the policy making process, and community involvement in decision-making. Conclusions: The conflict which surfaced in the small community of Independence is rooted in the value conflict--assimilation vs. cultural pluralism. Two conflicting views have emerged in Independence regarding the role of public education as a transmitter of culture. One perspective endorses pluralism in society and encourages bilingual education as one means of accommodating pluralism. An opposing viewpoint supports traditional educational practices which support the assimilation of ethnic and racial minorities through the promotion of a single language and culture. The question of whether public education is responsible for promoting cultural homogeneity or the lesser accepted concept of cultural pluralism still remains unresolved in Independence as in other parts of the nation. Supporters for each viewpoint seem unwilling to compromise, thus prolonging the value conflict in the community. The value conflict existing in Independence has not been recognized as such by the community. Rather, this conflict is being viewed as mere misunderstandings due to poor communications between supporters of pluralism and defenders of assimilation. By refusing to recognize the existence of value conflict, the school district, Chicano parents, and the community at large have avoided any real confrontation with the status quo regarding bilingual education. Because the value conflict which presently exists within the Independence community is not acknowledged, it can have no effect on educational policy per se. Throughout its existence, the bilingual education program has not prompted community activism either for or against the program. The sporadic and limited nature of community participation and influence in decision-making has not changed because of bilingual education, and it appears that maintaining the status quo regarding bilingual education in School District 13J has become preferable to seeking change through district policy. Title: Community conflict : a case study of the implementation of a bilingual education program Author: Guzmán, Juan This research project is an historical case study of the conflict which evolved from the deliberations and subsequent implementation of bilingual education in Central School District 13J, Independence, Oregon. The time period under consideration spans 35 months, beginning in August 1974, when district officials first proposed bilingual education, and ending in June 1977, when the first year of bilingual education in the district was completed. Investigation of the conflict in Independence was guided by the following questions. 1. What is the nature of the conflict resulting from the bilingual education issue in Independence, Oregon? 2. To what extent does this conflict affect educational policy? 3. What is the nature of community influence regarding school decisions and educational policy? The investigation of these questions required that two types of data be gathered. The first type--news media reporting, county and school district surveys, personal correspondence, government records--provided an historical perspective for considering the district's decision to implement bilingual education. The second type of data--personal interviews and informal conversations--addressed the need for bilingual education in Independence, the policy making process, and community involvement in decision-making. Conclusions: The conflict which surfaced in the small community of Independence is rooted in the value conflict--assimilation vs. cultural pluralism. Two conflicting views have emerged in Independence regarding the role of public education as a transmitter of culture. One perspective endorses pluralism in society and encourages bilingual education as one means of accommodating pluralism. An opposing viewpoint supports traditional educational practices which support the assimilation of ethnic and racial minorities through the promotion of a single language and culture. The question of whether public education is responsible for promoting cultural homogeneity or the lesser accepted concept of cultural pluralism still remains unresolved in Independence as in other parts of the nation. Supporters for each viewpoint seem unwilling to compromise, thus prolonging the value conflict in the community. The value conflict existing in Independence has not been recognized as such by the community. Rather, this conflict is being viewed as mere misunderstandings due to poor communications between supporters of pluralism and defenders of assimilation. By refusing to recognize the existence of value conflict, the school district, Chicano parents, and the community at large have avoided any real confrontation with the status quo regarding bilingual education. Because the value conflict which presently exists within the Independence community is not acknowledged, it can have no effect on educational policy per se. Throughout its existence, the bilingual education program has not prompted community activism either for or against the program. The sporadic and limited nature of community participation and influence in decision-making has not changed because of bilingual education, and it appears that maintaining the status quo regarding bilingual education in School District 13J has become preferable to seeking change through district policy. Close

• 143. [Article] Justifications for K-12 education standards, goals, and curriculum

  In the contemporary U.S., the state, through the Legislative Assembly, the State Board of Education, and the Department of Education, sets policies for K-12 education. These include goals and standards ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Justifications for K-12 education standards, goals, and curriculum Author: Creighton, Sean (Sean Patrick) In the contemporary U.S., the state, through the Legislative Assembly, the State Board of Education, and the Department of Education, sets policies for K-12 education. These include goals and standards that affect the kinds of influences local officials, parents, and students can have on various education programs, required and elective coursework, graduation requirements, and curriculum content. The state ought to be able to justify their education policies to citizens. I argue here for a pragmatist informed "minimalist approach" to justifying education policies. This approach has state officials (and subsequently local officials) use local, situated reasons for justifying their education standards, goals, and curriculum. I argue that if state officials utilize a minimalist approach to justify education policies, it will be easier for citizens to contest (or support) the state's policies because the language employed will better represent citizen's local, situated common experiences, and be contestable on those grounds. One consequence of this minimalist approach is that state officials could exclude justifications that are made by appealing to isolated, abstract conceptions. Isolated, abstract conceptions are, as pragmatists such as Rorty have argued, transcendental in nature and doomed to failure; fortunately, as the pragmatist defense of a minimalist approach shows, they are also unnecessary. Some implications of adopting a pragmatist-informed approach is that the state should give up terms and phrases that attempt to (i) construct a unifying theory for justification or for truth; (ii) construct and somehow universally justify a single best particular method for interpreting texts and analyzing scientific processes; and/or (iii) construct comprehensive and complete standards. Rather, state officials ought to identify local, situated reasons for particular policies. From these local appeals, state officials could construct a minimal set of education policies that leave room for local officials and teachers to have particular freedoms in constructing programs, projects, and curricula. I approach this argument through a critique of select education policies in Oregon, Texas, Arizona, and Tennessee. I argue that these policies, like many education policies and standards, lack adequate justifications. Those justifications that are provided are too vague and susceptible to interpretations that are not relevant to the particular purposes of the policies. For instance, certain policies have illegitimately led to the denial of funding for "Ethnic Studies" programs in Arizona, or allowed for irrelevant teacher and student criticisms of theories within the sciences to be explored and entertained as legitimate in Tennessee classrooms. My recommendations, if followed, would give state officials grounds for excluding the concerns of citizens that are not relevant to particular policies and provide a legitimate, justifiable basis for constructing state education policies. Title: Justifications for K-12 education standards, goals, and curriculum Author: Creighton, Sean (Sean Patrick) In the contemporary U.S., the state, through the Legislative Assembly, the State Board of Education, and the Department of Education, sets policies for K-12 education. These include goals and standards that affect the kinds of influences local officials, parents, and students can have on various education programs, required and elective coursework, graduation requirements, and curriculum content. The state ought to be able to justify their education policies to citizens. I argue here for a pragmatist informed "minimalist approach" to justifying education policies. This approach has state officials (and subsequently local officials) use local, situated reasons for justifying their education standards, goals, and curriculum. I argue that if state officials utilize a minimalist approach to justify education policies, it will be easier for citizens to contest (or support) the state's policies because the language employed will better represent citizen's local, situated common experiences, and be contestable on those grounds. One consequence of this minimalist approach is that state officials could exclude justifications that are made by appealing to isolated, abstract conceptions. Isolated, abstract conceptions are, as pragmatists such as Rorty have argued, transcendental in nature and doomed to failure; fortunately, as the pragmatist defense of a minimalist approach shows, they are also unnecessary. Some implications of adopting a pragmatist-informed approach is that the state should give up terms and phrases that attempt to (i) construct a unifying theory for justification or for truth; (ii) construct and somehow universally justify a single best particular method for interpreting texts and analyzing scientific processes; and/or (iii) construct comprehensive and complete standards. Rather, state officials ought to identify local, situated reasons for particular policies. From these local appeals, state officials could construct a minimal set of education policies that leave room for local officials and teachers to have particular freedoms in constructing programs, projects, and curricula. I approach this argument through a critique of select education policies in Oregon, Texas, Arizona, and Tennessee. I argue that these policies, like many education policies and standards, lack adequate justifications. Those justifications that are provided are too vague and susceptible to interpretations that are not relevant to the particular purposes of the policies. For instance, certain policies have illegitimately led to the denial of funding for "Ethnic Studies" programs in Arizona, or allowed for irrelevant teacher and student criticisms of theories within the sciences to be explored and entertained as legitimate in Tennessee classrooms. My recommendations, if followed, would give state officials grounds for excluding the concerns of citizens that are not relevant to particular policies and provide a legitimate, justifiable basis for constructing state education policies. Close

• 144. [Article] Geochemistry and geochronology of the Eyjafjöll Volcanic system, Iceland

  The Eyjafjöll Volcanic System, in southern Iceland, is a member of the Southeastern Volcanic Zone (SEVZ), a segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The SEVZ is a well-exposed (subaerial) propagating rift, analogous ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geochemistry and geochronology of the Eyjafjöll Volcanic system, Iceland Author: Wiese, P. Katryn The Eyjafjöll Volcanic System, in southern Iceland, is a member of the Southeastern Volcanic Zone (SEVZ), a segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The SEVZ is a well-exposed (subaerial) propagating rift, analogous to the volcano-tectonic structures that accommodate the growth of ocean floor spreading ridge segments. Eyjafjöll represents 780 Ka of volcanic activity, composed of alkaline and subalkaline (transitional) lavas and hyaloclastites ranging in composition from picrites to rhyodacites. Gaps in age data suggest ice ages occurring at the same general time as evidence from other systems within Iceland suggest: 160 and 400 Ma. These were most likely periods of colder climates during which hyaloclastites dominate the section. Experimentally derived models of simple closed-system fractional crystallization at the NNO and QFM buffers (1 atm, no water) show trends which are quite similar to most of the observed compositional variation in Eyjafjöll. Major differences between the real data and the modeled data can be explained by conditions of higher pressure and water content. Minor differences can be explained by magma mixing among melts at different states of evolution and/or addition (accumulation) of varying amounts of the following phases as phenocrysts: olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, titanomagnetite, and apatite. Magma mixing is implicated by mineral zoning and textures, along with whole rock major element analyses. It is possible this mixing occurs between segregated portions of single magma chambers (as the magma supply rate is so small). Mineral separation and later entrapment is demonstrated by the existence of cumulates, the high frequency of phenocrysts in most of the samples, and major element data. Rare high pressure crystallization, as high as perhaps 10 Kbar, is inferred from high Ti:Al ratios in clinopyroxene and CaO trends of the real data that suggest high pressure early clinopyroxene fractionation. High ³He/⁴He ratios (18-19 x atmospheric) suggest that source material is undepleted and hotspot derived. This is corroborated by the uniformly light rare earth enriched patterns of the rare earth element data. Similarity of helium values for both alkalic and tholeiitic material within the Eyjaföll system suggests crustal assimilation is not the process which creates the alkalinity of this region. The pressure of primary melt segregation is inferred from MgO and FeO contents of the parent composition to be approximately 12-15 Kbar (36 to 45 km depth) from a spinel lherzolite source composition. Degree of melting is probably small, around 3%. The depth is corroborated by geophysical evidence which shows a crustal thickness below Eyjafjöll of 15 km and by the geothermal gradient which suggests intersection with the mantle solidus occurring somewhere between 30 to 50 km depth. The high pressure of melting combined with the small % of melt is the cause for the alkalinity of the system. Eyjafjöll lies 30 km behind the tip of the propagating rift (SEVZ), and has a low magma supply and rapid cooling rate. These thermal conditions have evolved over time, however. In the earliest history of the system compositions were limited to basaltic material with little compositional evidence for fractional crystallization. In more recent times, however, compositions have become more varied, with flows representing nearly every level of crystal fractionation, from 0 to 75%. This suggests a decrease in cooling rate and/or increase in magma supply during the growth of the Eyjafjöll system and the consequent formation of more stable magma chambers. There is also evidence (alkalic character and little fractionation) that in its earliest history, Eyjafjöll was most likely at the tip of the propagator. With this in mind, a southward propagation rate for the SEVZ has been estimated at 0.8 ± 0.3 cm/yr. Title: Geochemistry and geochronology of the Eyjafjöll Volcanic system, Iceland Author: Wiese, P. Katryn The Eyjafjöll Volcanic System, in southern Iceland, is a member of the Southeastern Volcanic Zone (SEVZ), a segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The SEVZ is a well-exposed (subaerial) propagating rift, analogous to the volcano-tectonic structures that accommodate the growth of ocean floor spreading ridge segments. Eyjafjöll represents 780 Ka of volcanic activity, composed of alkaline and subalkaline (transitional) lavas and hyaloclastites ranging in composition from picrites to rhyodacites. Gaps in age data suggest ice ages occurring at the same general time as evidence from other systems within Iceland suggest: 160 and 400 Ma. These were most likely periods of colder climates during which hyaloclastites dominate the section. Experimentally derived models of simple closed-system fractional crystallization at the NNO and QFM buffers (1 atm, no water) show trends which are quite similar to most of the observed compositional variation in Eyjafjöll. Major differences between the real data and the modeled data can be explained by conditions of higher pressure and water content. Minor differences can be explained by magma mixing among melts at different states of evolution and/or addition (accumulation) of varying amounts of the following phases as phenocrysts: olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, titanomagnetite, and apatite. Magma mixing is implicated by mineral zoning and textures, along with whole rock major element analyses. It is possible this mixing occurs between segregated portions of single magma chambers (as the magma supply rate is so small). Mineral separation and later entrapment is demonstrated by the existence of cumulates, the high frequency of phenocrysts in most of the samples, and major element data. Rare high pressure crystallization, as high as perhaps 10 Kbar, is inferred from high Ti:Al ratios in clinopyroxene and CaO trends of the real data that suggest high pressure early clinopyroxene fractionation. High ³He/⁴He ratios (18-19 x atmospheric) suggest that source material is undepleted and hotspot derived. This is corroborated by the uniformly light rare earth enriched patterns of the rare earth element data. Similarity of helium values for both alkalic and tholeiitic material within the Eyjaföll system suggests crustal assimilation is not the process which creates the alkalinity of this region. The pressure of primary melt segregation is inferred from MgO and FeO contents of the parent composition to be approximately 12-15 Kbar (36 to 45 km depth) from a spinel lherzolite source composition. Degree of melting is probably small, around 3%. The depth is corroborated by geophysical evidence which shows a crustal thickness below Eyjafjöll of 15 km and by the geothermal gradient which suggests intersection with the mantle solidus occurring somewhere between 30 to 50 km depth. The high pressure of melting combined with the small % of melt is the cause for the alkalinity of the system. Eyjafjöll lies 30 km behind the tip of the propagating rift (SEVZ), and has a low magma supply and rapid cooling rate. These thermal conditions have evolved over time, however. In the earliest history of the system compositions were limited to basaltic material with little compositional evidence for fractional crystallization. In more recent times, however, compositions have become more varied, with flows representing nearly every level of crystal fractionation, from 0 to 75%. This suggests a decrease in cooling rate and/or increase in magma supply during the growth of the Eyjafjöll system and the consequent formation of more stable magma chambers. There is also evidence (alkalic character and little fractionation) that in its earliest history, Eyjafjöll was most likely at the tip of the propagator. With this in mind, a southward propagation rate for the SEVZ has been estimated at 0.8 ± 0.3 cm/yr. Close

• 145. [Article] Simple sequence repeat marker development and mapping in cultivated sunflower, Helianthus annuus L.

  The cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., x=17) is one of the most important annual oilseed crops in the world. There are very few publicly shared sequence-based DNA markers and genetic maps in sunflower, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Simple sequence repeat marker development and mapping in cultivated sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. Author: Yu, Ju-Kyung The cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., x=17) is one of the most important annual oilseed crops in the world. There are very few publicly shared sequence-based DNA markers and genetic maps in sunflower, even though molecular DNA markers and genetic maps have become widely used in all areas of genetic research and breeding in plant species. The objectives of this study were to develop sequence-based molecular markers and utilize the markers for genetic analyses and constructing maps in the cultivated sunflower. A total of 131 functional simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed for 16 elite inbred lines using a small insert genomic library enriched for short simple sequence repeats. The polymorphism information content (PIC) estimated from 74 polymorphic SSR markers ranged from 0.0 to 0.93 with mean value of 0.55. Tetranucleotide repeats were significantly more polymorphic than dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeats, and no obvious correlation was found between repeat numbers and PIC scores. Genetic distance among 16 inbred lines, estimated from 74 polymorphic SSR markers ranged 0.175 to 0.543. Principal coordinate and cluster analyses of the genetic distance matrix well explained the difference between oilseed lines and confectionery lines, and sterility maintainer lines and fertility restorer lines. A total of 1,090 SSR markers were screened for polymorphism between the parents of two mapping populations. The two genetic maps were constructed by genotyping 94 recombinant inbred lines from a cross between PHA and PHB (276 SSR loci covering 1377.4 cM with mean distance of 4.99 cM), and 94 F₂ progeny from a cross between HA370 and HA372 (122 SSR loci integrated into the existing RFLP framework map covering 1348.0 cM with mean distance of 6.77 cM). Ninety-three percent of the SSR markers were mapped to single loci and 56.5% of the loci were co-dominant. Clustering of SSR loci was observed near centromeric regions and most of the distorted loci were mapped to centromeric or distal regions. A concerted effort to develop SSR markers and generate highresolution SSR maps will enhance future fingerprinting analyses, fine-scale genome analyses and molecular breeding in the cultivated sunflower. Title: Simple sequence repeat marker development and mapping in cultivated sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. Author: Yu, Ju-Kyung The cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., x=17) is one of the most important annual oilseed crops in the world. There are very few publicly shared sequence-based DNA markers and genetic maps in sunflower, even though molecular DNA markers and genetic maps have become widely used in all areas of genetic research and breeding in plant species. The objectives of this study were to develop sequence-based molecular markers and utilize the markers for genetic analyses and constructing maps in the cultivated sunflower. A total of 131 functional simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed for 16 elite inbred lines using a small insert genomic library enriched for short simple sequence repeats. The polymorphism information content (PIC) estimated from 74 polymorphic SSR markers ranged from 0.0 to 0.93 with mean value of 0.55. Tetranucleotide repeats were significantly more polymorphic than dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeats, and no obvious correlation was found between repeat numbers and PIC scores. Genetic distance among 16 inbred lines, estimated from 74 polymorphic SSR markers ranged 0.175 to 0.543. Principal coordinate and cluster analyses of the genetic distance matrix well explained the difference between oilseed lines and confectionery lines, and sterility maintainer lines and fertility restorer lines. A total of 1,090 SSR markers were screened for polymorphism between the parents of two mapping populations. The two genetic maps were constructed by genotyping 94 recombinant inbred lines from a cross between PHA and PHB (276 SSR loci covering 1377.4 cM with mean distance of 4.99 cM), and 94 F₂ progeny from a cross between HA370 and HA372 (122 SSR loci integrated into the existing RFLP framework map covering 1348.0 cM with mean distance of 6.77 cM). Ninety-three percent of the SSR markers were mapped to single loci and 56.5% of the loci were co-dominant. Clustering of SSR loci was observed near centromeric regions and most of the distorted loci were mapped to centromeric or distal regions. A concerted effort to develop SSR markers and generate highresolution SSR maps will enhance future fingerprinting analyses, fine-scale genome analyses and molecular breeding in the cultivated sunflower. Close

• 146. [Article] Biosystematics of parsley-ferns, Cryptogramma R. Br., in western North America

  A biosystematic investigation of Cryptogramma section Cryptogramma in western North America has been directed towards resolution of two separate taxonomic questions. Results of this research support the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biosystematics of parsley-ferns, Cryptogramma R. Br., in western North America Author: Alverson, Edward R. A biosystematic investigation of Cryptogramma section Cryptogramma in western North America has been directed towards resolution of two separate taxonomic questions. Results of this research support the hypothesis that a previously undescribed diploid (2n = 30 II) taxon, C. cascadensis, is present along with the common and widespread C. acrostichoides. The new species is distinguished by a number of subtle but constant morphological features, including sterile fronds that are soft and deciduous (compared to the coriaceous, evergreen sterile leaves of C. acrostichoides); surficial rather than sunken hydathodes; absence of laminar trichomes, and significantly smaller spores. Data from enzyme electrophoresis confirm the separation of C cascadensis as a distinct species, as 6 of 13 loci scored were "marker loci", with no alleles held in common between the two species. While different populations of the same species were genetically similar, with genetic identities > 0.85, the mean genetic identity for interspecific population comparisons was 0.36, demonstrating a substantial amount of genetic divergence between the two species. Both species were found to be primarily outcrossing, and the existence of marker loci and a high degree of allozymic differentiation, even in mixed populations, suggests that the two species are reproductively isolated. Also investigated was the taxonomy and evolutionary origin of Cryptogamma sitchensis, a taxon previously treated as a variety of C. acrostichoides. Cryptogamma sitchensis was found to be a tetraploid species, with 2n = 60 II, the first report of polyploidy in the genus from North America. Data from enzyme electrophoresis showed fixed heterozygosity, a characteristic of allopolyploid species. Allozyme banding patterns showed that C. sitchensis combines genomes of C. acrostichoides and another distinct species not present in North America. Morphological characters, particularly the dissection of sterile leaves, suggested that this second parent is the eastern Asian C. raddeana. Frequent triploid hybrids, which can be identified by their abortive spores, occur where the ranges of C. sitchensis and C acrostichoides overlap. Hybrids blur the morphological distinctions between the two species, and are probably responsible for leading earlier workers to conclude that the taxa are only varietally distinct. These results have implications for systematic treatment of other taxa in section Cryptogramma, suggesting that the best taxonomic approach may be to treat geographic segregates as distinct species, rather than as varieties or subspecies of a single circumboreal species, C. crispa, as has been proposed by some workers. Title: Biosystematics of parsley-ferns, Cryptogramma R. Br., in western North America Author: Alverson, Edward R. A biosystematic investigation of Cryptogramma section Cryptogramma in western North America has been directed towards resolution of two separate taxonomic questions. Results of this research support the hypothesis that a previously undescribed diploid (2n = 30 II) taxon, C. cascadensis, is present along with the common and widespread C. acrostichoides. The new species is distinguished by a number of subtle but constant morphological features, including sterile fronds that are soft and deciduous (compared to the coriaceous, evergreen sterile leaves of C. acrostichoides); surficial rather than sunken hydathodes; absence of laminar trichomes, and significantly smaller spores. Data from enzyme electrophoresis confirm the separation of C cascadensis as a distinct species, as 6 of 13 loci scored were "marker loci", with no alleles held in common between the two species. While different populations of the same species were genetically similar, with genetic identities > 0.85, the mean genetic identity for interspecific population comparisons was 0.36, demonstrating a substantial amount of genetic divergence between the two species. Both species were found to be primarily outcrossing, and the existence of marker loci and a high degree of allozymic differentiation, even in mixed populations, suggests that the two species are reproductively isolated. Also investigated was the taxonomy and evolutionary origin of Cryptogamma sitchensis, a taxon previously treated as a variety of C. acrostichoides. Cryptogamma sitchensis was found to be a tetraploid species, with 2n = 60 II, the first report of polyploidy in the genus from North America. Data from enzyme electrophoresis showed fixed heterozygosity, a characteristic of allopolyploid species. Allozyme banding patterns showed that C. sitchensis combines genomes of C. acrostichoides and another distinct species not present in North America. Morphological characters, particularly the dissection of sterile leaves, suggested that this second parent is the eastern Asian C. raddeana. Frequent triploid hybrids, which can be identified by their abortive spores, occur where the ranges of C. sitchensis and C acrostichoides overlap. Hybrids blur the morphological distinctions between the two species, and are probably responsible for leading earlier workers to conclude that the taxa are only varietally distinct. These results have implications for systematic treatment of other taxa in section Cryptogramma, suggesting that the best taxonomic approach may be to treat geographic segregates as distinct species, rather than as varieties or subspecies of a single circumboreal species, C. crispa, as has been proposed by some workers. Close

• 147. [Article] Keeping a Roof Overhead : An Examination of Housing Strategies Among Low-Income White Families in Rural Trailer Parks

  Housing is a critical component of family life, however, keeping a safe and stable roof overhead is increasingly difficult for the approximately 21 million low-income families in the United States (Urban ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Keeping a Roof Overhead : An Examination of Housing Strategies Among Low-Income White Families in Rural Trailer Parks Author: Barrett-Rivera, Brenda C. Housing is a critical component of family life, however, keeping a safe and stable roof overhead is increasingly difficult for the approximately 21 million low-income families in the United States (Urban Institute, n.d.; U.S. Census, 2015). Low-income families struggle to keep a roof overhead within the context of rising housing costs, limited affordable housing options, and decreased public investment in affordable housing (Housing Assistance Council, 2012b). Working within these constraints, low-income families develop strategies to find and keep a roof overhead. Low-income families turn to their social networks for housing support or rely in their own knowledge and ability to navigate housing systems. Such strategies are shaped and constrained by contexts and personal circumstances, and are not without costs. In a political climate that is increasingly focused on individual rather than collective solutions to social issues, a better understanding of how low-income families navigate housing issues is critical. The purpose of this study is to better understand the housing strategies of low-income families. While previous work has identified low-income families’ strategies around parenting, family formation, and employment, housing strategies remain a rich and underexplored area. The few studies that have examined low-income families’ housing strategies are focused on the strategies of minority, single mothers in urban settings (Clark et al., 2011; Heflin, London & Scott, 2011; Hernandez, 2016). To better understand the ways that low-income families deal with housing issues, it is important to look at housing strategies in variety of family types and residential settings. This study seeks to address a gap in the literature by examining the housing strategies of White, married, low-income families in a rural context, a group largely missing from the survival strategies literature. Building on the survival strategies literature and guided by the life course theoretical perspective, this study maintains a focus on both process and structure in asking the following questions: 1. What strategies do low-income, rural families use to keep a roof overhead? 2. How do contexts and personal circumstances shape housing strategies? This study makes use of existing ethnographic data from the Growing Up Mobile in a Rural Trailer Park study to examine the housing strategies of 12 low-income families living in three rural trailer parks. Field notes from interviews and observations provided detailed information about family and residential histories across early adulthood through midlife. The families in this study provided examples not only of strategic efforts to keep a roof overhead, but also of the benefits and consequences of those strategies. The findings from this study highlight the important roles that relationships and planning play in low-income, rural families housing strategies. This research provides rich examples of the ways that context and personal circumstances shape low-income, rural families’ housing situations, and serves as a valuable guide for future research. Title: Keeping a Roof Overhead : An Examination of Housing Strategies Among Low-Income White Families in Rural Trailer Parks Author: Barrett-Rivera, Brenda C. Housing is a critical component of family life, however, keeping a safe and stable roof overhead is increasingly difficult for the approximately 21 million low-income families in the United States (Urban Institute, n.d.; U.S. Census, 2015). Low-income families struggle to keep a roof overhead within the context of rising housing costs, limited affordable housing options, and decreased public investment in affordable housing (Housing Assistance Council, 2012b). Working within these constraints, low-income families develop strategies to find and keep a roof overhead. Low-income families turn to their social networks for housing support or rely in their own knowledge and ability to navigate housing systems. Such strategies are shaped and constrained by contexts and personal circumstances, and are not without costs. In a political climate that is increasingly focused on individual rather than collective solutions to social issues, a better understanding of how low-income families navigate housing issues is critical. The purpose of this study is to better understand the housing strategies of low-income families. While previous work has identified low-income families’ strategies around parenting, family formation, and employment, housing strategies remain a rich and underexplored area. The few studies that have examined low-income families’ housing strategies are focused on the strategies of minority, single mothers in urban settings (Clark et al., 2011; Heflin, London & Scott, 2011; Hernandez, 2016). To better understand the ways that low-income families deal with housing issues, it is important to look at housing strategies in variety of family types and residential settings. This study seeks to address a gap in the literature by examining the housing strategies of White, married, low-income families in a rural context, a group largely missing from the survival strategies literature. Building on the survival strategies literature and guided by the life course theoretical perspective, this study maintains a focus on both process and structure in asking the following questions: 1. What strategies do low-income, rural families use to keep a roof overhead? 2. How do contexts and personal circumstances shape housing strategies? This study makes use of existing ethnographic data from the Growing Up Mobile in a Rural Trailer Park study to examine the housing strategies of 12 low-income families living in three rural trailer parks. Field notes from interviews and observations provided detailed information about family and residential histories across early adulthood through midlife. The families in this study provided examples not only of strategic efforts to keep a roof overhead, but also of the benefits and consequences of those strategies. The findings from this study highlight the important roles that relationships and planning play in low-income, rural families housing strategies. This research provides rich examples of the ways that context and personal circumstances shape low-income, rural families’ housing situations, and serves as a valuable guide for future research. Close

• 148. [Article] Genetic and physiological parameters related to body size in five strains and crosses of the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)

  Five lines of turkeys with wide variation in body size, reciprocal crosses between large and small lines, and backcrosses to the large parent line were studied to determine the effect of body size and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Genetic and physiological parameters related to body size in five strains and crosses of the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) Author: Cramer, Jean Five lines of turkeys with wide variation in body size, reciprocal crosses between large and small lines, and backcrosses to the large parent line were studied to determine the effect of body size and crossbreeding on growth rate, conformation, feed consumption, organ size, and other physiological traits. Selection was made on the basis of body size only. The largest turkeys were selected in the large lines and the smallest turkeys were selected in the small lines. Decreases in fertility were observed in the large lines but not in the small lines of turkeys during the three year study. Hatchability decreased in all lines. Crossing produced no heteros is in fertility or hatchability. Inheritance of 20 week shank length was quantitative. Wide variations were found in 20 week body weights. Differences in the slope of the regression line is a measurement of the rate of gain in body weight compared to the rate of gain in shank length. The larger lines had steeper slopes from four to eight weeks of age. Weight gain in proportion to shank length growth was greater in the large line than in the small line from four to eight weeks of age. The smaller lines had steeper slopes after 12 weeks of age. Body weight gain in proportion to shank length growth during this period in the small lines was higher because of the greatly reduced rate of growth in shank length. Adrenal, gonad, heart, pituitary, and liver weights were significantly affected by age, sex, and line of the turkeys. However, no differences were found between slopes of the regression lines of log organ weight on log body weight. Thyroid weight was significantly affected by age but not by sex or line. The slope of the regression of log thyroid weight on log body weight was significantly steeper in the next to smallest than it was in the females in the next to largest line. With one exception, a negative correlation was found between hematocrit value and body weight. Hematocrit values of young males and females in the largest line were significantly lower than the hematocrit values of the other lines. The hematocrit values of adult females in the smallest line were lower than normal for the size of the turkeys. It is possible that this line has a lower than normal metabolic rate. However, no significant differences were found in rectal temperature between lines. Feed consumption of adult females was in proportion to body size and egg production. Feed conversion of young turkeys in the smallest line was significantly higher than the other lines. The feed in efficiency of these turkeys was not transmitted to the backcross line. Differences in muscle cell size were found between the largest and the smallest lines of turkeys. However, differences in muscle cell size did not account for all the differences in body weight between or within lines. In proportion to other long bones in the skeleton, the tarsometatarsus of the hen in the smallest line was short. This may be related to a lethal mutation which was found in high frequency in that line. The mutant has a parrot beak and short, thick appendages. The data indicate that it is caused by a single autosomal recessive gene. Because of the phenotypic similarity between this mutant and micromelia mutants in chickens and quail mi, the mutant gene was similarly designated mi for micromelia. Title: Genetic and physiological parameters related to body size in five strains and crosses of the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) Author: Cramer, Jean Five lines of turkeys with wide variation in body size, reciprocal crosses between large and small lines, and backcrosses to the large parent line were studied to determine the effect of body size and crossbreeding on growth rate, conformation, feed consumption, organ size, and other physiological traits. Selection was made on the basis of body size only. The largest turkeys were selected in the large lines and the smallest turkeys were selected in the small lines. Decreases in fertility were observed in the large lines but not in the small lines of turkeys during the three year study. Hatchability decreased in all lines. Crossing produced no heteros is in fertility or hatchability. Inheritance of 20 week shank length was quantitative. Wide variations were found in 20 week body weights. Differences in the slope of the regression line is a measurement of the rate of gain in body weight compared to the rate of gain in shank length. The larger lines had steeper slopes from four to eight weeks of age. Weight gain in proportion to shank length growth was greater in the large line than in the small line from four to eight weeks of age. The smaller lines had steeper slopes after 12 weeks of age. Body weight gain in proportion to shank length growth during this period in the small lines was higher because of the greatly reduced rate of growth in shank length. Adrenal, gonad, heart, pituitary, and liver weights were significantly affected by age, sex, and line of the turkeys. However, no differences were found between slopes of the regression lines of log organ weight on log body weight. Thyroid weight was significantly affected by age but not by sex or line. The slope of the regression of log thyroid weight on log body weight was significantly steeper in the next to smallest than it was in the females in the next to largest line. With one exception, a negative correlation was found between hematocrit value and body weight. Hematocrit values of young males and females in the largest line were significantly lower than the hematocrit values of the other lines. The hematocrit values of adult females in the smallest line were lower than normal for the size of the turkeys. It is possible that this line has a lower than normal metabolic rate. However, no significant differences were found in rectal temperature between lines. Feed consumption of adult females was in proportion to body size and egg production. Feed conversion of young turkeys in the smallest line was significantly higher than the other lines. The feed in efficiency of these turkeys was not transmitted to the backcross line. Differences in muscle cell size were found between the largest and the smallest lines of turkeys. However, differences in muscle cell size did not account for all the differences in body weight between or within lines. In proportion to other long bones in the skeleton, the tarsometatarsus of the hen in the smallest line was short. This may be related to a lethal mutation which was found in high frequency in that line. The mutant has a parrot beak and short, thick appendages. The data indicate that it is caused by a single autosomal recessive gene. Because of the phenotypic similarity between this mutant and micromelia mutants in chickens and quail mi, the mutant gene was similarly designated mi for micromelia. Close

• 149. [Article] Structural requirements for adenovirus DNA replication

  The adenovirus replication origins reside in the inverted terminal repetition (ITR) sequences. Replication proceeds unidirectionally by a strand-displacement mechanism from either or both origins to produce duplex ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Structural requirements for adenovirus DNA replication Author: Hu, Chin-Hwa The adenovirus replication origins reside in the inverted terminal repetition (ITR) sequences. Replication proceeds unidirectionally by a strand-displacement mechanism from either or both origins to produce duplex daughter DNA plus a displaced parental strand. The displaced strand can be duplicated by two different routes. The cis pathway involves intramolecular hybridization between the inverted terminal repeats to form a panhandle replicative intermediate, where synthesis of the complementary strand is initiated from the newly created duplex origin on the panhandle. Alternatively, complementary strands arising from replication on different molecules can directly hybridize intermolecularly to reform a duplex viral genome. This path is called trans replication. Using plasmid mini-chromosomes as model systems, the structural requirements for adenovirus DNA replication and the relationship between the cis and trans pathways for complementary strand replication was investigated. Plasmids containing single or dual adenovirus origins, with or without inverted repeats, were specially constructed to mimic the structures of the adenovirus genome. Linear plasmids which contain exposed adenovirus origins can engage in adenovirus helper-dependent strand-displacement replication. A special class of panhandle intermediates (foldback structures), arising from the replication of symmetrical dimers and multimers generated by end-to-end ligation during transfection, was identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and physically characterized. Foldback molecules provide the first evidence for the existence of the adenovirus cis replication pathway. Comparing the yields of cis replication products from different plasmids, it is clear that the efficiency of cis replication increases with longer inverted repeats. In addition, work presented here demonstrates that the conversion of displaced strands into duplexes occurs simultaneously and independently by both the cis and the trans pathways. The ability of embedded replication origins to direct adenovirus DNA replication was investigated in transfected cells using the plasmid mini-chromosome model system. Plasmids with origins embedded in circular or linear templates gave rise to replication-proficient linear molecules. Inverted repeats were necessary and sufficient in order to rescue displaced strands from circular or linear templates by the cis pathway. In general, the efficiency of replication on linear templates with embedded origins was higher than on circular templates, but was lower when compared to linear templates with exposed origins. This suggests that the creation of a 3'-end, essential for the cis replication pathway, on displaced strands arising from cicluar molecules may be rate limiting. Alternatively, this might imply that the efficiency of initiation on linear templates is higher than on circular templates. A mutant adenovirus helper was used to investigate the role of homologous recombination in activating plasmids with wild-type adenovirus origin sequences. Recombination between the exposed origins on helper DNA and the embedded origins in linear plasmids might be one possible mechanism to activate embedded origins. However, recombination is clearly not necessary.' Other mechanisms must be involved in the replication of templates which contain embedded origins. The production of tandemly repeated multimers from circular templates suggests that randomly initiated displacement reactions might proceeed continuously around the circles. Subsequently, the displaced strands could be converted into replication-proficient molecules by the cis replication pathway. Title: Structural requirements for adenovirus DNA replication Author: Hu, Chin-Hwa The adenovirus replication origins reside in the inverted terminal repetition (ITR) sequences. Replication proceeds unidirectionally by a strand-displacement mechanism from either or both origins to produce duplex daughter DNA plus a displaced parental strand. The displaced strand can be duplicated by two different routes. The cis pathway involves intramolecular hybridization between the inverted terminal repeats to form a panhandle replicative intermediate, where synthesis of the complementary strand is initiated from the newly created duplex origin on the panhandle. Alternatively, complementary strands arising from replication on different molecules can directly hybridize intermolecularly to reform a duplex viral genome. This path is called trans replication. Using plasmid mini-chromosomes as model systems, the structural requirements for adenovirus DNA replication and the relationship between the cis and trans pathways for complementary strand replication was investigated. Plasmids containing single or dual adenovirus origins, with or without inverted repeats, were specially constructed to mimic the structures of the adenovirus genome. Linear plasmids which contain exposed adenovirus origins can engage in adenovirus helper-dependent strand-displacement replication. A special class of panhandle intermediates (foldback structures), arising from the replication of symmetrical dimers and multimers generated by end-to-end ligation during transfection, was identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and physically characterized. Foldback molecules provide the first evidence for the existence of the adenovirus cis replication pathway. Comparing the yields of cis replication products from different plasmids, it is clear that the efficiency of cis replication increases with longer inverted repeats. In addition, work presented here demonstrates that the conversion of displaced strands into duplexes occurs simultaneously and independently by both the cis and the trans pathways. The ability of embedded replication origins to direct adenovirus DNA replication was investigated in transfected cells using the plasmid mini-chromosome model system. Plasmids with origins embedded in circular or linear templates gave rise to replication-proficient linear molecules. Inverted repeats were necessary and sufficient in order to rescue displaced strands from circular or linear templates by the cis pathway. In general, the efficiency of replication on linear templates with embedded origins was higher than on circular templates, but was lower when compared to linear templates with exposed origins. This suggests that the creation of a 3'-end, essential for the cis replication pathway, on displaced strands arising from cicluar molecules may be rate limiting. Alternatively, this might imply that the efficiency of initiation on linear templates is higher than on circular templates. A mutant adenovirus helper was used to investigate the role of homologous recombination in activating plasmids with wild-type adenovirus origin sequences. Recombination between the exposed origins on helper DNA and the embedded origins in linear plasmids might be one possible mechanism to activate embedded origins. However, recombination is clearly not necessary.' Other mechanisms must be involved in the replication of templates which contain embedded origins. The production of tandemly repeated multimers from circular templates suggests that randomly initiated displacement reactions might proceeed continuously around the circles. Subsequently, the displaced strands could be converted into replication-proficient molecules by the cis replication pathway. Close

• 150. [Article] The effectiveness of a static and dynamic balance training program for children with cerebral palsy

  Balance is the ability to establish an equilibrium between the body and its environment. Balance is a key component which is associated with a variety of movements and postural control. Children with cerebral ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effectiveness of a static and dynamic balance training program for children with cerebral palsy Author: Senisi, Michael Balance is the ability to establish an equilibrium between the body and its environment. Balance is a key component which is associated with a variety of movements and postural control. Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have difficulties with movement and postural control due to physical and neurological limitations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a static and dynamic balance training program on the balance of boys and girls aged 7-11 years (N=4) who have mild to moderate cerebral palsy. A single-subject multiple baseline design was used for this study. Subjects were assessed on four valid field test measures (two static; two dynamic balances). Testing sessions were videotaped to ensure accuracy and reliability of the test measures. The interobserver agreement ranged from 80% to 87% on all four field tests. Baseline was established when subjects established at least three consistent measures, (within a 25% range on 3 of the 4 measures), or following the second week of baseline collection, which ever occurred first. Subjects were tested three times daily with mean scores plotted. Initially, two subjects were paired to begin the intervention period. The remaining two subjects continued in baseline period for one week, with the treatment intervention delayed. During training, subjects received training with a 1:1 teacher-student ratio. Training consisted of 45 minute balance training sessions, 4 times per week for a total of 4 weeks. Each subject was tested daily on one field test daily. Lesson plans were developed to address one of the four subsystems of balance. Post data was collected on all four field tests at one week intervals for a total of 3. Through visual analysis of the data, results indicate that some improvements occurred as a result of the implemented balance training program. Dynamic balance tests showed greater positive changes than the static balance tests. This may be due to the fact that since children like to use a variety of locomotor movements, and thus practice dynamic balance more than static balance. Anecdotal information from the parents seemed to support improvements in balance abilities. There is very little research that focuses on the balance of children with cerebral palsy. More studies are needed to further investigate balance training for persons with CP. Title: The effectiveness of a static and dynamic balance training program for children with cerebral palsy Author: Senisi, Michael Balance is the ability to establish an equilibrium between the body and its environment. Balance is a key component which is associated with a variety of movements and postural control. Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have difficulties with movement and postural control due to physical and neurological limitations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a static and dynamic balance training program on the balance of boys and girls aged 7-11 years (N=4) who have mild to moderate cerebral palsy. A single-subject multiple baseline design was used for this study. Subjects were assessed on four valid field test measures (two static; two dynamic balances). Testing sessions were videotaped to ensure accuracy and reliability of the test measures. The interobserver agreement ranged from 80% to 87% on all four field tests. Baseline was established when subjects established at least three consistent measures, (within a 25% range on 3 of the 4 measures), or following the second week of baseline collection, which ever occurred first. Subjects were tested three times daily with mean scores plotted. Initially, two subjects were paired to begin the intervention period. The remaining two subjects continued in baseline period for one week, with the treatment intervention delayed. During training, subjects received training with a 1:1 teacher-student ratio. Training consisted of 45 minute balance training sessions, 4 times per week for a total of 4 weeks. Each subject was tested daily on one field test daily. Lesson plans were developed to address one of the four subsystems of balance. Post data was collected on all four field tests at one week intervals for a total of 3. Through visual analysis of the data, results indicate that some improvements occurred as a result of the implemented balance training program. Dynamic balance tests showed greater positive changes than the static balance tests. This may be due to the fact that since children like to use a variety of locomotor movements, and thus practice dynamic balance more than static balance. Anecdotal information from the parents seemed to support improvements in balance abilities. There is very little research that focuses on the balance of children with cerebral palsy. More studies are needed to further investigate balance training for persons with CP. Close