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• 101. [Article] Yield and other agronomic characters of winter wheat cultivars as affected by five seeding rates and three different environmental conditions

  Five newly released and two Eastern European winter wheat cultivars were grown under five different seeding rates (80, 160, 240, 320, 400 seeds per m²). Four of these newly released cultivars were grown ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Yield and other agronomic characters of winter wheat cultivars as affected by five seeding rates and three different environmental conditions Author: Güler, Mengü Five newly released and two Eastern European winter wheat cultivars were grown under five different seeding rates (80, 160, 240, 320, 400 seeds per m²). Four of these newly released cultivars were grown at three different locations which have different environmental conditions. Data were obtained on grain yield, tiller number per plant, 1000 kernel weight, seed number per spike, plant and spike number per unit area, plant height, heading and maturity dates. At the lowest rate of seeding the grain yield was significantly lower at all three locations. Although there were no significant differences for grain yield for all the other seeding rates, maximum yields were obtained from lower seeding rates at Ryan while at Hyslop and Madras, which had better moisture conditions, maximum yields were obtained at higher seeding rates. This situation was not observed for the Yamhill cultivar in which maximum yields were obtained at 160 seeds per m² seeding rate at all three locations. Tillers per plant value decreased as the seeding rate increased. Hyslop and McDermid produced significantly higher number of tillers per plant from the other cultivars. Significantly highest 1000 kernel weight values were obtained at the lowest seeding rate. Yamhill produced the highest significant 1000 kernel weight while Paha produced the lowest. Seeds per spike value followed the same order as tillers per plant and 1000 kernel weight showing a continuous decrease with the increased rates of seeding. The number of plants per m² was a direct linear function of seeding rate. The number of spikes per m² increased curvilinearly with the increased seeding rate. Hyslop and McDermid produced the highest significant number of spikes per m² because of their higher tillering ability. Plant height increased with increased rates of seeding because of the increased competition for light. Yamhill and Paha were significantly the tallest cultivars. The tallest plants were observed at Hyslop. There was a decrease in the number of days in heading and maturity as the rates of seeding increased. The cultivars ranked in the order Paha > Yamhill > Hyslop > McDermid for heading and maturity dates. Heading first occurred at Hyslop followed by Ryan and Madras while maturity occurred first at Ryan followed by Hyslop and Madras. Highly positive correlations were observed among plants per m², spikes per m and seeding rate while these factors correlated negatively with tillers per plant, 1000 kernel weight and seeds per spike. The regression equations showed that maturity date, heading date and spikes per m² values were the most important factors for predicting yield. Title: Yield and other agronomic characters of winter wheat cultivars as affected by five seeding rates and three different environmental conditions Author: Güler, Mengü Five newly released and two Eastern European winter wheat cultivars were grown under five different seeding rates (80, 160, 240, 320, 400 seeds per m²). Four of these newly released cultivars were grown at three different locations which have different environmental conditions. Data were obtained on grain yield, tiller number per plant, 1000 kernel weight, seed number per spike, plant and spike number per unit area, plant height, heading and maturity dates. At the lowest rate of seeding the grain yield was significantly lower at all three locations. Although there were no significant differences for grain yield for all the other seeding rates, maximum yields were obtained from lower seeding rates at Ryan while at Hyslop and Madras, which had better moisture conditions, maximum yields were obtained at higher seeding rates. This situation was not observed for the Yamhill cultivar in which maximum yields were obtained at 160 seeds per m² seeding rate at all three locations. Tillers per plant value decreased as the seeding rate increased. Hyslop and McDermid produced significantly higher number of tillers per plant from the other cultivars. Significantly highest 1000 kernel weight values were obtained at the lowest seeding rate. Yamhill produced the highest significant 1000 kernel weight while Paha produced the lowest. Seeds per spike value followed the same order as tillers per plant and 1000 kernel weight showing a continuous decrease with the increased rates of seeding. The number of plants per m² was a direct linear function of seeding rate. The number of spikes per m² increased curvilinearly with the increased seeding rate. Hyslop and McDermid produced the highest significant number of spikes per m² because of their higher tillering ability. Plant height increased with increased rates of seeding because of the increased competition for light. Yamhill and Paha were significantly the tallest cultivars. The tallest plants were observed at Hyslop. There was a decrease in the number of days in heading and maturity as the rates of seeding increased. The cultivars ranked in the order Paha > Yamhill > Hyslop > McDermid for heading and maturity dates. Heading first occurred at Hyslop followed by Ryan and Madras while maturity occurred first at Ryan followed by Hyslop and Madras. Highly positive correlations were observed among plants per m², spikes per m and seeding rate while these factors correlated negatively with tillers per plant, 1000 kernel weight and seeds per spike. The regression equations showed that maturity date, heading date and spikes per m² values were the most important factors for predicting yield. Close

• 102. [Article] Distribution of recent foraminifera in relation to estuarine hydrography, Yaquina Bay, Oregon

  The foraminiferal population of Yaquina Bay was investigated to attempt a correlation of seasonal changes in the hydrography with observed changes in the faunal distribution patterns. The results are based ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution of recent foraminifera in relation to estuarine hydrography, Yaquina Bay, Oregon Author: Manske, Douglas Charles The foraminiferal population of Yaquina Bay was investigated to attempt a correlation of seasonal changes in the hydrography with observed changes in the faunal distribution patterns. The results are based on data from two spatial surveys conducted in July 1966, and late February and March, 1967. The hydrography of Yaquina Bay undergoes seasonal changes closely paralleling the seasonal precipitation pattern. Except for short-term variations, the estuarine system is partly-mixed during the period of maximum river discharge (November to May) and wellmixed from June through October. Coastal upwelling (high salinity, low temperature) has a marked influence on the hydrography of the lower bay during the summer; maximum salinities and temperatures prevail in the upper reaches of the estuary during late summer and fall. Species associations were determined by the Fager-McConnaughey correlation coefficient method; similar assemblages were found for both summer and winter surveys. A marine biofacies fauna, dominated by Elphidium microgranulosum and E. frigidum, occupies the main estuary channel for about five miles upstream. The distributional patterns of the living fauna show evidence of a stronger marine influence during the summer, corresponding to a similar pattern in the hydrography. In the lower bay, the Elphidium fauna is displaced laterally by an assemblage characterized by Trochammina charlottensis and Elphidium incertum in the middle intertidal zone. This assemblages in turn gives way to an Ammobaculites exiguus -Miliammina fusca fauna in the upper intertidal area. The Elphidium assemblage gives way to a Miliammina fauna in the upstream direction. Trochammina inflata, T. macrescens, Miliammina fusca, Jadamminina polystoma, Haplophragmoides sp., H. hancocki and Siphotrochammina lobata are the principal species found in the marine marsh. Zones of environmental similarity were defined by the index of affinity association analysis. Living and total faunas of both winter and summer surveys were considered separately; several sample groups were defined in each case. Index of affinity data can also be used to provide an index of the marine influence on the foraminiferal population of the estuary. Species diversity or the average number of species/sample, ranges from 22 in the marine biofacies zone to six on the lower bay tideflats. An intermediate value (l0/sample)was found for the marine marsh. Highest standing crops were found in the marshes (summer) and on the tideflats adjacent to the lower bay channel, averaging 40 and 42/cm² respectively. Lowest values (1 to 2 cm²) were found in the middle to upper intertidal areas of the lower bay during the summer. The distribution of the total fauna is quite similar to that of the living population. Highest average values (175/cm³) are again found in the marine marsh and in the marine biofacies zone (70 to 80/cm³). Lowest values occur on the lower bay intertidal areas (3 to 9/cm³). In general, the percentage representation of agglutinated species in the total fauna increases with distance upstream in the channel and with distance laterally from the channel axis. Faunas of some marsh stations are composed entirely of agglutinated species. The percentage of calcareous hyaline species shows an inverse relation to that of the agglutinated fauna, increasing in importance with approach to marine conditions. Porcelaneous and planktonic species are generally minor constituents in the total fauna and are restricted to the marine biofacies as it is developed in the estuary. Foraminifer-ostracod ratios are extremely variable in the environments sampled in Yaquina Bay. Smooth-valved species are characteristic of the marine marsh and inner bay environments; valve ornamentation tends to increase with approach to marine conditions. Thecamoebians are present in low numbers throughout the estuary. In general however, the number of species and population size increases in the upstream direction. Title: Distribution of recent foraminifera in relation to estuarine hydrography, Yaquina Bay, Oregon Author: Manske, Douglas Charles The foraminiferal population of Yaquina Bay was investigated to attempt a correlation of seasonal changes in the hydrography with observed changes in the faunal distribution patterns. The results are based on data from two spatial surveys conducted in July 1966, and late February and March, 1967. The hydrography of Yaquina Bay undergoes seasonal changes closely paralleling the seasonal precipitation pattern. Except for short-term variations, the estuarine system is partly-mixed during the period of maximum river discharge (November to May) and wellmixed from June through October. Coastal upwelling (high salinity, low temperature) has a marked influence on the hydrography of the lower bay during the summer; maximum salinities and temperatures prevail in the upper reaches of the estuary during late summer and fall. Species associations were determined by the Fager-McConnaughey correlation coefficient method; similar assemblages were found for both summer and winter surveys. A marine biofacies fauna, dominated by Elphidium microgranulosum and E. frigidum, occupies the main estuary channel for about five miles upstream. The distributional patterns of the living fauna show evidence of a stronger marine influence during the summer, corresponding to a similar pattern in the hydrography. In the lower bay, the Elphidium fauna is displaced laterally by an assemblage characterized by Trochammina charlottensis and Elphidium incertum in the middle intertidal zone. This assemblages in turn gives way to an Ammobaculites exiguus -Miliammina fusca fauna in the upper intertidal area. The Elphidium assemblage gives way to a Miliammina fauna in the upstream direction. Trochammina inflata, T. macrescens, Miliammina fusca, Jadamminina polystoma, Haplophragmoides sp., H. hancocki and Siphotrochammina lobata are the principal species found in the marine marsh. Zones of environmental similarity were defined by the index of affinity association analysis. Living and total faunas of both winter and summer surveys were considered separately; several sample groups were defined in each case. Index of affinity data can also be used to provide an index of the marine influence on the foraminiferal population of the estuary. Species diversity or the average number of species/sample, ranges from 22 in the marine biofacies zone to six on the lower bay tideflats. An intermediate value (l0/sample)was found for the marine marsh. Highest standing crops were found in the marshes (summer) and on the tideflats adjacent to the lower bay channel, averaging 40 and 42/cm² respectively. Lowest values (1 to 2 cm²) were found in the middle to upper intertidal areas of the lower bay during the summer. The distribution of the total fauna is quite similar to that of the living population. Highest average values (175/cm³) are again found in the marine marsh and in the marine biofacies zone (70 to 80/cm³). Lowest values occur on the lower bay intertidal areas (3 to 9/cm³). In general, the percentage representation of agglutinated species in the total fauna increases with distance upstream in the channel and with distance laterally from the channel axis. Faunas of some marsh stations are composed entirely of agglutinated species. The percentage of calcareous hyaline species shows an inverse relation to that of the agglutinated fauna, increasing in importance with approach to marine conditions. Porcelaneous and planktonic species are generally minor constituents in the total fauna and are restricted to the marine biofacies as it is developed in the estuary. Foraminifer-ostracod ratios are extremely variable in the environments sampled in Yaquina Bay. Smooth-valved species are characteristic of the marine marsh and inner bay environments; valve ornamentation tends to increase with approach to marine conditions. Thecamoebians are present in low numbers throughout the estuary. In general however, the number of species and population size increases in the upstream direction. Close

• 103. [Article] The Generation Challenge Programme Platform: Semantic Standards and Workbench for Crop Science

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Hindawi Publishing Corporation. The published article can be found at: http://www.hindawi.com/j...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Generation Challenge Programme Platform: Semantic Standards and Workbench for Crop Science Author: Davenport, Guy, Senger, Martin, Bruskiewich, Richard, et al., Jaiswal, Pankaj This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Hindawi Publishing Corporation. The published article can be found at: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijpg/. Title: The Generation Challenge Programme Platform: Semantic Standards and Workbench for Crop Science Author: Davenport, Guy, Senger, Martin, Bruskiewich, Richard, et al., Jaiswal, Pankaj This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Hindawi Publishing Corporation. The published article can be found at: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijpg/. Close

• 104. [Article] Soil Water Tension Irrigation Criteria Affects Both Stevia Rebaudiana Leaf Yield and Leaf Steviol Glycoside Composition

  Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) is a perennial herbaceous plant native to Paraguay and used traditionally by the native Guarani peoples for centuries to sweeten medicinal teas. Stevia has only been commercially ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil Water Tension Irrigation Criteria Affects Both Stevia Rebaudiana Leaf Yield and Leaf Steviol Glycoside Composition Author: Parris, Cheryl A. Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) is a perennial herbaceous plant native to Paraguay and used traditionally by the native Guarani peoples for centuries to sweeten medicinal teas. Stevia has only been commercially cultivated over the past 50 years and cultural practice information suitable for implementation by growers is limited. Currently stevia’s commercial value is found in its steviol glycoside content, especially rebaudioside A. Growers seek information to maximize productivity of rebaudioside A through improved cultural practices. Irrigation management is one of several important agronomic techniques growers can use to obtain maximum yield while also pursuing water use efficiency. The current trial investigated the effect that soil water tension as an irrigation onset criteria had on stevia dry leaf yields, steviol glycoside content and yield, and steviol glycoside ratios. The experiment was conducted in a field of Owyhee silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Xerollic Camborthid) at the Oregon State University, Malheur Experiment Station, Ontario, Oregon, N 43° 58' 53.273'' W 117° 1' 26.396''. Two stevia varieties, SW109 and SW129 (S&W Seed Company Inc., Fresno, California), were subjected to soil water tension irrigation criteria of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, kPa over a 57-day trial period. Harvested plant material was measured for dry leaf yield and several steviol glycosides. Analysis of variance showed significant variety differences in leaf yield, leaf stevioside and rebaudioside A content and yield, and steviol glycoside ratios (P=0.05). Examining the data by analysis of variance, dry leaf yield, stevioside%, rebaudioside C %, total steviol glycoside (TSG), rebaudioside C yield, and TSG % yield had significant higher results among the wetter compared to the drier soil water tension criteria treatments, yet a preferred treatment regime was not was not clearly evident. When comparing varieties by regression analysis, results showed a highly significant decrease in stevioside % content, and an increase in the ratio of rebaudioside A to stevioside from drier to wetter irrigation onset criteria, whereas, rebaudioside A % content did not show any significant trend at differing irrigation criteria. The results indicate that maximizing dry leaf productivity directly affects the total rebaudioside A yield, which in turn can provide increased crop value to the grower. Irrigating near 10kPa produced higher dry leaf yield and total rebaudioside A yield, than irrigation at drier criteria. Irrigating stevia at 10 kPa at full canopy, the crop coefficient, k[subscript c], was equivalent to 0.97 ET₀, averaging 6.4 mm·d⁻¹ for the days measured. Title: Soil Water Tension Irrigation Criteria Affects Both Stevia Rebaudiana Leaf Yield and Leaf Steviol Glycoside Composition Author: Parris, Cheryl A. Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) is a perennial herbaceous plant native to Paraguay and used traditionally by the native Guarani peoples for centuries to sweeten medicinal teas. Stevia has only been commercially cultivated over the past 50 years and cultural practice information suitable for implementation by growers is limited. Currently stevia’s commercial value is found in its steviol glycoside content, especially rebaudioside A. Growers seek information to maximize productivity of rebaudioside A through improved cultural practices. Irrigation management is one of several important agronomic techniques growers can use to obtain maximum yield while also pursuing water use efficiency. The current trial investigated the effect that soil water tension as an irrigation onset criteria had on stevia dry leaf yields, steviol glycoside content and yield, and steviol glycoside ratios. The experiment was conducted in a field of Owyhee silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Xerollic Camborthid) at the Oregon State University, Malheur Experiment Station, Ontario, Oregon, N 43° 58' 53.273'' W 117° 1' 26.396''. Two stevia varieties, SW109 and SW129 (S&W Seed Company Inc., Fresno, California), were subjected to soil water tension irrigation criteria of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, kPa over a 57-day trial period. Harvested plant material was measured for dry leaf yield and several steviol glycosides. Analysis of variance showed significant variety differences in leaf yield, leaf stevioside and rebaudioside A content and yield, and steviol glycoside ratios (P=0.05). Examining the data by analysis of variance, dry leaf yield, stevioside%, rebaudioside C %, total steviol glycoside (TSG), rebaudioside C yield, and TSG % yield had significant higher results among the wetter compared to the drier soil water tension criteria treatments, yet a preferred treatment regime was not was not clearly evident. When comparing varieties by regression analysis, results showed a highly significant decrease in stevioside % content, and an increase in the ratio of rebaudioside A to stevioside from drier to wetter irrigation onset criteria, whereas, rebaudioside A % content did not show any significant trend at differing irrigation criteria. The results indicate that maximizing dry leaf productivity directly affects the total rebaudioside A yield, which in turn can provide increased crop value to the grower. Irrigating near 10kPa produced higher dry leaf yield and total rebaudioside A yield, than irrigation at drier criteria. Irrigating stevia at 10 kPa at full canopy, the crop coefficient, k[subscript c], was equivalent to 0.97 ET₀, averaging 6.4 mm·d⁻¹ for the days measured. Close

• 105. [Article] Do low price fish, have high nutritional value?

  Includes research findings and presentation.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Do low price fish, have high nutritional value? Author: Perdikaris, Costas, Paschos, Ioannis, Lenas, Dimitrios Includes research findings and presentation. Title: Do low price fish, have high nutritional value? Author: Perdikaris, Costas, Paschos, Ioannis, Lenas, Dimitrios Includes research findings and presentation. Close

• 106. [Article] Agricultural Management Decisions Impact Isoprene Emission and Physiology of Arundo donax, an Emerging Bioenergy Crop

  Arundo donax (Giant Reed) is quickly being developed as a rapidly-growing, robust, and highly productive bioenergy crop, with large scale cultivation of this species planned for the Columbia River basin ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agricultural Management Decisions Impact Isoprene Emission and Physiology of Arundo donax, an Emerging Bioenergy Crop Author: Maxfield, Jason Charles Year: 2014 Arundo donax (Giant Reed) is quickly being developed as a rapidly-growing, robust, and highly productive bioenergy crop, with large scale cultivation of this species planned for the Columbia River basin of the Pacific Northwest (USA). Despite its potential as a next generation biomass crop, relatively few studies have examined the physiological performance of A. donax under agricultural conditions. Unlike traditional crops, A. donax is known to be a high-emitter of the volatile compound isoprene, which may significantly impact regional air quality, but it has not been widely cultivated in North America and little is known about how this species will perform in the Pacific Northwest. Over two field seasons, we measured isoprene fluxes from A. donax plants in both greenhouse conditions and in an agricultural field setting under a variety of conditions and fertilizer treatments. We also measured several other attributes of A. donax productivity and leaf physiology including chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, specific leaf mass, water use efficiency and gas exchange. We found that A. donax physiologically performs well under cultivation in the Columbia River basin, but that it also emits isoprene at significantly higher rates than previous reports indicate. We also found that both isoprene emission and leaf physiology were highly affected by agricultural management decisions, including nitrogen and irrigation management. Our findings indicate that crop management strategies can be developed that simultaneously seek to minimize isoprene emission while maximizing biomass production in this newly emerging bioenergy crop. Title: Agricultural Management Decisions Impact Isoprene Emission and Physiology of Arundo donax, an Emerging Bioenergy Crop Author: Maxfield, Jason Charles Year: 2014 Arundo donax (Giant Reed) is quickly being developed as a rapidly-growing, robust, and highly productive bioenergy crop, with large scale cultivation of this species planned for the Columbia River basin of the Pacific Northwest (USA). Despite its potential as a next generation biomass crop, relatively few studies have examined the physiological performance of A. donax under agricultural conditions. Unlike traditional crops, A. donax is known to be a high-emitter of the volatile compound isoprene, which may significantly impact regional air quality, but it has not been widely cultivated in North America and little is known about how this species will perform in the Pacific Northwest. Over two field seasons, we measured isoprene fluxes from A. donax plants in both greenhouse conditions and in an agricultural field setting under a variety of conditions and fertilizer treatments. We also measured several other attributes of A. donax productivity and leaf physiology including chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, specific leaf mass, water use efficiency and gas exchange. We found that A. donax physiologically performs well under cultivation in the Columbia River basin, but that it also emits isoprene at significantly higher rates than previous reports indicate. We also found that both isoprene emission and leaf physiology were highly affected by agricultural management decisions, including nitrogen and irrigation management. Our findings indicate that crop management strategies can be developed that simultaneously seek to minimize isoprene emission while maximizing biomass production in this newly emerging bioenergy crop. Close

• 107. [Article] An examination of terminal and instrumental values of selected Oregon State University students

  The purpose of this study was twofold; first, to identify the values held by Oregon State University students, and second, to determine if the values of OSU students are different from samples previously ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An examination of terminal and instrumental values of selected Oregon State University students Author: Norelius, Caroline F. The purpose of this study was twofold; first, to identify the values held by Oregon State University students, and second, to determine if the values of OSU students are different from samples previously surveyed. A further purpose of the study was to develop baseline data on a cross-section of the OSU population. Form G of the Rokeach Value Survey was sent to 425 freshman and senior men and women. Subjects were selected by a computer generated random sample of the total population from Student Information System records. Three hundred eighty-six usable responses (86%) were returned and used in the data analysis. Chi-square with Yates correction was used to determine the significance of specific value differences between each of the comparison groups. In addition, the Kruskal-Wallace H test was applied to hypotheses 3-7 where original data was available. No differences were found to exist on the specific levels between the two test results. Data analysis was accomplished using a personal computer and the Lotus 1-2-3 software package. Twelve null hypotheses concerning differences in median rankings of terminal values (end-states of existence) and instrumental values (preferred modes of conduct) were tested. The results of the study provided a profile of the current OSU student population. Conclusions: current freshman women differ from those reported in 1972; current freshman men and women have similar terminal values, but differ on their instrumental values; current senior men and women differ on terminal value placement, but have highly similar instrumental values; current freshmen differ on both terminal and instrumental values from the national norms; current seniors differ from the national norms on terminal values, but are similar on instrumental values; current OSU students differ from the national norms for college students on both the terminal and instrumental values scales. In regard to specific values, OSU students value health, self-respect and true friendship as end-states of existence and honest, responsible and loving as preferred modes of conduct. Title: An examination of terminal and instrumental values of selected Oregon State University students Author: Norelius, Caroline F. The purpose of this study was twofold; first, to identify the values held by Oregon State University students, and second, to determine if the values of OSU students are different from samples previously surveyed. A further purpose of the study was to develop baseline data on a cross-section of the OSU population. Form G of the Rokeach Value Survey was sent to 425 freshman and senior men and women. Subjects were selected by a computer generated random sample of the total population from Student Information System records. Three hundred eighty-six usable responses (86%) were returned and used in the data analysis. Chi-square with Yates correction was used to determine the significance of specific value differences between each of the comparison groups. In addition, the Kruskal-Wallace H test was applied to hypotheses 3-7 where original data was available. No differences were found to exist on the specific levels between the two test results. Data analysis was accomplished using a personal computer and the Lotus 1-2-3 software package. Twelve null hypotheses concerning differences in median rankings of terminal values (end-states of existence) and instrumental values (preferred modes of conduct) were tested. The results of the study provided a profile of the current OSU student population. Conclusions: current freshman women differ from those reported in 1972; current freshman men and women have similar terminal values, but differ on their instrumental values; current senior men and women differ on terminal value placement, but have highly similar instrumental values; current freshmen differ on both terminal and instrumental values from the national norms; current seniors differ from the national norms on terminal values, but are similar on instrumental values; current OSU students differ from the national norms for college students on both the terminal and instrumental values scales. In regard to specific values, OSU students value health, self-respect and true friendship as end-states of existence and honest, responsible and loving as preferred modes of conduct. Close

• 108. [Article] Collecting Image Cropping Dataset: A Hybrid System of Machine and Human Intelligence

  Image cropping is a common tool that exists in almost any image editor, yet automatic cropping is still a difficult problem in Computer Vision. Since images nowadays can be easily collected through the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Collecting Image Cropping Dataset: A Hybrid System of Machine and Human Intelligence Author: Mai, Uyen T., Liu, Feng Year: 2016 Image cropping is a common tool that exists in almost any image editor, yet automatic cropping is still a difficult problem in Computer Vision. Since images nowadays can be easily collected through the web, machine learning is a promising approach to solve this problem. However, an image cropping dataset is not yet available and gathering such a large-scale dataset is a non-trivial task. Although a crowdsourcing website such as Mechanical Turk seems to be a solution to this task, image cropping is a sophisticated task that is vulnerable to unreliable annotation; furthermore, collecting a large-scale high-quality dataset through crowdsourcing is expensive. Alternatively, we introduce a system that uses automatic methods and human inputs to generate and evaluate image crops. Our system is a hybrid of machine and human intelligence. Given an image, the hybrid system generates image crops in three steps: identify main objects in the image; automatically generate a set of potential good crops around the identified main objects following principle photographic composition; and assess the generated crops. The second step is automatic while the first and third steps require inputs from the human. We obtain these user inputs by designing an online game. In the user’s perspective, our system is a website where users can access to play games. In our perspective, by letting people play games, we have them annotate the images for us with no cost. The games are carefully designed so that users’ feedbacks are helpful to our main goal. The system is embedded with a quality control model that assesses the user’s accuracy and the quality of the annotation. Title: Collecting Image Cropping Dataset: A Hybrid System of Machine and Human Intelligence Author: Mai, Uyen T., Liu, Feng Year: 2016 Image cropping is a common tool that exists in almost any image editor, yet automatic cropping is still a difficult problem in Computer Vision. Since images nowadays can be easily collected through the web, machine learning is a promising approach to solve this problem. However, an image cropping dataset is not yet available and gathering such a large-scale dataset is a non-trivial task. Although a crowdsourcing website such as Mechanical Turk seems to be a solution to this task, image cropping is a sophisticated task that is vulnerable to unreliable annotation; furthermore, collecting a large-scale high-quality dataset through crowdsourcing is expensive. Alternatively, we introduce a system that uses automatic methods and human inputs to generate and evaluate image crops. Our system is a hybrid of machine and human intelligence. Given an image, the hybrid system generates image crops in three steps: identify main objects in the image; automatically generate a set of potential good crops around the identified main objects following principle photographic composition; and assess the generated crops. The second step is automatic while the first and third steps require inputs from the human. We obtain these user inputs by designing an online game. In the user’s perspective, our system is a website where users can access to play games. In our perspective, by letting people play games, we have them annotate the images for us with no cost. The games are carefully designed so that users’ feedbacks are helpful to our main goal. The system is embedded with a quality control model that assesses the user’s accuracy and the quality of the annotation. Close

• 109. [Article] The effect of heterozygosity on phenotypic stability in spring barley

  The effect of heterozygosity on the phenotypic stabilities of six morphological plant characteristics was studied in hybrid crosses of two self-pollinated barley species Hordeum vulgare L., emend Lam. and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of heterozygosity on phenotypic stability in spring barley Author: Smith, Garry Austin The effect of heterozygosity on the phenotypic stabilities of six morphological plant characteristics was studied in hybrid crosses of two self-pollinated barley species Hordeum vulgare L., emend Lam. and Hordeum distichum L., emend Lam. Experimental material consisting of parents and their F₁ diallel progeny were grown at two field locations and one greenhouse location in the spring of 1967. The phenotypic stability for plant height, kernels per spike, kernel weight, grain yield per plant and awn length was determined by the use of two statistics, the standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation. These statistics were computed on each individual plot based on measurements taken from three plants per plot. The mean coefficient of variation and standard deviation values representing the phenotypic stability of each of the entries were compared at each of three locations and across the three locations. Analyses of variance facilitated the comparison of four groups. Two of the four groups were composed of homozygous genotypes (parental groups) and two of the groups were composed of highly heterozygous genotypes (6 X 6 and 2 X 2 crosses). The associations between the phenotypic stabilities of all characteristics measured were studied by the use of linear correlations. Further, associations between the mean values of each characteristic measured and its phenotypic stability were determined. In addition, the association between the two statistics coefficient of variation and standard deviation utilized in this study as a basis of measuring phenotypic stability was determined by correlation studies. The results of this research indicated that the phenotypic stability of heterozygotes as a group was neither greater nor less than the homozygotes for any morphological characteristic when compared across the three locations. This would suggest that heterozygosity per se does not influence phenotypic stability over rather diverse environments. On the other hand heterozygosity did increase the phenotypic variation of kernel weight and plant height at the Klamath Falls field location. And, the phenotypic variation of tiller number was increased at the Corvallis field location. The phenotypic stability of heterozygotes and homozygotes was greatest for all characteristics measured under the minimal environmental stress at the greenhouse location. The phenotypic stability of kernel weight, plant height, kernels per spike and awn length were associated. Evidence also indicated associations between the phenotypic stability of plant height and the phenotypic stabilities of kernels per spike and awn length. Additional evidence indicated that the phenotypic stabilities of kernels per spike and awn length were associated. This association among the phenotypic stability of several plant characteristics may suggest a common control mechanism for phenotypic stability within the plant. If as the evidence indicated, the phenotypic stability of several plant characteristics are associated, the selection for levels of phenotypic stability of one plant characteristic could lead to increased stability for certain other plant characteristics. It was found that the parents used in a hybrid barley cross can influence the phenotypic stability of the hybrid. These results suggest the possibility of selecting parents which when crossed would result in hybrids which exhibit high phenotypic stability for particular morphological characteristics. The coefficient of variation and standard deviation were highly associated when used to measure phenotypic stability. The coefficient of variation was the most reliable of the two statistics because it was not influenced by the size of the mean as was the standard deviation. Title: The effect of heterozygosity on phenotypic stability in spring barley Author: Smith, Garry Austin The effect of heterozygosity on the phenotypic stabilities of six morphological plant characteristics was studied in hybrid crosses of two self-pollinated barley species Hordeum vulgare L., emend Lam. and Hordeum distichum L., emend Lam. Experimental material consisting of parents and their F₁ diallel progeny were grown at two field locations and one greenhouse location in the spring of 1967. The phenotypic stability for plant height, kernels per spike, kernel weight, grain yield per plant and awn length was determined by the use of two statistics, the standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation. These statistics were computed on each individual plot based on measurements taken from three plants per plot. The mean coefficient of variation and standard deviation values representing the phenotypic stability of each of the entries were compared at each of three locations and across the three locations. Analyses of variance facilitated the comparison of four groups. Two of the four groups were composed of homozygous genotypes (parental groups) and two of the groups were composed of highly heterozygous genotypes (6 X 6 and 2 X 2 crosses). The associations between the phenotypic stabilities of all characteristics measured were studied by the use of linear correlations. Further, associations between the mean values of each characteristic measured and its phenotypic stability were determined. In addition, the association between the two statistics coefficient of variation and standard deviation utilized in this study as a basis of measuring phenotypic stability was determined by correlation studies. The results of this research indicated that the phenotypic stability of heterozygotes as a group was neither greater nor less than the homozygotes for any morphological characteristic when compared across the three locations. This would suggest that heterozygosity per se does not influence phenotypic stability over rather diverse environments. On the other hand heterozygosity did increase the phenotypic variation of kernel weight and plant height at the Klamath Falls field location. And, the phenotypic variation of tiller number was increased at the Corvallis field location. The phenotypic stability of heterozygotes and homozygotes was greatest for all characteristics measured under the minimal environmental stress at the greenhouse location. The phenotypic stability of kernel weight, plant height, kernels per spike and awn length were associated. Evidence also indicated associations between the phenotypic stability of plant height and the phenotypic stabilities of kernels per spike and awn length. Additional evidence indicated that the phenotypic stabilities of kernels per spike and awn length were associated. This association among the phenotypic stability of several plant characteristics may suggest a common control mechanism for phenotypic stability within the plant. If as the evidence indicated, the phenotypic stability of several plant characteristics are associated, the selection for levels of phenotypic stability of one plant characteristic could lead to increased stability for certain other plant characteristics. It was found that the parents used in a hybrid barley cross can influence the phenotypic stability of the hybrid. These results suggest the possibility of selecting parents which when crossed would result in hybrids which exhibit high phenotypic stability for particular morphological characteristics. The coefficient of variation and standard deviation were highly associated when used to measure phenotypic stability. The coefficient of variation was the most reliable of the two statistics because it was not influenced by the size of the mean as was the standard deviation. Close

• 110. [Article] Selected effects of additional irrigation in the Columbia Basin : a multiregional interindustry analysis

  Increasing demands for water related services of the Columbia River and its tributaries create conflicts between users During the 1970's the conflict has centered around three major water uses - irrigation, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Selected effects of additional irrigation in the Columbia Basin : a multiregional interindustry analysis Author: Wilkins, John Russell Increasing demands for water related services of the Columbia River and its tributaries create conflicts between users During the 1970's the conflict has centered around three major water uses - irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and fisheries. This study analyzes some of the tradeoffs between upstream depletion of water for irrigation and downstream use of the water for production of aluminum, which depends on large blocks of inexpensive hydroelectric energy The economic value of two projected increments of irrigated crops in 1985 and the consequent losses of economic value from less aluminum output due to reduced hydroelectric generation are analyzed in a 1985 multiregional inputoutput model of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho The analysis also estimates direct and indirect changes in output and employment by industry, State, and for the region. Results indicate that the 1985 incremental value of crop output from additional irrigation overshadows output losses in the regional aluminum industry For each additional dollar of crop production and processing, 4-7 cents are lost n regional aluminum and related output. Neither the crop production increases nor the aluminum production losses are large compared to the projected 1985 regional economy. However, the production changes are significant within each industry and probably would have considerable impact in localities with new irrigated lands or where aluminum production is significant. Indirect or support output in trade, services, transportation machinery, food processing, manufacture, and electric utilities are most affected by future irrigated crop output increases and aluminum output decreases Despite the largest aluminum output reductions, most of the effects occur in Washington, followed by Idaho and then Oregon. Title: Selected effects of additional irrigation in the Columbia Basin : a multiregional interindustry analysis Author: Wilkins, John Russell Increasing demands for water related services of the Columbia River and its tributaries create conflicts between users During the 1970's the conflict has centered around three major water uses - irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and fisheries. This study analyzes some of the tradeoffs between upstream depletion of water for irrigation and downstream use of the water for production of aluminum, which depends on large blocks of inexpensive hydroelectric energy The economic value of two projected increments of irrigated crops in 1985 and the consequent losses of economic value from less aluminum output due to reduced hydroelectric generation are analyzed in a 1985 multiregional inputoutput model of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho The analysis also estimates direct and indirect changes in output and employment by industry, State, and for the region. Results indicate that the 1985 incremental value of crop output from additional irrigation overshadows output losses in the regional aluminum industry For each additional dollar of crop production and processing, 4-7 cents are lost n regional aluminum and related output. Neither the crop production increases nor the aluminum production losses are large compared to the projected 1985 regional economy. However, the production changes are significant within each industry and probably would have considerable impact in localities with new irrigated lands or where aluminum production is significant. Indirect or support output in trade, services, transportation machinery, food processing, manufacture, and electric utilities are most affected by future irrigated crop output increases and aluminum output decreases Despite the largest aluminum output reductions, most of the effects occur in Washington, followed by Idaho and then Oregon. Close

• 111. [Article] Influence of cover crop residue management on soil moisture, vine growth, and productivity in a pre-production vineyard in the Willamette Valley

  The use of cover crops in young vineyards is not widely accepted in the Pacific Northwest due to concerns of water and nutrient competition between the cover crop and vines. The last 2 years of a 4-year ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of cover crop residue management on soil moisture, vine growth, and productivity in a pre-production vineyard in the Willamette Valley Author: Curtis, Morgan A. The use of cover crops in young vineyards is not widely accepted in the Pacific Northwest due to concerns of water and nutrient competition between the cover crop and vines. The last 2 years of a 4-year study started in 2009 are reported here. The study evaluated the use of biomass management of a winter annual cover to enhance growth and conserve soil moisture. A winter annual cover crop of cereal rye (Secale cereale) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) was planted each fall in a pre-production Vitis vinifera 'Chardonnay' vineyard. Cover-cropped treatments were compared to an unplanted treatment which was never planted to cover crop and kept free of vegetation by tillage and/or herbicides for the duration of the study. In spring, cover crop biomass was mowed and residues were placed in the alleys, removed from the alleys, or applied as a mulch to the vine row at two densities (one equal to the alley biomass, and one with triple the alley biomass). All treatments were tilled and kept free of vegetation during the summer. Insufficient residue was produced in 2012 and data collected in that year was used to determine residual effects from three prior years of treatments. Higher levels of soil moisture were maintained in mulched treatments through the summer of 2011. Soil mechanical resistance was decreased under the high level of mulch. Root density was increased in mulched vine rows, likely as a result of both increased soil moisture and reduced soil mechanical resistance. In 2011, shoot growth was increased by 17% in mulch treatments, and fruitfulness was higher in 2011 and 2012. Tissue nitrogen and leaf chlorophyll were increased in mulched treatments at bloom, and potassium and boron were higher with the high level of mulch in 2011. Clusters were larger in the high level of mulch treatment with more berries per cluster, but berry weight and fruit yield were not different. Cover crop and mulch did not alter soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, or yeast assimilable nitrogen. By using a winter annual cover crop, consisting of a mix of grasses and legumes, and applying the biomass to the vines in the spring, cover crops can be a viable management option for establishing vineyards in the Pacific Northwest. Title: Influence of cover crop residue management on soil moisture, vine growth, and productivity in a pre-production vineyard in the Willamette Valley Author: Curtis, Morgan A. The use of cover crops in young vineyards is not widely accepted in the Pacific Northwest due to concerns of water and nutrient competition between the cover crop and vines. The last 2 years of a 4-year study started in 2009 are reported here. The study evaluated the use of biomass management of a winter annual cover to enhance growth and conserve soil moisture. A winter annual cover crop of cereal rye (Secale cereale) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) was planted each fall in a pre-production Vitis vinifera 'Chardonnay' vineyard. Cover-cropped treatments were compared to an unplanted treatment which was never planted to cover crop and kept free of vegetation by tillage and/or herbicides for the duration of the study. In spring, cover crop biomass was mowed and residues were placed in the alleys, removed from the alleys, or applied as a mulch to the vine row at two densities (one equal to the alley biomass, and one with triple the alley biomass). All treatments were tilled and kept free of vegetation during the summer. Insufficient residue was produced in 2012 and data collected in that year was used to determine residual effects from three prior years of treatments. Higher levels of soil moisture were maintained in mulched treatments through the summer of 2011. Soil mechanical resistance was decreased under the high level of mulch. Root density was increased in mulched vine rows, likely as a result of both increased soil moisture and reduced soil mechanical resistance. In 2011, shoot growth was increased by 17% in mulch treatments, and fruitfulness was higher in 2011 and 2012. Tissue nitrogen and leaf chlorophyll were increased in mulched treatments at bloom, and potassium and boron were higher with the high level of mulch in 2011. Clusters were larger in the high level of mulch treatment with more berries per cluster, but berry weight and fruit yield were not different. Cover crop and mulch did not alter soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, or yeast assimilable nitrogen. By using a winter annual cover crop, consisting of a mix of grasses and legumes, and applying the biomass to the vines in the spring, cover crops can be a viable management option for establishing vineyards in the Pacific Northwest. Close

• 112. [Article] Effects of pollen collected by honey bees from pollination dependent agricultural cropping systems on honey bee nutrition

  Managed honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies are important pollinators of many cultivated crops. Honey bee colony declines averaging 30% annually in the United States for the past 7 years have caused ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of pollen collected by honey bees from pollination dependent agricultural cropping systems on honey bee nutrition Author: Topitzhofer, Ellen Managed honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies are important pollinators of many cultivated crops. Honey bee colony declines averaging 30% annually in the United States for the past 7 years have caused significant concern and hence have been a topic of intensive investigation. These declines are reportedly due to multiple factors. Poor nutrition, which may be a result of current migratory pollination practices, is one such factor. Migratory pollination is a common practice of beekeepers from the Pacific Northwest and involves the placement of managed honey bee colonies within a series of cropping systems. There is a gap in knowledge on how migratory pollination practices impact honey bee nutrition. To understand the potential impacts of migratory pollination on honey bee nutrition, it is critical to assess the diversity of pollen collected by bees when colonies are placed adjacent to these cropping systems. In this study, we describe the diversity of pollen collected by honey bee colonies managed by beekeepers in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States when placed in seven major cropping systems. We quantified the percent of target crop pollen and overall diversity of pollen collected by honey bees when colonies were placed in these cropping systems. We collected and identified pollen in almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.)), cherry (Prunus avium L.), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Benth.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and carrot (Daucus carota (Hoffm.)) cropping systems. We found that pollen collected from colonies placed in almond cropping systems was predominately Prunus sp., and hence, low in pollen diversity. At the other end of the spectrum, pollen collected from colonies placed adjacent to blueberry cropping systems did not yield any target pollen types (Highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L.), but was high in overall pollen diversity. The pollen collected from colonies placed in other cropping systems was largely intermediate in diversity between these two extremes. There were not many plant species in bloom when pollen was collected from colonies placed in almond cropping system, whereas more plants were in bloom when we collected pollen from colonies placed in blueberry cropping system. The results of this study demonstrate that honey bees collected pollen from plants in the surrounding environment and collected different degrees of pollen diversity across different cropping systems in which the colonies were placed. We further determined if pollen diversity influences colony-level protein utilization and biosynthesis of protein in nurse bees by conducting a pollen feeding experiment. Pollen collected from four different cropping systems in the first study was used to formulate four different diets, each varying in pollen diversity. We measured protein consumption in experimental colonies and by sampling nurse bees from each colony to estimate hypopharyngeal gland protein content and proteolytic enzyme activity after five weeks of feeding on the experimental pollen diets. Experimental colonies fed on pollen collected from almond cropping system exhibited a high protein consumption rate. However, low protein content as found in hypopharyngeal glands of nurse bees in these colonies. The nurse bees in these colonies also had low proteolytic enzyme activity, which indicates a lower rate of protein digestion. Overall, these results suggest that the diet representing pollen collected from almond cropping systems had low digestion rate and may have resulted in lower nurse bee hypopharyngeal gland protein. However, we cannot say this with certainty, as there were other confounding factors involved, such as presence of pesticides in the pollen collected from the cropping systems. Title: Effects of pollen collected by honey bees from pollination dependent agricultural cropping systems on honey bee nutrition Author: Topitzhofer, Ellen Managed honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies are important pollinators of many cultivated crops. Honey bee colony declines averaging 30% annually in the United States for the past 7 years have caused significant concern and hence have been a topic of intensive investigation. These declines are reportedly due to multiple factors. Poor nutrition, which may be a result of current migratory pollination practices, is one such factor. Migratory pollination is a common practice of beekeepers from the Pacific Northwest and involves the placement of managed honey bee colonies within a series of cropping systems. There is a gap in knowledge on how migratory pollination practices impact honey bee nutrition. To understand the potential impacts of migratory pollination on honey bee nutrition, it is critical to assess the diversity of pollen collected by bees when colonies are placed adjacent to these cropping systems. In this study, we describe the diversity of pollen collected by honey bee colonies managed by beekeepers in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States when placed in seven major cropping systems. We quantified the percent of target crop pollen and overall diversity of pollen collected by honey bees when colonies were placed in these cropping systems. We collected and identified pollen in almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.)), cherry (Prunus avium L.), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Benth.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and carrot (Daucus carota (Hoffm.)) cropping systems. We found that pollen collected from colonies placed in almond cropping systems was predominately Prunus sp., and hence, low in pollen diversity. At the other end of the spectrum, pollen collected from colonies placed adjacent to blueberry cropping systems did not yield any target pollen types (Highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L.), but was high in overall pollen diversity. The pollen collected from colonies placed in other cropping systems was largely intermediate in diversity between these two extremes. There were not many plant species in bloom when pollen was collected from colonies placed in almond cropping system, whereas more plants were in bloom when we collected pollen from colonies placed in blueberry cropping system. The results of this study demonstrate that honey bees collected pollen from plants in the surrounding environment and collected different degrees of pollen diversity across different cropping systems in which the colonies were placed. We further determined if pollen diversity influences colony-level protein utilization and biosynthesis of protein in nurse bees by conducting a pollen feeding experiment. Pollen collected from four different cropping systems in the first study was used to formulate four different diets, each varying in pollen diversity. We measured protein consumption in experimental colonies and by sampling nurse bees from each colony to estimate hypopharyngeal gland protein content and proteolytic enzyme activity after five weeks of feeding on the experimental pollen diets. Experimental colonies fed on pollen collected from almond cropping system exhibited a high protein consumption rate. However, low protein content as found in hypopharyngeal glands of nurse bees in these colonies. The nurse bees in these colonies also had low proteolytic enzyme activity, which indicates a lower rate of protein digestion. Overall, these results suggest that the diet representing pollen collected from almond cropping systems had low digestion rate and may have resulted in lower nurse bee hypopharyngeal gland protein. However, we cannot say this with certainty, as there were other confounding factors involved, such as presence of pesticides in the pollen collected from the cropping systems. Close

• 113. [Article] Low-altitude, high-resolution aerial imaging systems for row and field crop phenotyping: A review

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Low-altitude, high-resolution aerial imaging systems for row and field crop phenotyping: A review Author: Espinoza, Carlos Zúñiga, Sankaran, Sindhuja, Pumphrey, Michael O., Miklas, Phillip N., Carter, Arron H., Vandemark, George J., Knowles, N. Richard, Khot, Lav R., Jarolmasjed, Sanaz, Sathuvalli, Vidyasagar R., Payek, Mark J. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/european-journal-of-agronomy/. Title: Low-altitude, high-resolution aerial imaging systems for row and field crop phenotyping: A review Author: Espinoza, Carlos Zúñiga, Sankaran, Sindhuja, Pumphrey, Michael O., Miklas, Phillip N., Carter, Arron H., Vandemark, George J., Knowles, N. Richard, Khot, Lav R., Jarolmasjed, Sanaz, Sathuvalli, Vidyasagar R., Payek, Mark J. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/european-journal-of-agronomy/. Close

• 114. [Article] Tree and crop productivity and soil organic matter changes as influenced by Leucaena hedge-row management in sub-humid India

  The overall objective of this study was to evaluate biomass production and soil ameliorative potential of alley farming in sub-humid India. Effect of the cutting height (40, 80, 120, 160 cm) of Leucaena ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tree and crop productivity and soil organic matter changes as influenced by Leucaena hedge-row management in sub-humid India Author: Singh, Rajive K. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate biomass production and soil ameliorative potential of alley farming in sub-humid India. Effect of the cutting height (40, 80, 120, 160 cm) of Leucaena hedges and root barriers on biomass yield of Leucaena and maize and wheat crops were examined. Trees were pruned at sowing of crops and pruned biomass recycled as surface mulch at the rate of 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 Mg ha⁻¹ twice every year. Biomass production from the trees increased with increasing cutting height up to 120 cm without any substantial reduction in the crop yields. Root barriers had little effect on trees, no effect on maize, but significantly increased wheat grain and straw yield near the trees indicating competitive below ground interaction between Leucaena and wheat. Some alteration in pruning timing may help to minimize tree-crop competition. Crop yields sharply increased with increasing mulch levels when compared on a net-cropped-area basis. However, growing of higher levels of mulch material rapidly reduced area under crops. When adjusted for loss in crop area, a reduction in the grain production was estimated with increasing mulch levels. Estimates based on tree-crop interactions observed in this study show that an alley cropping system with 20% area under Leucaena hedge-rows would provide about 12% lower grain yield and 15% higher fodder yield from crops compared to sole cropping system. In addition, trees would provide about 3.2 Mg ha⁻¹ fuel wood. In such an arrangement, about 3 Mg ha⁻¹yr⁻¹ mulch can be recycled which will have little soil ameliorative value as it showed only marginal increase in soil organic matter (SOM). The system should, however, maintain current yield levels. I used a simulation model SCUAF (Soil Changes Under Agro-Forestry) for predicting expected changes in SOM under different mulch levels. The predicted changes in SOM after a period of 25 years were of the same magnitude as observed changes in soil microbial biomass (Bc) during the 3 year study. Results of this study support the hypotheses that the Bc:Oc ratio tends to return to a climate induced equilibria and early changes in Bc may be used for providing quantitative projections of changes in SOM under different land management options. However, this relationship needs to be validated with long-term field data. Title: Tree and crop productivity and soil organic matter changes as influenced by Leucaena hedge-row management in sub-humid India Author: Singh, Rajive K. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate biomass production and soil ameliorative potential of alley farming in sub-humid India. Effect of the cutting height (40, 80, 120, 160 cm) of Leucaena hedges and root barriers on biomass yield of Leucaena and maize and wheat crops were examined. Trees were pruned at sowing of crops and pruned biomass recycled as surface mulch at the rate of 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 Mg ha⁻¹ twice every year. Biomass production from the trees increased with increasing cutting height up to 120 cm without any substantial reduction in the crop yields. Root barriers had little effect on trees, no effect on maize, but significantly increased wheat grain and straw yield near the trees indicating competitive below ground interaction between Leucaena and wheat. Some alteration in pruning timing may help to minimize tree-crop competition. Crop yields sharply increased with increasing mulch levels when compared on a net-cropped-area basis. However, growing of higher levels of mulch material rapidly reduced area under crops. When adjusted for loss in crop area, a reduction in the grain production was estimated with increasing mulch levels. Estimates based on tree-crop interactions observed in this study show that an alley cropping system with 20% area under Leucaena hedge-rows would provide about 12% lower grain yield and 15% higher fodder yield from crops compared to sole cropping system. In addition, trees would provide about 3.2 Mg ha⁻¹ fuel wood. In such an arrangement, about 3 Mg ha⁻¹yr⁻¹ mulch can be recycled which will have little soil ameliorative value as it showed only marginal increase in soil organic matter (SOM). The system should, however, maintain current yield levels. I used a simulation model SCUAF (Soil Changes Under Agro-Forestry) for predicting expected changes in SOM under different mulch levels. The predicted changes in SOM after a period of 25 years were of the same magnitude as observed changes in soil microbial biomass (Bc) during the 3 year study. Results of this study support the hypotheses that the Bc:Oc ratio tends to return to a climate induced equilibria and early changes in Bc may be used for providing quantitative projections of changes in SOM under different land management options. However, this relationship needs to be validated with long-term field data. Close

• 115. [Article] Mapping QTL for root rot resistance, root traits, and morphological trait in a common bean recombinant inbred population

  Root rot diseases of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are a problem wherever they are grown, and are a major constraint to dry edible and snap bean production. Root rot is a primary yield limitation of snap ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping QTL for root rot resistance, root traits, and morphological trait in a common bean recombinant inbred population Author: Hagerty, Christina H. Root rot diseases of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are a problem wherever they are grown, and are a major constraint to dry edible and snap bean production. Root rot is a primary yield limitation of snap bean production in the US, especially within the top three snap bean producing states of Wisconsin, Oregon and New York. Bean root rot pathogens will be present by the end of the first season even when starting with clean ground. The decline in yield can be relatively slow, so growers might not notice or appreciate the hidden yield cost associated with root rot disease. Traditional methods for disease control such as fungicides, crop rotations, cover crops, seedbed preparations have been proven ineffective (either physically ineffective or economically unviable) against root rot. Therefore, genetic resistance is needed. In order to address the need for genetic resistance to root rot in snap beans, the highly root rot resistant line RR6950, a small seeded black indeterminate type IIIA accession of unknown origin, was crossed with OSU5446, a highly root rot susceptible determinate type I blue lake four-sieve breeding line to produce the RR138 recombinant inbred mapping population. In this study we evaluated the RR138 RI population in the F₆ generation for resistance to Fusarium solani root rot in Oregon and Aphanomyces euteiches root rot in Wisconsin. We also evaluated this population for morphological traits and root structural traits including pod height, pod width, pod length, pod wall thickness, strings, seed color, flower color, tap and basal root diameter, and root angle measurements. The RR138 population was also genotyped on the 10K BeanCAP Illumina Beadchip. The Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) data was used to assemble a high-density linkage map and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for phenotypic data were evaluated. The linkage map produced from this study contained 1,689 SNPs across 1,196cM. The map was populated with 1 SNP for every 1.4cM, spanning across 11 linkage groups. Three QTL associated with A. euteiches root rot resistance were consistently expressed in 2011 and 2012 trials. A. euteiches QTL were found on Pv02, Pv04, and Pv06 and accounted for 7-17% of total genetic variation. Two QTL associated with F. solani were found in 2011 trial on Pv03 and Pv07, account for 9 and 22% of total genetic variation, respectively. We also found several QTL for morphological traits and root structural traits including QTL for pod fiber and pod height on Pv04, pod length on Pv01, strings on Pv01, taproot diameter on Pv05, and shallow basal root angle on Pv05, accounting for 21, 26, 12, 20, 11, and 19% of total genetic variation, respectively. QTL discovered from Oregon data for F. solani resistance did not cluster with QTL for A. euteiches root rot resistance. "SNP0928_7", was highly associated with F. solani resistance on Pv07 and "SNP0508_2", was highly associated with A. euteiches on Pv02. QTL and markers associated with QTL from this study will be of value to snap bean breeders developing root rot resistant lines with processing traits, and provide more information about targeting the mechanism of resistance. Title: Mapping QTL for root rot resistance, root traits, and morphological trait in a common bean recombinant inbred population Author: Hagerty, Christina H. Root rot diseases of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are a problem wherever they are grown, and are a major constraint to dry edible and snap bean production. Root rot is a primary yield limitation of snap bean production in the US, especially within the top three snap bean producing states of Wisconsin, Oregon and New York. Bean root rot pathogens will be present by the end of the first season even when starting with clean ground. The decline in yield can be relatively slow, so growers might not notice or appreciate the hidden yield cost associated with root rot disease. Traditional methods for disease control such as fungicides, crop rotations, cover crops, seedbed preparations have been proven ineffective (either physically ineffective or economically unviable) against root rot. Therefore, genetic resistance is needed. In order to address the need for genetic resistance to root rot in snap beans, the highly root rot resistant line RR6950, a small seeded black indeterminate type IIIA accession of unknown origin, was crossed with OSU5446, a highly root rot susceptible determinate type I blue lake four-sieve breeding line to produce the RR138 recombinant inbred mapping population. In this study we evaluated the RR138 RI population in the F₆ generation for resistance to Fusarium solani root rot in Oregon and Aphanomyces euteiches root rot in Wisconsin. We also evaluated this population for morphological traits and root structural traits including pod height, pod width, pod length, pod wall thickness, strings, seed color, flower color, tap and basal root diameter, and root angle measurements. The RR138 population was also genotyped on the 10K BeanCAP Illumina Beadchip. The Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) data was used to assemble a high-density linkage map and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for phenotypic data were evaluated. The linkage map produced from this study contained 1,689 SNPs across 1,196cM. The map was populated with 1 SNP for every 1.4cM, spanning across 11 linkage groups. Three QTL associated with A. euteiches root rot resistance were consistently expressed in 2011 and 2012 trials. A. euteiches QTL were found on Pv02, Pv04, and Pv06 and accounted for 7-17% of total genetic variation. Two QTL associated with F. solani were found in 2011 trial on Pv03 and Pv07, account for 9 and 22% of total genetic variation, respectively. We also found several QTL for morphological traits and root structural traits including QTL for pod fiber and pod height on Pv04, pod length on Pv01, strings on Pv01, taproot diameter on Pv05, and shallow basal root angle on Pv05, accounting for 21, 26, 12, 20, 11, and 19% of total genetic variation, respectively. QTL discovered from Oregon data for F. solani resistance did not cluster with QTL for A. euteiches root rot resistance. "SNP0928_7", was highly associated with F. solani resistance on Pv07 and "SNP0508_2", was highly associated with A. euteiches on Pv02. QTL and markers associated with QTL from this study will be of value to snap bean breeders developing root rot resistant lines with processing traits, and provide more information about targeting the mechanism of resistance. Close

• 116. [Article] Handling high moisture seed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Handling high moisture seed Author: Grabe, Don F., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Youngberg, Harold Wayne, 1929- Title: Handling high moisture seed Author: Grabe, Don F., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Youngberg, Harold Wayne, 1929- Close

• 117. [Article] Registration of NM-9D11A-AN3 Anthracnose Resistant Alfalfa Germplasm

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Registration of NM-9D11A-AN3 Anthracnose Resistant Alfalfa Germplasm Author: Ray, I. M., Melton, B. A., Townsend, M. S., Currier, C. G., Henning, J. A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America and can be found at: https://www.crops.org/publications/cs. Title: Registration of NM-9D11A-AN3 Anthracnose Resistant Alfalfa Germplasm Author: Ray, I. M., Melton, B. A., Townsend, M. S., Currier, C. G., Henning, J. A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America and can be found at: https://www.crops.org/publications/cs. Close

• 118. [Article] Approval seeking motivation : a determinant of conformity to group norms inconsistent with personal values

  This study was designed to assess the effects of approval seeking motivation and social cost upon conformity to group norms which were inconsistent with personal values. Utilizing the Asch conformity paradigm, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Approval seeking motivation : a determinant of conformity to group norms inconsistent with personal values Author: Martin, Harry J. This study was designed to assess the effects of approval seeking motivation and social cost upon conformity to group norms which were inconsistent with personal values. Utilizing the Asch conformity paradigm, 321 subjects were exposed to a group opinion which was contradictory to one of their personal values. The results produced several conclusions: (1) approval motivation is an important determinant of conformity with approval motivated individuals yielding to social pressure significantly more than low approval seekers, (2) low approval seekers are value affirming but values tend to have reduced validity as guides for the behavior of high approval seekers, (3) high approval seekers are vulnerable to social cost while low approval seekers are not, (4) awareness of the value in question does not increase resistance to conformity pressures, and (5) significant differences exist in value structures between high and low approval seekers. These findings were integrated into theories of prejudice, social movements, authoritarianism, and existential courage. The results also raised questions as to areas of possible future research. Title: Approval seeking motivation : a determinant of conformity to group norms inconsistent with personal values Author: Martin, Harry J. This study was designed to assess the effects of approval seeking motivation and social cost upon conformity to group norms which were inconsistent with personal values. Utilizing the Asch conformity paradigm, 321 subjects were exposed to a group opinion which was contradictory to one of their personal values. The results produced several conclusions: (1) approval motivation is an important determinant of conformity with approval motivated individuals yielding to social pressure significantly more than low approval seekers, (2) low approval seekers are value affirming but values tend to have reduced validity as guides for the behavior of high approval seekers, (3) high approval seekers are vulnerable to social cost while low approval seekers are not, (4) awareness of the value in question does not increase resistance to conformity pressures, and (5) significant differences exist in value structures between high and low approval seekers. These findings were integrated into theories of prejudice, social movements, authoritarianism, and existential courage. The results also raised questions as to areas of possible future research. Close

• 119. [Article] An evaluation of soil warming for increased crop production

  In regions where soil temperatures limit plant growth, artificial soil warming may be an economically feasible practice. This hypothesis was evaluated in a soil warming experiment near Corvallis, Oregon. This ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An evaluation of soil warming for increased crop production Author: Rykbost, K. A. In regions where soil temperatures limit plant growth, artificial soil warming may be an economically feasible practice. This hypothesis was evaluated in a soil warming experiment near Corvallis, Oregon. This experiment was prompted by the observation that multiple use of waste heat discharged in the condenser cooling water of thermal power plants may become an important consideration in the development and siting of these plants. The thermal discharge might be used to achieve increased soil temperature by circulating warm water through a subsurface pipe network. Objectives of this investigation were: (1) to determine the effect, if any, of buried line heat sources on air temperatures within a crop canopy; (2) to determine the extent to which soil temperature can be elevated with buried line heat sources maintained at various temperatures; (3) to establish the effect of subsurface heating on soil water regimes and to evaluate a subsurface irrigation system as a means of maintaining high soil water content and hence high rates of heat transfer in the vicinity of heat sources; (4) to evaluate a theoretical model for prediction of energy dissipation rates; (5) to establish the yield response to soil warming for numerous crops; and (6) to evaluate the influence of subsurface heating on soil and air temperatures and crop production in a wood frame, plastic covered greenhouse. Six individually controlled electrical heating cables were used to simulate a buried pipe network. Thirteen different crops were grown on heated and unheated areas during the four years of this study. Air and soil temperatures were monitored at over 200 locations with thermistors. Readings were taken with a computerized digital data acquisition system. Soil water content was monitored with electrical resistance blocks. Energy inputs were measured for each heating cable with kilowatt-hour meters. Air temperatures at four heights above the soil surface over bare soil and in a field corn canopy were not appreciably affected by soil warming. Statistically significant temperature increases due to soil warming were observed but they were too small to be of consequence for crop growth. Soil temperatures in the upper 25 centimeters were more responsive to solar heating than to subsurface heating. Temperature increases due to soil warming were one to five degrees centigrade at the five centimeter depth, depending on heat source temperature, time of year, time of day and crop canopy conditions. A major portion of the root zone was maintained above 20 degrees centigrade during most of the growing season. The greatest temperature increases were observed on a plot where subsurface irrigation was used to maintain high soil water content near the heat sources. During the summer substantial soil drying occurred in the vicinity of the heat sources, particularly under a field corn crop. Thermal gradients prevented rewetting by sprinkler irrigation. A subsurface irrigation system maintained a wet soil near the heat sources throughout the growing season. The rate of heat loss from buried heat sources was found to respond to changes in depth and spacing of sources, source temperature, soil surface temperature and soil water content, as predicted by theoretical considerations. A high correlation between mean monthly air temperature and mean monthly heat loss rates was found. The results indicate that the area required to reduce the temperature of circulating warm water, from a 1,000 megawatt thermal power plant, by 10 degrees centigrade would range from 10,000 hectares in the winter to 20,000 hectares in the summer under Willamette Valley climatic conditions. This requirement could be reduced by design modifications or subsurface irrigation. A wide range in crop response to soil warming was observed for different crops and for some crops in different years. The results obtained with field corn and bush beans suggest that the response to soil heating depends on the degree of adversity to which the crop is subjected. When climatic conditions and management factors are optimum soil heating has a limited effect on crop yields. When one or more of these factors are limiting soil heating becomes more effective and greater yield responses occur. In nearly all cases soil warming resulted in more rapid germination and early growth, and earlier maturation. Double cropping of bush beans and double cropping with summer and winter annual forage crops appear to be feasible with soil warming. Yield increases due to soil warming were above 50 percent for several forage and vegetable crops. Several cropping sequences were suggested. Additional input from agricultural economists and engineers is needed to determine those crop combinations which will result in the greatest economic returns from a soil warming system. Soil heating did not result in higher air temperatures in a plastic covered greenhouse. Soil temperatures were substantially increased and this resulted in an increase in tomato production of 64 percent compared with a crop grown in the greenhouse with no soil warming. Strawberry yields did not respond to soil warming in greenhouse culture and this was attributed to high air temperatures due to solar heat trapping during daylight hours. The results of this investigation suggest that soil warming with condenser cooling waters from thermal power plants is feasible. Additional information is needed to evaluate the economic and engineering aspects of a soil warming system. It is unlikely that a soil warming system can fulfill all the needs of a thermal power plant cooling system. Additional studies to evaluate other beneficial uses of waste heat to be used in combination with a soil warming system will be required. Title: An evaluation of soil warming for increased crop production Author: Rykbost, K. A. In regions where soil temperatures limit plant growth, artificial soil warming may be an economically feasible practice. This hypothesis was evaluated in a soil warming experiment near Corvallis, Oregon. This experiment was prompted by the observation that multiple use of waste heat discharged in the condenser cooling water of thermal power plants may become an important consideration in the development and siting of these plants. The thermal discharge might be used to achieve increased soil temperature by circulating warm water through a subsurface pipe network. Objectives of this investigation were: (1) to determine the effect, if any, of buried line heat sources on air temperatures within a crop canopy; (2) to determine the extent to which soil temperature can be elevated with buried line heat sources maintained at various temperatures; (3) to establish the effect of subsurface heating on soil water regimes and to evaluate a subsurface irrigation system as a means of maintaining high soil water content and hence high rates of heat transfer in the vicinity of heat sources; (4) to evaluate a theoretical model for prediction of energy dissipation rates; (5) to establish the yield response to soil warming for numerous crops; and (6) to evaluate the influence of subsurface heating on soil and air temperatures and crop production in a wood frame, plastic covered greenhouse. Six individually controlled electrical heating cables were used to simulate a buried pipe network. Thirteen different crops were grown on heated and unheated areas during the four years of this study. Air and soil temperatures were monitored at over 200 locations with thermistors. Readings were taken with a computerized digital data acquisition system. Soil water content was monitored with electrical resistance blocks. Energy inputs were measured for each heating cable with kilowatt-hour meters. Air temperatures at four heights above the soil surface over bare soil and in a field corn canopy were not appreciably affected by soil warming. Statistically significant temperature increases due to soil warming were observed but they were too small to be of consequence for crop growth. Soil temperatures in the upper 25 centimeters were more responsive to solar heating than to subsurface heating. Temperature increases due to soil warming were one to five degrees centigrade at the five centimeter depth, depending on heat source temperature, time of year, time of day and crop canopy conditions. A major portion of the root zone was maintained above 20 degrees centigrade during most of the growing season. The greatest temperature increases were observed on a plot where subsurface irrigation was used to maintain high soil water content near the heat sources. During the summer substantial soil drying occurred in the vicinity of the heat sources, particularly under a field corn crop. Thermal gradients prevented rewetting by sprinkler irrigation. A subsurface irrigation system maintained a wet soil near the heat sources throughout the growing season. The rate of heat loss from buried heat sources was found to respond to changes in depth and spacing of sources, source temperature, soil surface temperature and soil water content, as predicted by theoretical considerations. A high correlation between mean monthly air temperature and mean monthly heat loss rates was found. The results indicate that the area required to reduce the temperature of circulating warm water, from a 1,000 megawatt thermal power plant, by 10 degrees centigrade would range from 10,000 hectares in the winter to 20,000 hectares in the summer under Willamette Valley climatic conditions. This requirement could be reduced by design modifications or subsurface irrigation. A wide range in crop response to soil warming was observed for different crops and for some crops in different years. The results obtained with field corn and bush beans suggest that the response to soil heating depends on the degree of adversity to which the crop is subjected. When climatic conditions and management factors are optimum soil heating has a limited effect on crop yields. When one or more of these factors are limiting soil heating becomes more effective and greater yield responses occur. In nearly all cases soil warming resulted in more rapid germination and early growth, and earlier maturation. Double cropping of bush beans and double cropping with summer and winter annual forage crops appear to be feasible with soil warming. Yield increases due to soil warming were above 50 percent for several forage and vegetable crops. Several cropping sequences were suggested. Additional input from agricultural economists and engineers is needed to determine those crop combinations which will result in the greatest economic returns from a soil warming system. Soil heating did not result in higher air temperatures in a plastic covered greenhouse. Soil temperatures were substantially increased and this resulted in an increase in tomato production of 64 percent compared with a crop grown in the greenhouse with no soil warming. Strawberry yields did not respond to soil warming in greenhouse culture and this was attributed to high air temperatures due to solar heat trapping during daylight hours. The results of this investigation suggest that soil warming with condenser cooling waters from thermal power plants is feasible. Additional information is needed to evaluate the economic and engineering aspects of a soil warming system. It is unlikely that a soil warming system can fulfill all the needs of a thermal power plant cooling system. Additional studies to evaluate other beneficial uses of waste heat to be used in combination with a soil warming system will be required. Close

• 120. [Article] Local Crop Planting Systems Enhance Insecticide-Mediated Displacement of Two Invasive Leafminer Fly

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Local Crop Planting Systems Enhance Insecticide-Mediated Displacement of Two Invasive Leafminer Fly Author: Zhang, Zhi, Yu, Wenyan, Gao, Yulin, Wei, Qingbo, Reitz, Stuart R., Lei, Zhongren This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Title: Local Crop Planting Systems Enhance Insecticide-Mediated Displacement of Two Invasive Leafminer Fly Author: Zhang, Zhi, Yu, Wenyan, Gao, Yulin, Wei, Qingbo, Reitz, Stuart R., Lei, Zhongren This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Close

• 121. [Article] Constraints and financial profitability to the exploitation of natural

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Constraints and financial profitability to the exploitation of natural Author: Meke Soung, Pierre Nolasque Research Paper Title: Constraints and financial profitability to the exploitation of natural Author: Meke Soung, Pierre Nolasque Research Paper Close

• 122. [Article] Protocol: transient expression system for functional genomics in the tropical tree Theobroma cacao L.

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by BioMed Central. The published article can be found at: http://plantmethods.biomedcentral.com/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Protocol: transient expression system for functional genomics in the tropical tree Theobroma cacao L. Author: Zhang, Yufan, Guiltinan, Mark J., Fister, Andrew S., Shi, Zi, Helliwell, Emily E., Maximova, Siela N. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by BioMed Central. The published article can be found at: http://plantmethods.biomedcentral.com/ Title: Protocol: transient expression system for functional genomics in the tropical tree Theobroma cacao L. Author: Zhang, Yufan, Guiltinan, Mark J., Fister, Andrew S., Shi, Zi, Helliwell, Emily E., Maximova, Siela N. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by BioMed Central. The published article can be found at: http://plantmethods.biomedcentral.com/ Close

• 123. [Article] Variation in Broccoli Cultivar Phytochemical Content under Organic and Conventional Management Systems: Implications in Breeding for Nutrition

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Variation in Broccoli Cultivar Phytochemical Content under Organic and Conventional Management Systems: Implications in Breeding for Nutrition Author: van Bueren, Edith T. Lammerts, Renaud, Erica N. C., et al., Myers, James R. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Title: Variation in Broccoli Cultivar Phytochemical Content under Organic and Conventional Management Systems: Implications in Breeding for Nutrition Author: van Bueren, Edith T. Lammerts, Renaud, Erica N. C., et al., Myers, James R. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Close

• 124. [Article] Osmotic stress vigor test for wheat seed

  Seed vigor tests have been developed to evaluate the relative ability of seed lots to produce stands of seedlings in the field. Some workers have suggested the possibility of differentiating vigor levels ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Osmotic stress vigor test for wheat seed Author: Currans, Sean Seed vigor tests have been developed to evaluate the relative ability of seed lots to produce stands of seedlings in the field. Some workers have suggested the possibility of differentiating vigor levels by germinating seeds under osmotic stress, but have not conducted field trials to evaluate the usefulness of the test. This study was conducted to 1) develop an osmotic stress vigor test for wheat seed, 2) evaluate the effectiveness of this test in ranking seed lots for field emergence, and 3) compare the osmotic stress vigor test with other vigor tests. The effects of osmotic potential and temperature on germination of wheat seeds of different vigor levels were investigated. The conditions resulting in greatest differentiation of vigor levels were selected for an osmotic stress vigor test. The osmotic stress test and six other germination and vigor tests were compared for effectiveness in predicting seedling emergence in three field trials of 16 artificially aged and 19 naturally aged seed lots. Reduced osmotic potentials lowered the germination rate of low vigor seeds more than high vigor seeds, but total germination remained the same. The conditions selected for the osmotic stress vigor test were a sand substrate with 50 mL PEG 8000 solution at - 0.5 MPa, with a 10-day germination period in the dark at 20° C. Under adverse field conditions, the osmotic stress test was significantly correlated with field emergence of artificially aged (r = .85) and naturally aged seeds (r = .62). However, the predictive value of the osmotic stress test was lower than some of the other vigor tests, especially accelerated aging and the 4-day sand test. The vigor test rankings varied somewhat under more favorable field conditions. These results indicate the necessity of including several vigor tests and field planting dates when evaluating a specific vigor test. Research should continue to determine the potential of the osmotic stress test and four-day sand tests for application to other seed kinds. Title: Osmotic stress vigor test for wheat seed Author: Currans, Sean Seed vigor tests have been developed to evaluate the relative ability of seed lots to produce stands of seedlings in the field. Some workers have suggested the possibility of differentiating vigor levels by germinating seeds under osmotic stress, but have not conducted field trials to evaluate the usefulness of the test. This study was conducted to 1) develop an osmotic stress vigor test for wheat seed, 2) evaluate the effectiveness of this test in ranking seed lots for field emergence, and 3) compare the osmotic stress vigor test with other vigor tests. The effects of osmotic potential and temperature on germination of wheat seeds of different vigor levels were investigated. The conditions resulting in greatest differentiation of vigor levels were selected for an osmotic stress vigor test. The osmotic stress test and six other germination and vigor tests were compared for effectiveness in predicting seedling emergence in three field trials of 16 artificially aged and 19 naturally aged seed lots. Reduced osmotic potentials lowered the germination rate of low vigor seeds more than high vigor seeds, but total germination remained the same. The conditions selected for the osmotic stress vigor test were a sand substrate with 50 mL PEG 8000 solution at - 0.5 MPa, with a 10-day germination period in the dark at 20° C. Under adverse field conditions, the osmotic stress test was significantly correlated with field emergence of artificially aged (r = .85) and naturally aged seeds (r = .62). However, the predictive value of the osmotic stress test was lower than some of the other vigor tests, especially accelerated aging and the 4-day sand test. The vigor test rankings varied somewhat under more favorable field conditions. These results indicate the necessity of including several vigor tests and field planting dates when evaluating a specific vigor test. Research should continue to determine the potential of the osmotic stress test and four-day sand tests for application to other seed kinds. Close

• 125. [Article] Utilization of surplus Italian prunes

  Prune growers of Oregon are faced with the prospect of large crops and surpluses for the next few years. These surpluses will probably be felt in both fresh and dried prunes. This thesis presents the results ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Utilization of surplus Italian prunes Author: Fenner, Keith Peck, 1914- Prune growers of Oregon are faced with the prospect of large crops and surpluses for the next few years. These surpluses will probably be felt in both fresh and dried prunes. This thesis presents the results of an investigation to find. new markets and new products which will be of value in utilizing these surpluses. The following products have been investigated and are included in this report. Canned prepared dried prunes. A. prolonged study was made of the effect of prepared Italian prunes on various types of cans. It was found that plain charcoal cans were entirely satisfactory over a period of 11 months' storage. Single enameled cans should not be used as they swell in less than eight months' storage. Methods of preparation of prunes for canning were studied. A long pre-soaking was found most satisfactory, for high quality. Short hot blanch before canning can be used if proper conditions of syrup and fill are observed. Yields and costs were given for the two methods of preparation. Prune beverages. Three types of prune beverages were discussed. Pulpy juice was most promising. A cloudy and a clear beverage were also satisfactory. Yields and costs were given and compared. Pitted prune pulp. Small or low-grade dried prunes were made into pulp by means of a suitable machine. This product was suitable for use in the bakery trade. Halved Pitted prunes. Fresh prunes were split and pitted before drying. The machine to do this was developed during this investigation. Large savings were effected in drying time, because of quicker evaporation of moisture from these halved prunes. Because of shorter drying time and lower temperature the quality was more nearly that of fresh prunes. Fresh Prune Juice. Small or low-grade fresh prunes were used to make a pulpy fresh prune juice. This product was excellent in flavor and color. Cloudy fresh prune juice was not satisfactory either in flavor, in body, or in yield. Fresh Prune Pulp. This was prepared from fresh prunes. It proved to be a very good means of fresh prune utilization. The combined effect of the products studied in this report, if they are developed and marketed, should prove beneficial to marketing conditions of the northwest Italian prunes. Title: Utilization of surplus Italian prunes Author: Fenner, Keith Peck, 1914- Prune growers of Oregon are faced with the prospect of large crops and surpluses for the next few years. These surpluses will probably be felt in both fresh and dried prunes. This thesis presents the results of an investigation to find. new markets and new products which will be of value in utilizing these surpluses. The following products have been investigated and are included in this report. Canned prepared dried prunes. A. prolonged study was made of the effect of prepared Italian prunes on various types of cans. It was found that plain charcoal cans were entirely satisfactory over a period of 11 months' storage. Single enameled cans should not be used as they swell in less than eight months' storage. Methods of preparation of prunes for canning were studied. A long pre-soaking was found most satisfactory, for high quality. Short hot blanch before canning can be used if proper conditions of syrup and fill are observed. Yields and costs were given for the two methods of preparation. Prune beverages. Three types of prune beverages were discussed. Pulpy juice was most promising. A cloudy and a clear beverage were also satisfactory. Yields and costs were given and compared. Pitted prune pulp. Small or low-grade dried prunes were made into pulp by means of a suitable machine. This product was suitable for use in the bakery trade. Halved Pitted prunes. Fresh prunes were split and pitted before drying. The machine to do this was developed during this investigation. Large savings were effected in drying time, because of quicker evaporation of moisture from these halved prunes. Because of shorter drying time and lower temperature the quality was more nearly that of fresh prunes. Fresh Prune Juice. Small or low-grade fresh prunes were used to make a pulpy fresh prune juice. This product was excellent in flavor and color. Cloudy fresh prune juice was not satisfactory either in flavor, in body, or in yield. Fresh Prune Pulp. This was prepared from fresh prunes. It proved to be a very good means of fresh prune utilization. The combined effect of the products studied in this report, if they are developed and marketed, should prove beneficial to marketing conditions of the northwest Italian prunes. Close

• 126. [Article] Evaluation of three methods of selection in relation to yield and yield stability in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host)

  The effectiveness of early generation selection for yield and yield stability and the possible identification of superior parental combinations were studied in winter wheat populations representing different ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of three methods of selection in relation to yield and yield stability in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host) Author: Charoenwatana, Terd, 1937- The effectiveness of early generation selection for yield and yield stability and the possible identification of superior parental combinations were studied in winter wheat populations representing different levels of genetic diversity. Experimental material for evaluating yield stability consisted of nine bulk and seven modified bulk populations derived from nine parental combinations which represented the F₈, F₉, and F₁₀ generations. The F₉ and F₁₀ generations of nine bulk, nine modified bulk and two modified pedigree populations along with the respective parental populations were studied to determine the relationship of yield to genetic diversity. Linear regression of the mean yield of individual entries on the mean yield of all entries for each year was used to describe yield stability. Grain yield differences among populations and crosses were analyzed by a functional analysis of variance. The modified bulk populations were found to be superior to their respective parents in yield and to the bulk populations in yield and yield stability. The modified pedigree populations had the highest yield of all populations measured. It was concluded that populations with high genetic diversity not only do not produce the highest yield but may not provide the greatest stability of yield. Selection for grain yield in the F₄ generation was effective in identifying superior segregates. It was also possible to develop populations which had more yield stability. The highest yielding progeny were obtained from crosses between the medium yielding parents rather than between the highest yielding parents. This suggested that parental performance was of limited value in predicting the yielding ability of their resulting progeny. Therefore, selection for suitable parental combinations could not be based on their individual performance in the present study. It appeared that genetic factors for adaptability are as important as the level of genetic diversity in determining yield stability. A breeding system that allows the breeder to identify and incorporate genetic factors for adaptability and still maintain some genetic diversity in a new variety is suggested. Such a breeding system would prolong the length of time a variety could remain in commercial production and would allow such a variety to be grown over a more extensive range of environments. Title: Evaluation of three methods of selection in relation to yield and yield stability in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host) Author: Charoenwatana, Terd, 1937- The effectiveness of early generation selection for yield and yield stability and the possible identification of superior parental combinations were studied in winter wheat populations representing different levels of genetic diversity. Experimental material for evaluating yield stability consisted of nine bulk and seven modified bulk populations derived from nine parental combinations which represented the F₈, F₉, and F₁₀ generations. The F₉ and F₁₀ generations of nine bulk, nine modified bulk and two modified pedigree populations along with the respective parental populations were studied to determine the relationship of yield to genetic diversity. Linear regression of the mean yield of individual entries on the mean yield of all entries for each year was used to describe yield stability. Grain yield differences among populations and crosses were analyzed by a functional analysis of variance. The modified bulk populations were found to be superior to their respective parents in yield and to the bulk populations in yield and yield stability. The modified pedigree populations had the highest yield of all populations measured. It was concluded that populations with high genetic diversity not only do not produce the highest yield but may not provide the greatest stability of yield. Selection for grain yield in the F₄ generation was effective in identifying superior segregates. It was also possible to develop populations which had more yield stability. The highest yielding progeny were obtained from crosses between the medium yielding parents rather than between the highest yielding parents. This suggested that parental performance was of limited value in predicting the yielding ability of their resulting progeny. Therefore, selection for suitable parental combinations could not be based on their individual performance in the present study. It appeared that genetic factors for adaptability are as important as the level of genetic diversity in determining yield stability. A breeding system that allows the breeder to identify and incorporate genetic factors for adaptability and still maintain some genetic diversity in a new variety is suggested. Such a breeding system would prolong the length of time a variety could remain in commercial production and would allow such a variety to be grown over a more extensive range of environments. Close

• 127. [Article] Impact of artificial flooding on farm profits and streamflow in Echo Meadows, Oregon

  Competition for water both from within the irrigation community and from outside interests has been a major source of conflict in the West. In the Umatilla Basin of central Oregon, Umatilla River water ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impact of artificial flooding on farm profits and streamflow in Echo Meadows, Oregon Author: Seely, Harold E Competition for water both from within the irrigation community and from outside interests has been a major source of conflict in the West. In the Umatilla Basin of central Oregon, Umatilla River water is diverted to irrigate a variety of crops, while instream flows have value in salmonid production. Historically, the Umatilla Basin supported runs of fall and spring Chinook as well as steelhead and resident trout but native fish populations have largely disappeared from the river system. The decline in salmonid production has been blamed, in part, on a combination of low streamflow and high water temperatures in the summer months resulting from diversions by agricultural users. This thesis examines a proposed project designed to increase streamflow in the lower Umatilla River during the summer months by artificially flooding selected agricultural land in the Echo Meadows area of the basin during the late winter. The thesis also examines alternative options to increase streamflow. Estimates of the economic and hydrologic impacts of winter water spreading and other options provides information to policy-makers and irrigators on the costs and benefits associated with various project management alternatives. Using information on agricultural production and water supply in the lower Umatilla Basin, this thesis constructs a mathematical optimization model of representative farms in the area. In addition, because return flows represent an important component of streamflow in summer months, water applications determined by the representative farm models are used to assess the impacts of the artificial flooding project on streamflow in the Umatilla River below the study area. The results of the representative farm models indicate that the artificial flooding project increases farm profits by $37,620 and streamflow by 18.58 cubic feet per second. Alternative techniques to obtain similar increases in streamflow are more costly and would have negative effects on the agricultural community. Title: Impact of artificial flooding on farm profits and streamflow in Echo Meadows, Oregon Author: Seely, Harold E Competition for water both from within the irrigation community and from outside interests has been a major source of conflict in the West. In the Umatilla Basin of central Oregon, Umatilla River water is diverted to irrigate a variety of crops, while instream flows have value in salmonid production. Historically, the Umatilla Basin supported runs of fall and spring Chinook as well as steelhead and resident trout but native fish populations have largely disappeared from the river system. The decline in salmonid production has been blamed, in part, on a combination of low streamflow and high water temperatures in the summer months resulting from diversions by agricultural users. This thesis examines a proposed project designed to increase streamflow in the lower Umatilla River during the summer months by artificially flooding selected agricultural land in the Echo Meadows area of the basin during the late winter. The thesis also examines alternative options to increase streamflow. Estimates of the economic and hydrologic impacts of winter water spreading and other options provides information to policy-makers and irrigators on the costs and benefits associated with various project management alternatives. Using information on agricultural production and water supply in the lower Umatilla Basin, this thesis constructs a mathematical optimization model of representative farms in the area. In addition, because return flows represent an important component of streamflow in summer months, water applications determined by the representative farm models are used to assess the impacts of the artificial flooding project on streamflow in the Umatilla River below the study area. The results of the representative farm models indicate that the artificial flooding project increases farm profits by $37,620 and streamflow by 18.58 cubic feet per second. Alternative techniques to obtain similar increases in streamflow are more costly and would have negative effects on the agricultural community. Close

• 128. [Article] Wood density patterns of young Costa Rican trees in planted and natural forests

  In plantation forestry, rapid growth rate is favorable for wood production, but may decrease wood density, which is an important indicator of wood quality for both pulp and solid wood products. I looked ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wood density patterns of young Costa Rican trees in planted and natural forests Author: Baker, David C. In plantation forestry, rapid growth rate is favorable for wood production, but may decrease wood density, which is an important indicator of wood quality for both pulp and solid wood products. I looked for (1) differences in radial patterns of wood density between planted and naturally grown Costa Rican tree species, and (2) between species characteristic of different successional stages. Trees were sampled from seven- and eleven-year-old research plantations and the nearby forests at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica and analyzed by x-ray densitometry at Oregon State University. Four of eight tree species had significantly higher wood densities for naturally grown trees than for the seven-year-old planted trees as shown by x-ray densitometry. Two species had significantly higher wood density for planted trees, and the two remaining species showed no significant differences between planted and naturally grown trees. Height-diameter ratios for eleven-year-old trees were higher for later successional species than for early successional species, and later successional species showed greater increases in wood density than early successional species. As expected, wood density was lowest in early successional species. The index S (ht/(dia*SG)) was expected to correlate with successional status. S provided an accurate prediction of relative successional order, with high values representing late successional species, due to the unexpected height-diameter ratio results. The results show that early-successional tree species do not necessarily have rapid height growth at the expense of diameter growth, nor a related radial increase in wood density. Different species had different patterns of wood density and/or height-to-diameter ratios that defied simple generalizations. More research is necessary to understand the underlying reasons for this the observed variation, rather than reject outright previously held generalities in the literature. Preferably, such studies will use older trees, larger sample sizes, and better-documented and more diverse growing conditions in plantations. Title: Wood density patterns of young Costa Rican trees in planted and natural forests Author: Baker, David C. In plantation forestry, rapid growth rate is favorable for wood production, but may decrease wood density, which is an important indicator of wood quality for both pulp and solid wood products. I looked for (1) differences in radial patterns of wood density between planted and naturally grown Costa Rican tree species, and (2) between species characteristic of different successional stages. Trees were sampled from seven- and eleven-year-old research plantations and the nearby forests at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica and analyzed by x-ray densitometry at Oregon State University. Four of eight tree species had significantly higher wood densities for naturally grown trees than for the seven-year-old planted trees as shown by x-ray densitometry. Two species had significantly higher wood density for planted trees, and the two remaining species showed no significant differences between planted and naturally grown trees. Height-diameter ratios for eleven-year-old trees were higher for later successional species than for early successional species, and later successional species showed greater increases in wood density than early successional species. As expected, wood density was lowest in early successional species. The index S (ht/(dia*SG)) was expected to correlate with successional status. S provided an accurate prediction of relative successional order, with high values representing late successional species, due to the unexpected height-diameter ratio results. The results show that early-successional tree species do not necessarily have rapid height growth at the expense of diameter growth, nor a related radial increase in wood density. Different species had different patterns of wood density and/or height-to-diameter ratios that defied simple generalizations. More research is necessary to understand the underlying reasons for this the observed variation, rather than reject outright previously held generalities in the literature. Preferably, such studies will use older trees, larger sample sizes, and better-documented and more diverse growing conditions in plantations. Close

• 129. [Article] Prediction of kernel hardness and grain protein based on the performance of F₃ and F₄ populations derived from ten wheat crosses (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell)

  Ten wheat crosses (four winter x spring and six winter x winter) involving F₃ and F₄ generations and their respective winter parents were used to determine whether the early generation selection would be ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prediction of kernel hardness and grain protein based on the performance of F₃ and F₄ populations derived from ten wheat crosses (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) Author: Hazar, Necati Ten wheat crosses (four winter x spring and six winter x winter) involving F₃ and F₄ generations and their respective winter parents were used to determine whether the early generation selection would be effective for kernel hardness and grain protein content. In 1980, twenty individual F₂ plants were selected with good phenotypic appearance from each cross. The F₃ progeny rows along with their respective winter parents were grown in a replicated yield trial in 1981. Significant differences were found among the crosses for kernel hardness, percent protein, grain yield, 1000 kernel weight, and heading date. Superior progeny with values above the winter parent were observed for both kernel hardness and percent grain protein in both F₃ and F₄ generations in winter x spring corsses. Transgressive segregation was also observed beyond both parents in five of the six winter x winter crosses for both traits. Correlations between F₃ and F₄ generations were found for kernel hardness. A high correlation coefficient between generations for kernel hardness indicated that early generation selection would be effective for this trait in these populations. Small correlations were found in most of the crosses between the F₃ and F₄ generations for percent grain protein. Similarly small correlation between years for the winter parents indicated that percent grain protein was largely influenced by the environment and early generation selection may not be effective for this trait. Little association was observed between kernel hardness and percent grain protein when all crosses are considered. However, significant negative correlations were observed in three of the four winter x spring crosses in the F₄ generation. The correlation between grain yield and hardness was low while the correlation between grain yield and protein content was significant and negative. Title: Prediction of kernel hardness and grain protein based on the performance of F₃ and F₄ populations derived from ten wheat crosses (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) Author: Hazar, Necati Ten wheat crosses (four winter x spring and six winter x winter) involving F₃ and F₄ generations and their respective winter parents were used to determine whether the early generation selection would be effective for kernel hardness and grain protein content. In 1980, twenty individual F₂ plants were selected with good phenotypic appearance from each cross. The F₃ progeny rows along with their respective winter parents were grown in a replicated yield trial in 1981. Significant differences were found among the crosses for kernel hardness, percent protein, grain yield, 1000 kernel weight, and heading date. Superior progeny with values above the winter parent were observed for both kernel hardness and percent grain protein in both F₃ and F₄ generations in winter x spring corsses. Transgressive segregation was also observed beyond both parents in five of the six winter x winter crosses for both traits. Correlations between F₃ and F₄ generations were found for kernel hardness. A high correlation coefficient between generations for kernel hardness indicated that early generation selection would be effective for this trait in these populations. Small correlations were found in most of the crosses between the F₃ and F₄ generations for percent grain protein. Similarly small correlation between years for the winter parents indicated that percent grain protein was largely influenced by the environment and early generation selection may not be effective for this trait. Little association was observed between kernel hardness and percent grain protein when all crosses are considered. However, significant negative correlations were observed in three of the four winter x spring crosses in the F₄ generation. The correlation between grain yield and hardness was low while the correlation between grain yield and protein content was significant and negative. Close

• 130. [Article] The influence of variety, plant population and planting date on corn silage production

  The influence of variety, plant population, and planting date on corn silage production was studied at Hyslop Agronomy Farm, Corvallis, Oregon. The corn plants were grown under irrigation with 300 pounds ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of variety, plant population and planting date on corn silage production Author: Samphantharak, Krisda The influence of variety, plant population, and planting date on corn silage production was studied at Hyslop Agronomy Farm, Corvallis, Oregon. The corn plants were grown under irrigation with 300 pounds per acre of 16-20-0 (N-P₂0₅-K₂0) and 240 pounds of urea, providing a total nitrogen application of 158 pounds per acre. The yield of total dry matter, shelled grain, silage and the chemical constituents of silage (feeding quality), date of maturity and plant height were studied. The medium season varieties gave more yield of dry matter, shelled grain and silage than the early varieties. Yields of silage and shelled grain were reduced when the varieties were planted in late May compared with the same varieties planted in late April. The yield of all varieties used in the late planting test, including Sudangrass, showed no statistically significant differences. Late planting apparently prolonged date of maturity compared with the same varieties in early planting. The yield of silage increased with increased plant population. Row spacing had a large influence o.n yield of dry matter, particularly at high population rate. The 36-inch rows treatments gave a higher yield than 24-inch rows for every variety studied. The variation in plant spacing within the row (one vs. two plants per hill) had very little effect o.n yield if any. The feeding value, on the basis of analysis for feed constituents, was not influenced by increased population rate. Yield of silage was positively correlated with time to maturity and plant height and inversely with percent grain. Title: The influence of variety, plant population and planting date on corn silage production Author: Samphantharak, Krisda The influence of variety, plant population, and planting date on corn silage production was studied at Hyslop Agronomy Farm, Corvallis, Oregon. The corn plants were grown under irrigation with 300 pounds per acre of 16-20-0 (N-P₂0₅-K₂0) and 240 pounds of urea, providing a total nitrogen application of 158 pounds per acre. The yield of total dry matter, shelled grain, silage and the chemical constituents of silage (feeding quality), date of maturity and plant height were studied. The medium season varieties gave more yield of dry matter, shelled grain and silage than the early varieties. Yields of silage and shelled grain were reduced when the varieties were planted in late May compared with the same varieties planted in late April. The yield of all varieties used in the late planting test, including Sudangrass, showed no statistically significant differences. Late planting apparently prolonged date of maturity compared with the same varieties in early planting. The yield of silage increased with increased plant population. Row spacing had a large influence o.n yield of dry matter, particularly at high population rate. The 36-inch rows treatments gave a higher yield than 24-inch rows for every variety studied. The variation in plant spacing within the row (one vs. two plants per hill) had very little effect o.n yield if any. The feeding value, on the basis of analysis for feed constituents, was not influenced by increased population rate. Yield of silage was positively correlated with time to maturity and plant height and inversely with percent grain. Close

• 131. [Article] Selectivity and chemodynamics of 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and coast fiddleneck (Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & Mey)

  Controlled environment chamber and laboratory studies were carried out to evaluate selectivity and chemodynamics of bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Selectivity and chemodynamics of 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and coast fiddleneck (Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & Mey) Author: Schafer, David Eugene Controlled environment chamber and laboratory studies were carried out to evaluate selectivity and chemodynamics of bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) 'Nugaines', a tolerant species, and coast fiddleneck (Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & Mey), a susceptible species. A comparison of ED₅₀ values, based upon reduction of whole plant growth, indicated that wheat was 109 times more tolerant of bromoxynil than was fiddleneck. The shoot/root ratios of both wheat and fiddleneck were observed to increase with increasing dosage of bromoxynil. Measurement of necrotic tissue weight of wheat and fiddleneck, as a function of bromoxynil dosage, suggested a sub-lethal translocation effect. The selectivity of bromoxynil in wheat and fiddleneck was concluded to be the result of a complex of interactions. Fiddleneck was found to retain twice as much spray solution as wheat. Mathematical analysis revealed that 6.3 percent of the differential toxicity could be attributed to differential herbicide retention. The penetration of bromoxynil-¹⁴C into leaf tissue was found to proceed more rapidly in fiddleneck than in wheat. Penetration of bromoxynil-¹⁴C could not be related to stomatal densities in either species. Only 4.9 percent of the selectivity existing between wheat and fiddleneck could be attributed to the penetration differential. Autoradiography and extraction procedures revealed that the label from bromoxynil-¹⁴C was more mobile in fiddleneck than in wheat. Higher levels of radioactivity were found in treated leaf, foliage and root extracts of fiddleneck as compared to wheat. Higher levels of insoluble label were found in treated leaves, foliage and roots of wheat as compared to fiddleneck. In both species, a high percentage of the extractable radioactivity was attributed to bromoxynil-¹⁴C. No specific difference in the percentage of total derivatives could be found. The evolution of ¹⁴CO₂ by wheat treated with bromoxynil-¹⁴C significantly exceeded that of fiddleneck. This indicated a greater capacity, on the part of wheat, to degrade this herbicide. Mathematical analysis indicated that 88.8 percent of the selectivity existing between wheat and fiddleneck could be attributed to internal physiological and biochemical mechanisms. Title: Selectivity and chemodynamics of 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and coast fiddleneck (Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & Mey) Author: Schafer, David Eugene Controlled environment chamber and laboratory studies were carried out to evaluate selectivity and chemodynamics of bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) 'Nugaines', a tolerant species, and coast fiddleneck (Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & Mey), a susceptible species. A comparison of ED₅₀ values, based upon reduction of whole plant growth, indicated that wheat was 109 times more tolerant of bromoxynil than was fiddleneck. The shoot/root ratios of both wheat and fiddleneck were observed to increase with increasing dosage of bromoxynil. Measurement of necrotic tissue weight of wheat and fiddleneck, as a function of bromoxynil dosage, suggested a sub-lethal translocation effect. The selectivity of bromoxynil in wheat and fiddleneck was concluded to be the result of a complex of interactions. Fiddleneck was found to retain twice as much spray solution as wheat. Mathematical analysis revealed that 6.3 percent of the differential toxicity could be attributed to differential herbicide retention. The penetration of bromoxynil-¹⁴C into leaf tissue was found to proceed more rapidly in fiddleneck than in wheat. Penetration of bromoxynil-¹⁴C could not be related to stomatal densities in either species. Only 4.9 percent of the selectivity existing between wheat and fiddleneck could be attributed to the penetration differential. Autoradiography and extraction procedures revealed that the label from bromoxynil-¹⁴C was more mobile in fiddleneck than in wheat. Higher levels of radioactivity were found in treated leaf, foliage and root extracts of fiddleneck as compared to wheat. Higher levels of insoluble label were found in treated leaves, foliage and roots of wheat as compared to fiddleneck. In both species, a high percentage of the extractable radioactivity was attributed to bromoxynil-¹⁴C. No specific difference in the percentage of total derivatives could be found. The evolution of ¹⁴CO₂ by wheat treated with bromoxynil-¹⁴C significantly exceeded that of fiddleneck. This indicated a greater capacity, on the part of wheat, to degrade this herbicide. Mathematical analysis indicated that 88.8 percent of the selectivity existing between wheat and fiddleneck could be attributed to internal physiological and biochemical mechanisms. Close

• 132. [Article] Performance of Willamette Valley native plants following herbicide exposure

  Prairies were once the dominant vegetation type in Oregon's Willamette Valley. Land use conversion, fire suppression, succession, and invasive species have reduced Willamette Valley prairies to less than ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Performance of Willamette Valley native plants following herbicide exposure Author: Blakeley-Smith, Matthew R. Prairies were once the dominant vegetation type in Oregon's Willamette Valley. Land use conversion, fire suppression, succession, and invasive species have reduced Willamette Valley prairies to less than 1% of their historical area. The remnant prairies that persist today are small in size and are highly fragmented. Marginal strips of habitat along roadsides and agricultural fields play an important role as refugia for native species and provide important resources for wildlife. These seemingly insignificant habitat units may also play an important role in facilitating gene flow between disjunct populations of prairie plants, thus reducing the potential for the negative effects of inbreeding depression. Presently, much of the land area in the Willamette Valley is dedicated to commercial agricultural which is heavily reliant on herbicides for weed control and field preparation. Since herbicide applications are imprecise and prone to drift, there is potential to impact the native plants surrounding these agricultural fields. Current EPA methods for assessing the ecological effects of herbicides may not be robust enough to account for potential impacts on native plants since the suggested test species are ten annual agricultural crops. To address the need for improved phytotoxicity testing protocols, we incorporated non-crop plant species into the EPA vegetative vigor test methodology for use in determining effects of low concentrations of chemical herbicides on Willamette Valley terrestrial plants. A separate experiment was conducted in order to determine how herbicides might be used to restore Butterfly Meadows, a degraded Willamette Valley prairie. The specific objective of this study were to: 1.) determine which herbicide treatments were most effective at reducing dominance of an invasive species, Brachypodium sylvaticum, 2.) determine if native species declined following herbicide treatments, and 3.) describe the compositional changes in the plant communities over a four-year period. The EPA vegetative vigor test study showed that there was a wide variety of responses among 17 species (14 native and 3 introduced) to each herbicide tested (glyphosate, tribenuron, and fluazifop). For glyphosate, Potentilla gracilis was the most sensitive species based on an EC25 value of 0.012 x f.a.r. for dry weight; while Bromus carinatus, Clarkia amoena, Gilia capitata, and Lupinus albicaulis were tolerant to glyphosate as indicated by no effect on dry weight. Seven Willamette Valley forb species were sensitive to tribenuron based on EC25 values ranging from 0.001 to 0.012 x f.a.r.; Clarkia amoena, Collinsia grandflora, Leucanthemum vulgare, Potentilla gracilis, Prunella vulgaris, Ranunculus occidentalis and Sanquisorba occidentalis. Six grass species and Eriophyllum lanatum were resistant to tribenuron showing no reduction in dry weight. Fluazifop primarily affected grass species as expected due to the grass-specific activity for this herbicide. Two native grasses, Elymus trachycaulus and Danthonia californica were the most sensitive to fluazifop, based on low EC25 values of 0.002 to 0.010 x f.a.r. A native fescue grass, Festuca roemeri, and nearly all the forb species were resistant to fluazifop, showing no response at any herbicide rate applied. The results from this research will be useful as background information for evaluating potential modifications in the EPA's Vegetative Vigor Test to assess the risk of herbicides to non-target plants. Seven different herbicide combinations were effective at reducing the cover of Brachypodium sylvaticum in test plots at Butterfly Meadows one year after treatment. The reduction of B. sylvaticum was short lived however, since the cover of this grass species was not different from control plots during the second growing season. Native plant species were not negatively impacted by the herbicide treatments, as shown by MRPP analysis. Successional trajectories illustrate that control plots that were dominated by B. sylvaticum remained relatively unchanged over the course of four years. Some treatments exhibited a sharp decline in dominance by graminoids after the first year, a recovery the second year, but never returned exactly to their pretreatment community composition after the third year. The reduction of the dominant species after the first growing season was associated with colonization by a number of introduced species into the newly created open habitat. Over the same period there was no overall increase in native species cover, suggesting that the native species at this site may be recruitment limited. Future restoration activities at this site should include multiple years of B. sylvaticum control, with special attention to the seed bank and tolerant individuals. Seed additions of native species may help fill empty niches and afford resistance to invasion by introduced species. Title: Performance of Willamette Valley native plants following herbicide exposure Author: Blakeley-Smith, Matthew R. Prairies were once the dominant vegetation type in Oregon's Willamette Valley. Land use conversion, fire suppression, succession, and invasive species have reduced Willamette Valley prairies to less than 1% of their historical area. The remnant prairies that persist today are small in size and are highly fragmented. Marginal strips of habitat along roadsides and agricultural fields play an important role as refugia for native species and provide important resources for wildlife. These seemingly insignificant habitat units may also play an important role in facilitating gene flow between disjunct populations of prairie plants, thus reducing the potential for the negative effects of inbreeding depression. Presently, much of the land area in the Willamette Valley is dedicated to commercial agricultural which is heavily reliant on herbicides for weed control and field preparation. Since herbicide applications are imprecise and prone to drift, there is potential to impact the native plants surrounding these agricultural fields. Current EPA methods for assessing the ecological effects of herbicides may not be robust enough to account for potential impacts on native plants since the suggested test species are ten annual agricultural crops. To address the need for improved phytotoxicity testing protocols, we incorporated non-crop plant species into the EPA vegetative vigor test methodology for use in determining effects of low concentrations of chemical herbicides on Willamette Valley terrestrial plants. A separate experiment was conducted in order to determine how herbicides might be used to restore Butterfly Meadows, a degraded Willamette Valley prairie. The specific objective of this study were to: 1.) determine which herbicide treatments were most effective at reducing dominance of an invasive species, Brachypodium sylvaticum, 2.) determine if native species declined following herbicide treatments, and 3.) describe the compositional changes in the plant communities over a four-year period. The EPA vegetative vigor test study showed that there was a wide variety of responses among 17 species (14 native and 3 introduced) to each herbicide tested (glyphosate, tribenuron, and fluazifop). For glyphosate, Potentilla gracilis was the most sensitive species based on an EC25 value of 0.012 x f.a.r. for dry weight; while Bromus carinatus, Clarkia amoena, Gilia capitata, and Lupinus albicaulis were tolerant to glyphosate as indicated by no effect on dry weight. Seven Willamette Valley forb species were sensitive to tribenuron based on EC25 values ranging from 0.001 to 0.012 x f.a.r.; Clarkia amoena, Collinsia grandflora, Leucanthemum vulgare, Potentilla gracilis, Prunella vulgaris, Ranunculus occidentalis and Sanquisorba occidentalis. Six grass species and Eriophyllum lanatum were resistant to tribenuron showing no reduction in dry weight. Fluazifop primarily affected grass species as expected due to the grass-specific activity for this herbicide. Two native grasses, Elymus trachycaulus and Danthonia californica were the most sensitive to fluazifop, based on low EC25 values of 0.002 to 0.010 x f.a.r. A native fescue grass, Festuca roemeri, and nearly all the forb species were resistant to fluazifop, showing no response at any herbicide rate applied. The results from this research will be useful as background information for evaluating potential modifications in the EPA's Vegetative Vigor Test to assess the risk of herbicides to non-target plants. Seven different herbicide combinations were effective at reducing the cover of Brachypodium sylvaticum in test plots at Butterfly Meadows one year after treatment. The reduction of B. sylvaticum was short lived however, since the cover of this grass species was not different from control plots during the second growing season. Native plant species were not negatively impacted by the herbicide treatments, as shown by MRPP analysis. Successional trajectories illustrate that control plots that were dominated by B. sylvaticum remained relatively unchanged over the course of four years. Some treatments exhibited a sharp decline in dominance by graminoids after the first year, a recovery the second year, but never returned exactly to their pretreatment community composition after the third year. The reduction of the dominant species after the first growing season was associated with colonization by a number of introduced species into the newly created open habitat. Over the same period there was no overall increase in native species cover, suggesting that the native species at this site may be recruitment limited. Future restoration activities at this site should include multiple years of B. sylvaticum control, with special attention to the seed bank and tolerant individuals. Seed additions of native species may help fill empty niches and afford resistance to invasion by introduced species. Close

• 133. [Article] Hedonic price analysis to reveal value of water in irrigation : an application to northern Malheur County, Oregon

  Increasing water demand for growing municipalities, for water-based recreation and for fishery and wildlife habitat has intensified pressure on the existing resource. Reallocation of water from existing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hedonic price analysis to reveal value of water in irrigation : an application to northern Malheur County, Oregon Author: Faux, John Increasing water demand for growing municipalities, for water-based recreation and for fishery and wildlife habitat has intensified pressure on the existing resource. Reallocation of water from existing uses to other, higher-valued uses is receiving greater attention due to constraints on development of new water supplies. A key to reallocation is identification of the economic value associated with existing and alternative water uses. A hedonic price analysis of farm sales in eastern Oregon is performed to reveal the value of water used in irrigation. Estimation includes a joint test of heteroskedasticity and functional form. The value of water is shown to be strongly influenced by the crop-growing-capability of the soil on which it is applied. The value of an irrigated acre is not significantly influenced by the source of irrigation supply. The implicit market price of irrigation water in this area ranges from $44 per acre-foot (one-time delivery) on the best soils to $9 per acre-foot on the poorest soils irrigated. Title: Hedonic price analysis to reveal value of water in irrigation : an application to northern Malheur County, Oregon Author: Faux, John Increasing water demand for growing municipalities, for water-based recreation and for fishery and wildlife habitat has intensified pressure on the existing resource. Reallocation of water from existing uses to other, higher-valued uses is receiving greater attention due to constraints on development of new water supplies. A key to reallocation is identification of the economic value associated with existing and alternative water uses. A hedonic price analysis of farm sales in eastern Oregon is performed to reveal the value of water used in irrigation. Estimation includes a joint test of heteroskedasticity and functional form. The value of water is shown to be strongly influenced by the crop-growing-capability of the soil on which it is applied. The value of an irrigated acre is not significantly influenced by the source of irrigation supply. The implicit market price of irrigation water in this area ranges from $44 per acre-foot (one-time delivery) on the best soils to $9 per acre-foot on the poorest soils irrigated. Close

• 134. [Article] The water footprint of staple crop trade under climate and policy scenarios

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by IOP Publishing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The water footprint of staple crop trade under climate and policy scenarios Author: Reimer, Jeffrey J., Hussein, Zekarias, Hanasaki, Naota, Konar, Megan To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by IOP Publishing and can be found at: http://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1748-9326 Title: The water footprint of staple crop trade under climate and policy scenarios Author: Reimer, Jeffrey J., Hussein, Zekarias, Hanasaki, Naota, Konar, Megan To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by IOP Publishing and can be found at: http://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1748-9326 Close

• 135. [Article] Fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency by winter wheat in the Willamette Valley

  Efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer uptake by soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was measured over two cropping seasons across a range of soils and cropping histories in the Willamette Valley. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency by winter wheat in the Willamette Valley Author: Kjelgren, Roger Keith Efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer uptake by soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was measured over two cropping seasons across a range of soils and cropping histories in the Willamette Valley. Fate and potential losses of applied nitrogen were also assessed over a seventeen month period. In both cropping seasons, ¹⁵N labeled nitrogen was used to obtain a direct assessment of fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and to follow the distribution of fertilizer N in plant and soil. Nitrogen rate experiments were used to obtain an indirect assessment of NUE by regressing total N uptake on fertilizer N applied. Plant uptake of applied N ranged from 42 to 67%, with sites having poor soils or high root disease potential giving the lowest efficiencies. Direct assessment of uptake efficiency with N was more precise than indirect assessment, but was not necessarily more accurate. Recovery of fertilizer N in the grain ranged from 54% to 73% of the total fertilizer N taken up. Recovery in the grain was less the first year because of widespread leaf disease. Optimum economic N fertilization rates could be predicted (r² = 0.92) based on uptake of soil N and NUE. Availability of soil N was the most important parameter in determining optimum economic rate of N fertilization. Accountability of fertilizer N in plant and soil after the first crop ranged from 65% to 108% of that applied. Fertilizer N left in the soil was almost exclusively found in an organically combined form, primarily in the top 15 cm of soil. The contribution of residual fertilizer N to the following year's crop was minimal, but only half of the residual N was accounted for following the second crop. It appeared that 10 to 31% of the applied fertilizer N was lost between the end of the first cropping season and before the winter of the second cropping season. NUE by winter wheat in the Willamette Valley appears to be higher than NUE by dryland wheat grown in the Midwest. Sufficiently accurate assessment of NUE can be determined by indirect methods. This determination, combined with a method for determining soil N uptake, can contribute to improved N fertilizer recommendations for wheat in the Willamette Valley. Title: Fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency by winter wheat in the Willamette Valley Author: Kjelgren, Roger Keith Efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer uptake by soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was measured over two cropping seasons across a range of soils and cropping histories in the Willamette Valley. Fate and potential losses of applied nitrogen were also assessed over a seventeen month period. In both cropping seasons, ¹⁵N labeled nitrogen was used to obtain a direct assessment of fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and to follow the distribution of fertilizer N in plant and soil. Nitrogen rate experiments were used to obtain an indirect assessment of NUE by regressing total N uptake on fertilizer N applied. Plant uptake of applied N ranged from 42 to 67%, with sites having poor soils or high root disease potential giving the lowest efficiencies. Direct assessment of uptake efficiency with N was more precise than indirect assessment, but was not necessarily more accurate. Recovery of fertilizer N in the grain ranged from 54% to 73% of the total fertilizer N taken up. Recovery in the grain was less the first year because of widespread leaf disease. Optimum economic N fertilization rates could be predicted (r² = 0.92) based on uptake of soil N and NUE. Availability of soil N was the most important parameter in determining optimum economic rate of N fertilization. Accountability of fertilizer N in plant and soil after the first crop ranged from 65% to 108% of that applied. Fertilizer N left in the soil was almost exclusively found in an organically combined form, primarily in the top 15 cm of soil. The contribution of residual fertilizer N to the following year's crop was minimal, but only half of the residual N was accounted for following the second crop. It appeared that 10 to 31% of the applied fertilizer N was lost between the end of the first cropping season and before the winter of the second cropping season. NUE by winter wheat in the Willamette Valley appears to be higher than NUE by dryland wheat grown in the Midwest. Sufficiently accurate assessment of NUE can be determined by indirect methods. This determination, combined with a method for determining soil N uptake, can contribute to improved N fertilizer recommendations for wheat in the Willamette Valley. Close

• 136. [Article] Mapping Meaningful Places on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Landscape Values

  Landscape values mapping has been widely employed as a form of public participation GIS (PPGIS) in natural resource planning and decision-making to capture the complex array of values, uses, and interactions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping Meaningful Places on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Landscape Values Author: Cerveny, Lee, Biedenweg, Kelly, McLain, Rebecca J. Year: 2017 Landscape values mapping has been widely employed as a form of public participation GIS (PPGIS) in natural resource planning and decision-making to capture the complex array of values, uses, and interactions between people and landscapes. A landscape values typology has been commonly employed in the mapping of social and environmental values in a variety of management settings and scales. We explore how people attribute meanings and assign values to special places on the Olympic Peninsula (Washington, USA) using both a landscape values typology and qualitative responses about residents’ placerelationships. Using geographically referenced social values data collected in community meetings (n = 169), we identify high-frequency landscape values and examine how well the landscape values are reflected in open-ended descriptions of place-relations. We also explore the various interpretations of 14 landscape values used in the study. In particular, we investigate any overlapping meanings or blurriness among landscape values and reveal potentially emergent landscape values from the qualitative data. The results provide insights on the use of landscape values mapping typologies for practitioners and researchers engaged in the mapping of social values for PPGIS. Title: Mapping Meaningful Places on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Landscape Values Author: Cerveny, Lee, Biedenweg, Kelly, McLain, Rebecca J. Year: 2017 Landscape values mapping has been widely employed as a form of public participation GIS (PPGIS) in natural resource planning and decision-making to capture the complex array of values, uses, and interactions between people and landscapes. A landscape values typology has been commonly employed in the mapping of social and environmental values in a variety of management settings and scales. We explore how people attribute meanings and assign values to special places on the Olympic Peninsula (Washington, USA) using both a landscape values typology and qualitative responses about residents’ placerelationships. Using geographically referenced social values data collected in community meetings (n = 169), we identify high-frequency landscape values and examine how well the landscape values are reflected in open-ended descriptions of place-relations. We also explore the various interpretations of 14 landscape values used in the study. In particular, we investigate any overlapping meanings or blurriness among landscape values and reveal potentially emergent landscape values from the qualitative data. The results provide insights on the use of landscape values mapping typologies for practitioners and researchers engaged in the mapping of social values for PPGIS. Close

• 137. [Article] Black truffle economics : evaluating the costs and returns of establishing and producing Tuber melanosporum in the Willamette Valley, Oregon.

  The following paper is an objective view on the viability of growing the truffle Tuber melanosporum in the Willamette Valley. Included in this study are the history of the truffle, biological cycle, habitat ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Black truffle economics : evaluating the costs and returns of establishing and producing Tuber melanosporum in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Author: Alvis, Heather E. The following paper is an objective view on the viability of growing the truffle Tuber melanosporum in the Willamette Valley. Included in this study are the history of the truffle, biological cycle, habitat description, method of cultivation and an enterprise budget for commercial production in the Willamette Valley. The truffle, a fungus that grows naturally underground, has long been a delicacy in European culture and it continues to appear in expensive restaurants around the world. The cultivation of T melanosporum was established first in Europe, but is gaining popularity in other parts of the world. Farms are appearing in Israel, Australia, The United States, New Zealand, and other nations. North Carolina and California also have operating truffle farms. Several species are currently cultivated in Europe, but the most prevalent and the only species cultivated outside of Europe is the Perigord (Black) truffle, Tuber melanosporum. Truffles are the fruiting bodies of various fungi. Spores produced within fruiting body germinate into tiny hair-like filaments (mycelia) that eventually attach themselves to the root tips of a host species and form mycorrhiza. After about six years, secondary mycelia emanating from the mycorrhizae grow together into a knot and form the fruiting body or carpophore. Host trees vary according to the location and species of truffle, however oak and hazelnut trees are most commonly used. Host trees that have been mycorrhized with truffles can be purchased from reputable growers for about $15 each. The climatic characteristics of the Willamette Valley are similar to those of major truffle growing regions in Europe. In addition, soils in the Willamette Valley may have an advantage because potentially competitive ectomycorrhizal fungi are adapted to acidic soils. T. melanosporum is grown in soils with high pH. Raising the soil pH for T. melanosporum could reduce the competition from native fungi adapted to acidic soils. Although few attempts have been made to cultivate truffles in Oregon, the Willamette Valley could be an ideal habitat for growing Tuber melanosporum. Establishment of a truffle farm takes 7 to 12 years depending on the species and the condition of the plot. Land must be free of plants that support ectomycorrhizal fungi, have evenly mixed sand, silt and clay (or well drained soils) and have an alkaline pH. An irrigation system should be installed in case of drought. After the trees are planted, maintenance of the truffle plot involves tilling the soil once a year, liming to maintain pH and pruning the host trees. Production typically begins after about six years and full production after about 10 years. Yields are difficult to estimate because truffle production is heavily influenced by weather conditions. In Europe, typical yields range from 50-150 kg per hectare (50-150 pounds per acre) in different plantations. The enterprise budget for a truffle farm in the Willamette Valley considers the costs and returns for a newly established farm. The budget is, by design, only a guide and does not consider individual differences among farmers. For example, it is expected that truffle cultivation will be an enterprise added to an existing farm, however the included budget includes costs of renting machinery for tilling. For a farmer that already owns his/her machinery, the budget must be altered accordingly. Truffles are expensive to produce. Profit and loss depend greatly on yield and price per pound. Also, commercial cultivation of truffles has not been achieved in Oregon and results are unpredictable. In good years, however some farms yield more than 100 kg per hectare (100 pounds per acre). Market prices fluctuate and may depend heavily on reputation as well as quality of truffles. In 2001, fresh truffles of the variety Tuber melanosporum were available on the Internet for about $225/kg ($500/pound). Other truffle species such as T. magnatum sell for about $765/kg ($1700/pound). The truffle industry is virtually unexplored in Oregon and there is potential to grow T. melanosporum in the Willamette Valley. This is a high risk crop due to the initial investment, a 10 year establishment period and fluctuations in yield and market values. Still, truffles are a low maintenance crop, can be sold worldwide and are highly acclaimed among gourmets. Also, truffle supply is limited, resulting in extreme high price. Socially and economically it appears that Tuber melanosporum could be a viable enterprise in the Willamette Valley. Title: Black truffle economics : evaluating the costs and returns of establishing and producing Tuber melanosporum in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Author: Alvis, Heather E. The following paper is an objective view on the viability of growing the truffle Tuber melanosporum in the Willamette Valley. Included in this study are the history of the truffle, biological cycle, habitat description, method of cultivation and an enterprise budget for commercial production in the Willamette Valley. The truffle, a fungus that grows naturally underground, has long been a delicacy in European culture and it continues to appear in expensive restaurants around the world. The cultivation of T melanosporum was established first in Europe, but is gaining popularity in other parts of the world. Farms are appearing in Israel, Australia, The United States, New Zealand, and other nations. North Carolina and California also have operating truffle farms. Several species are currently cultivated in Europe, but the most prevalent and the only species cultivated outside of Europe is the Perigord (Black) truffle, Tuber melanosporum. Truffles are the fruiting bodies of various fungi. Spores produced within fruiting body germinate into tiny hair-like filaments (mycelia) that eventually attach themselves to the root tips of a host species and form mycorrhiza. After about six years, secondary mycelia emanating from the mycorrhizae grow together into a knot and form the fruiting body or carpophore. Host trees vary according to the location and species of truffle, however oak and hazelnut trees are most commonly used. Host trees that have been mycorrhized with truffles can be purchased from reputable growers for about $15 each. The climatic characteristics of the Willamette Valley are similar to those of major truffle growing regions in Europe. In addition, soils in the Willamette Valley may have an advantage because potentially competitive ectomycorrhizal fungi are adapted to acidic soils. T. melanosporum is grown in soils with high pH. Raising the soil pH for T. melanosporum could reduce the competition from native fungi adapted to acidic soils. Although few attempts have been made to cultivate truffles in Oregon, the Willamette Valley could be an ideal habitat for growing Tuber melanosporum. Establishment of a truffle farm takes 7 to 12 years depending on the species and the condition of the plot. Land must be free of plants that support ectomycorrhizal fungi, have evenly mixed sand, silt and clay (or well drained soils) and have an alkaline pH. An irrigation system should be installed in case of drought. After the trees are planted, maintenance of the truffle plot involves tilling the soil once a year, liming to maintain pH and pruning the host trees. Production typically begins after about six years and full production after about 10 years. Yields are difficult to estimate because truffle production is heavily influenced by weather conditions. In Europe, typical yields range from 50-150 kg per hectare (50-150 pounds per acre) in different plantations. The enterprise budget for a truffle farm in the Willamette Valley considers the costs and returns for a newly established farm. The budget is, by design, only a guide and does not consider individual differences among farmers. For example, it is expected that truffle cultivation will be an enterprise added to an existing farm, however the included budget includes costs of renting machinery for tilling. For a farmer that already owns his/her machinery, the budget must be altered accordingly. Truffles are expensive to produce. Profit and loss depend greatly on yield and price per pound. Also, commercial cultivation of truffles has not been achieved in Oregon and results are unpredictable. In good years, however some farms yield more than 100 kg per hectare (100 pounds per acre). Market prices fluctuate and may depend heavily on reputation as well as quality of truffles. In 2001, fresh truffles of the variety Tuber melanosporum were available on the Internet for about $225/kg ($500/pound). Other truffle species such as T. magnatum sell for about $765/kg ($1700/pound). The truffle industry is virtually unexplored in Oregon and there is potential to grow T. melanosporum in the Willamette Valley. This is a high risk crop due to the initial investment, a 10 year establishment period and fluctuations in yield and market values. Still, truffles are a low maintenance crop, can be sold worldwide and are highly acclaimed among gourmets. Also, truffle supply is limited, resulting in extreme high price. Socially and economically it appears that Tuber melanosporum could be a viable enterprise in the Willamette Valley. Close

• 138. [Image] Agricultural information on Klamath County irrigation

  	Pamphlet, compiled by the Klamath County Agricultural Agent, describing the history and status of the Klamath Project
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agricultural information on Klamath County irrigation Author: Henderson, C.A. Year: 1930, 2005 Pamphlet, compiled by the Klamath County Agricultural Agent, describing the history and status of the Klamath Project Title: Agricultural information on Klamath County irrigation Author: Henderson, C.A. Year: 1930, 2005 Pamphlet, compiled by the Klamath County Agricultural Agent, describing the history and status of the Klamath Project Close

• 139. [Article] Inheritance of resistance to Septoria leaf blotch in selected spring bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.)

  Septoria leaf blotch of wheat is a major biotic factor limiting the grain yield. To determine the nature of inheritance involving selected genotypes, three resistant semidwarf spring wheat lines exhibiting ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Inheritance of resistance to Septoria leaf blotch in selected spring bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) Author: Briceno Felix, Guillermo Ariel Septoria leaf blotch of wheat is a major biotic factor limiting the grain yield. To determine the nature of inheritance involving selected genotypes, three resistant semidwarf spring wheat lines exhibiting durable global resistance and one susceptible cultivar were crossed in all possible combinations, excluding reciprocals. Parents, Fl, F2, and F3 generations were inoculated with one pathogenic strain of Septoria tritici and evaluated under field conditions. Data were collected on an individual plant basis. F2 and F3 frequency distributions were computed to determine the nature of inheritance. Combining ability analysis of the 4x4 diallel cross and narrow-sense heritability were employed to estimate the nature of gene action. Phenotypic correlations were obtained to examined the possible association between disease severity traits and their relationship with heading date and plant height. The continuous distribution of the F2 and F3 populations among crosses made it impossible to classify plants into discrete classes in crosses between resistant x susceptible genotypes. Mean values of the disease traits Septoria progress coefficient, Relative coefficient of infection, and Septoria severity of flag leaf among the segregating populations were similar to the midparent values. Transgressive segregation was also observed in the F2 and F3 suggesting that parents had different resistance genes. Additive gene effects were found to be the major component of variation although nonadditive gene action played an important role in the expression of all three disease traits. The resistant parents Bobwhite"S" and Kavkaz /K4500 L.A.4 were found to have the largest negative general combining ability effects for the disease traits suggesting that these parents would be the best source for resistance to Septoria leaf blotch. High general combining ability and high narrow sense heritability estimates in the F3 population, indicated that substantial progress for resistance to Septoria tritici would be effective selecting in this generation. Of the three disease measures it would appear that selection for the lowest percentage of Septoria infection on the flag leaf would provide the most progress in developing resistant cultivars. Moderate and low negative phenotypic correlations were found among generations for the disease traits with heading date and plant height. From the results of this study the selection of early maturing short stature progeny would be possible within the genetic materials employed in this study. Title: Inheritance of resistance to Septoria leaf blotch in selected spring bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) Author: Briceno Felix, Guillermo Ariel Septoria leaf blotch of wheat is a major biotic factor limiting the grain yield. To determine the nature of inheritance involving selected genotypes, three resistant semidwarf spring wheat lines exhibiting durable global resistance and one susceptible cultivar were crossed in all possible combinations, excluding reciprocals. Parents, Fl, F2, and F3 generations were inoculated with one pathogenic strain of Septoria tritici and evaluated under field conditions. Data were collected on an individual plant basis. F2 and F3 frequency distributions were computed to determine the nature of inheritance. Combining ability analysis of the 4x4 diallel cross and narrow-sense heritability were employed to estimate the nature of gene action. Phenotypic correlations were obtained to examined the possible association between disease severity traits and their relationship with heading date and plant height. The continuous distribution of the F2 and F3 populations among crosses made it impossible to classify plants into discrete classes in crosses between resistant x susceptible genotypes. Mean values of the disease traits Septoria progress coefficient, Relative coefficient of infection, and Septoria severity of flag leaf among the segregating populations were similar to the midparent values. Transgressive segregation was also observed in the F2 and F3 suggesting that parents had different resistance genes. Additive gene effects were found to be the major component of variation although nonadditive gene action played an important role in the expression of all three disease traits. The resistant parents Bobwhite"S" and Kavkaz /K4500 L.A.4 were found to have the largest negative general combining ability effects for the disease traits suggesting that these parents would be the best source for resistance to Septoria leaf blotch. High general combining ability and high narrow sense heritability estimates in the F3 population, indicated that substantial progress for resistance to Septoria tritici would be effective selecting in this generation. Of the three disease measures it would appear that selection for the lowest percentage of Septoria infection on the flag leaf would provide the most progress in developing resistant cultivars. Moderate and low negative phenotypic correlations were found among generations for the disease traits with heading date and plant height. From the results of this study the selection of early maturing short stature progeny would be possible within the genetic materials employed in this study. Close

• 140. [Article] Responses of bush snap bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to plant population densities

  The effects of plant population densities on the growth and development of six cultivars of bush snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were studied in two field experiments. A systematic planting design was ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Responses of bush snap bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to plant population densities Author: Stang, Jack Rudolf The effects of plant population densities on the growth and development of six cultivars of bush snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were studied in two field experiments. A systematic planting design was used to achieve a range of densities from 21- to 110 plants per m² and a rectangularity of approximately 1. Cultivars were selected for differences in their leaf sizes. For most of the important parameters analyzed, including pod yield, cultivar x density interactions were not statistically significant. The pod yield-population density relationships were described by the equation w [superscript -θ] = α + βρ, where w is pod yield per plants, ρ is population density and θ, α and β are constants. The relationships were slightly parabolic with the cultivars having a common θ of 0.854 in one experiment and 0.836 in the other. Variation in the α and ρ values did not conform to the hypothesis that a is a measure of genetic potential and β is a measure of environmental potential. The optimum population densities of the cultivars differed; however, the same two cultivars produced the highest pod yields at all densities in both experiments. Yield component analysis showed that the racemes per area increased toward an asymptote and the pods per raceme and average weight per pod declined linearly as density increased. Among cultivars, the component characteristic most closely associated with high pod yield, regardless of population density, was large pod size. Small leaved cultivars had greater numbers of racemes, but fewer pods per raceme and smaller pods. Leaf area index (LAI) increased toward an asymptote as density increased. The relationship between crop growth rate (CGR) and the LAI was complex. It was interpreted in terms of source-sink interactions. The CGR was constant for LAI between 1.25 and 2.50 during the two-week period prior to bloom, but during the reproductive period, the CGR increased linearly as LAI increased to a maximum of 4.25. The constant prebloom CGR was attributed to the restricted branch development, i. e. low sink potential, of the higher densities that probably was caused by poor light distribution. The idea was presented that canopy light distribution may be influencing yield more by its effects on the initial development of a superstructure for reproductive growth than by its effect on the CGR during the reproductive period. Population density did not influence the date of initial bloom, the number of nodes on the main stem or the basic pattern of dry matter distribution. When the cultivars were compared, high pod yield was found to be mainly a function of an early, concentrated development and growth of reproductive organs and a concurrent reduction in vegetative growth. The cultivars with higher leaf areas during the reproductive period had lower pod yields, because their high leaf areas had developed as a compensatory reaction to their poor initial reproductive development. Cultivars did not differ in the rate of decline of their net assimilation rates (NAR) per unit increase in their LAI; however, at any given LAI the highest yielding cultivars had the highest NAR. Their high NAR were associated with low specific leaf areas (SLA). Small leaved cultivars had a slower rate of decline in branches per plant as density increased. Title: Responses of bush snap bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to plant population densities Author: Stang, Jack Rudolf The effects of plant population densities on the growth and development of six cultivars of bush snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were studied in two field experiments. A systematic planting design was used to achieve a range of densities from 21- to 110 plants per m² and a rectangularity of approximately 1. Cultivars were selected for differences in their leaf sizes. For most of the important parameters analyzed, including pod yield, cultivar x density interactions were not statistically significant. The pod yield-population density relationships were described by the equation w [superscript -θ] = α + βρ, where w is pod yield per plants, ρ is population density and θ, α and β are constants. The relationships were slightly parabolic with the cultivars having a common θ of 0.854 in one experiment and 0.836 in the other. Variation in the α and ρ values did not conform to the hypothesis that a is a measure of genetic potential and β is a measure of environmental potential. The optimum population densities of the cultivars differed; however, the same two cultivars produced the highest pod yields at all densities in both experiments. Yield component analysis showed that the racemes per area increased toward an asymptote and the pods per raceme and average weight per pod declined linearly as density increased. Among cultivars, the component characteristic most closely associated with high pod yield, regardless of population density, was large pod size. Small leaved cultivars had greater numbers of racemes, but fewer pods per raceme and smaller pods. Leaf area index (LAI) increased toward an asymptote as density increased. The relationship between crop growth rate (CGR) and the LAI was complex. It was interpreted in terms of source-sink interactions. The CGR was constant for LAI between 1.25 and 2.50 during the two-week period prior to bloom, but during the reproductive period, the CGR increased linearly as LAI increased to a maximum of 4.25. The constant prebloom CGR was attributed to the restricted branch development, i. e. low sink potential, of the higher densities that probably was caused by poor light distribution. The idea was presented that canopy light distribution may be influencing yield more by its effects on the initial development of a superstructure for reproductive growth than by its effect on the CGR during the reproductive period. Population density did not influence the date of initial bloom, the number of nodes on the main stem or the basic pattern of dry matter distribution. When the cultivars were compared, high pod yield was found to be mainly a function of an early, concentrated development and growth of reproductive organs and a concurrent reduction in vegetative growth. The cultivars with higher leaf areas during the reproductive period had lower pod yields, because their high leaf areas had developed as a compensatory reaction to their poor initial reproductive development. Cultivars did not differ in the rate of decline of their net assimilation rates (NAR) per unit increase in their LAI; however, at any given LAI the highest yielding cultivars had the highest NAR. Their high NAR were associated with low specific leaf areas (SLA). Small leaved cultivars had a slower rate of decline in branches per plant as density increased. Close

• 141. [Article] Arno Farm: Replanting for Self-Reliance

  iii, 42 p. "Project undertaken by: the Ministry of Resources and Development, Republic of the Marshall Islands, with technical assistance from: the University of Oregon Micronesia and South Pacific Pro...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Arno Farm: Replanting for Self-Reliance Author: Finney, Kevin, Laukon, Alexander, Marshall Islands. Ministry of Resources and Development, University of Oregon. Micronesia and South Pacific Program Year: 2009, 1993 iii, 42 p. "Project undertaken by: the Ministry of Resources and Development, Republic of the Marshall Islands, with technical assistance from: the University of Oregon Micronesia and South Pacific Program." Title: Arno Farm: Replanting for Self-Reliance Author: Finney, Kevin, Laukon, Alexander, Marshall Islands. Ministry of Resources and Development, University of Oregon. Micronesia and South Pacific Program Year: 2009, 1993 iii, 42 p. "Project undertaken by: the Ministry of Resources and Development, Republic of the Marshall Islands, with technical assistance from: the University of Oregon Micronesia and South Pacific Program." Close

• 142. [Article] Integrating real-time weather data with dynamic crop development models

  Crop development models are commonly used in research. However, their use as crop management tools for growers is rare. Decision support systems (DSS), which combine crop models with expert systems, are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Integrating real-time weather data with dynamic crop development models Author: Donaldson, William S. Crop development models are commonly used in research. However, their use as crop management tools for growers is rare. Decision support systems (DSS), which combine crop models with expert systems, are being developed to provide management assistance to growers. Researchers at Oregon State University are in the process of developing a DSS. Research was conducted to develop a computer program to provide current and generated weather data for use by the DSS. The objectives of this research were to obtain a weather station, develop a set of quality control procedures to check data from the station, obtain a weather generator program, and create a weather data manager program to implement the above objectives. A weather station was obtained and was placed near two existing weather stations for ten months. Data from the weather station was compared with the other two stations for values of monthly average maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and daily total solar radiation and monthly total precipitation. The weather station performed well. Only measurements of total daily solar radiation were consistently different from the other stations. Based on a comparison of the weather station with an Eppley pyranometer, a factor was calculated to correct the solar radiation readings. The quality control procedures used on the weather data were adapted from automated procedures given in the literature. When tested, the procedures performed as desired. When used on actual data from the weather station, values that failed the procedures were apparently legitimate values. Options were added to the data manager program that allow the user to quickly decide what to do with failed values. For a weather data generator, WGEN was chosen from the generators presented in the literature. An input parameter file was created for the Corvallis, Oregon area and thirty years of data were generated. Monthly means from this data were compared with thirty-year historical monthly means for Corvallis. Precipitation data from WGEN compared well with the historical data. The generated data for maximum and minimum temperature and daily total solar radiation had great differences from the historical data. It is believed that the input parameters for the Corvallis area suggested by the authors of WGEN are not appropriate. The weather data manager program was written in the C programming language, and occupies approximately 98 kilobytes of disk space, not including the eleven files created directly and indirectly by the program. The main functions of the program are: 1) retrieving data from the weather station and performing quality control procedures on the data (allowing the user to decide what to do with values that failed QC); 2) viewing and editing of files by the user; 3) weather data generation (creating a file of only generated data or appending generated data to the file of current data from the weather station to create a file containing a full year of weather data); and 4) miscellaneous functions (monitoring the weather station, setting the calendar in the station's datalogger, and changing information used by the data manager program). It is hoped that this program will be a significant contribution towards the development of a decision support system. Title: Integrating real-time weather data with dynamic crop development models Author: Donaldson, William S. Crop development models are commonly used in research. However, their use as crop management tools for growers is rare. Decision support systems (DSS), which combine crop models with expert systems, are being developed to provide management assistance to growers. Researchers at Oregon State University are in the process of developing a DSS. Research was conducted to develop a computer program to provide current and generated weather data for use by the DSS. The objectives of this research were to obtain a weather station, develop a set of quality control procedures to check data from the station, obtain a weather generator program, and create a weather data manager program to implement the above objectives. A weather station was obtained and was placed near two existing weather stations for ten months. Data from the weather station was compared with the other two stations for values of monthly average maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and daily total solar radiation and monthly total precipitation. The weather station performed well. Only measurements of total daily solar radiation were consistently different from the other stations. Based on a comparison of the weather station with an Eppley pyranometer, a factor was calculated to correct the solar radiation readings. The quality control procedures used on the weather data were adapted from automated procedures given in the literature. When tested, the procedures performed as desired. When used on actual data from the weather station, values that failed the procedures were apparently legitimate values. Options were added to the data manager program that allow the user to quickly decide what to do with failed values. For a weather data generator, WGEN was chosen from the generators presented in the literature. An input parameter file was created for the Corvallis, Oregon area and thirty years of data were generated. Monthly means from this data were compared with thirty-year historical monthly means for Corvallis. Precipitation data from WGEN compared well with the historical data. The generated data for maximum and minimum temperature and daily total solar radiation had great differences from the historical data. It is believed that the input parameters for the Corvallis area suggested by the authors of WGEN are not appropriate. The weather data manager program was written in the C programming language, and occupies approximately 98 kilobytes of disk space, not including the eleven files created directly and indirectly by the program. The main functions of the program are: 1) retrieving data from the weather station and performing quality control procedures on the data (allowing the user to decide what to do with values that failed QC); 2) viewing and editing of files by the user; 3) weather data generation (creating a file of only generated data or appending generated data to the file of current data from the weather station to create a file containing a full year of weather data); and 4) miscellaneous functions (monitoring the weather station, setting the calendar in the station's datalogger, and changing information used by the data manager program). It is hoped that this program will be a significant contribution towards the development of a decision support system. Close

• 143. [Article] Examination of adolescents' sources of subjective task value in sport

  Sport is an avenue for children and adolescents to improve physical skills as well as enhance their psycho-social development. Despite the benefits of sport, numerous children and adolescents choose not ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Examination of adolescents' sources of subjective task value in sport Author: Stuart, Moira E. Sport is an avenue for children and adolescents to improve physical skills as well as enhance their psycho-social development. Despite the benefits of sport, numerous children and adolescents choose not to be physically active. Consequently, several investigators have sought to determine why some children choose to participate in sport, while others do not. The perceived importance or value, attached to an activity is one factor that has been considered central to predicting behavioral choices in various settings. Eccles et al. (1983) have proposed a multidimensional, quantitative measure of subjective task value (intrinsic, attainment, and utility). However, qualitative differences in the sources of subjective task value for sport have yet to be investigated. Thus, the primary purpose of this study was to examine self-identified and literature-based sources of intrinsic, attainment, and utility value among male and female adolescents. A sample of 30 male and female eighth grade students, classified into subjective task value groups (high-, medium-, or low value), were selected to participate in the interview portion of this study. In general, the results confirmed the sources of subjective task value identified in the literature by Eccles et al. The results also supported Eccles et al.'s multidimensional approach to value by revealing sources unique to each component (intrinsic, attainment, utility) of value. Sources of value peculiar to the physical domain emerged, as well as gender differences within each level of value. Finally, the process of ranking both self- identified and literature-based sources of value illuminated the most salient sources for each subgroup. In sum, this study both confirmed and expanded upon Eccles's subjective task value work. The results are discussed in terms of conceptual and practical implications as well as recommendations for future research. Title: Examination of adolescents' sources of subjective task value in sport Author: Stuart, Moira E. Sport is an avenue for children and adolescents to improve physical skills as well as enhance their psycho-social development. Despite the benefits of sport, numerous children and adolescents choose not to be physically active. Consequently, several investigators have sought to determine why some children choose to participate in sport, while others do not. The perceived importance or value, attached to an activity is one factor that has been considered central to predicting behavioral choices in various settings. Eccles et al. (1983) have proposed a multidimensional, quantitative measure of subjective task value (intrinsic, attainment, and utility). However, qualitative differences in the sources of subjective task value for sport have yet to be investigated. Thus, the primary purpose of this study was to examine self-identified and literature-based sources of intrinsic, attainment, and utility value among male and female adolescents. A sample of 30 male and female eighth grade students, classified into subjective task value groups (high-, medium-, or low value), were selected to participate in the interview portion of this study. In general, the results confirmed the sources of subjective task value identified in the literature by Eccles et al. The results also supported Eccles et al.'s multidimensional approach to value by revealing sources unique to each component (intrinsic, attainment, utility) of value. Sources of value peculiar to the physical domain emerged, as well as gender differences within each level of value. Finally, the process of ranking both self- identified and literature-based sources of value illuminated the most salient sources for each subgroup. In sum, this study both confirmed and expanded upon Eccles's subjective task value work. The results are discussed in terms of conceptual and practical implications as well as recommendations for future research. Close

• 144. [Article] An investigation of cultural cohesion and value divergence in a community bank

  Interest in organizational culture has grown enormously over the last twenty years and much effort has gone into investigating the relationship between organizational culture and performance. Because most ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An investigation of cultural cohesion and value divergence in a community bank Author: Payne, Bryce M. Interest in organizational culture has grown enormously over the last twenty years and much effort has gone into investigating the relationship between organizational culture and performance. Because most research to date has focused on large organizations, we chose to investigate the culture in a community bank undergoing a cultural transformation. We introduce the idea of 'cultural cohesion,' a concept related to 'strength,' but different in its focus on identifying specific cultural characteristics on which there is high or low cohesion. We also introduce a methodology for evaluating cultural value divergence. Through a survey instrument, we collected demographic information, employees' cultural values, perceptions of their mangers' values and self-assessments of individual performance. No support was found for using cohesion as a predictor of individual performance, but many discoveries were made in terms of cultural values and cultural divergence. The organization most valued Integrity, Willingness and Teamwork. Employees are surprisingly accurate at perceiving what their managers value, but this does not mean they necessarily internalize those values. Supervisors tend to value Empowerment, but subordinates prefer Teamwork. Employees who came from other community banks had the lowest cultural divergence (highest level of cohesion). These findings have not been tested for statistical significance. Title: An investigation of cultural cohesion and value divergence in a community bank Author: Payne, Bryce M. Interest in organizational culture has grown enormously over the last twenty years and much effort has gone into investigating the relationship between organizational culture and performance. Because most research to date has focused on large organizations, we chose to investigate the culture in a community bank undergoing a cultural transformation. We introduce the idea of 'cultural cohesion,' a concept related to 'strength,' but different in its focus on identifying specific cultural characteristics on which there is high or low cohesion. We also introduce a methodology for evaluating cultural value divergence. Through a survey instrument, we collected demographic information, employees' cultural values, perceptions of their mangers' values and self-assessments of individual performance. No support was found for using cohesion as a predictor of individual performance, but many discoveries were made in terms of cultural values and cultural divergence. The organization most valued Integrity, Willingness and Teamwork. Employees are surprisingly accurate at perceiving what their managers value, but this does not mean they necessarily internalize those values. Supervisors tend to value Empowerment, but subordinates prefer Teamwork. Employees who came from other community banks had the lowest cultural divergence (highest level of cohesion). These findings have not been tested for statistical significance. Close

• 145. [Article] Real Options Methodology in Sportswear Retail Investment Valuation

  The net present value (NPV) approach has been widely accepted by corporate practitioners and academics as the principle tool for evaluating the feasibility of corporate financial investment opportunities. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Real Options Methodology in Sportswear Retail Investment Valuation Author: Gui, Hairong Karen Year: 2011 The net present value (NPV) approach has been widely accepted by corporate practitioners and academics as the principle tool for evaluating the feasibility of corporate financial investment opportunities. It conceptually provides an estimate in present value terms of a proposed investment's incremental contribution to the firm, enabling the company to pursue its goal of value maximization with more assurance. NPV uses a discount rate that in theory captures market risks. In the stable growth or mature industries, NPV works well. However, in high investment/high risk-return (HI/HRR) industries, where the investment environment is often profiled as highly uncertain with high returns, NPV is insufficient to reflect the multidimensional risks, hence unable to capture the extensive investment returns that may consist of non-financial values. This dissertation applies the real option (RO) valuation methodology, supplementing the NPV method to evaluate the return of the sports retail industry (SRI) flagship stores investments. This study further demonstrates that there are strategic values captured by the RO valuation method, complementing the financial values attained by the NPV. To test this assertion, we use case methodology to analyze four flagship investment activities (proprietary business data are concealed). These investments represent various investment options, including growth, expansion, staging, and delay. The cases include projections made prior to the investment, the retrospective application of RO to estimate strategic value, and the actual returns from these investments. Findings demonstrate convincingly RO methodology can and should be usefully applied to supplement the NPV method in HI/HRR industries, and SRI in particular. Title: Real Options Methodology in Sportswear Retail Investment Valuation Author: Gui, Hairong Karen Year: 2011 The net present value (NPV) approach has been widely accepted by corporate practitioners and academics as the principle tool for evaluating the feasibility of corporate financial investment opportunities. It conceptually provides an estimate in present value terms of a proposed investment's incremental contribution to the firm, enabling the company to pursue its goal of value maximization with more assurance. NPV uses a discount rate that in theory captures market risks. In the stable growth or mature industries, NPV works well. However, in high investment/high risk-return (HI/HRR) industries, where the investment environment is often profiled as highly uncertain with high returns, NPV is insufficient to reflect the multidimensional risks, hence unable to capture the extensive investment returns that may consist of non-financial values. This dissertation applies the real option (RO) valuation methodology, supplementing the NPV method to evaluate the return of the sports retail industry (SRI) flagship stores investments. This study further demonstrates that there are strategic values captured by the RO valuation method, complementing the financial values attained by the NPV. To test this assertion, we use case methodology to analyze four flagship investment activities (proprietary business data are concealed). These investments represent various investment options, including growth, expansion, staging, and delay. The cases include projections made prior to the investment, the retrospective application of RO to estimate strategic value, and the actual returns from these investments. Findings demonstrate convincingly RO methodology can and should be usefully applied to supplement the NPV method in HI/HRR industries, and SRI in particular. Close

• 146. [Image] Soil survey of Klamath County, Oregon, southern part

  	Foreword The Soil Survey of Klamath County, Oregon, Southern Part, is the product of many soil scientists, plant specialists, soil engineers, extension specialists, land owners, and others who worked ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil survey of Klamath County, Oregon, southern part Author: Cahoon, Joe Year: 1985, 2006, 2005 Foreword The Soil Survey of Klamath County, Oregon, Southern Part, is the product of many soil scientists, plant specialists, soil engineers, extension specialists, land owners, and others who worked and cooperated as a team to complete this project. In this report are many kinds of basic information about the soils in the area. This information can be helpful in making decisions about the management of irrigated soils for optimum crop production, in planning land uses for urban and suburban areas, and in determining the needs for many other uses, for example, forestry, range, wildlife, and recreation. This soil survey has been prepared for many different users. Farmers can use it to help select the most suitable crop for the kind of soil; ranchers can use it to determine amount of forage production and the kinds of plants most suited to range or woodland; foresters can use the survey to find information about kinds of trees, potential for tree growth, and special soil features. Title: Soil survey of Klamath County, Oregon, southern part Author: Cahoon, Joe Year: 1985, 2006, 2005 Foreword The Soil Survey of Klamath County, Oregon, Southern Part, is the product of many soil scientists, plant specialists, soil engineers, extension specialists, land owners, and others who worked and cooperated as a team to complete this project. In this report are many kinds of basic information about the soils in the area. This information can be helpful in making decisions about the management of irrigated soils for optimum crop production, in planning land uses for urban and suburban areas, and in determining the needs for many other uses, for example, forestry, range, wildlife, and recreation. This soil survey has been prepared for many different users. Farmers can use it to help select the most suitable crop for the kind of soil; ranchers can use it to determine amount of forage production and the kinds of plants most suited to range or woodland; foresters can use the survey to find information about kinds of trees, potential for tree growth, and special soil features. Close

• 147. [Article] Influence of Soft Wheat Characteristics on Quality of Batter-based Products

  Wheat is a globally traded staple crop. Wheat is important in human diets because of its agronomic adaptability, physical characteristics, functionality for the production of leavened products and nutritional ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of Soft Wheat Characteristics on Quality of Batter-based Products Author: Fajardo Centeno, Carlos A. Wheat is a globally traded staple crop. Wheat is important in human diets because of its agronomic adaptability, physical characteristics, functionality for the production of leavened products and nutritional value. Two significant characteristics make wheat an important staple food-crop. First, the proteins present in wheat endosperm have attributes that enable gas retention after the proteins are hydrated and mechanically worked during dough production. Second, a wider variety of products can be made out of wheat compared to other cereals. Wheat quality is defined in terms of suitability for specific end-uses. This is important for breeders, farmers, flour millers, and food producers and consumers. In the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW) climatic conditions favor production of soft wheat. Three soft wheat types are planted in the PNW, soft white winter (SWW), soft white spring (SWS), and club (CLUB). Batter-based products are important applications for soft wheats and include a wide range of products such as pancakes and waffles, cakes, and coatings. Pancakes are produced from fluid batters using a single step mixing process and contain sugar concentrations < 30% in their formulations. Cakes are complex food systems where their classification is based on mixing process to produce the batters and the sugar-flour ratio concentrations in their formulations. This dissertation is focused on the functionality, analysis, and selection of soft wheat quality traits that affect end-product performance and also developing a methodology to rapidly predict cake quality. The first study (Chapter 3) was concerned with the functionality of SWW wheats in pancake making. The aim of this study was to observe the differences in genotype and protein concentration on batter flow and pancake making performance of a collection of SWW wheats. Two formulations were used in the study: one based on Finnie et al (2006) called "old" and another based on the AACC-I Approved Method 10-80.01 called "new". The "new" lean formulation had an improved ability to distinguish the performance of different flours compared with the “old” as a result of wider range of pancake diameters. This study showed that pancake making performance would not be optimized by conventional superior high-quality soft wheat flours with soft kernel texture, high break flour yield, and low water-, carbonate-, and sucrose SRCs. From our results it appears that for unchlorinated flours, at least for thicker pancakes, the most appropriate flour would have higher water and sucrose SRCs and be grown under management conditions conductive to higher protein. The second study (Chapter 4) was a meta-analysis of data collected by the USDA Western Wheat Quality Laboratory (Pullman, WA). This study was done to advance understanding soft wheat quality traits that differentially affect sugar-snap cookie diameter (CODI) and Japanese sponge cake (SC) volume (CAVOL). Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square (PLS) regression models were used to obtain useful actionable information from the data. The overall data showed that break flour yield (BKFY) was the single most important trait positively associated with both CAVOL and CODI. SWW wheats showed CVs > 10% for kernel hardness (SKHRD), grain and flour protein concentrations, ash, sucrose-, and lactic acid SRCs. These observations suggested that hardness, protein, ash, and the two SRCs were more sensitive to G&E effects than were the end-product traits that had CVs < 10%. The third study (Chapter 5) was built on the second study by adding two additional quality tests, oxidative gelation capacity (PeakOXI) and median particle size, to the potential prediction of CODI and CAVOL. Similar to the second study, BKFY was the single most important trait positively associated with both CAVOL and CODI. Virtual selection of SWWs based on either BKFY or SKHRD alone showed (in both the second and third studies) that using these enabled a gain of 134 mL for CAVOL and 0.6 cm for CODI using SKHRD and 122 mL for CAVOL and 0.58 cm for CODI using BKFY (Chapter 5). PeakOXI was significantly correlated with CODI but not with CAVOL. This contrasted with our hypothesis that PeakOXI would affect both products similarly. Notably 13 SWW samples had PeakOXI values higher than 800 cP. PeakOXI values this high have never been observed in soft wheats prior to this study. This is a valuable genetic resource for further studies that may lead to ways to better exploit oxidative gelation. The fourth study (Chapter 6) expanded the concepts in previous studies and included the use of a test to measure cake-batter viscosity in an attempt to predict cake quality. This study investigated the relationships between wheat quality traits, cake batters, and cake making quality in three cake types: SC, layer cake (LC), and pound cake (PoC). This study differed from the studies in Chapters 4 and 5 and was similar to Chapter 3 as the samples were fewer but specifically chosen to span the entire range of typical SWW quality. In this study we also developed a viscosity-based method to predict SC and LC quality that takes only eight minutes. This could be useful for screening or selection for cake quality in soft wheat breeding programs. In SC, there were no significant differences in cake quality traits between varieties. However, SC volume had a strong negative association with PeakOXI. For LC, the variety Tubbs, with harder kernel and higher absorption characteristics, had the largest LC volume. In contrast to SC, LC volume was significantly and positively associated with PeakOXI. In PoC, Kaseburg, with the highest protein content, had the largest cake volume. PoC was significantly and positively associated with flour protein concentration suggesting that flour proteins were important for larger volumes and confirming other observations in the literature. In contrast to LC and SC, PoC was not significantly associated with PeakOXI. The overall impact of the studies reported is: - For pancakes, the most important soft wheat trait is flour protein concentration. Water-, and sucrose SRCs were potentially useful parameters for predicting pancake quality. - For SC and sugar-snap cookies, break flour yield was the most important single trait in predicting higher SC volumes and larger cookie diameters. Therefore, selection in soft wheat breeding should be focused on kernel hardness and break flour yields as primary factors. Title: Influence of Soft Wheat Characteristics on Quality of Batter-based Products Author: Fajardo Centeno, Carlos A. Wheat is a globally traded staple crop. Wheat is important in human diets because of its agronomic adaptability, physical characteristics, functionality for the production of leavened products and nutritional value. Two significant characteristics make wheat an important staple food-crop. First, the proteins present in wheat endosperm have attributes that enable gas retention after the proteins are hydrated and mechanically worked during dough production. Second, a wider variety of products can be made out of wheat compared to other cereals. Wheat quality is defined in terms of suitability for specific end-uses. This is important for breeders, farmers, flour millers, and food producers and consumers. In the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW) climatic conditions favor production of soft wheat. Three soft wheat types are planted in the PNW, soft white winter (SWW), soft white spring (SWS), and club (CLUB). Batter-based products are important applications for soft wheats and include a wide range of products such as pancakes and waffles, cakes, and coatings. Pancakes are produced from fluid batters using a single step mixing process and contain sugar concentrations < 30% in their formulations. Cakes are complex food systems where their classification is based on mixing process to produce the batters and the sugar-flour ratio concentrations in their formulations. This dissertation is focused on the functionality, analysis, and selection of soft wheat quality traits that affect end-product performance and also developing a methodology to rapidly predict cake quality. The first study (Chapter 3) was concerned with the functionality of SWW wheats in pancake making. The aim of this study was to observe the differences in genotype and protein concentration on batter flow and pancake making performance of a collection of SWW wheats. Two formulations were used in the study: one based on Finnie et al (2006) called "old" and another based on the AACC-I Approved Method 10-80.01 called "new". The "new" lean formulation had an improved ability to distinguish the performance of different flours compared with the “old” as a result of wider range of pancake diameters. This study showed that pancake making performance would not be optimized by conventional superior high-quality soft wheat flours with soft kernel texture, high break flour yield, and low water-, carbonate-, and sucrose SRCs. From our results it appears that for unchlorinated flours, at least for thicker pancakes, the most appropriate flour would have higher water and sucrose SRCs and be grown under management conditions conductive to higher protein. The second study (Chapter 4) was a meta-analysis of data collected by the USDA Western Wheat Quality Laboratory (Pullman, WA). This study was done to advance understanding soft wheat quality traits that differentially affect sugar-snap cookie diameter (CODI) and Japanese sponge cake (SC) volume (CAVOL). Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square (PLS) regression models were used to obtain useful actionable information from the data. The overall data showed that break flour yield (BKFY) was the single most important trait positively associated with both CAVOL and CODI. SWW wheats showed CVs > 10% for kernel hardness (SKHRD), grain and flour protein concentrations, ash, sucrose-, and lactic acid SRCs. These observations suggested that hardness, protein, ash, and the two SRCs were more sensitive to G&E effects than were the end-product traits that had CVs < 10%. The third study (Chapter 5) was built on the second study by adding two additional quality tests, oxidative gelation capacity (PeakOXI) and median particle size, to the potential prediction of CODI and CAVOL. Similar to the second study, BKFY was the single most important trait positively associated with both CAVOL and CODI. Virtual selection of SWWs based on either BKFY or SKHRD alone showed (in both the second and third studies) that using these enabled a gain of 134 mL for CAVOL and 0.6 cm for CODI using SKHRD and 122 mL for CAVOL and 0.58 cm for CODI using BKFY (Chapter 5). PeakOXI was significantly correlated with CODI but not with CAVOL. This contrasted with our hypothesis that PeakOXI would affect both products similarly. Notably 13 SWW samples had PeakOXI values higher than 800 cP. PeakOXI values this high have never been observed in soft wheats prior to this study. This is a valuable genetic resource for further studies that may lead to ways to better exploit oxidative gelation. The fourth study (Chapter 6) expanded the concepts in previous studies and included the use of a test to measure cake-batter viscosity in an attempt to predict cake quality. This study investigated the relationships between wheat quality traits, cake batters, and cake making quality in three cake types: SC, layer cake (LC), and pound cake (PoC). This study differed from the studies in Chapters 4 and 5 and was similar to Chapter 3 as the samples were fewer but specifically chosen to span the entire range of typical SWW quality. In this study we also developed a viscosity-based method to predict SC and LC quality that takes only eight minutes. This could be useful for screening or selection for cake quality in soft wheat breeding programs. In SC, there were no significant differences in cake quality traits between varieties. However, SC volume had a strong negative association with PeakOXI. For LC, the variety Tubbs, with harder kernel and higher absorption characteristics, had the largest LC volume. In contrast to SC, LC volume was significantly and positively associated with PeakOXI. In PoC, Kaseburg, with the highest protein content, had the largest cake volume. PoC was significantly and positively associated with flour protein concentration suggesting that flour proteins were important for larger volumes and confirming other observations in the literature. In contrast to LC and SC, PoC was not significantly associated with PeakOXI. The overall impact of the studies reported is: - For pancakes, the most important soft wheat trait is flour protein concentration. Water-, and sucrose SRCs were potentially useful parameters for predicting pancake quality. - For SC and sugar-snap cookies, break flour yield was the most important single trait in predicting higher SC volumes and larger cookie diameters. Therefore, selection in soft wheat breeding should be focused on kernel hardness and break flour yields as primary factors. Close

• 148. [Article] Growth and development of three meadowfoam (Limnanthes spp.) lines

  Meadowfoam (Limnanthes R. Br. spp.), a source of C₂₀ and C₂₂ fatty acids, is a new industrial oilseed crop adapted to the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Increased oil yield per land area may increase the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth and development of three meadowfoam (Limnanthes spp.) lines Author: Fiez, Timothy E. Meadowfoam (Limnanthes R. Br. spp.), a source of C₂₀ and C₂₂ fatty acids, is a new industrial oilseed crop adapted to the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Increased oil yield per land area may increase the rate of meadowfoam commercialization. Using two half-sib L. floccosa x L. alba lines, 85-765 and 85-729, and L. alba 'Mermaid', this study was conducted to establish relationships between oil yield, yield components, and agronomical, phenological, and morphological traits. This information may enhance the development of high oil yielding meadowfoam cultivars and cultural practices. This study was also conducted to characterize meadowfoam growth and development, to quantify ethanol soluble carbohydrates and starch present in above-ground plant organs, and to relate growth, development, and carbohydrate quantities to seed yield. This information is not present in the literature and is also needed to increase meadowfoam oil yield. The three lines were grown in solid stand in 1987-88 and 1988-89 at the Oregon State University Schmidt Farm on an Amity silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Argiaquic Xeric Agialboll). Line 85-765 produced the greatest oil yield in 1987-88. Seed weight of line 85-765 was 18 and 13% greater than lines 85-729 and Mermaid, respectively, and seed oil content was 18% greater than Mermaid. Both lines 85-765 and Mermaid produced greater oil yields than line 85-729 in 1988-89. Line 85-765 produced a 7% greater seed weight and Mermaid produced 55% more seeds per flower than line 85-729. Seed weight of line 85-765 was also 9% greater than Mermaid in 1988-89, but Mermaid produced 31% more seeds per flower than line 85-765. Seed weight differences were apparently due to variation in seed growth rate and not seed growth duration. Differences in seeds per flower were not related to pollinator activity or flower phenology. Organ dry weights and leaf area indices (LAI) were measured at 13 and 11 intervals after emergence in 1987-88 and 1988-89, respectively. Ethanol soluble carbohydrates and starch were quantified when stem weight peaked and at physiological maturity. There were no differences in predicted mean values of total above-ground and individual organ dry weights and LAI between lines in either season. In both seasons, total above-ground dry matter peaked between mid and last bloom. During flowering when stem weight peaked, stems and flowers contained 283 and 148 g kg⁻¹ ethanol soluble carbohydrates, respectively, averaged over lines and years. LAI peaked prior to flowering and was less than 0.1 at last bloom each season, while 35 and 40% of the seed fill period occurred after last bloom in 1987-88 and 1988-89, respectively, averaged across lines. Seed yield was correlated with the amount of potentially remobilizable carbohydrate accumulated when stem weight peaked (r=0.54). Thus, developing seeds obtain assimilates mainly from sources other than current leaf photosynthesis. Title: Growth and development of three meadowfoam (Limnanthes spp.) lines Author: Fiez, Timothy E. Meadowfoam (Limnanthes R. Br. spp.), a source of C₂₀ and C₂₂ fatty acids, is a new industrial oilseed crop adapted to the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Increased oil yield per land area may increase the rate of meadowfoam commercialization. Using two half-sib L. floccosa x L. alba lines, 85-765 and 85-729, and L. alba 'Mermaid', this study was conducted to establish relationships between oil yield, yield components, and agronomical, phenological, and morphological traits. This information may enhance the development of high oil yielding meadowfoam cultivars and cultural practices. This study was also conducted to characterize meadowfoam growth and development, to quantify ethanol soluble carbohydrates and starch present in above-ground plant organs, and to relate growth, development, and carbohydrate quantities to seed yield. This information is not present in the literature and is also needed to increase meadowfoam oil yield. The three lines were grown in solid stand in 1987-88 and 1988-89 at the Oregon State University Schmidt Farm on an Amity silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Argiaquic Xeric Agialboll). Line 85-765 produced the greatest oil yield in 1987-88. Seed weight of line 85-765 was 18 and 13% greater than lines 85-729 and Mermaid, respectively, and seed oil content was 18% greater than Mermaid. Both lines 85-765 and Mermaid produced greater oil yields than line 85-729 in 1988-89. Line 85-765 produced a 7% greater seed weight and Mermaid produced 55% more seeds per flower than line 85-729. Seed weight of line 85-765 was also 9% greater than Mermaid in 1988-89, but Mermaid produced 31% more seeds per flower than line 85-765. Seed weight differences were apparently due to variation in seed growth rate and not seed growth duration. Differences in seeds per flower were not related to pollinator activity or flower phenology. Organ dry weights and leaf area indices (LAI) were measured at 13 and 11 intervals after emergence in 1987-88 and 1988-89, respectively. Ethanol soluble carbohydrates and starch were quantified when stem weight peaked and at physiological maturity. There were no differences in predicted mean values of total above-ground and individual organ dry weights and LAI between lines in either season. In both seasons, total above-ground dry matter peaked between mid and last bloom. During flowering when stem weight peaked, stems and flowers contained 283 and 148 g kg⁻¹ ethanol soluble carbohydrates, respectively, averaged over lines and years. LAI peaked prior to flowering and was less than 0.1 at last bloom each season, while 35 and 40% of the seed fill period occurred after last bloom in 1987-88 and 1988-89, respectively, averaged across lines. Seed yield was correlated with the amount of potentially remobilizable carbohydrate accumulated when stem weight peaked (r=0.54). Thus, developing seeds obtain assimilates mainly from sources other than current leaf photosynthesis. Close

• 149. [Article] Compensating effects and gene action estimates for the components of grain yield in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell)

  Five winter wheat cultivars and their diallel crosses were evaluated for plant height, harvest index, deading-maturity duration, the components of yield, (spikes per plant, spikelets per spike, kernel ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Compensating effects and gene action estimates for the components of grain yield in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) Author: Abi-Antoun, Michel Five winter wheat cultivars and their diallel crosses were evaluated for plant height, harvest index, deading-maturity duration, the components of yield, (spikes per plant, spikelets per spike, kernel weight and kernels per spikelet)and total plant yield. Two diverse locations, Moro, a dryland site (250 mm annually) located in central Oregon and the Hyslop Agronomy Farm, a high rainfall site (over 1000 mm annually) located in the Willamette Valley, were utilized for one and two cropping seasons, respectively. Three rates of seeding were used as main plots in a split-plot design that was replicated four times. A modified blend method of seeding was used to simulate solid seeding conditions. Experimental seeds were planted 30.5 centimeters apart within the row over a filler cultivar in equally spaced (30.5 centimeters) rows. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance, Griffing's diallel analysis (Method 4, Model 1), correlation, path-coefficient analysis and by parent progeny regression. The correlation between grain yield, its components, harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height was dependent on the particula. r environment of the test. The re waspoorcorrelationbetween yield, tiller number and seed size under all the conditions of these studies. Negative associations between the components of yield indicated the sequential compensatory behavior of these characters under all environments. It would be very hard to select for large grain and short stature wheat because of the positive correlation between plant height and seed size within this population. The low correlations of yield with tiller number and seed size were mainly caused by indirect negative effects through one or more of the other yield components. Harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height had very small direct or indirect influences on grain yield. It was concluded that maximum yield would be obtained from a plant type which produces enough tillers to cover a particular unit of field area with large, fertile spikes, having medium to large kernels and semi-dwarf stature. No significant differences existed between parents and single crosses in the expression of the yield components. Nevertheless, hybrids outyielded their parents in grain yield and demonstrated that heterosis for complex traits was a consequence of multiplicative relationships among the components of these traits. Significant interactions between the genotypes and locations, seeding rates and years were observed in the expression of all characters studied. These interactions indicated that using data from non-competitive conditions to assess performance under competitive conditions could not be justified. Also, limiting the number of testing sites may lead to unsound generalizations and erroneous recommendations regarding gene action estimates of yield and the components of grain yield and three associated characters. Under non-competitive conditions, estimates of the additive type of gene action were more significant and contributed larger effects than the non-additive type for all traits. As competition increased at higher seeding rates, the effects of specific combining ability became more important in the expression of yield, number of spikes, spikelets per spike, and plant height. Heritability estimates confirmed these results except for yield. Of the agronomic characters, harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height, only harvest index showed some promise as a selection criterion under noncompetitive conditions. A breeding procedure utilizing the component approach consisted of selecting early generations under spaced planting with emphasis on avoiding extreme values in any of the components of yield. The balanced combinations of the components of yield should be tested under solid seeding conditions. Title: Compensating effects and gene action estimates for the components of grain yield in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) Author: Abi-Antoun, Michel Five winter wheat cultivars and their diallel crosses were evaluated for plant height, harvest index, deading-maturity duration, the components of yield, (spikes per plant, spikelets per spike, kernel weight and kernels per spikelet)and total plant yield. Two diverse locations, Moro, a dryland site (250 mm annually) located in central Oregon and the Hyslop Agronomy Farm, a high rainfall site (over 1000 mm annually) located in the Willamette Valley, were utilized for one and two cropping seasons, respectively. Three rates of seeding were used as main plots in a split-plot design that was replicated four times. A modified blend method of seeding was used to simulate solid seeding conditions. Experimental seeds were planted 30.5 centimeters apart within the row over a filler cultivar in equally spaced (30.5 centimeters) rows. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance, Griffing's diallel analysis (Method 4, Model 1), correlation, path-coefficient analysis and by parent progeny regression. The correlation between grain yield, its components, harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height was dependent on the particula. r environment of the test. The re waspoorcorrelationbetween yield, tiller number and seed size under all the conditions of these studies. Negative associations between the components of yield indicated the sequential compensatory behavior of these characters under all environments. It would be very hard to select for large grain and short stature wheat because of the positive correlation between plant height and seed size within this population. The low correlations of yield with tiller number and seed size were mainly caused by indirect negative effects through one or more of the other yield components. Harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height had very small direct or indirect influences on grain yield. It was concluded that maximum yield would be obtained from a plant type which produces enough tillers to cover a particular unit of field area with large, fertile spikes, having medium to large kernels and semi-dwarf stature. No significant differences existed between parents and single crosses in the expression of the yield components. Nevertheless, hybrids outyielded their parents in grain yield and demonstrated that heterosis for complex traits was a consequence of multiplicative relationships among the components of these traits. Significant interactions between the genotypes and locations, seeding rates and years were observed in the expression of all characters studied. These interactions indicated that using data from non-competitive conditions to assess performance under competitive conditions could not be justified. Also, limiting the number of testing sites may lead to unsound generalizations and erroneous recommendations regarding gene action estimates of yield and the components of grain yield and three associated characters. Under non-competitive conditions, estimates of the additive type of gene action were more significant and contributed larger effects than the non-additive type for all traits. As competition increased at higher seeding rates, the effects of specific combining ability became more important in the expression of yield, number of spikes, spikelets per spike, and plant height. Heritability estimates confirmed these results except for yield. Of the agronomic characters, harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height, only harvest index showed some promise as a selection criterion under noncompetitive conditions. A breeding procedure utilizing the component approach consisted of selecting early generations under spaced planting with emphasis on avoiding extreme values in any of the components of yield. The balanced combinations of the components of yield should be tested under solid seeding conditions. Close

• 150. [Article] Assessment of variability and monitoring methods for leaching under cover crop management

  The contamination of ground water resources represents a serious problem and a prominent threat to the health of our society. This study focuses on the leaching of inorganic anions as a function of agricultural practices ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessment of variability and monitoring methods for leaching under cover crop management Author: Hess, Mario The contamination of ground water resources represents a serious problem and a prominent threat to the health of our society. This study focuses on the leaching of inorganic anions as a function of agricultural practices under natural field conditions. In order to enhance the understanding of such leaching processes, this thesis evaluates the spatial variability of the leaching characteristics of a site, the factors controlling percolation, and the use of a cereal rye cover crop to reduce nitrate leaching. Thirty-two Passive Capillary Wick Samplers (PCAPS) and 32 suction cups were installed at a depth of 120 cm under row crop produced in a Woodburn Variant loam (fine-loamy mixed mesic Aquultic Argixeroll). Significant correlation for the water flux was seen at the 2.0 m distance, beyond which values were uncorrelated. No spatial correlation was seen in hydrodynamic dispersion coefficients. Percolation was independent of field saturated hydraulic conductivity, while the quantity of incident water was strongly correlated with percolation. The occurrence of preferential flow affected the leaching process as documented by solute breakthrough ahead of the main solute peak. Rates of nitrogen fertilizer application were proportional to observed nitrate leaching losses. The cover crop significantly reduced the amount of nitrate leaching at all N fertilizer application rates. At the recommended rate, nitrate-N concentrations were lowered on average from 22.2 to 9.9 mg/l; cumulative N mass losses were cut by 62% due to plant uptake by the cover crop. The study demonstrated the importance of conducting long-term field experiments under natural conditions to accurately assess leaching processes. Title: Assessment of variability and monitoring methods for leaching under cover crop management Author: Hess, Mario The contamination of ground water resources represents a serious problem and a prominent threat to the health of our society. This study focuses on the leaching of inorganic anions as a function of agricultural practices under natural field conditions. In order to enhance the understanding of such leaching processes, this thesis evaluates the spatial variability of the leaching characteristics of a site, the factors controlling percolation, and the use of a cereal rye cover crop to reduce nitrate leaching. Thirty-two Passive Capillary Wick Samplers (PCAPS) and 32 suction cups were installed at a depth of 120 cm under row crop produced in a Woodburn Variant loam (fine-loamy mixed mesic Aquultic Argixeroll). Significant correlation for the water flux was seen at the 2.0 m distance, beyond which values were uncorrelated. No spatial correlation was seen in hydrodynamic dispersion coefficients. Percolation was independent of field saturated hydraulic conductivity, while the quantity of incident water was strongly correlated with percolation. The occurrence of preferential flow affected the leaching process as documented by solute breakthrough ahead of the main solute peak. Rates of nitrogen fertilizer application were proportional to observed nitrate leaching losses. The cover crop significantly reduced the amount of nitrate leaching at all N fertilizer application rates. At the recommended rate, nitrate-N concentrations were lowered on average from 22.2 to 9.9 mg/l; cumulative N mass losses were cut by 62% due to plant uptake by the cover crop. The study demonstrated the importance of conducting long-term field experiments under natural conditions to accurately assess leaching processes. Close