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• 101. [Image] Reproductive biology and demographics of endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon

  	We analyzed the reproductive biology and demographics of the Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris, two endangered species endemic to the upper Klamath Basin ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reproductive biology and demographics of endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: Perkins, David L.; Scoppettone, Gary; Buettner, Mark Year: 2000, 2005 We analyzed the reproductive biology and demographics of the Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris, two endangered species endemic to the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California, from 1984-1997. Lost River suckers had distinct river and lake shoreline spawning stocks, and individuals of both species commonly spawned in consecutive years. In the Williamson River and lower Sprague River, spawning migration by both species occurred mainly during a 5-week period that started within the first three weeks of April and peaked between mid April and early May, although a separate, earlier (mid March) run of Lost River suckers may also spawn in the upper Sprague River. Migration of both species was several times higher at dawn (0500-0730 h) and evening (1800-2200 h) than other times of the day. Peak migrations almost always corresponded to peaks in water temperature, usually at 10-15°C. Lost River suckers were captured at springs along the east shore of the lake from late February through mid May, with peak spawning usually in mid March to mid April. Shortnose suckers were generally captured at the springs from late March through late May, but the time of peak spawning was not determined. Size and age at maturity was determined by recruitment from a strong year class (1991). Male Lost River suckers began recruitment into the adult population at age 4+ (375-475 mm). Substantial recruitment of females did not begin until age 7+ (510-560 mm). Male and female shortnose suckers began recruitment at age 4+, with the majority offish recruited by age 5+. Males recruited at 270-370 mm; females recruited at 325-425 mm. Fecundity estimates were quite variable ranging from 44,000-236,000 eggs per female Lost River sucker and 18,000-72,000 eggs per female shortnose sucker. In 1984 and 1985, the spawning populations of both species were dominated by large, old individuals, with little indication of recent adult recruitment. In the next 13 years, only one strong year class (1991) recruited into the spawning populations of both species. This year class temporarily boosted population numbers, but annual fish kills from 1995 to 1997 eliminated most adults of both species. Associated with poor water quality caused by the proliferation and decay of blue-green algae Aphanizomenonflos-aquae, these fish kills raise concern that alterations to the lake ecosystem over the past several decades have Perkins et al. Lost River and shortnose suckers 5 increased the magnitude and frequency of poor water quality. As a result, mortality rates of all life stages may have increased, thereby disrupting the species' life history pattern and potentially decreasing long-term population viability. Introduction The Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris are large, long-lived suckers endemic to the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California. Both species are typically lake dwelling but migrate to tributaries or shoreline springs to spawn (Moyle 1976, Scoppettone and Vinyard 1991). Once extremely abundant (Cope 1884, Gilbert 1898), both species have experienced severe population declines and were federally listed as endangered in 1988 (USFWS 1988). Much of the original habitat of these suckers has been destroyed or altered by conversion of lake areas to agriculture, dams, instream flow diversions, and water quality problems associated with timber harvest, loss of riparian vegetation, livestock grazing, and agricultural practices (USFWS 1988). Knowledge of the life history of Lost River and shortnose suckers is fundamental to recovery of these species. The objective of this report was to present the results of studies conducted from 1987-1998 on the reproductive biology and demographics of Lost River and shortnose suckers, and to compare these results with earlier unpublished data. Study Sites Studies were conducted on Upper Klamath Lake and the lower Williamson-Sprague river system (Figure 1). These waters form the upper portion of the Klamath River Basin in south-central Oregon and represent most remaining native habitat of Lost River and shortnose suckers. Upper Klamath Lake is a remnant of pluvial Lake Modoc that included eight major basins and encompassed 2,839 km2 (Dicken 1980). Today, Upper Klamath Lake serves as a storage reservoir that provides water for agricultural irrigation, waterfowl refuges, instream flow requirements of anadromous fish, and hydroelectric power generation. At full capacity, the lake covers approximately 360 km2 and has an average depth of 2.4 m. Most deeper water (3-12 m) is restricted to narrow trenches along the western shore. Lake elevation is controlled at the outlet by Link River Title: Reproductive biology and demographics of endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: Perkins, David L.; Scoppettone, Gary; Buettner, Mark Year: 2000, 2005 We analyzed the reproductive biology and demographics of the Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris, two endangered species endemic to the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California, from 1984-1997. Lost River suckers had distinct river and lake shoreline spawning stocks, and individuals of both species commonly spawned in consecutive years. In the Williamson River and lower Sprague River, spawning migration by both species occurred mainly during a 5-week period that started within the first three weeks of April and peaked between mid April and early May, although a separate, earlier (mid March) run of Lost River suckers may also spawn in the upper Sprague River. Migration of both species was several times higher at dawn (0500-0730 h) and evening (1800-2200 h) than other times of the day. Peak migrations almost always corresponded to peaks in water temperature, usually at 10-15°C. Lost River suckers were captured at springs along the east shore of the lake from late February through mid May, with peak spawning usually in mid March to mid April. Shortnose suckers were generally captured at the springs from late March through late May, but the time of peak spawning was not determined. Size and age at maturity was determined by recruitment from a strong year class (1991). Male Lost River suckers began recruitment into the adult population at age 4+ (375-475 mm). Substantial recruitment of females did not begin until age 7+ (510-560 mm). Male and female shortnose suckers began recruitment at age 4+, with the majority offish recruited by age 5+. Males recruited at 270-370 mm; females recruited at 325-425 mm. Fecundity estimates were quite variable ranging from 44,000-236,000 eggs per female Lost River sucker and 18,000-72,000 eggs per female shortnose sucker. In 1984 and 1985, the spawning populations of both species were dominated by large, old individuals, with little indication of recent adult recruitment. In the next 13 years, only one strong year class (1991) recruited into the spawning populations of both species. This year class temporarily boosted population numbers, but annual fish kills from 1995 to 1997 eliminated most adults of both species. Associated with poor water quality caused by the proliferation and decay of blue-green algae Aphanizomenonflos-aquae, these fish kills raise concern that alterations to the lake ecosystem over the past several decades have Perkins et al. Lost River and shortnose suckers 5 increased the magnitude and frequency of poor water quality. As a result, mortality rates of all life stages may have increased, thereby disrupting the species' life history pattern and potentially decreasing long-term population viability. Introduction The Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris are large, long-lived suckers endemic to the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California. Both species are typically lake dwelling but migrate to tributaries or shoreline springs to spawn (Moyle 1976, Scoppettone and Vinyard 1991). Once extremely abundant (Cope 1884, Gilbert 1898), both species have experienced severe population declines and were federally listed as endangered in 1988 (USFWS 1988). Much of the original habitat of these suckers has been destroyed or altered by conversion of lake areas to agriculture, dams, instream flow diversions, and water quality problems associated with timber harvest, loss of riparian vegetation, livestock grazing, and agricultural practices (USFWS 1988). Knowledge of the life history of Lost River and shortnose suckers is fundamental to recovery of these species. The objective of this report was to present the results of studies conducted from 1987-1998 on the reproductive biology and demographics of Lost River and shortnose suckers, and to compare these results with earlier unpublished data. Study Sites Studies were conducted on Upper Klamath Lake and the lower Williamson-Sprague river system (Figure 1). These waters form the upper portion of the Klamath River Basin in south-central Oregon and represent most remaining native habitat of Lost River and shortnose suckers. Upper Klamath Lake is a remnant of pluvial Lake Modoc that included eight major basins and encompassed 2,839 km2 (Dicken 1980). Today, Upper Klamath Lake serves as a storage reservoir that provides water for agricultural irrigation, waterfowl refuges, instream flow requirements of anadromous fish, and hydroelectric power generation. At full capacity, the lake covers approximately 360 km2 and has an average depth of 2.4 m. Most deeper water (3-12 m) is restricted to narrow trenches along the western shore. Lake elevation is controlled at the outlet by Link River Close

• 102. [Image] Biological opinion Klamath Project operations

  	"May 31, 2002."; Includes bibliographical references.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological opinion Klamath Project operations Author: United States.; National Marine Fisheries Service. Year: 2002, 2008, 2005 "May 31, 2002."; Includes bibliographical references. Title: Biological opinion Klamath Project operations Author: United States.; National Marine Fisheries Service. Year: 2002, 2008, 2005 "May 31, 2002."; Includes bibliographical references. Close

• 103. [Image] Sediment oxygen demand in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon, 1999

  	SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS The distribution of SOD2q values (measured sediment oxygen demand values corrected to 20°C [degrees Celsius]) had a median value of 1.6 g/m2/day (grams per square meter per day) in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sediment oxygen demand in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon, 1999 Author: Wood, Tamara M. Year: 2001, 2005, 2004 SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS The distribution of SOD2q values (measured sediment oxygen demand values corrected to 20°C [degrees Celsius]) had a median value of 1.6 g/m2/day (grams per square meter per day) in the spring and 1.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. These values were well within the range of values in the literature for sites with similar sediment characteristics: primarily silty with at least a moderate amount of organic content. Over most of the lake there appears to be relatively little variation in SOD 14the interquartile range in values was 0.4 g/m2/day in the spring and 0.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. A significant exception was apparent in Ball Bay, where SOD in the late summer was greater than 10.2 g/m2/day. In the absence of primary production, an SOD of this magnitude could deplete the water column of oxygen in a few days. This measurement provided evidence that localized areas of very high SOD occur episodically in the bays, perhaps associated with large algal mats being trapped by the lake circulation patterns. A statistical test for a spring to late summer difference in the median values of SOD confirmed that SOD in the late summer (median value 1.7 g/m2/day) was significantly higher than in the spring (median value 1.2 g/m2/day). The difference was primarily due to seasonal changes in temperature; when SOD values were corrected to 20°C, there was no seasonal difference in the median values. There was no correlation between SOD20 and the sediment characteristics measured in this study: percent fines, organic carbon, and residue lost on ignition. Title: Sediment oxygen demand in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon, 1999 Author: Wood, Tamara M. Year: 2001, 2005, 2004 SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS The distribution of SOD2q values (measured sediment oxygen demand values corrected to 20°C [degrees Celsius]) had a median value of 1.6 g/m2/day (grams per square meter per day) in the spring and 1.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. These values were well within the range of values in the literature for sites with similar sediment characteristics: primarily silty with at least a moderate amount of organic content. Over most of the lake there appears to be relatively little variation in SOD 14the interquartile range in values was 0.4 g/m2/day in the spring and 0.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. A significant exception was apparent in Ball Bay, where SOD in the late summer was greater than 10.2 g/m2/day. In the absence of primary production, an SOD of this magnitude could deplete the water column of oxygen in a few days. This measurement provided evidence that localized areas of very high SOD occur episodically in the bays, perhaps associated with large algal mats being trapped by the lake circulation patterns. A statistical test for a spring to late summer difference in the median values of SOD confirmed that SOD in the late summer (median value 1.7 g/m2/day) was significantly higher than in the spring (median value 1.2 g/m2/day). The difference was primarily due to seasonal changes in temperature; when SOD values were corrected to 20°C, there was no seasonal difference in the median values. There was no correlation between SOD20 and the sediment characteristics measured in this study: percent fines, organic carbon, and residue lost on ignition. Close

• 104. [Image] An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins [volume 1]

  	Quigley, Thomas M.; Arbelbide, Sylvia J., tech. eds. 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins: volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-405. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins [volume 1] Author: Quigley, Thomas Milton; Arbelbide, S. J. (Sylvia J.) Year: 1997, 2008, 2005 Quigley, Thomas M.; Arbelbide, Sylvia J., tech. eds. 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins: volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-405. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 4 vol. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed.; The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment). The Assessment of Ecosystem Components in the Interior Columbia Basin and Portions of the Klamath and Great Basins provides detailed information about current conditions and trends for the biophysical and social systems within the Basin. This information can be used by land managers to develop broad land management goals and priorities and provides the context for decisions specific to smaller geographic areas. The Assessment area covers about 8 percent of the U.S. land area, 24 percent of the Nation's National Forest System lands, 10 percent of the Nation's BLM-administered lands, and contains about 1.2 percent of the Nation's population. This results in a population density that is less than one-sixth of the U.S. average. The area has experienced recent, rapid population growth and generally has a robust, diverse economy. As compared to historic conditions, the terrestrial, aquatic, forest, and rangeland systems have undergone dramatic changes. Forested landscapes are more susceptible to fire, insect, and disease than under historic conditions. Rangelands are highly susceptible to noxious weed invasion. The disturbance regimes that operate on forest and rangeland have changed substantially, with lethal fires dominating many areas where non-lethal fires were the norm historically. Terrestrial habitats that have experienced the greatest decline include the native grassland, native shrubland, and old forest structures. There are areas within the Assessment area that have higher diversity than others. Aquatic systems are now more fragmented and isolated than historically and the introduction of non-native fish species has complicated current status of native fishes. Core habitat and population centers do remain as building blocks for restoration. Social and economic conditions within the Assessment area vary considerably, depending to a great extent on population, diversity of employment opportunities, and changing demographics. Those counties with the higher population densities and greater diversity of employment opportunities are generally more resilient to economic downturns. This Assessment provides a rich information base, including over 170 mapped themes with associated models and databases, from which future decisions can benefit. Keywords: Columbia basin, biophysical systems, social systems, ecosystem. Title: An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins [volume 1] Author: Quigley, Thomas Milton; Arbelbide, S. J. (Sylvia J.) Year: 1997, 2008, 2005 Quigley, Thomas M.; Arbelbide, Sylvia J., tech. eds. 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins: volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-405. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 4 vol. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed.; The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment). The Assessment of Ecosystem Components in the Interior Columbia Basin and Portions of the Klamath and Great Basins provides detailed information about current conditions and trends for the biophysical and social systems within the Basin. This information can be used by land managers to develop broad land management goals and priorities and provides the context for decisions specific to smaller geographic areas. The Assessment area covers about 8 percent of the U.S. land area, 24 percent of the Nation's National Forest System lands, 10 percent of the Nation's BLM-administered lands, and contains about 1.2 percent of the Nation's population. This results in a population density that is less than one-sixth of the U.S. average. The area has experienced recent, rapid population growth and generally has a robust, diverse economy. As compared to historic conditions, the terrestrial, aquatic, forest, and rangeland systems have undergone dramatic changes. Forested landscapes are more susceptible to fire, insect, and disease than under historic conditions. Rangelands are highly susceptible to noxious weed invasion. The disturbance regimes that operate on forest and rangeland have changed substantially, with lethal fires dominating many areas where non-lethal fires were the norm historically. Terrestrial habitats that have experienced the greatest decline include the native grassland, native shrubland, and old forest structures. There are areas within the Assessment area that have higher diversity than others. Aquatic systems are now more fragmented and isolated than historically and the introduction of non-native fish species has complicated current status of native fishes. Core habitat and population centers do remain as building blocks for restoration. Social and economic conditions within the Assessment area vary considerably, depending to a great extent on population, diversity of employment opportunities, and changing demographics. Those counties with the higher population densities and greater diversity of employment opportunities are generally more resilient to economic downturns. This Assessment provides a rich information base, including over 170 mapped themes with associated models and databases, from which future decisions can benefit. Keywords: Columbia basin, biophysical systems, social systems, ecosystem. Close

• 105. [Article] Using an indicator model to rank relative stock status of minor West Coast rockfish species

  Quantitative assessments of many West coast rockfish stocks of both major and minor importance to commercial fisheries have shown varying declines in abundances. The population sizes of less-abundant, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using an indicator model to rank relative stock status of minor West Coast rockfish species Author: Miller, Stacey D. Quantitative assessments of many West coast rockfish stocks of both major and minor importance to commercial fisheries have shown varying declines in abundances. The population sizes of less-abundant, co-occurring unassessed species may also be declining. However, determining stock status of the many non-targeted, minor species with high levels of certainty and quantifiable predictability may be prohibitively expensive and/or impractical because of the dearth of available data. Using a system of qualitative indicators may provide a cost-effective method to create preliminary assessments of the relative status of minor rockfish stocks and subsequently prioritize future studies. This project was undertaken to test a system of indicators to characterize the status of West Coast rockfish species including Sebastes aurora, S. babcocki, S. aleutianus, S. zacentrus, S. borealis, S. diploproa, and S. reedi. An array of indicators including catch per unit effort, the proportion of positive hauls, and length composition data were used to detect possible changes in the density, distribution, and size composition of the population. Data were taken from three West Coast bottom trawl surveys conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service. The percentage of trends indicating linear decline were summarized and stocks were subsequently ranked in order of greatest concern over declining populations. S. babcocki was ranked as the stock of greatest concern with 52% of the indices showing negative trends while negative trends for S. diploproa, S. zacentrus, and S. borealis were found in 26%, 23%, and 20% of the indices, respectively. Less than 15% of determined trends were negative for S. aleutianus, S. aurora, and S. reedi. Our interpretation of the health of the population projected by the indicators was compared to the population status based upon formal stock assessments for four species, S. alutus, S. crameri, S. melanostomus, and S. rufus. Indicator-based assessments show potential to preliminarly assess numerous species simultaneously and identify species of greatest concern over declining populations. Title: Using an indicator model to rank relative stock status of minor West Coast rockfish species Author: Miller, Stacey D. Quantitative assessments of many West coast rockfish stocks of both major and minor importance to commercial fisheries have shown varying declines in abundances. The population sizes of less-abundant, co-occurring unassessed species may also be declining. However, determining stock status of the many non-targeted, minor species with high levels of certainty and quantifiable predictability may be prohibitively expensive and/or impractical because of the dearth of available data. Using a system of qualitative indicators may provide a cost-effective method to create preliminary assessments of the relative status of minor rockfish stocks and subsequently prioritize future studies. This project was undertaken to test a system of indicators to characterize the status of West Coast rockfish species including Sebastes aurora, S. babcocki, S. aleutianus, S. zacentrus, S. borealis, S. diploproa, and S. reedi. An array of indicators including catch per unit effort, the proportion of positive hauls, and length composition data were used to detect possible changes in the density, distribution, and size composition of the population. Data were taken from three West Coast bottom trawl surveys conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service. The percentage of trends indicating linear decline were summarized and stocks were subsequently ranked in order of greatest concern over declining populations. S. babcocki was ranked as the stock of greatest concern with 52% of the indices showing negative trends while negative trends for S. diploproa, S. zacentrus, and S. borealis were found in 26%, 23%, and 20% of the indices, respectively. Less than 15% of determined trends were negative for S. aleutianus, S. aurora, and S. reedi. Our interpretation of the health of the population projected by the indicators was compared to the population status based upon formal stock assessments for four species, S. alutus, S. crameri, S. melanostomus, and S. rufus. Indicator-based assessments show potential to preliminarly assess numerous species simultaneously and identify species of greatest concern over declining populations. Close

• 106. [Image] IMST review of the USFWS and NMFS 2001 biological opinions on management of the Klamath Reclamation Project and related reports: a report of the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds

  	This report is a review of scientific research done by various organizations involved in the Klamath Reclamation Project to assess the "status and management of coho salmon in the Klamath River and . . ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: IMST review of the USFWS and NMFS 2001 biological opinions on management of the Klamath Reclamation Project and related reports: a report of the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Oregon) Year: 2003, 2004 This report is a review of scientific research done by various organizations involved in the Klamath Reclamation Project to assess the "status and management of coho salmon in the Klamath River and . . . management of Upper Klamath Lake and its watershed"; "April 16, 2003"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-112) Title: IMST review of the USFWS and NMFS 2001 biological opinions on management of the Klamath Reclamation Project and related reports: a report of the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Oregon) Year: 2003, 2004 This report is a review of scientific research done by various organizations involved in the Klamath Reclamation Project to assess the "status and management of coho salmon in the Klamath River and . . . management of Upper Klamath Lake and its watershed"; "April 16, 2003"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-112) Close

• 107. [Article] Analysis of threats to Galápagos Marine Iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)

  Galápagos marine iguana population sizes have been declining since first contact with humans.This decline has historically been attributed mainly to predation by invasive species, but additional human-caused ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of threats to Galápagos Marine Iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) Author: Spangler, Sarah Elizabeth Galápagos marine iguana population sizes have been declining since first contact with humans.This decline has historically been attributed mainly to predation by invasive species, but additional human-caused threats exist today. My thesis conducts an analysis of the present threats to the species and determines which are the most severe.Modern threats include invasive species, the increasing presence of humans, the potential for foreign pathogens, and the effects of climate change. Specifically, the most severe threats are environmental contamination such as oil spills, oceanic changes due to climate change,and expected increases in the severity of El Niño events. Due to the difficulty of addressing climate change at the local level, conservation of this species should be focused on managing local human activity to prevent predation and chronic stress from other threats. Title: Analysis of threats to Galápagos Marine Iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) Author: Spangler, Sarah Elizabeth Galápagos marine iguana population sizes have been declining since first contact with humans.This decline has historically been attributed mainly to predation by invasive species, but additional human-caused threats exist today. My thesis conducts an analysis of the present threats to the species and determines which are the most severe.Modern threats include invasive species, the increasing presence of humans, the potential for foreign pathogens, and the effects of climate change. Specifically, the most severe threats are environmental contamination such as oil spills, oceanic changes due to climate change,and expected increases in the severity of El Niño events. Due to the difficulty of addressing climate change at the local level, conservation of this species should be focused on managing local human activity to prevent predation and chronic stress from other threats. Close

• 108. [Image] Improving salmon passage: draft, the Lower Snake River juvenile salmon migration feasibility report/environmental impact statement

  	The purpose of this summary report is to provide an overview of the findings developed for the Lower Snake River Juvenile Salmon Migration Feasibility Study. For more detailed information, the reader should ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Improving salmon passage: draft, the Lower Snake River juvenile salmon migration feasibility report/environmental impact statement Year: 1999, 2004 The purpose of this summary report is to provide an overview of the findings developed for the Lower Snake River Juvenile Salmon Migration Feasibility Study. For more detailed information, the reader should refer to the Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement and attached appendices. The genesis of this study is the National Marine Fisheries Service's 1995 Biological Opinion for the Reinitiation of Consultation on 1994-1998 Operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System and Juvenile Transportation Program in 1995 and Future Years (95 Biological Opinion). While the focus of this study is the relationship between the four dams on the lower Snake River and their effects on juvenile fish traveling toward the ocean, the implications of the study are broader. The Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement includes the best available information on the biological effectiveness, engineering, economic effects, and other environmental effects associated with the four specific alternatives. It does not, however, include a recommendation or identify a preferred alternative. This will give the public and other agencies an opportunity to review and understand this information and provide input before a preferred alternative is selected. At the same time, this will allow the region to consider the Habitat, Hatcheries, Harvest, and Hydropower Working Paper on salmon recovery by the Federal Caucus. Information from this process will be fully examined to determine how it may influence decisions on actions for the lower Snake River. Title: Improving salmon passage: draft, the Lower Snake River juvenile salmon migration feasibility report/environmental impact statement Year: 1999, 2004 The purpose of this summary report is to provide an overview of the findings developed for the Lower Snake River Juvenile Salmon Migration Feasibility Study. For more detailed information, the reader should refer to the Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement and attached appendices. The genesis of this study is the National Marine Fisheries Service's 1995 Biological Opinion for the Reinitiation of Consultation on 1994-1998 Operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System and Juvenile Transportation Program in 1995 and Future Years (95 Biological Opinion). While the focus of this study is the relationship between the four dams on the lower Snake River and their effects on juvenile fish traveling toward the ocean, the implications of the study are broader. The Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement includes the best available information on the biological effectiveness, engineering, economic effects, and other environmental effects associated with the four specific alternatives. It does not, however, include a recommendation or identify a preferred alternative. This will give the public and other agencies an opportunity to review and understand this information and provide input before a preferred alternative is selected. At the same time, this will allow the region to consider the Habitat, Hatcheries, Harvest, and Hydropower Working Paper on salmon recovery by the Federal Caucus. Information from this process will be fully examined to determine how it may influence decisions on actions for the lower Snake River. Close

• 109. [Article] Evaluating the influence of land use, drought and reach isolation on the occurrence of freshwater mussel species in the lower Flint River Basin, Georgia (U.S.A.)

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http:...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating the influence of land use, drought and reach isolation on the occurrence of freshwater mussel species in the lower Flint River Basin, Georgia (U.S.A.) Author: Conroy, Michael J., Shea, Colin P., Wisniewski, Jason M., Peterson, James T. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ Title: Evaluating the influence of land use, drought and reach isolation on the occurrence of freshwater mussel species in the lower Flint River Basin, Georgia (U.S.A.) Author: Conroy, Michael J., Shea, Colin P., Wisniewski, Jason M., Peterson, James T. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ Close

• 110. [Article] Avian Species Richness in Relation to Intensive Forest Management Practices in Early Seral Tree Plantations

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Avian Species Richness in Relation to Intensive Forest Management Practices in Early Seral Tree Plantations Author: Ellis, Tana M., Duke, Steven D., Giovanini, Jack, Jones, Jay E., Kroll, Andrew J., Betts, Matthew G. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action. Title: Avian Species Richness in Relation to Intensive Forest Management Practices in Early Seral Tree Plantations Author: Ellis, Tana M., Duke, Steven D., Giovanini, Jack, Jones, Jay E., Kroll, Andrew J., Betts, Matthew G. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action. Close

• 111. [Image] A framework for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins

  	Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T.; Quigley, Thomas M., tech. eds. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the Interior Columbia Basin including portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A framework for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Year: 1996, 2005 Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T.; Quigley, Thomas M., tech. eds. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the Interior Columbia Basin including portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-374. Portland, OR; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 66 p. A framework for ecosystem management is proposed. This framework assumes the purpose of ecosystem management is to maintain the integrity of ecosystems over time and space. It is based on four ecosystem principles: ecosystems are dynamic, can be viewed as hierarchies with temporal and spatial dimensions, have limits, and are relatively unpredictable. This approach recognizes that people are part of ecosystems and that stewardship must be able to resolve tough challenges including how to meet multiple demands with finite resources. The framework describes a general planning model for ecosystem management that has four iterative steps: monitoring, assessment, decision-making, and implementation. Since ecosystems cross jurisdictional lines, the implementation of the framework depends on partnerships among land managers, the scientific community, and stakeholders. It proposes that decision-making be based on information provided by the best available science and the most appropriate technologies for land management. Keywords: Ecosystem assessment, ecosystem principles, ecosystem management, planning models, management goals, risk analysis. Title: A framework for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Year: 1996, 2005 Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T.; Quigley, Thomas M., tech. eds. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the Interior Columbia Basin including portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-374. Portland, OR; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 66 p. A framework for ecosystem management is proposed. This framework assumes the purpose of ecosystem management is to maintain the integrity of ecosystems over time and space. It is based on four ecosystem principles: ecosystems are dynamic, can be viewed as hierarchies with temporal and spatial dimensions, have limits, and are relatively unpredictable. This approach recognizes that people are part of ecosystems and that stewardship must be able to resolve tough challenges including how to meet multiple demands with finite resources. The framework describes a general planning model for ecosystem management that has four iterative steps: monitoring, assessment, decision-making, and implementation. Since ecosystems cross jurisdictional lines, the implementation of the framework depends on partnerships among land managers, the scientific community, and stakeholders. It proposes that decision-making be based on information provided by the best available science and the most appropriate technologies for land management. Keywords: Ecosystem assessment, ecosystem principles, ecosystem management, planning models, management goals, risk analysis. Close

• 112. [Article] Evidence for xylem embolism as a primary factor in dehydration-induced declines in leaf hydraulic conductance

  This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evidence for xylem embolism as a primary factor in dehydration-induced declines in leaf hydraulic conductance Author: Johnson, Daniel M., Meinzer, Frederick C., McCulloh, Katherine A., Woodruff, David R. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Title: Evidence for xylem embolism as a primary factor in dehydration-induced declines in leaf hydraulic conductance Author: Johnson, Daniel M., Meinzer, Frederick C., McCulloh, Katherine A., Woodruff, David R. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Close

• 113. [Image] Oversight field hearing on the Endangered Species Act 30 years later : the Klamath Project : oversight field hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, Saturday, July 17, 2004, in Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	"Serial no. 108-104."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oversight field hearing on the Endangered Species Act 30 years later : the Klamath Project : oversight field hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, Saturday, July 17, 2004, in Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources. Subcommittee on Water and Power Year: 2005 "Serial no. 108-104." Title: Oversight field hearing on the Endangered Species Act 30 years later : the Klamath Project : oversight field hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, Saturday, July 17, 2004, in Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources. Subcommittee on Water and Power Year: 2005 "Serial no. 108-104." Close

• 114. [Article] The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts Author: Reid, J. Leighton, Contu, Sara, Newbold, Tim, et al., Hudson, Lawrence N. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292045-7758. Title: The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts Author: Reid, J. Leighton, Contu, Sara, Newbold, Tim, et al., Hudson, Lawrence N. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292045-7758. Close

• 115. [Image] Biological assessment of Klamath Project's continuing operations on the endangered Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker

  	BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF KLAMATH PROJECT'S CONTINUING OPERATIONS ON THE ENDANGERED LOST RIVER SUCKER AND SHORTNOSE SUCKER U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Mid-Pacific Region Klamath Basin Area Office Klamath ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological assessment of Klamath Project's continuing operations on the endangered Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 2001, 2005 BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF KLAMATH PROJECT'S CONTINUING OPERATIONS ON THE ENDANGERED LOST RIVER SUCKER AND SHORTNOSE SUCKER U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Mid-Pacific Region Klamath Basin Area Office Klamath Falls, Oregon February 13,2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2 2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTION 3 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF HISTORIC OPERATIONS 6 4.0 ENDANGERED SPECIES POTENTIALLY AFFECTED BY THE KLAMATH PROJECT 16 5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE 60 6.0 EFFECTS OF KLAMATH PROJECT ON BALD EAGLES 60 7.0 EFFECTS OF KLAMATH PROJECT ENDANGERED SUCKERS 63 8.0 PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT FOR ENDANGERED SUCKERS 82 9.0 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS 84 10.0 DETERMINATION OF EFFECTS 89 11.0 LITERATURE CITED 90 12.0 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS 100 13.0 APPENDIX 1 - ESA CONSULTATION REVIEW 101 Title: Biological assessment of Klamath Project's continuing operations on the endangered Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 2001, 2005 BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF KLAMATH PROJECT'S CONTINUING OPERATIONS ON THE ENDANGERED LOST RIVER SUCKER AND SHORTNOSE SUCKER U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Mid-Pacific Region Klamath Basin Area Office Klamath Falls, Oregon February 13,2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2 2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTION 3 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF HISTORIC OPERATIONS 6 4.0 ENDANGERED SPECIES POTENTIALLY AFFECTED BY THE KLAMATH PROJECT 16 5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE 60 6.0 EFFECTS OF KLAMATH PROJECT ON BALD EAGLES 60 7.0 EFFECTS OF KLAMATH PROJECT ENDANGERED SUCKERS 63 8.0 PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT FOR ENDANGERED SUCKERS 82 9.0 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS 84 10.0 DETERMINATION OF EFFECTS 89 11.0 LITERATURE CITED 90 12.0 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS 100 13.0 APPENDIX 1 - ESA CONSULTATION REVIEW 101 Close

• 116. [Article] Range Contractions of North American Carnivores and Ungulates

  We compared the historic and current geographical ranges of 43 North American carnivores and ungulates to identify large-scale patterns in range contractions and expansions. Seventeen of the species had ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Range Contractions of North American Carnivores and Ungulates Author: Laliberte, Andrea S., Ripple, William J. We compared the historic and current geographical ranges of 43 North American carnivores and ungulates to identify large-scale patterns in range contractions and expansions. Seventeen of the species had experienced range contractions over more than 20% of their historic range. In areas of higher human influence, species were more likely to contract and less likely to persist. Species richness had also declined considerably since historic times. The temperate grasslands and temperate broadleaf–mixed forest biomes lost the highest average number of species, while the boreal forest and tundra showed fewer numbers of species lost. Species contractions were a result of Euro-American settlement and postsettlement development in North America. These effects have been widespread and indicate a rapid collapse of species distributions over the course of only 1 to 2 centuries. The results of this study can be used to improve scientists’ knowledge of historical reference conditions and to provide input for wildlife reintroductions and for the creation of wildlife reserves. Title: Range Contractions of North American Carnivores and Ungulates Author: Laliberte, Andrea S., Ripple, William J. We compared the historic and current geographical ranges of 43 North American carnivores and ungulates to identify large-scale patterns in range contractions and expansions. Seventeen of the species had experienced range contractions over more than 20% of their historic range. In areas of higher human influence, species were more likely to contract and less likely to persist. Species richness had also declined considerably since historic times. The temperate grasslands and temperate broadleaf–mixed forest biomes lost the highest average number of species, while the boreal forest and tundra showed fewer numbers of species lost. Species contractions were a result of Euro-American settlement and postsettlement development in North America. These effects have been widespread and indicate a rapid collapse of species distributions over the course of only 1 to 2 centuries. The results of this study can be used to improve scientists’ knowledge of historical reference conditions and to provide input for wildlife reintroductions and for the creation of wildlife reserves. Close

• 117. [Article] Host Identity Matters in the Amphibian- Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis System: Fine-Scale Patterns of Variation in Responses to a Multi-Host Pathogen

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Host Identity Matters in the Amphibian- Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis System: Fine-Scale Patterns of Variation in Responses to a Multi-Host Pathogen Author: Gervasi, Stephanie, Blaustein, Andrew R., Olson, Deanna H., Gondhalekar, Carmen To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action. Title: Host Identity Matters in the Amphibian- Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis System: Fine-Scale Patterns of Variation in Responses to a Multi-Host Pathogen Author: Gervasi, Stephanie, Blaustein, Andrew R., Olson, Deanna H., Gondhalekar, Carmen To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action. Close

• 118. [Article] Host-pathogen dynamics in a changing environment : susceptibility of amphibians to an emerging infectious disease

  Infectious diseases are a growing concern for both humans and wildlife. The negative effects of infectious disease have been exemplified by the recent global amphibian population declines associated with ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Host-pathogen dynamics in a changing environment : susceptibility of amphibians to an emerging infectious disease Author: Searle, Catherine L. Infectious diseases are a growing concern for both humans and wildlife. The negative effects of infectious disease have been exemplified by the recent global amphibian population declines associated with disease outbreaks. Although multiple pathogens and factors play a role in these declines, the aquatic fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has received considerable attention due to its substantial contribution to amphibian population declines around the world. Bd prevalence and severity appears to be increasing worldwide, either from recent anthropogenic spread of the pathogen or from changes in the environment that have altered host-pathogen dynamics. This dissertation explores the factors that affect host susceptibility to Bd. I first tested the effects of hormonal stress on susceptibility to Bd (Chapter 2). Using corticosterone, the major chronic stress hormone in amphibians, I was able to mimic the physiological effects of stress without altering other factors that may affect the host-pathogen relationship. I exposed three species of larval amphibians to corticosterone for two weeks to induce chronic stress before challenging them with exposure to Bd. I found that exposure to corticosterone did not alter infection prevalence or severity in any species, indicating that chronically elevated levels of corticosterone do not affect susceptibility to Bd. I next examined the interactive effects of the ubiquitous stressor, ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB), and host infection by Bd (Chapter 3). UVB can cause lethal and sublethal effects in amphibians, including increased susceptibility to pathogens. In outdoor mesocosms, I used ambient levels of UVB to stress larval amphibians while simultaneously exposing them to Bd. Although exposure to UVB increased mortality, it did not alter infection. To investigate the effects of community structure on infection prevalence and severity, I studied how six anuran species (frogs and toads) differed in susceptibility to Bd (Chapter 4). I experimentally exposed post-metamorphic amphibians native to North America to Bd under identical laboratory conditions. All species tested had higher rates of mortality when exposed to Bd compared to unexposed controls. However, the species differed widely in their rates of Bd-associated mortality, even though there was no difference in infection levels among species. I also found that within species, the relationship between body size and infection varied, indicating physiological differences in the way that amphibian species respond to pathogen infection. Finally, I studied the effects of the amphibian host community on infection. I experimentally exposed larval amphibians to Bd after manipulating host density and species richness in the laboratory (Chapter 5). I recorded five measures of disease risk and found a dilution effect where greater species richness decreased disease risk, even after taking into account changes in density. Together with Chapter 4, this study emphasizes the need to understand the effects of the community on host-pathogen dynamics. This dissertation provides insight into the effects of stress and community structure on disease dynamics. Although there has been a great effort to understand Bd since it was discovered, the ecology of Bd remains relatively unknown. My research represents an important step in understanding the host-pathogen relationship in a changing environment. Title: Host-pathogen dynamics in a changing environment : susceptibility of amphibians to an emerging infectious disease Author: Searle, Catherine L. Infectious diseases are a growing concern for both humans and wildlife. The negative effects of infectious disease have been exemplified by the recent global amphibian population declines associated with disease outbreaks. Although multiple pathogens and factors play a role in these declines, the aquatic fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has received considerable attention due to its substantial contribution to amphibian population declines around the world. Bd prevalence and severity appears to be increasing worldwide, either from recent anthropogenic spread of the pathogen or from changes in the environment that have altered host-pathogen dynamics. This dissertation explores the factors that affect host susceptibility to Bd. I first tested the effects of hormonal stress on susceptibility to Bd (Chapter 2). Using corticosterone, the major chronic stress hormone in amphibians, I was able to mimic the physiological effects of stress without altering other factors that may affect the host-pathogen relationship. I exposed three species of larval amphibians to corticosterone for two weeks to induce chronic stress before challenging them with exposure to Bd. I found that exposure to corticosterone did not alter infection prevalence or severity in any species, indicating that chronically elevated levels of corticosterone do not affect susceptibility to Bd. I next examined the interactive effects of the ubiquitous stressor, ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB), and host infection by Bd (Chapter 3). UVB can cause lethal and sublethal effects in amphibians, including increased susceptibility to pathogens. In outdoor mesocosms, I used ambient levels of UVB to stress larval amphibians while simultaneously exposing them to Bd. Although exposure to UVB increased mortality, it did not alter infection. To investigate the effects of community structure on infection prevalence and severity, I studied how six anuran species (frogs and toads) differed in susceptibility to Bd (Chapter 4). I experimentally exposed post-metamorphic amphibians native to North America to Bd under identical laboratory conditions. All species tested had higher rates of mortality when exposed to Bd compared to unexposed controls. However, the species differed widely in their rates of Bd-associated mortality, even though there was no difference in infection levels among species. I also found that within species, the relationship between body size and infection varied, indicating physiological differences in the way that amphibian species respond to pathogen infection. Finally, I studied the effects of the amphibian host community on infection. I experimentally exposed larval amphibians to Bd after manipulating host density and species richness in the laboratory (Chapter 5). I recorded five measures of disease risk and found a dilution effect where greater species richness decreased disease risk, even after taking into account changes in density. Together with Chapter 4, this study emphasizes the need to understand the effects of the community on host-pathogen dynamics. This dissertation provides insight into the effects of stress and community structure on disease dynamics. Although there has been a great effort to understand Bd since it was discovered, the ecology of Bd remains relatively unknown. My research represents an important step in understanding the host-pathogen relationship in a changing environment. Close

• 119. [Article] Lamprey

  Abstract -- The majority of scientific studies on lamprey have investigated biological attributes, with few studies investigating historic abundance, detailed distribution and specific ecological requirements ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lamprey Abstract -- The majority of scientific studies on lamprey have investigated biological attributes, with few studies investigating historic abundance, detailed distribution and specific ecological requirements and role. Because of the paucity of information and concerns of declining lamprey population in the Pacific Northwest, the Applegate River Watershed Council (ARWC) with the Medford District of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) collaborated to study lamprey populations in the Applegate River watershed of southwest Oregon (Close et al. 1995, Larson & Belchik 1998, Kostow 2002). The objectives of the study included: (1) Identifying species composition; (2) determining the distribution of lamprey species; and (3) relating the distribution of lamprey ammocoetes (juveniles or larvae) to physical stream characteristics. This paper summarizes the life histories of the two most common lamprey species in the Oregon, the Pacific (Lampetra tridentata) and Western Brook (Lampetra richardsoni), details the methods of study, reports the results and summarizes the findings. Also included are recommendations and suggestions for future lamprey work in the Applegate basin. Title: Lamprey Abstract -- The majority of scientific studies on lamprey have investigated biological attributes, with few studies investigating historic abundance, detailed distribution and specific ecological requirements and role. Because of the paucity of information and concerns of declining lamprey population in the Pacific Northwest, the Applegate River Watershed Council (ARWC) with the Medford District of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) collaborated to study lamprey populations in the Applegate River watershed of southwest Oregon (Close et al. 1995, Larson & Belchik 1998, Kostow 2002). The objectives of the study included: (1) Identifying species composition; (2) determining the distribution of lamprey species; and (3) relating the distribution of lamprey ammocoetes (juveniles or larvae) to physical stream characteristics. This paper summarizes the life histories of the two most common lamprey species in the Oregon, the Pacific (Lampetra tridentata) and Western Brook (Lampetra richardsoni), details the methods of study, reports the results and summarizes the findings. Also included are recommendations and suggestions for future lamprey work in the Applegate basin. Close

• 120. [Article] Crown structure and growth efficiency of red spruce in uneven-aged, mixed-species stands in Maine

  Several hypotheses about the relationships among individual tree growth, tree leaf area, and relative tree size or position were tested with red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) growing in uneven-aged, mixed-species ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crown structure and growth efficiency of red spruce in uneven-aged, mixed-species stands in Maine Author: Brissette, John C., Gu, Lianhong, Maguire, Douglas A. (Douglas Alan) Several hypotheses about the relationships among individual tree growth, tree leaf area, and relative tree size or position were tested with red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) growing in uneven-aged, mixed-species forests of south-central Maine, U.S.A. Based on data from 65 sample trees, predictive models were developed to (i) estimate the amount of foliage held by individual trees from sapwood cross-sectional area and (ii) define the relationship between stem volume growth and three variables: total foliage area, relative position in the stand, and the degree of past suppression. A model that included variables representing tree size (or relative social position) and degree of past suppression (live branch whorls per unit crown length) indicated that stem volume growth first increased but later decreased over leaf area when other variables were held constant. Growth efficiency declined with increasing tree leaf area, although greater height and diameter enhanced growth efficiency and greater past suppression diminished growth efficiency. The decline in growth efficiency with greater leaf area likely is attributable to one or several of the factors previously identified as contributing to growth declines in mature, even-aged stands. Title: Crown structure and growth efficiency of red spruce in uneven-aged, mixed-species stands in Maine Author: Brissette, John C., Gu, Lianhong, Maguire, Douglas A. (Douglas Alan) Several hypotheses about the relationships among individual tree growth, tree leaf area, and relative tree size or position were tested with red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) growing in uneven-aged, mixed-species forests of south-central Maine, U.S.A. Based on data from 65 sample trees, predictive models were developed to (i) estimate the amount of foliage held by individual trees from sapwood cross-sectional area and (ii) define the relationship between stem volume growth and three variables: total foliage area, relative position in the stand, and the degree of past suppression. A model that included variables representing tree size (or relative social position) and degree of past suppression (live branch whorls per unit crown length) indicated that stem volume growth first increased but later decreased over leaf area when other variables were held constant. Growth efficiency declined with increasing tree leaf area, although greater height and diameter enhanced growth efficiency and greater past suppression diminished growth efficiency. The decline in growth efficiency with greater leaf area likely is attributable to one or several of the factors previously identified as contributing to growth declines in mature, even-aged stands. Close

• 121. [Article] Climate Change Effects on Northern Great Lake (USA) Forests: A Case for Preserving Diversity

  Under business as usual (BAU) management, stresses posed by climate change may exceed the ability of Great Lake forests to adapt. Temperature and precipitation projections in the Great Lakes region are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Climate Change Effects on Northern Great Lake (USA) Forests: A Case for Preserving Diversity Author: Duveneck, Matthew Joshua, Scheller, Robert M., White, Mark A., Handler, Stephen D., Ravenscroft, Catherine Year: 2014 Under business as usual (BAU) management, stresses posed by climate change may exceed the ability of Great Lake forests to adapt. Temperature and precipitation projections in the Great Lakes region are expected to change forest tree species composition and productivity. It is unknown how a change in productivity and/or tree species diversity due to climate change will affect the relationship between diversity and productivity. We assessed how forests in two landscapes (i.e., northern lower Michigan and northeastern Minnesota, USA) would respond to climate change and explored the diversityproductivity relationship under climate change. In addition, we explored how tree species diversity varied across landscapes by soil type, climate, and management. We used a spatially dynamic forest ecosystem model, LANDIS-II, to simulate BAU forest management under three climate scenarios (current climate, low emissions, and high emissions) in each landscape. We found a positive relationship between diversity and productivity only under a high emissions future as productivity declined. Within landscapes, climate change simulations resulted in the highest diversity in the coolest climate regions and lowest diversity in the warmest climate region in Minnesota and Michigan, respectively. Simulated productivity declined in both landscapes under the high emissions climate scenario as species such as balsam fir (Abies balsamea) declined in abundance. In the Great Lakes region, a high emissions future may decrease forest productivity creating a more positive relationship between diversity and productivity. Maintaining a diversity of tree species may become increasingly important to maintain the adaptive capacity of forests. Title: Climate Change Effects on Northern Great Lake (USA) Forests: A Case for Preserving Diversity Author: Duveneck, Matthew Joshua, Scheller, Robert M., White, Mark A., Handler, Stephen D., Ravenscroft, Catherine Year: 2014 Under business as usual (BAU) management, stresses posed by climate change may exceed the ability of Great Lake forests to adapt. Temperature and precipitation projections in the Great Lakes region are expected to change forest tree species composition and productivity. It is unknown how a change in productivity and/or tree species diversity due to climate change will affect the relationship between diversity and productivity. We assessed how forests in two landscapes (i.e., northern lower Michigan and northeastern Minnesota, USA) would respond to climate change and explored the diversityproductivity relationship under climate change. In addition, we explored how tree species diversity varied across landscapes by soil type, climate, and management. We used a spatially dynamic forest ecosystem model, LANDIS-II, to simulate BAU forest management under three climate scenarios (current climate, low emissions, and high emissions) in each landscape. We found a positive relationship between diversity and productivity only under a high emissions future as productivity declined. Within landscapes, climate change simulations resulted in the highest diversity in the coolest climate regions and lowest diversity in the warmest climate region in Minnesota and Michigan, respectively. Simulated productivity declined in both landscapes under the high emissions climate scenario as species such as balsam fir (Abies balsamea) declined in abundance. In the Great Lakes region, a high emissions future may decrease forest productivity creating a more positive relationship between diversity and productivity. Maintaining a diversity of tree species may become increasingly important to maintain the adaptive capacity of forests. Close

• 122. [Article] Effects of pesticides on amphibians with special reference to the pyrethroid insecticide, cypermethrin

  Pollution by pesticides is a ubiquitous concern for wildlife. The effects of pesticides are especially concerning in aquatic environments, which are particularly vulnerable as they have several exposure ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of pesticides on amphibians with special reference to the pyrethroid insecticide, cypermethrin Author: Biga, Lindsay M. Pollution by pesticides is a ubiquitous concern for wildlife. The effects of pesticides are especially concerning in aquatic environments, which are particularly vulnerable as they have several exposure routes for the influx of chemicals. These effects are of particular concern as biodiversity loss reaches unprecedented rates. This includes recent declines of amphibian populations and loss of amphibian species. Pesticide exposure may contribute to some amphibian populations and extinctions. This dissertation explores the effects of pesticides on amphibians, with particular reference to the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin. I first synthesized acute toxicity data of pesticides for amphibians from the literature (Chapter 2). Using 96h LC50 values for amphibian larvae exposed to insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, I determined that amphibian species cannot be systematically classified as sensitive or tolerant to pesticides. Rather, relative acute lethal toxicities varied among species and between chemicals and types of pesticides even within a species, indicating that no amphibian species from this analysis can represent anticipated toxic effects to all amphibians. I next examined the differences in sensitivity to cypermethrin among three developmental stages for three anuran (frog) species (Chapter 3). I experimentally exposed embryos, recently hatched larvae and larvae with limb buds to cypermethrin in the laboratory. Exposure to cypermethrin had lethal and sublethal effects on some species and stages, but not all. The Pacific treefrog (Pseudacris regilla) was the most sensitive species and the early larval stage was the most sensitive for these three species. Additionally, cypermethrin exposure induced abnormal behavior in response to prodding for some species and stages. These results indicate differences in sensitivity to cypermethrin among species of amphibians. To further understand differences in sensitivity to pesticides among amphibians, I compared how three populations of P. regilla responded to cypermethrin exposure (Chapter 4). I performed a time-to-death assay in the laboratory, exposing newly hatched larvae from each population to cypermethrin under identical conditions. All populations had high rates of mortality when exposed to cypermethrin compared to unexposed controls and populations varied in the time to death. Moreover, exposed individuals were smaller than unexposed controls. Interestingly, population sensitivity did not appear to be associated with proximity to agriculture, but rather with elevation gradient, indicating that an evolved tolerance to pesticide exposure is not the mechanism for the differences in sensitivity observed here. To investigate the effects of cypermethrin on amphibians within a community context, I studied exposure in mesocosms (Chapter 5). I set up semi-natural aquatic ponds in enclosures that contained zooplankton, phytoplankton, and periphyton along with amphibian larvae. I experimentally exposed these mesocosms to cypermethrin and measured the effects on the amphibians and the other members of the community. Cypermethrin affected the entire aquatic community, even at the lowest dose, indicating the direct and indirect deleterious effects of cypermethrin on both invertebrate and vertebrate species in an aquatic community. This dissertation provides needed data on the effects of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin on amphibians and their communities. Understanding the toxicity of newer, commonly used pesticides to non-target organisms is important as conservation biologists and managers make efforts to combat future amphibian population declines which may be associated with chemicals in the environment. Title: Effects of pesticides on amphibians with special reference to the pyrethroid insecticide, cypermethrin Author: Biga, Lindsay M. Pollution by pesticides is a ubiquitous concern for wildlife. The effects of pesticides are especially concerning in aquatic environments, which are particularly vulnerable as they have several exposure routes for the influx of chemicals. These effects are of particular concern as biodiversity loss reaches unprecedented rates. This includes recent declines of amphibian populations and loss of amphibian species. Pesticide exposure may contribute to some amphibian populations and extinctions. This dissertation explores the effects of pesticides on amphibians, with particular reference to the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin. I first synthesized acute toxicity data of pesticides for amphibians from the literature (Chapter 2). Using 96h LC50 values for amphibian larvae exposed to insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, I determined that amphibian species cannot be systematically classified as sensitive or tolerant to pesticides. Rather, relative acute lethal toxicities varied among species and between chemicals and types of pesticides even within a species, indicating that no amphibian species from this analysis can represent anticipated toxic effects to all amphibians. I next examined the differences in sensitivity to cypermethrin among three developmental stages for three anuran (frog) species (Chapter 3). I experimentally exposed embryos, recently hatched larvae and larvae with limb buds to cypermethrin in the laboratory. Exposure to cypermethrin had lethal and sublethal effects on some species and stages, but not all. The Pacific treefrog (Pseudacris regilla) was the most sensitive species and the early larval stage was the most sensitive for these three species. Additionally, cypermethrin exposure induced abnormal behavior in response to prodding for some species and stages. These results indicate differences in sensitivity to cypermethrin among species of amphibians. To further understand differences in sensitivity to pesticides among amphibians, I compared how three populations of P. regilla responded to cypermethrin exposure (Chapter 4). I performed a time-to-death assay in the laboratory, exposing newly hatched larvae from each population to cypermethrin under identical conditions. All populations had high rates of mortality when exposed to cypermethrin compared to unexposed controls and populations varied in the time to death. Moreover, exposed individuals were smaller than unexposed controls. Interestingly, population sensitivity did not appear to be associated with proximity to agriculture, but rather with elevation gradient, indicating that an evolved tolerance to pesticide exposure is not the mechanism for the differences in sensitivity observed here. To investigate the effects of cypermethrin on amphibians within a community context, I studied exposure in mesocosms (Chapter 5). I set up semi-natural aquatic ponds in enclosures that contained zooplankton, phytoplankton, and periphyton along with amphibian larvae. I experimentally exposed these mesocosms to cypermethrin and measured the effects on the amphibians and the other members of the community. Cypermethrin affected the entire aquatic community, even at the lowest dose, indicating the direct and indirect deleterious effects of cypermethrin on both invertebrate and vertebrate species in an aquatic community. This dissertation provides needed data on the effects of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin on amphibians and their communities. Understanding the toxicity of newer, commonly used pesticides to non-target organisms is important as conservation biologists and managers make efforts to combat future amphibian population declines which may be associated with chemicals in the environment. Close

• 123. [Article] Changes in Forage Quantity and Quality with Continued Cattle Grazing in a Mountain Riparian Pasture

  The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in the quantity, quality, and moisture of available forage in a riparian pasture, and shrub utilization by cattle during a 30-d late summer grazing period. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Changes in Forage Quantity and Quality with Continued Cattle Grazing in a Mountain Riparian Pasture Author: Ackerman, Callan, Damiran, Daalkhaijav, Pulsipher, Gary, Darambazar, Enkhjargal, DelCurto, Timothy The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in the quantity, quality, and moisture of available forage in a riparian pasture, and shrub utilization by cattle during a 30-d late summer grazing period. A riparian pasture (44.7 ha) in northeast of Oregon was grazed with 30 yearlings (419 kg, BCS = 5.05) and 30 mature cows with calves (499 kg, BCS = 4.65) from early August to early September in 2001, and from late July to late August in 2002. Sampling dates were d 0, d 10, d 20, and d 30. The forage availability before grazing was 1058 kg/ha and declined to 323 kg/ha at the end of the grazing period (P < 0.10). Grasses dominated the pasture, followed by forbs, grass-likes (sedges and/or rushes), and shrubs. Kentucky bluegrass was the most prevalent forage species followed by timothy, sedges, and common snowberry. The highest percent disappearances of forage species was (83.7 - 92.7%) observed with quackgrass, western fescue, California brome, redtop, and heartleaf arnica, though their initial contributions to the available forage were less than 5%. Timothy, elk sedge, red clover, and common snowberry were also preferred species and major components of the available vegetation. High levels of shrub utilization were observed from d 20 through the end of the grazing period (45% for willow and 59% for alder). Forbs and shrubs did not vary in moisture content over the 30 d grazing period and across the years averaging 59% and 61%, respectively (P > 0.10). In contrast, the moisture content of grasses were over 50% at the beginning of the grazing period and declined to 34% by d 20. Likewise, forbs and shrubs were higher than grasses in CP (11, 14, and 6%, respectively) and IVDMD (58, 49, and 42% respectively). In summary, our results suggest that cattle grazing late summer riparian pastures will switch to intensive shrub utilization when grasses decline in quality and quantity, and forbs decline in quantity. Title: Changes in Forage Quantity and Quality with Continued Cattle Grazing in a Mountain Riparian Pasture Author: Ackerman, Callan, Damiran, Daalkhaijav, Pulsipher, Gary, Darambazar, Enkhjargal, DelCurto, Timothy The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in the quantity, quality, and moisture of available forage in a riparian pasture, and shrub utilization by cattle during a 30-d late summer grazing period. A riparian pasture (44.7 ha) in northeast of Oregon was grazed with 30 yearlings (419 kg, BCS = 5.05) and 30 mature cows with calves (499 kg, BCS = 4.65) from early August to early September in 2001, and from late July to late August in 2002. Sampling dates were d 0, d 10, d 20, and d 30. The forage availability before grazing was 1058 kg/ha and declined to 323 kg/ha at the end of the grazing period (P < 0.10). Grasses dominated the pasture, followed by forbs, grass-likes (sedges and/or rushes), and shrubs. Kentucky bluegrass was the most prevalent forage species followed by timothy, sedges, and common snowberry. The highest percent disappearances of forage species was (83.7 - 92.7%) observed with quackgrass, western fescue, California brome, redtop, and heartleaf arnica, though their initial contributions to the available forage were less than 5%. Timothy, elk sedge, red clover, and common snowberry were also preferred species and major components of the available vegetation. High levels of shrub utilization were observed from d 20 through the end of the grazing period (45% for willow and 59% for alder). Forbs and shrubs did not vary in moisture content over the 30 d grazing period and across the years averaging 59% and 61%, respectively (P > 0.10). In contrast, the moisture content of grasses were over 50% at the beginning of the grazing period and declined to 34% by d 20. Likewise, forbs and shrubs were higher than grasses in CP (11, 14, and 6%, respectively) and IVDMD (58, 49, and 42% respectively). In summary, our results suggest that cattle grazing late summer riparian pastures will switch to intensive shrub utilization when grasses decline in quality and quantity, and forbs decline in quantity. Close

• 124. [Image] ESA basics: 30 years of protecting endangered species

  	Electronic resource; Title from title screen;
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: ESA basics: 30 years of protecting endangered species Year: 2004, 2006, 2005 Electronic resource; Title from title screen; Title: ESA basics: 30 years of protecting endangered species Year: 2004, 2006, 2005 Electronic resource; Title from title screen; Close

• 125. [Article] The ecology of disease and anthropogenic stressors in amphibians

  We proposed to test the hypothesis that ecologically relevant concentrations of pesticide mixtures will increase susceptibility of metamorphic amphibians to a fungal pathogen known as Batrachochytrium ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The ecology of disease and anthropogenic stressors in amphibians Author: French, Kellie M. We proposed to test the hypothesis that ecologically relevant concentrations of pesticide mixtures will increase susceptibility of metamorphic amphibians to a fungal pathogen known as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, or Bd. Bd has received considerable attention as one of the causes of declining amphibian populations. We hypothesized that exposure to the contaminants in the larval stage would cause increased pathogen load, decreased growth, and increased mortality of amphibians. Our amphibians included 2 species of tree frogs (Spring Peepers and Pacific tree frogs), 1 toad species (Western Toads), and 2 true frog species (Leopard frogs and Cascades frogs). Each species of frog was split into five different pesticide treatments: high herbicide, low herbicide, high insecticide, low insecticide, and a control treatment. Half of the frogs in each pesticide treatment were exposed as tadpoles and half were exposed as metamorphs. In the end, three of the five species showed significant mortality rates. We saw similarities between the tree frogs. They both showed a Bd effect with a significant p-value. The toads showed an increased susceptibility compared to the other species. Our true frogs showed very little mortality and had no significant effects. Title: The ecology of disease and anthropogenic stressors in amphibians Author: French, Kellie M. We proposed to test the hypothesis that ecologically relevant concentrations of pesticide mixtures will increase susceptibility of metamorphic amphibians to a fungal pathogen known as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, or Bd. Bd has received considerable attention as one of the causes of declining amphibian populations. We hypothesized that exposure to the contaminants in the larval stage would cause increased pathogen load, decreased growth, and increased mortality of amphibians. Our amphibians included 2 species of tree frogs (Spring Peepers and Pacific tree frogs), 1 toad species (Western Toads), and 2 true frog species (Leopard frogs and Cascades frogs). Each species of frog was split into five different pesticide treatments: high herbicide, low herbicide, high insecticide, low insecticide, and a control treatment. Half of the frogs in each pesticide treatment were exposed as tadpoles and half were exposed as metamorphs. In the end, three of the five species showed significant mortality rates. We saw similarities between the tree frogs. They both showed a Bd effect with a significant p-value. The toads showed an increased susceptibility compared to the other species. Our true frogs showed very little mortality and had no significant effects. Close

• 126. [Article] Species of Concern South Coast District, 1990

  Abstract -- The Fish Division requested each District Fish Biologist to review the present status of the fish stocks in their District, and then identify, by species, each population that is of concern ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Species of Concern South Coast District, 1990 Abstract -- The Fish Division requested each District Fish Biologist to review the present status of the fish stocks in their District, and then identify, by species, each population that is of concern at this time. This included populations that are thought to be at a sensitive level by the biologists and, also, ones that the public think may be declining or at low levels. Also, any hatchery programs that are presently not meeting the management goals of the basin should be addressed. The following populations and programs were identified by South Coast District personnel as meeting the criteria for "concern" Title: Species of Concern South Coast District, 1990 Abstract -- The Fish Division requested each District Fish Biologist to review the present status of the fish stocks in their District, and then identify, by species, each population that is of concern at this time. This included populations that are thought to be at a sensitive level by the biologists and, also, ones that the public think may be declining or at low levels. Also, any hatchery programs that are presently not meeting the management goals of the basin should be addressed. The following populations and programs were identified by South Coast District personnel as meeting the criteria for "concern" Close

• 127. [Article] Bird communities in managed conifer stands in the Oregon Cascades : habitat associations and nest predation

  Green-tree retention is being implemented on state and federal lands in Oregon. Silvicultural prescriptions with tree and snag retention are thought to mimic natural disturbance patterns in the Pacific ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bird communities in managed conifer stands in the Oregon Cascades : habitat associations and nest predation Author: Vega, Robyn M. S. Green-tree retention is being implemented on state and federal lands in Oregon. Silvicultural prescriptions with tree and snag retention are thought to mimic natural disturbance patterns in the Pacific Northwest more closely than traditional silvicultural practices, which reduce structural complexity. The effects of green-tree retention on native bird species in the Pacific Northwest are largely unknown. Consequently, this study examined avian communities, individual species abundances, habitat associations, and artificial nest predation in the West-central Oregon Cascade Range. Between May and August 1992, 4 clearcut, 4 green-tree retention, and 4 mature conifer stands were studied. Species diversity was greater in mature stands than in clearcuts. Total bird abundance and species richness did not differ among stand types, but community composition did. Differences in community composition were related to differences in vegetation structure and composition. Species showed individualistic responses to stand types, and individual species abundances were correlated with conifer and snag densities more than with other variables. Green-tree retention stands provided habitat for some birds that are associated with early- and late-seral habitats. Predation on ground nests was greater in clearcuts than retention stands. Shrub nest predation was greater in retention stands than in clearcuts or mature stands. These results support the hypothesis that trees and snags which are retained in harvest units serve as perches which facilitate the location of shrub nests by predators. Retention stands may be sink habitats for species which nest in them unsuccessfully. Open canopy species which are negatively associated with green-tree retention may show further declines in population if green-tree retention stands replace clearcuts on state and federal lands in Oregon. In order to provide habitat for native species, a variety of stand conditions should be maintained across the landscape and management objectives should be tailored to individual species or communities. Title: Bird communities in managed conifer stands in the Oregon Cascades : habitat associations and nest predation Author: Vega, Robyn M. S. Green-tree retention is being implemented on state and federal lands in Oregon. Silvicultural prescriptions with tree and snag retention are thought to mimic natural disturbance patterns in the Pacific Northwest more closely than traditional silvicultural practices, which reduce structural complexity. The effects of green-tree retention on native bird species in the Pacific Northwest are largely unknown. Consequently, this study examined avian communities, individual species abundances, habitat associations, and artificial nest predation in the West-central Oregon Cascade Range. Between May and August 1992, 4 clearcut, 4 green-tree retention, and 4 mature conifer stands were studied. Species diversity was greater in mature stands than in clearcuts. Total bird abundance and species richness did not differ among stand types, but community composition did. Differences in community composition were related to differences in vegetation structure and composition. Species showed individualistic responses to stand types, and individual species abundances were correlated with conifer and snag densities more than with other variables. Green-tree retention stands provided habitat for some birds that are associated with early- and late-seral habitats. Predation on ground nests was greater in clearcuts than retention stands. Shrub nest predation was greater in retention stands than in clearcuts or mature stands. These results support the hypothesis that trees and snags which are retained in harvest units serve as perches which facilitate the location of shrub nests by predators. Retention stands may be sink habitats for species which nest in them unsuccessfully. Open canopy species which are negatively associated with green-tree retention may show further declines in population if green-tree retention stands replace clearcuts on state and federal lands in Oregon. In order to provide habitat for native species, a variety of stand conditions should be maintained across the landscape and management objectives should be tailored to individual species or communities. Close

• 128. [Article] Introduction of New Fish Species for Improved Aquaculture Production in Malawi: Policy Implications for Fish Biodiversity Preservation and Management

  Poster Session

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Introduction of New Fish Species for Improved Aquaculture Production in Malawi: Policy Implications for Fish Biodiversity Preservation and Management Author: Kapute, Fanuel Poster Session Title: Introduction of New Fish Species for Improved Aquaculture Production in Malawi: Policy Implications for Fish Biodiversity Preservation and Management Author: Kapute, Fanuel Poster Session Close

• 129. [Article] Ecology and applications of cutaneous mechanisms of resistance to amphibian chytridiomycosis

  Amphibian biodiversity is in rapid global decline, due in part to the fungal disease chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Susceptibility to Bd and chytridiomycosis varies between ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecology and applications of cutaneous mechanisms of resistance to amphibian chytridiomycosis Author: Nebergall, Emily E. Amphibian biodiversity is in rapid global decline, due in part to the fungal disease chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Susceptibility to Bd and chytridiomycosis varies between species and populations. Skin peptides and symbiotic skin bacteria appear to be important mechanisms of Bd resistance. However, not much is known about the ways in which these mechanisms vary between species and locations or about the relative importance of these mechanisms to different amphibian species. This thesis sought to explore the ecology and applications of mechanisms of resistance to Bd. In the second chapter, I use an information theoretic approach to investigate the source of intraspecies and interspecies variation in three measures of predicted resistance against chytridiomycosis: skin peptide inhibition of Bd, skin peptide quantity, and prevalence of Bd-inhibitory bacteria. I collected peptide and bacterial samples from three amphibian species in Mt. Rainier National Park, which is characterized by landscape heterogeneity and low connectivity and hence is likely to produce high variability between amphibian populations in different park regions. I found that skin peptide defenses may vary primarily by species, whereas anti-Bd skin bacteria may vary primarily by location. In the third chapter, I investigate the feasibility of using anti- Bd bacteria to bioaugment an endangered amphibian species, Rana chiricahuensis, against infection with Bd. I screened skin bacterial communities from wild R. chiricahuensis for anti- Bd bacteria and selected Pseudomonas fluorescens as an experimental bioaugmentation agent. I tested P. fluorescens alongside Janthinobacterium lividum in Bd challenges studies with wild adult R. chiricahuensis. Results of these studies do not indicate bioaugmentation with either of these two bacteria as a feasible Bd management strategy for R. chiricahuensis. Title: Ecology and applications of cutaneous mechanisms of resistance to amphibian chytridiomycosis Author: Nebergall, Emily E. Amphibian biodiversity is in rapid global decline, due in part to the fungal disease chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Susceptibility to Bd and chytridiomycosis varies between species and populations. Skin peptides and symbiotic skin bacteria appear to be important mechanisms of Bd resistance. However, not much is known about the ways in which these mechanisms vary between species and locations or about the relative importance of these mechanisms to different amphibian species. This thesis sought to explore the ecology and applications of mechanisms of resistance to Bd. In the second chapter, I use an information theoretic approach to investigate the source of intraspecies and interspecies variation in three measures of predicted resistance against chytridiomycosis: skin peptide inhibition of Bd, skin peptide quantity, and prevalence of Bd-inhibitory bacteria. I collected peptide and bacterial samples from three amphibian species in Mt. Rainier National Park, which is characterized by landscape heterogeneity and low connectivity and hence is likely to produce high variability between amphibian populations in different park regions. I found that skin peptide defenses may vary primarily by species, whereas anti-Bd skin bacteria may vary primarily by location. In the third chapter, I investigate the feasibility of using anti- Bd bacteria to bioaugment an endangered amphibian species, Rana chiricahuensis, against infection with Bd. I screened skin bacterial communities from wild R. chiricahuensis for anti- Bd bacteria and selected Pseudomonas fluorescens as an experimental bioaugmentation agent. I tested P. fluorescens alongside Janthinobacterium lividum in Bd challenges studies with wild adult R. chiricahuensis. Results of these studies do not indicate bioaugmentation with either of these two bacteria as a feasible Bd management strategy for R. chiricahuensis. Close

• 130. [Article] Host species composition influences infection severity among amphibians in the absence of spillover transmission

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/jo...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Host species composition influences infection severity among amphibians in the absence of spillover transmission Author: Han, Barbara A., Storfer, Andrew, Blaustein, Andrew R., Searle, Catherine L., Kerby, Jacob L. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292045-7758 Title: Host species composition influences infection severity among amphibians in the absence of spillover transmission Author: Han, Barbara A., Storfer, Andrew, Blaustein, Andrew R., Searle, Catherine L., Kerby, Jacob L. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292045-7758 Close

• 131. [Article] Size-related variation in tree growth and physiology

  The goal of this dissertation was to improve our understanding of age-related constraints on aboveground production of forest trees. Previous research suggesting that carbon uptake of old trees is hydraulically ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Size-related variation in tree growth and physiology Author: McDowell, Nate G. The goal of this dissertation was to improve our understanding of age-related constraints on aboveground production of forest trees. Previous research suggesting that carbon uptake of old trees is hydraulically constrained by tree size was used as the springboard for this research. Three specific working hypotheses were investigated: 1) compensation for height via decreasing the ratio of leaf area to sapwood area as trees become taller occurs for all tree species, 2) compensation via both physiological and structural mechanisms is insufficient to prevent age- or height-related reductions in stomatal conductance and photosynthesis of Douglas-fir, and 3) removal of competition via stand density reductions allows old ponderosa pine to increase growth via increased stomatal conductance. I found that, for most species in which data were available, the ratio of leaf area to sapwood area declines as trees become taller. This response should act to maintain leaf-specific hydraulic sufficiency as trees become taller. This decline was observed both within- and between-species growing in wet vs. dry climates, and for broadleaf and needleleaf species. Two species (Norway spruce and Balsam fir) increased the ratio with height, showing that compensation for hydraulic constraints via reducing leaf area per unit sapwood area is not a universal response. In Douglas-fir trees ranging in height from 15 m to 60 m, hydraulic limitation and compensation co-occur. Growth efficiency, stomatal conductance as indexed using stable carbon isotopes, and leaf-specific hydraulic conductance declined as trees became taller. A simple model based on Darcy's Law showed that the observed 44% decline in hydraulic conductance with increasing tree height would have been greater than 70% had the leaf area to sapwood area ratio and the soil-to-leaf water potential not changed in concert with height. I observed that growth and carbon isotope discrimination of 250-year-old ponderosa pine are very sensitive to increasing moisture availability after stand density reductions. The assumptions that old trees are unable to respond to increased growing space, or that they are genetically predisposed to grow slowly, were shown to be false. Together, these results support the theory that hydraulic constraints to tree height exist. Furthermore, these studies show that resource availability and hydraulic compensation can mitigate size-induced changes in hydraulic conductance and stomatal conductance. Future research on the mechanisms of age-related growth decline should focus on testing multiple hypotheses within the same set of forests. Incorporation of model predictions of each hypothesis will allow estimation of the relative role of each potential mechanism. Future research on the hydraulic limitation hypothesis should investigate the consequences of compensation for hydraulic driving forces-such as height-induced reductions in liquid phase conductance-on gas exchange and carbon allocation. Title: Size-related variation in tree growth and physiology Author: McDowell, Nate G. The goal of this dissertation was to improve our understanding of age-related constraints on aboveground production of forest trees. Previous research suggesting that carbon uptake of old trees is hydraulically constrained by tree size was used as the springboard for this research. Three specific working hypotheses were investigated: 1) compensation for height via decreasing the ratio of leaf area to sapwood area as trees become taller occurs for all tree species, 2) compensation via both physiological and structural mechanisms is insufficient to prevent age- or height-related reductions in stomatal conductance and photosynthesis of Douglas-fir, and 3) removal of competition via stand density reductions allows old ponderosa pine to increase growth via increased stomatal conductance. I found that, for most species in which data were available, the ratio of leaf area to sapwood area declines as trees become taller. This response should act to maintain leaf-specific hydraulic sufficiency as trees become taller. This decline was observed both within- and between-species growing in wet vs. dry climates, and for broadleaf and needleleaf species. Two species (Norway spruce and Balsam fir) increased the ratio with height, showing that compensation for hydraulic constraints via reducing leaf area per unit sapwood area is not a universal response. In Douglas-fir trees ranging in height from 15 m to 60 m, hydraulic limitation and compensation co-occur. Growth efficiency, stomatal conductance as indexed using stable carbon isotopes, and leaf-specific hydraulic conductance declined as trees became taller. A simple model based on Darcy's Law showed that the observed 44% decline in hydraulic conductance with increasing tree height would have been greater than 70% had the leaf area to sapwood area ratio and the soil-to-leaf water potential not changed in concert with height. I observed that growth and carbon isotope discrimination of 250-year-old ponderosa pine are very sensitive to increasing moisture availability after stand density reductions. The assumptions that old trees are unable to respond to increased growing space, or that they are genetically predisposed to grow slowly, were shown to be false. Together, these results support the theory that hydraulic constraints to tree height exist. Furthermore, these studies show that resource availability and hydraulic compensation can mitigate size-induced changes in hydraulic conductance and stomatal conductance. Future research on the mechanisms of age-related growth decline should focus on testing multiple hypotheses within the same set of forests. Incorporation of model predictions of each hypothesis will allow estimation of the relative role of each potential mechanism. Future research on the hydraulic limitation hypothesis should investigate the consequences of compensation for hydraulic driving forces-such as height-induced reductions in liquid phase conductance-on gas exchange and carbon allocation. Close

• 132. [Article] The Retail Demand for Demersal Fresh Fish in Great Britain

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Retail Demand for Demersal Fresh Fish in Great Britain Author: Revell, Brian James, Fousekis, Panos Research Paper Title: The Retail Demand for Demersal Fresh Fish in Great Britain Author: Revell, Brian James, Fousekis, Panos Research Paper Close

• 133. [Article] Succinic dehydrogenase activity in mesopelagic oceanic fishes

  The purposes of this investigation were to measure the relative levels of enzymatic and respiratory metabolism of some vertically migrating mesopelagic fishes collected from the ocean waters off Oregon ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Succinic dehydrogenase activity in mesopelagic oceanic fishes Author: Karinen, John Franklin The purposes of this investigation were to measure the relative levels of enzymatic and respiratory metabolism of some vertically migrating mesopelagic fishes collected from the ocean waters off Oregon and to modify and adapt an enzyme method for use as a measure of metabolic activity at sea with a minimum of equipment. A knowledge of the quantitative measure of the respiratory and metabolic rates of these organisms could be usefully applied to several problems of interest; oxygen minimum layers, vertical migration, and vertical distribution. Ten species of fishes were studied with regard to their respiratory potential as measured by succinic dehydrogenase activity. Oxygen consumption for two species was measured at various temperatures for comparative purposes. The metabolic rates calculated from the enzyme data fell within the limits of the standard metabolic rate - temperature relationships compiled from the data of several authors for fishes of the same size from various environments. The fish from the greatest depths had low metabolic rates comparable to those reported for some Antarctic and Arctic species. Metabolic rates of species of mesopelagic fish differed significantly and declined with the general depth and temperature at which the species was found. Title: Succinic dehydrogenase activity in mesopelagic oceanic fishes Author: Karinen, John Franklin The purposes of this investigation were to measure the relative levels of enzymatic and respiratory metabolism of some vertically migrating mesopelagic fishes collected from the ocean waters off Oregon and to modify and adapt an enzyme method for use as a measure of metabolic activity at sea with a minimum of equipment. A knowledge of the quantitative measure of the respiratory and metabolic rates of these organisms could be usefully applied to several problems of interest; oxygen minimum layers, vertical migration, and vertical distribution. Ten species of fishes were studied with regard to their respiratory potential as measured by succinic dehydrogenase activity. Oxygen consumption for two species was measured at various temperatures for comparative purposes. The metabolic rates calculated from the enzyme data fell within the limits of the standard metabolic rate - temperature relationships compiled from the data of several authors for fishes of the same size from various environments. The fish from the greatest depths had low metabolic rates comparable to those reported for some Antarctic and Arctic species. Metabolic rates of species of mesopelagic fish differed significantly and declined with the general depth and temperature at which the species was found. Close

• 134. [Article] Complexity Increases Predictability in Allometrically Constrained Food Webs

  Access to this item has been restricted by repository administrators at the request of the publisher until December 31, 2016.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Complexity Increases Predictability in Allometrically Constrained Food Webs Author: Iles, Alison C., Novak, Mark Access to this item has been restricted by repository administrators at the request of the publisher until December 31, 2016. Title: Complexity Increases Predictability in Allometrically Constrained Food Webs Author: Iles, Alison C., Novak, Mark Access to this item has been restricted by repository administrators at the request of the publisher until December 31, 2016. Close

• 135. [Article] Life-history and physiological trade-offs to reproduction of invasive and noninvasive Rubus

  The goal of this dissertation was to improve our understanding of the physiology and life-history of invasive plants and of the mechanisms underlying life-history trade-offs. I compared invasive and noninvasive ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Life-history and physiological trade-offs to reproduction of invasive and noninvasive Rubus Author: McDowell, Susan C. The goal of this dissertation was to improve our understanding of the physiology and life-history of invasive plants and of the mechanisms underlying life-history trade-offs. I compared invasive and noninvasive species of Rubus (blackberry) that grow together in the Pacific Northwest. Three hypotheses were investigated: (1) Invasive Rubus have higher photosynthetic capacity and lower leaf-level resource costs of photosynthesis than native, noninvasive species; (2) The physiological effects of reproduction on foliage result in higher reproductive effort for noninvasive Rubus than for an invasive species, in spite of the greater number and size of fruit produced by the invasive species; and (3) Reproduction produces greater trade-offs to growth for noninvasive Rubus because of its higher reproductive effort, and these trade-offs affect the population demographics of these species. I found that two invasive species, R. discolor and R. laciniatus, had higher photosynthetic capacities and maintained these rates for a longer portion of the year than two noninvasive species, R. ursinus and R. leucodermis. Furthermore, the two invasive species had higher rates of photosynthesis per unit resource investment, such as carbon, nitrogen, and water, than the noninvasive Rubus. I found that these photosynthetic characteristics could be used to distinguish between the noninvasive and invasive species using discriminant analysis. I compared reproductive effort for one of the invasive, R. discolor, and one of the noninvasive, R. ursinus, species. I found that, although the invasive Rubus allocated more resources directly to reproduction than the noninvasive species, it had lower reproductive effort because it did not have the significant decline in leaf nitrogen and photosynthetic capacity and significant increase in mid-day water stress that were associated with reproduction in the noninvasive species. I also observed that sexual reproduction in the noninvasive species was associated with trade-offs to growth both within and between generations, but these were not observed in the invasive species. These trade-offs in the noninvasive species resulted in an almost complete dependence on clonal growth rather than sexual reproduction for population growth. The invasive Rubus relied on sexual reproduction for population growth relatively more than the noninvasive species and, therefore, reproductive effort influenced the demographics of these species. Title: Life-history and physiological trade-offs to reproduction of invasive and noninvasive Rubus Author: McDowell, Susan C. The goal of this dissertation was to improve our understanding of the physiology and life-history of invasive plants and of the mechanisms underlying life-history trade-offs. I compared invasive and noninvasive species of Rubus (blackberry) that grow together in the Pacific Northwest. Three hypotheses were investigated: (1) Invasive Rubus have higher photosynthetic capacity and lower leaf-level resource costs of photosynthesis than native, noninvasive species; (2) The physiological effects of reproduction on foliage result in higher reproductive effort for noninvasive Rubus than for an invasive species, in spite of the greater number and size of fruit produced by the invasive species; and (3) Reproduction produces greater trade-offs to growth for noninvasive Rubus because of its higher reproductive effort, and these trade-offs affect the population demographics of these species. I found that two invasive species, R. discolor and R. laciniatus, had higher photosynthetic capacities and maintained these rates for a longer portion of the year than two noninvasive species, R. ursinus and R. leucodermis. Furthermore, the two invasive species had higher rates of photosynthesis per unit resource investment, such as carbon, nitrogen, and water, than the noninvasive Rubus. I found that these photosynthetic characteristics could be used to distinguish between the noninvasive and invasive species using discriminant analysis. I compared reproductive effort for one of the invasive, R. discolor, and one of the noninvasive, R. ursinus, species. I found that, although the invasive Rubus allocated more resources directly to reproduction than the noninvasive species, it had lower reproductive effort because it did not have the significant decline in leaf nitrogen and photosynthetic capacity and significant increase in mid-day water stress that were associated with reproduction in the noninvasive species. I also observed that sexual reproduction in the noninvasive species was associated with trade-offs to growth both within and between generations, but these were not observed in the invasive species. These trade-offs in the noninvasive species resulted in an almost complete dependence on clonal growth rather than sexual reproduction for population growth. The invasive Rubus relied on sexual reproduction for population growth relatively more than the noninvasive species and, therefore, reproductive effort influenced the demographics of these species. Close

• 136. [Article] Disentangling the cause of a catastrophic population decline in a large marine mammal

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecol

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Disentangling the cause of a catastrophic population decline in a large marine mammal Author: Staniland, Iain J., Baylis, Alastair M. M., Christiansen, Fredrik, Orben, Rachael A., Hays, Graeme C., Arnould, John P. Y. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecol Title: Disentangling the cause of a catastrophic population decline in a large marine mammal Author: Staniland, Iain J., Baylis, Alastair M. M., Christiansen, Fredrik, Orben, Rachael A., Hays, Graeme C., Arnould, John P. Y. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecol Close

• 137. [Article] Nitrogen fixation by Purshia tridentata : some ecological aspects and root nodule anatomy

  This study examines several aspects of nitrogen fixation by Purshia tridentata (Pursh) D. C., a rosaceous shrub widespread in the central Oregon pumice region, especially as an understory species in Pinus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nitrogen fixation by Purshia tridentata : some ecological aspects and root nodule anatomy Author: Dalton, David Andrews This study examines several aspects of nitrogen fixation by Purshia tridentata (Pursh) D. C., a rosaceous shrub widespread in the central Oregon pumice region, especially as an understory species in Pinus ponderosa and Pinus contorta forests. Anatomical studies of root nodules under the light microscope revealed strong similarities to other non-legume nodules. The endophyte, apparently an actinomycete, was visible as a mass of hyphae with peripheral spherical vesicles in swollen infected cells in the central cortex of the nodules. Seasonal variations in morphology and anatomy are described. Acetylene reduction was used to assay nodule activity in both field and greenhouse plants. The maximum rates were observed at 20°C., although summer soil temperatures were frequently around 15°C., at which a much lower rate was observed. Acetylene reduction by excised nodules was linear for 5 hours and then slowly declined until finally ceasing after 19 hours. Nodule activity was found to decline in water stressed plants, essentially ceasing in plants with xylem pressure potentials below -25 bars. Field studies at 5 different sites revealed that nodule activity began in mid-May or early June when soil temperature at 20 cm. increased to above 10°C. Activity began later and remained lower until July20 in plants located under Pinus contorta probably because of the cooler temperatures at this site. Nodule activity at all sites was maximum in June and July. In late July, nodule activity declined sharply, corresponding with moisture stress readings in the -25 bar range. Daily acetylene reduction rates declined sharply each night; this decline was even more severe late in the season. Only 46% of Purshia plants were found to be nodulated. Several possible explanations for this low percent are discussed, but the primary reason appears to be low soil temperature and unfavorable moisture conditions. Previous speculations that Purshia may contribute significant amounts of nitrogen to the ecosystems in which it occurs are disputed using estimates based on seasonal acetylene reduction rates and a determination of nodule biomass/ha. The estimated nitrogen accretion rate was only 0.057 kg N/ha yr. Title: Nitrogen fixation by Purshia tridentata : some ecological aspects and root nodule anatomy Author: Dalton, David Andrews This study examines several aspects of nitrogen fixation by Purshia tridentata (Pursh) D. C., a rosaceous shrub widespread in the central Oregon pumice region, especially as an understory species in Pinus ponderosa and Pinus contorta forests. Anatomical studies of root nodules under the light microscope revealed strong similarities to other non-legume nodules. The endophyte, apparently an actinomycete, was visible as a mass of hyphae with peripheral spherical vesicles in swollen infected cells in the central cortex of the nodules. Seasonal variations in morphology and anatomy are described. Acetylene reduction was used to assay nodule activity in both field and greenhouse plants. The maximum rates were observed at 20°C., although summer soil temperatures were frequently around 15°C., at which a much lower rate was observed. Acetylene reduction by excised nodules was linear for 5 hours and then slowly declined until finally ceasing after 19 hours. Nodule activity was found to decline in water stressed plants, essentially ceasing in plants with xylem pressure potentials below -25 bars. Field studies at 5 different sites revealed that nodule activity began in mid-May or early June when soil temperature at 20 cm. increased to above 10°C. Activity began later and remained lower until July20 in plants located under Pinus contorta probably because of the cooler temperatures at this site. Nodule activity at all sites was maximum in June and July. In late July, nodule activity declined sharply, corresponding with moisture stress readings in the -25 bar range. Daily acetylene reduction rates declined sharply each night; this decline was even more severe late in the season. Only 46% of Purshia plants were found to be nodulated. Several possible explanations for this low percent are discussed, but the primary reason appears to be low soil temperature and unfavorable moisture conditions. Previous speculations that Purshia may contribute significant amounts of nitrogen to the ecosystems in which it occurs are disputed using estimates based on seasonal acetylene reduction rates and a determination of nodule biomass/ha. The estimated nitrogen accretion rate was only 0.057 kg N/ha yr. Close

• 138. [Article] Declining and state sensitive bird species : breeding in Willamette Valley grasslands: 2008/09 status update

  This archived document is maintained by the Oregon State Library as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Declining and state sensitive bird species : breeding in Willamette Valley grasslands: 2008/09 status update Year: 2010 This archived document is maintained by the Oregon State Library as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes. Title: Declining and state sensitive bird species : breeding in Willamette Valley grasslands: 2008/09 status update Year: 2010 This archived document is maintained by the Oregon State Library as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes. Close

• 139. [Image] Song-bird population

  	This manuscript begins with how to attract songbirds to one's home, including the removal of predators, flora to interact with, and a water source. The author comments that there has been a noticed absence ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Song-bird population Author: Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953 Year: 1930 This manuscript begins with how to attract songbirds to one's home, including the removal of predators, flora to interact with, and a water source. The author comments that there has been a noticed absence of some of the typical visitors to their property. Essentially, there has been a decline in population in some of the songbird species, such as wrens. Speculation for the source of this decline includes either disease or mishap during migration. Title: Song-bird population Author: Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953 Year: 1930 This manuscript begins with how to attract songbirds to one's home, including the removal of predators, flora to interact with, and a water source. The author comments that there has been a noticed absence of some of the typical visitors to their property. Essentially, there has been a decline in population in some of the songbird species, such as wrens. Speculation for the source of this decline includes either disease or mishap during migration. Close

• 140. [Image] Draft upper Williamson River Watershed assessment

  	"Prepared for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Foundation, and the Upper Williamson River Catchment Group, in cooperation with the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, and the Klamath Watershed Council."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Draft upper Williamson River Watershed assessment Author: David Evans and Associates, Inc. Year: 2004, 2005 "Prepared for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Foundation, and the Upper Williamson River Catchment Group, in cooperation with the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, and the Klamath Watershed Council." Title: Draft upper Williamson River Watershed assessment Author: David Evans and Associates, Inc. Year: 2004, 2005 "Prepared for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Foundation, and the Upper Williamson River Catchment Group, in cooperation with the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, and the Klamath Watershed Council." Close

• 141. [Article] Water movement in the stem xylem in relation to xylem specific conductivity in four hardwood species

  In deciduous species, water exits stems mainly through leaf traces attached to the outer growth ring and yet we know that water ascends throughout the entire cross-section of the sapwood. There is an increasing amount ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water movement in the stem xylem in relation to xylem specific conductivity in four hardwood species Author: Fallas-Cedeno, Lottie In deciduous species, water exits stems mainly through leaf traces attached to the outer growth ring and yet we know that water ascends throughout the entire cross-section of the sapwood. There is an increasing amount of information on sap flow and sapwood hydraulic properties from separate studies, but little information exists on how flow and hydraulics vary radially along the sapwood within a tree. In this study, we determined axial sap flux (3) and axial specific conductivity (ks) at five different radial locations within the sapwood, spedfically at 1.2, 2.0, 3.5, 5.0 and 7.0 cm inward from the cambium, and used these values to estimate the tension gradient in the water column at those radial positions. Four hardwood species growing in the Pacific Northwest were used for this study: Acer macrophyllum Pursh (bigleaf maple, n=8), Alnus rubra Bong. (red alder, n=8), Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray x Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. (cottonwood, n=4) and Arbutus menziesii Pursh (Pacific madrone, n=7). Field and laboratory study were performed during 2003 and 2004, and values were pooled for these two years. Sap flux decreased from the outer to the inner part of the sapwood in all species. Arbutus, followed by Acer, showed the highest differences within all analyzed depths. Alnus had a slight declining sap flux profile along the first three depths, with a marked decline from 10.3 g m2 s1 to 5.7 g m2 s1 in the two inner positions. Populus showed the highest sap flux values, averaging 32.1 g m2 s1 in the two outer depths and these values fluctuated as 23.7 g m2 s', 26.3 g m2 s1 and 23.9 g m 2 1, along the radius. Specific conductivity showed a similar radial pattern in Alnus, Populus and Arbutus, declining from the outer sapwood inward. Of these species, Alnus had the most uniform profile, decreasing, on average, by l2% at each depth. In Arbutus and Populus, k had quite high variance, and exhibited the lowest values in the inner depths. In contrast, Acer k5 fluctuated from the outer to the inner sapwood. In general, there was a relationship between J and k5 measured at the same locations for Alnus, Arbutus, and Populus. Arbutus had the most significant linear relationship between J and k at all analyzed depths, with r2= 0.93, followed by Alnus and Populus (r2= 0.79). Acer showed a fluctuating pattern, with a random J/k relationship by depth (r2 < 0.001). Axial tension gradient appeared to be constant across the sapwood radius in Alnus and Arbutus, but it was non-uniform in the inner positions in Acer and Populus. Gradients remained constant in Acer at the first two depths then declined toward the 3.5 cm position, where the highest tension values occurred at the 5.0 cm position. There was a marked increase in tension gradient toward the inner depths in Populus. The observed Jand k5 patterns along the sapwood also demonstrated the resistance to water flux in the radial direction. This demonstrates, in the studied species, the existence of different resistances to water flux in the radial direction. This tension gradient along the sapwood demonstrates the presence of measurable resistance to water flow in the radial direction. This resistance may also affect wood utilization and processing, especially when dealing with drying and treating wood. This study also showed the importance of accurately estimating J along the entire sapwood in order to estimate whole-tree water use. Title: Water movement in the stem xylem in relation to xylem specific conductivity in four hardwood species Author: Fallas-Cedeno, Lottie In deciduous species, water exits stems mainly through leaf traces attached to the outer growth ring and yet we know that water ascends throughout the entire cross-section of the sapwood. There is an increasing amount of information on sap flow and sapwood hydraulic properties from separate studies, but little information exists on how flow and hydraulics vary radially along the sapwood within a tree. In this study, we determined axial sap flux (3) and axial specific conductivity (ks) at five different radial locations within the sapwood, spedfically at 1.2, 2.0, 3.5, 5.0 and 7.0 cm inward from the cambium, and used these values to estimate the tension gradient in the water column at those radial positions. Four hardwood species growing in the Pacific Northwest were used for this study: Acer macrophyllum Pursh (bigleaf maple, n=8), Alnus rubra Bong. (red alder, n=8), Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray x Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. (cottonwood, n=4) and Arbutus menziesii Pursh (Pacific madrone, n=7). Field and laboratory study were performed during 2003 and 2004, and values were pooled for these two years. Sap flux decreased from the outer to the inner part of the sapwood in all species. Arbutus, followed by Acer, showed the highest differences within all analyzed depths. Alnus had a slight declining sap flux profile along the first three depths, with a marked decline from 10.3 g m2 s1 to 5.7 g m2 s1 in the two inner positions. Populus showed the highest sap flux values, averaging 32.1 g m2 s1 in the two outer depths and these values fluctuated as 23.7 g m2 s', 26.3 g m2 s1 and 23.9 g m 2 1, along the radius. Specific conductivity showed a similar radial pattern in Alnus, Populus and Arbutus, declining from the outer sapwood inward. Of these species, Alnus had the most uniform profile, decreasing, on average, by l2% at each depth. In Arbutus and Populus, k had quite high variance, and exhibited the lowest values in the inner depths. In contrast, Acer k5 fluctuated from the outer to the inner sapwood. In general, there was a relationship between J and k5 measured at the same locations for Alnus, Arbutus, and Populus. Arbutus had the most significant linear relationship between J and k at all analyzed depths, with r2= 0.93, followed by Alnus and Populus (r2= 0.79). Acer showed a fluctuating pattern, with a random J/k relationship by depth (r2 < 0.001). Axial tension gradient appeared to be constant across the sapwood radius in Alnus and Arbutus, but it was non-uniform in the inner positions in Acer and Populus. Gradients remained constant in Acer at the first two depths then declined toward the 3.5 cm position, where the highest tension values occurred at the 5.0 cm position. There was a marked increase in tension gradient toward the inner depths in Populus. The observed Jand k5 patterns along the sapwood also demonstrated the resistance to water flux in the radial direction. This demonstrates, in the studied species, the existence of different resistances to water flux in the radial direction. This tension gradient along the sapwood demonstrates the presence of measurable resistance to water flow in the radial direction. This resistance may also affect wood utilization and processing, especially when dealing with drying and treating wood. This study also showed the importance of accurately estimating J along the entire sapwood in order to estimate whole-tree water use. Close

• 142. [Image] A review of possible causes of nutrient enrichment and decline of endangered sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon

  	ill., maps (1 col.); Includes bibliographical references (p. 22-24); Possible causes of excessive nutrient enrichment in Upper Klamath Lake -- Possible causes of decline in sucker population
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A review of possible causes of nutrient enrichment and decline of endangered sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Year: 1993, 2004 ill., maps (1 col.); Includes bibliographical references (p. 22-24); Possible causes of excessive nutrient enrichment in Upper Klamath Lake -- Possible causes of decline in sucker population Title: A review of possible causes of nutrient enrichment and decline of endangered sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Year: 1993, 2004 ill., maps (1 col.); Includes bibliographical references (p. 22-24); Possible causes of excessive nutrient enrichment in Upper Klamath Lake -- Possible causes of decline in sucker population Close

• 143. [Article] Policy Conundrum: Restoring Wild Salmon to the Pacific Northwest

  Restoring wild salmon runs to the Pacific Northwest is technically challenging, politically nasty, and socially divisive. Pa st restoration efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Society’s failure to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Policy Conundrum: Restoring Wild Salmon to the Pacific Northwest Author: Lackey, Robert T. Year: 2001 Restoring wild salmon runs to the Pacific Northwest is technically challenging, politically nasty, and socially divisive. Pa st restoration efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Society’s failure to reverse the continuing decline of wild salmon has the characteristics of a policy conundrum: nearly everyone supports, abstractly at least, restoring salmon runs; considerable public and private resources have been devoted to their restoration; but society collectively remains evidently unwilling to make the painful decisions clearly necessary to arrest their decline. The salmon policy conundrum is characterized by competing societal priorities being adjudicated in a political environment where few are willing to acknowledge publicly the future consequences of prior de facto policy choices. Decisions already made have greatly circumscribed the status of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest through at least the next several decades. Barring a near wholesale reversal of many of society’s previous decisions (and apparent priorities), and allowing for considerable year-to-year and decade-to-decade variation in run size due in part to oscillations in climate and oceanic conditions, I conclude that through the twenty-first century, many, perhaps most, stocks of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest likely will remain at their current low levels or continue to decline in spite of current protection and restoration efforts. Title: Policy Conundrum: Restoring Wild Salmon to the Pacific Northwest Author: Lackey, Robert T. Year: 2001 Restoring wild salmon runs to the Pacific Northwest is technically challenging, politically nasty, and socially divisive. Pa st restoration efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Society’s failure to reverse the continuing decline of wild salmon has the characteristics of a policy conundrum: nearly everyone supports, abstractly at least, restoring salmon runs; considerable public and private resources have been devoted to their restoration; but society collectively remains evidently unwilling to make the painful decisions clearly necessary to arrest their decline. The salmon policy conundrum is characterized by competing societal priorities being adjudicated in a political environment where few are willing to acknowledge publicly the future consequences of prior de facto policy choices. Decisions already made have greatly circumscribed the status of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest through at least the next several decades. Barring a near wholesale reversal of many of society’s previous decisions (and apparent priorities), and allowing for considerable year-to-year and decade-to-decade variation in run size due in part to oscillations in climate and oceanic conditions, I conclude that through the twenty-first century, many, perhaps most, stocks of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest likely will remain at their current low levels or continue to decline in spite of current protection and restoration efforts. Close

• 144. [Article] The Icelandic Pelagic Sector and its Development under an ITQ Management System

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Icelandic Pelagic Sector and its Development under an ITQ Management System Author: Saevaldsson, Hordur, Gunnlaugsson, Stefan B. Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: The Icelandic Pelagic Sector and its Development under an ITQ Management System Author: Saevaldsson, Hordur, Gunnlaugsson, Stefan B. Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 145. [Article] Flowering Patterns of Understory Herbs 30 Years after Disturbance of Subalpine Old-Growth Forests by Tephra from Mount St. Helens

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the University of Chicago Press and can be found at: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/ijps/current

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Flowering Patterns of Understory Herbs 30 Years after Disturbance of Subalpine Old-Growth Forests by Tephra from Mount St. Helens Author: Zobel, Donald B., Antos, Joseph A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the University of Chicago Press and can be found at: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/ijps/current Title: Flowering Patterns of Understory Herbs 30 Years after Disturbance of Subalpine Old-Growth Forests by Tephra from Mount St. Helens Author: Zobel, Donald B., Antos, Joseph A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the University of Chicago Press and can be found at: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/ijps/current Close

• 146. [Article] Insects associated with black stain root disease of Douglas-fir in western Oregon

  The root systems of Douglas-fir trees infected with Verticicladiella wagenerii and assigned by crown color and terminal growth characteristics to several stages of decline were excavated at three widely ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Insects associated with black stain root disease of Douglas-fir in western Oregon Author: Witcosky, Jeffrey John The root systems of Douglas-fir trees infected with Verticicladiella wagenerii and assigned by crown color and terminal growth characteristics to several stages of decline were excavated at three widely separated sites in the Coast Range of Oregon. Data were gathered on insect species present, extent of colonization of the root system and lower stem by V. wagenerii, and the presence or absence of viable V. wagenerii inoculum, either as hyphae in wood or as conidia, within diseased trees. The weevils Steremnius carinatus and Pissodes fasciatus and the scolytid Hylastes nigrinus were commonly associated with diseased roots and root collar-lower stem portions of diseased trees. In established pockets of V. wagenerii-induced mortality, damage by S. carinatus and P. fasciatus was always noted in trees in the year of death and H. nigrinus damage occurred in 92% of these same trees. H. nigrinus and S. carinatus, associated primarily with root damage, were the first insects to invade diseased trees. Insects sequentially colonized roots of the diseased trees as each root succumbed to infection; the colonization process spanned two to four years in most cases. P. fasciatus attack was associated with tree death. V. wagenerii occurred as viable inoculum throughout the decline of host trees. Viable V. wagenerii hyphae were found in 75% of the trees recently killed by the disease. Nearly 100% of all declining trees harbored viable V. wagenerii inoculum. Trees exhibiting severe crown symptoms had nearly their entire root system colonized by the pathogen. Conidiophores of V. wagenerii were observed in galleries and pupal cells of all three beetle species. The coincidence of viable inocula and adults of these three species of root-inhabiting insects at the time of their dispersal makes H. nigrinus, P. fasciatus, and S. carinatus potential vectors of black stain root disease in Douglas-fir. Title: Insects associated with black stain root disease of Douglas-fir in western Oregon Author: Witcosky, Jeffrey John The root systems of Douglas-fir trees infected with Verticicladiella wagenerii and assigned by crown color and terminal growth characteristics to several stages of decline were excavated at three widely separated sites in the Coast Range of Oregon. Data were gathered on insect species present, extent of colonization of the root system and lower stem by V. wagenerii, and the presence or absence of viable V. wagenerii inoculum, either as hyphae in wood or as conidia, within diseased trees. The weevils Steremnius carinatus and Pissodes fasciatus and the scolytid Hylastes nigrinus were commonly associated with diseased roots and root collar-lower stem portions of diseased trees. In established pockets of V. wagenerii-induced mortality, damage by S. carinatus and P. fasciatus was always noted in trees in the year of death and H. nigrinus damage occurred in 92% of these same trees. H. nigrinus and S. carinatus, associated primarily with root damage, were the first insects to invade diseased trees. Insects sequentially colonized roots of the diseased trees as each root succumbed to infection; the colonization process spanned two to four years in most cases. P. fasciatus attack was associated with tree death. V. wagenerii occurred as viable inoculum throughout the decline of host trees. Viable V. wagenerii hyphae were found in 75% of the trees recently killed by the disease. Nearly 100% of all declining trees harbored viable V. wagenerii inoculum. Trees exhibiting severe crown symptoms had nearly their entire root system colonized by the pathogen. Conidiophores of V. wagenerii were observed in galleries and pupal cells of all three beetle species. The coincidence of viable inocula and adults of these three species of root-inhabiting insects at the time of their dispersal makes H. nigrinus, P. fasciatus, and S. carinatus potential vectors of black stain root disease in Douglas-fir. Close

• 147. [Article] All hosts are not created equal : variation in amphibian responses to an emerging fungal pathogen and why it matters

  Emerging infectious diseases are increasing globally and are a threat to human, wildlife, and ecosystem health. The emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), or amphibian chytrid fungus, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: All hosts are not created equal : variation in amphibian responses to an emerging fungal pathogen and why it matters Author: Gervasi, Stephanie S. Emerging infectious diseases are increasing globally and are a threat to human, wildlife, and ecosystem health. The emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), or amphibian chytrid fungus, is associated with worldwide amphibian population declines and extinctions. Bd has been found on every continent where amphibians exist and has been documented to infect hundreds of species. As with other multi-host pathogens, the outcome of infection with Bd appears to vary among individuals, species, and populations. Variation in host responses to infection can lead to changes in the structure and composition of amphibian assemblages and can affect disease dynamics including pathogen persistence or fadeouts in ecological communities. Understanding the feedback between hosts and pathogens requires disentangling the influence of multiple interacting biotic and abiotic factors, yet fundamentally depends on characterizing intrinsic host responses to infection. This thesis broadly examines variation in species-specific susceptibility to the chytrid fungus among amphibians. I have characterized patterns of mortality, quantitative infection load, feeding behavior, and pathogen avoidance behavior of twenty different amphibian species exposed to the fungus or control conditions (Chapter 2). We found a high degree of variation in pathogen-induced responses to chytrid fungus, ranging from zero mortality to 100% mortality after only six days of pathogen exposure. Variation in infection load was also significant at the species level and there was not always a direct relationship between infection load and mortality. Behavior of pathogen exposed animals was significantly different from that of control animals, and reduced feeding behavior of pathogen-exposed animals is likely to be related to the decline in health of pathogen-exposed animals. In Chapter 3, I examined a special case of amphibian susceptibility to chytrid fungus in the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus). Bullfrogs are widely reported to be a tolerant host and a carrier of Bd that spreads the pathogen to less tolerant hosts. However, this hypothesis has not been rigorously tested using an experimental approach. In Chapter 3, co-authors and I tested whether bullfrogs raised from eggs to metamorphosis in outdoor mesocosms were susceptible to two different strains of Bd (one strain isolated from a "non susceptible" species, the American bullfrog; the second strain isolated from a highly susceptible species, the Western toad (Anaxyrus boreas)). Bullfrogs were susceptible to strain JEL 274, and this is the first documented case of susceptibility to chytrid fungus in this species. Bullfrogs were not susceptible to strain JEL 630, indicating variation in virulence among chytrid fungus strains and important context dependency when considering the effect of infection non individuals, species, and populations of amphibians. In Chapter 4, I examined fine- scale variation in responses of three key amphibian hosts, and examine the evidence for tolerance (the ability to maintain health as infection severity increases) or resistance (the ability to reduce pathogen infection load) of larval and post-metamorphic animals to Bd. I saw pronounced variation in responses to chytrid fungus among species, between life history stages, over time, and found that responses to the fungal inoculate were not dose dependent in two out of the three species examined. In the final data chapter, Chapter 5, I investigated immunological responses that underlie variation in species-specific responses to Bd. I looked at temporal patterns of functional immune responses during a time-course of early and later stage exposure to Bd, spanning 24 hours after experimental inoculation to 15 days post-inoculation. I uncovered patterns in immune responses that were distinctly associated with susceptibility and temporal patterns in infection load associated with susceptibility and immune response. This thesis provides critical information about variation in host responses to a conservation relevant pathogen. Differences in how host hosts acquire, transmit, and persist with infection have important implications for spatiotemporal disease dynamics. Further, understanding host sensitivity to infection allows for predictive risk management of imperiled species. Title: All hosts are not created equal : variation in amphibian responses to an emerging fungal pathogen and why it matters Author: Gervasi, Stephanie S. Emerging infectious diseases are increasing globally and are a threat to human, wildlife, and ecosystem health. The emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), or amphibian chytrid fungus, is associated with worldwide amphibian population declines and extinctions. Bd has been found on every continent where amphibians exist and has been documented to infect hundreds of species. As with other multi-host pathogens, the outcome of infection with Bd appears to vary among individuals, species, and populations. Variation in host responses to infection can lead to changes in the structure and composition of amphibian assemblages and can affect disease dynamics including pathogen persistence or fadeouts in ecological communities. Understanding the feedback between hosts and pathogens requires disentangling the influence of multiple interacting biotic and abiotic factors, yet fundamentally depends on characterizing intrinsic host responses to infection. This thesis broadly examines variation in species-specific susceptibility to the chytrid fungus among amphibians. I have characterized patterns of mortality, quantitative infection load, feeding behavior, and pathogen avoidance behavior of twenty different amphibian species exposed to the fungus or control conditions (Chapter 2). We found a high degree of variation in pathogen-induced responses to chytrid fungus, ranging from zero mortality to 100% mortality after only six days of pathogen exposure. Variation in infection load was also significant at the species level and there was not always a direct relationship between infection load and mortality. Behavior of pathogen exposed animals was significantly different from that of control animals, and reduced feeding behavior of pathogen-exposed animals is likely to be related to the decline in health of pathogen-exposed animals. In Chapter 3, I examined a special case of amphibian susceptibility to chytrid fungus in the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus). Bullfrogs are widely reported to be a tolerant host and a carrier of Bd that spreads the pathogen to less tolerant hosts. However, this hypothesis has not been rigorously tested using an experimental approach. In Chapter 3, co-authors and I tested whether bullfrogs raised from eggs to metamorphosis in outdoor mesocosms were susceptible to two different strains of Bd (one strain isolated from a "non susceptible" species, the American bullfrog; the second strain isolated from a highly susceptible species, the Western toad (Anaxyrus boreas)). Bullfrogs were susceptible to strain JEL 274, and this is the first documented case of susceptibility to chytrid fungus in this species. Bullfrogs were not susceptible to strain JEL 630, indicating variation in virulence among chytrid fungus strains and important context dependency when considering the effect of infection non individuals, species, and populations of amphibians. In Chapter 4, I examined fine- scale variation in responses of three key amphibian hosts, and examine the evidence for tolerance (the ability to maintain health as infection severity increases) or resistance (the ability to reduce pathogen infection load) of larval and post-metamorphic animals to Bd. I saw pronounced variation in responses to chytrid fungus among species, between life history stages, over time, and found that responses to the fungal inoculate were not dose dependent in two out of the three species examined. In the final data chapter, Chapter 5, I investigated immunological responses that underlie variation in species-specific responses to Bd. I looked at temporal patterns of functional immune responses during a time-course of early and later stage exposure to Bd, spanning 24 hours after experimental inoculation to 15 days post-inoculation. I uncovered patterns in immune responses that were distinctly associated with susceptibility and temporal patterns in infection load associated with susceptibility and immune response. This thesis provides critical information about variation in host responses to a conservation relevant pathogen. Differences in how host hosts acquire, transmit, and persist with infection have important implications for spatiotemporal disease dynamics. Further, understanding host sensitivity to infection allows for predictive risk management of imperiled species. Close

• 148. [Article] Potential effects of sea-level rise on plant productivity: species-specific responses in northeast Pacific tidal marshes

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential effects of sea-level rise on plant productivity: species-specific responses in northeast Pacific tidal marshes Author: Thorne, Karen M., Dugger, Bruce D., Guntenspergen, Glenn R., Buffington, Kevin J., Takekawa, John Y., Janousek, Christopher N. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Inter-Research. The published article can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Title: Potential effects of sea-level rise on plant productivity: species-specific responses in northeast Pacific tidal marshes Author: Thorne, Karen M., Dugger, Bruce D., Guntenspergen, Glenn R., Buffington, Kevin J., Takekawa, John Y., Janousek, Christopher N. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Inter-Research. The published article can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Close

• 149. [Article] Canopy arthropod assemblages in four overstory and three understory plant species in a mixed-conifer old-growth forest in California

  We compared canopy arthropod assemblages among overstory conifer and understory angiosperm species at Teakettle Experimental Forest in the Sierra Nevada in California during 1998–2000. Arthropods were sampled ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Canopy arthropod assemblages in four overstory and three understory plant species in a mixed-conifer old-growth forest in California Author: Schowalter, Timothy D., Zhang, Yanli We compared canopy arthropod assemblages among overstory conifer and understory angiosperm species at Teakettle Experimental Forest in the Sierra Nevada in California during 1998–2000. Arthropods were sampled from upper, middle, and lower crown levels of one overstory tree of each of the four dominant conifer species (Jeffrey pine, sugar pine, white fir, and incense cedar), and from three understory plants of each of the major understory species (California black oak, manzanita, and white-thorn ceanothus) in each of five replicate plots during June and Aug. in each of the 3 years to represent seasonal and annual variation in abundances. Many taxa differed significantly in abundance among plant species, with one to five taxa being significant indicators for each plant species. Five to eight taxa on each plant species showed significant differences in abundance among years. Aphids and scale insects, predaceous mirids, and some detritivores showed peak abundances in 1999, a particularly dry year, whereas most other taxa showed lowest abundances during 1999 or declining abundances during this period, suggesting association with wetter conditions. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS), supported by multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP), showed that arthropod assemblages differed significantly among the seven plant species, especially between overstory conifers and understory angiosperms, and among the 3 years. These data indicate that the diversity and structure of arthropod communities depend on vegetation structure and/or condition, perhaps as modified by annual variation in weather conditions. Title: Canopy arthropod assemblages in four overstory and three understory plant species in a mixed-conifer old-growth forest in California Author: Schowalter, Timothy D., Zhang, Yanli We compared canopy arthropod assemblages among overstory conifer and understory angiosperm species at Teakettle Experimental Forest in the Sierra Nevada in California during 1998–2000. Arthropods were sampled from upper, middle, and lower crown levels of one overstory tree of each of the four dominant conifer species (Jeffrey pine, sugar pine, white fir, and incense cedar), and from three understory plants of each of the major understory species (California black oak, manzanita, and white-thorn ceanothus) in each of five replicate plots during June and Aug. in each of the 3 years to represent seasonal and annual variation in abundances. Many taxa differed significantly in abundance among plant species, with one to five taxa being significant indicators for each plant species. Five to eight taxa on each plant species showed significant differences in abundance among years. Aphids and scale insects, predaceous mirids, and some detritivores showed peak abundances in 1999, a particularly dry year, whereas most other taxa showed lowest abundances during 1999 or declining abundances during this period, suggesting association with wetter conditions. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS), supported by multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP), showed that arthropod assemblages differed significantly among the seven plant species, especially between overstory conifers and understory angiosperms, and among the 3 years. These data indicate that the diversity and structure of arthropod communities depend on vegetation structure and/or condition, perhaps as modified by annual variation in weather conditions. Close

• 150. [Article] Strictly for the Birds? A Note on the Ecosystem Effects of the Collapse of the Pacific Sardine

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Strictly for the Birds? A Note on the Ecosystem Effects of the Collapse of the Pacific Sardine Author: Hannesson, Rögnvaldur, Herrick, Samuel Jr Abstract only. Title: Strictly for the Birds? A Note on the Ecosystem Effects of the Collapse of the Pacific Sardine Author: Hannesson, Rögnvaldur, Herrick, Samuel Jr Abstract only. Close