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• 41. [Image] PH036_4230 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Parson Motanic, Cayuse Indian, in Hudson automobile, 1915 ; Parson Motanic, Cayuse Indian, in Hudson automobile.

  	A Native American man, identified as Parson Motanic of the Cayuse tribe, sits in the driver's seat of a convertible Hudson automobile, which is parked on the side of a street in town. A younger Native ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_4230 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Parson Motanic, Cayuse Indian, in Hudson automobile, 1915 ; Parson Motanic, Cayuse Indian, in Hudson automobile. Year: 1915 A Native American man, identified as Parson Motanic of the Cayuse tribe, sits in the driver's seat of a convertible Hudson automobile, which is parked on the side of a street in town. A younger Native American man, two Native American women, and a Native American girl also sit in the car. The men wear hats and Euro-American clothing. The women wear headscarves. The front and passenger side of the Hudson automobile are visible in the picture and there are houses visible in the background. Title: PH036_4230 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Parson Motanic, Cayuse Indian, in Hudson automobile, 1915 ; Parson Motanic, Cayuse Indian, in Hudson automobile. Year: 1915 A Native American man, identified as Parson Motanic of the Cayuse tribe, sits in the driver's seat of a convertible Hudson automobile, which is parked on the side of a street in town. A younger Native American man, two Native American women, and a Native American girl also sit in the car. The men wear hats and Euro-American clothing. The women wear headscarves. The front and passenger side of the Hudson automobile are visible in the picture and there are houses visible in the background. Close

• 42. [Article] DevelopingRelationships_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: DevelopingRelationships_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.pdf Author: Fernández, Natalia Title: DevelopingRelationships_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.pdf Author: Fernández, Natalia Close

• 43. [Article] DevelopingRelationships_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.ppt

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: DevelopingRelationships_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.ppt Author: Fernández, Natalia Title: DevelopingRelationships_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.ppt Author: Fernández, Natalia Close

• 44. [Article] OTAI_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.ppt

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: OTAI_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.ppt Author: Fernández, Natalia Title: OTAI_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.ppt Author: Fernández, Natalia Close

• 45. [Article] OTAI_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: OTAI_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.pdf Author: Fernández, Natalia Title: OTAI_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.pdf Author: Fernández, Natalia Close

• 46. [Article] Hearing their voices : college experiences of urban American Indian women

  The purpose of this study is to explore, through their own voices, the higher education experiences of selected urban American Indian females in California community colleges. This study is an attempt ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hearing their voices : college experiences of urban American Indian women Author: Berry, Linda Converse The purpose of this study is to explore, through their own voices, the higher education experiences of selected urban American Indian females in California community colleges. This study is an attempt to identify pathways to academic success by teasing out college practices and support systems that help Native women navigate educational paths in community colleges. Five urban Native women were selected through convenience sampling to participate in in-depth interviews that reveal their college-going experiences in community colleges in the San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California. A narrative inquiry research design was used in this qualitative study as a means to uncover the lived experience of these Native women in California community colleges. Their stories, in their own voices, reveal how they were assisted or hampered in their pursuit of education goals. Six themes in common emerged from their stories: 1. Perseverance in Higher Education 2. Academic Aptitude and Success 3. Institutional Support 4. Challenges and Barriers 5. Native American Identity and Self-Image 6. Invisibility and Isolation The exploration of challenges, barriers, and institutional support that influenced academic success for these five women assists community college leaders in understanding ways in which those challenges and barriers can be overcome. An intended outcome of this study is to influence instructional and student support practices in order to expand opportunities for success for Native women. Title: Hearing their voices : college experiences of urban American Indian women Author: Berry, Linda Converse The purpose of this study is to explore, through their own voices, the higher education experiences of selected urban American Indian females in California community colleges. This study is an attempt to identify pathways to academic success by teasing out college practices and support systems that help Native women navigate educational paths in community colleges. Five urban Native women were selected through convenience sampling to participate in in-depth interviews that reveal their college-going experiences in community colleges in the San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California. A narrative inquiry research design was used in this qualitative study as a means to uncover the lived experience of these Native women in California community colleges. Their stories, in their own voices, reveal how they were assisted or hampered in their pursuit of education goals. Six themes in common emerged from their stories: 1. Perseverance in Higher Education 2. Academic Aptitude and Success 3. Institutional Support 4. Challenges and Barriers 5. Native American Identity and Self-Image 6. Invisibility and Isolation The exploration of challenges, barriers, and institutional support that influenced academic success for these five women assists community college leaders in understanding ways in which those challenges and barriers can be overcome. An intended outcome of this study is to influence instructional and student support practices in order to expand opportunities for success for Native women. Close

• 47. [Article] Early Inspirations: an Interview with Nichole Maher

  An interview with Nichole Maher, current director of the Native American Youth & Family Center, and future president and CEO of the Northwest Health Foundation, by Leah Gibson. She discusses her childhood ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Early Inspirations: an Interview with Nichole Maher Author: Gibson, Leah Year: 2012 An interview with Nichole Maher, current director of the Native American Youth & Family Center, and future president and CEO of the Northwest Health Foundation, by Leah Gibson. She discusses her childhood in rural Alaska, people who have inspired her along he way, and her work to strengthen the Native American community in Portland and the region. Title: Early Inspirations: an Interview with Nichole Maher Author: Gibson, Leah Year: 2012 An interview with Nichole Maher, current director of the Native American Youth & Family Center, and future president and CEO of the Northwest Health Foundation, by Leah Gibson. She discusses her childhood in rural Alaska, people who have inspired her along he way, and her work to strengthen the Native American community in Portland and the region. Close

• 48. [Article] New Ways to Fulfill Old Promises: Native American Hunting and Fishing Rights as Intangible Cultural Property

  40 pages

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: New Ways to Fulfill Old Promises: Native American Hunting and Fishing Rights as Intangible Cultural Property Author: Garrott, Sarah A. Year: 2014 40 pages Title: New Ways to Fulfill Old Promises: Native American Hunting and Fishing Rights as Intangible Cultural Property Author: Garrott, Sarah A. Year: 2014 40 pages Close

• 49. [Image] Native Americans drying salmon at Squaw Camp above Blue River

  	The Native Americans were drying/smoking salmon at Squaw Flat, junction of the South Fork with McKenzie River above Blue River.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native Americans drying salmon at Squaw Camp above Blue River Year: 1900 The Native Americans were drying/smoking salmon at Squaw Flat, junction of the South Fork with McKenzie River above Blue River. Title: Native Americans drying salmon at Squaw Camp above Blue River Year: 1900 The Native Americans were drying/smoking salmon at Squaw Flat, junction of the South Fork with McKenzie River above Blue River. Close

• 50. [Image] Master Artist, Native American Cradleboards

  	The Oregon Arts Commission has ten Regional Arts Councils that provide delivery of art services and information. The Council for this location is: Regional Arts & Culture. You may view their website at ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Master Artist, Native American Cradleboards Author: Oregon Arts Commission Year: 1975 The Oregon Arts Commission has ten Regional Arts Councils that provide delivery of art services and information. The Council for this location is: Regional Arts & Culture. You may view their website at http://www.racc.org/ Title: Master Artist, Native American Cradleboards Author: Oregon Arts Commission Year: 1975 The Oregon Arts Commission has ten Regional Arts Councils that provide delivery of art services and information. The Council for this location is: Regional Arts & Culture. You may view their website at http://www.racc.org/ Close

• 51. [Image] Native American Longhouse exterior and sign

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native American Longhouse exterior and sign Year: 2000 Title: Native American Longhouse exterior and sign Year: 2000 Close

• 52. [Article] Native Americans During the Civil Rights Era

  7 pages

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native Americans During the Civil Rights Era Author: Davis, Jason, Yannello, Zack Year: 2014 7 pages Title: Native Americans During the Civil Rights Era Author: Davis, Jason, Yannello, Zack Year: 2014 7 pages Close

• 53. [Image] PH037_IN00004; 706; P3394; P3395

  	[Native American Chief. Positive image of a young, native american man w/ head-dress and lance. Positive image.]; default
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH037_IN00004; 706; P3394; P3395 Year: 1880 [Native American Chief. Positive image of a young, native american man w/ head-dress and lance. Positive image.]; default Title: PH037_IN00004; 706; P3394; P3395 Year: 1880 [Native American Chief. Positive image of a young, native american man w/ head-dress and lance. Positive image.]; default Close

• 54. [Image] Native American woman on horse

  	Native American woman on horseback at Pendleton Round Up.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native American woman on horse Year: 1935 Native American woman on horseback at Pendleton Round Up. Title: Native American woman on horse Year: 1935 Native American woman on horseback at Pendleton Round Up. Close

• 55. [Article] An Analysis of Community Attributes Likely to Result in School Districts Repealing Native American Mascots

  Michigan’s State Department of Education issued a resolution in 2003 calling for all public K-12 schools to repeal their American Indian mascots and in 2013 the Michigan Department of Civil Rights filed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Analysis of Community Attributes Likely to Result in School Districts Repealing Native American Mascots Author: Miller, Alethia T. Michigan’s State Department of Education issued a resolution in 2003 calling for all public K-12 schools to repeal their American Indian mascots and in 2013 the Michigan Department of Civil Rights filed a complaint with the United States Department of Education in response to school districts failing to do so. There is much research to suggest that race based mascots not only stigmatize a minority population, but negatively contribute to Indian education and falsely portray Native American culture. Using Michigan school districts and data provided by the American Community Survey, this research sheds light on a larger policy question: what factors influence communities to repeal the mascot and what characteristics do these communities have in common? Out of the 48 school districts in Michigan with an Indian mascot, seven repealed their Indian mascots after the resolution passed. This research uses ten samples, drawing 21 cases from the 48 school districts and uses difference-in-means tests to measure the significance between the mean variables of interest (referenced below) and the group classification of whether the mascot was repealed. Using online media sources, this research also uses qualitative analysis to further identify factors influencing the repeal in three school districts. This research finds that average Native American population, educational attainment and poverty level play no significant relationship in repealing the mascots in school districts. My research suggests that drawing conclusions of communities is near impossible due to the challenge in evaluating factors that cannot be easily quantified on a systematic level. This data was largely limited by a small sample size of Michigan school districts and a small sample of districts who actually repealed their Native American mascots. Title: An Analysis of Community Attributes Likely to Result in School Districts Repealing Native American Mascots Author: Miller, Alethia T. Michigan’s State Department of Education issued a resolution in 2003 calling for all public K-12 schools to repeal their American Indian mascots and in 2013 the Michigan Department of Civil Rights filed a complaint with the United States Department of Education in response to school districts failing to do so. There is much research to suggest that race based mascots not only stigmatize a minority population, but negatively contribute to Indian education and falsely portray Native American culture. Using Michigan school districts and data provided by the American Community Survey, this research sheds light on a larger policy question: what factors influence communities to repeal the mascot and what characteristics do these communities have in common? Out of the 48 school districts in Michigan with an Indian mascot, seven repealed their Indian mascots after the resolution passed. This research uses ten samples, drawing 21 cases from the 48 school districts and uses difference-in-means tests to measure the significance between the mean variables of interest (referenced below) and the group classification of whether the mascot was repealed. Using online media sources, this research also uses qualitative analysis to further identify factors influencing the repeal in three school districts. This research finds that average Native American population, educational attainment and poverty level play no significant relationship in repealing the mascots in school districts. My research suggests that drawing conclusions of communities is near impossible due to the challenge in evaluating factors that cannot be easily quantified on a systematic level. This data was largely limited by a small sample size of Michigan school districts and a small sample of districts who actually repealed their Native American mascots. Close

• 56. [Article] Effect of Native American Fish Smoking Methods on Dietary Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Possible Risks to Human Health

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Chemical Society and can be found at: http://pubs.acs.org/loi/jafcau. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of Native American Fish Smoking Methods on Dietary Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Possible Risks to Human Health Author: Stone, Dave, Anderson, Kim A., Harris, Stuart, Forsberg, Norman D., Harding, Anna, Waters, Katrina M., Harper, Barbara, Matzke, Melissa M., Cardenas, Andres This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Chemical Society and can be found at: http://pubs.acs.org/loi/jafcau. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Effect of Native American Fish Smoking Methods on Dietary Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Possible Risks to Human Health Author: Stone, Dave, Anderson, Kim A., Harris, Stuart, Forsberg, Norman D., Harding, Anna, Waters, Katrina M., Harper, Barbara, Matzke, Melissa M., Cardenas, Andres This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Chemical Society and can be found at: http://pubs.acs.org/loi/jafcau. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 57. [Article] Heritage and Health: A Political-Economic Analysis of the Foodways of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah and the Bishop Paiute Tribe

  Funded by Nellis Air Force Base (NAFB), my thesis research and analysis examined Native American knowledge of heritage foods and how diminished access to food resources has affected Native American identity ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heritage and Health: A Political-Economic Analysis of the Foodways of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah and the Bishop Paiute Tribe Author: Eagan, April Hurst Year: 2013 Funded by Nellis Air Force Base (NAFB), my thesis research and analysis examined Native American knowledge of heritage foods and how diminished access to food resources has affected Native American identity and health. NAFB manages the Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR), land and air space in southern Nevada, which includes Native American ancestral lands. During a research period of 3 months in the spring/summer of 2012, I interviewed members of Native American nations culturally affiliated with ancestral lands on the NTTR, the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah (PITU) and the Bishop Paiute Tribe. My research included participant observation and 31 interviews with tribal members considered knowledge holders by tribal leaders. In dialogue with the literature of the anthropology of food, political economy, and Critical Medical Anthropology, my analysis focused on the role of heritage foods in everyday consumption, taking into account the economic, social, environmental, and political factors influencing heritage foods access and diet. My work explored the effects of structural forces and rapid changes in diet and social conditions on Native American health. I found shifts in concepts of food-related identity across ethnic groups, tribes, ages, and genders. I also found evidence of collective efforts to improve diet-related health at tribal and community levels. Through the applied aspects of my research, participants and their families had the opportunity to share recipes and food dishes containing heritage foods as a way to promote human health and knowledge transmission. Title: Heritage and Health: A Political-Economic Analysis of the Foodways of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah and the Bishop Paiute Tribe Author: Eagan, April Hurst Year: 2013 Funded by Nellis Air Force Base (NAFB), my thesis research and analysis examined Native American knowledge of heritage foods and how diminished access to food resources has affected Native American identity and health. NAFB manages the Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR), land and air space in southern Nevada, which includes Native American ancestral lands. During a research period of 3 months in the spring/summer of 2012, I interviewed members of Native American nations culturally affiliated with ancestral lands on the NTTR, the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah (PITU) and the Bishop Paiute Tribe. My research included participant observation and 31 interviews with tribal members considered knowledge holders by tribal leaders. In dialogue with the literature of the anthropology of food, political economy, and Critical Medical Anthropology, my analysis focused on the role of heritage foods in everyday consumption, taking into account the economic, social, environmental, and political factors influencing heritage foods access and diet. My work explored the effects of structural forces and rapid changes in diet and social conditions on Native American health. I found shifts in concepts of food-related identity across ethnic groups, tribes, ages, and genders. I also found evidence of collective efforts to improve diet-related health at tribal and community levels. Through the applied aspects of my research, participants and their families had the opportunity to share recipes and food dishes containing heritage foods as a way to promote human health and knowledge transmission. Close

• 58. [Article] Narratives of Native American Women and Tribal Courts: the Framing of the <i>Violence Against Women Act of 2013</i> in Mainstream, Native American, and Tribal Press Coverage

  The Violence Against Women Act is a legislation created to expand more legal rights and services to survivors of domestic violence or intimate partner violence. Frame analysis was used to examine the coverage ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Narratives of Native American Women and Tribal Courts: the Framing of the <i>Violence Against Women Act of 2013</i> in Mainstream, Native American, and Tribal Press Coverage Author: Sangster, Alesha Marie Year: 2016 The Violence Against Women Act is a legislation created to expand more legal rights and services to survivors of domestic violence or intimate partner violence. Frame analysis was used to examine the coverage of the Violence Against Women Act of 2013 in three genres of press media: mainstream press, Native American press, and tribal press. Based on the media frames produced in the three media genres, the legislation was presented as more of a conflicting or controversial issue in mainstream press through the use of the conflict frame and the "Indian as other" frame. But all news coverage also presented two emergent frames--the tribal sovereignty frame and the women's rights frame--that explained the importance of expanding tribal sovereignty in order to protect Native American women on reservations. The news coverage of VAWA 2013 in all press genres also included perspectives from federal and state governmental sources as well as perspectives from tribal governments, Native American organizations, and social service agencies. This report concludes by discussing the implications of the media frames and occupational source use in terms of the three media genres. Title: Narratives of Native American Women and Tribal Courts: the Framing of the <i>Violence Against Women Act of 2013</i> in Mainstream, Native American, and Tribal Press Coverage Author: Sangster, Alesha Marie Year: 2016 The Violence Against Women Act is a legislation created to expand more legal rights and services to survivors of domestic violence or intimate partner violence. Frame analysis was used to examine the coverage of the Violence Against Women Act of 2013 in three genres of press media: mainstream press, Native American press, and tribal press. Based on the media frames produced in the three media genres, the legislation was presented as more of a conflicting or controversial issue in mainstream press through the use of the conflict frame and the "Indian as other" frame. But all news coverage also presented two emergent frames--the tribal sovereignty frame and the women's rights frame--that explained the importance of expanding tribal sovereignty in order to protect Native American women on reservations. The news coverage of VAWA 2013 in all press genres also included perspectives from federal and state governmental sources as well as perspectives from tribal governments, Native American organizations, and social service agencies. This report concludes by discussing the implications of the media frames and occupational source use in terms of the three media genres. Close

• 59. [Article] The attitudes of Oregon State Penitentiary minority inmates towards activity programs as a rehabilitative tool

  The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes of three Oregon State Penitentiary minority inmate groups - Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans - towards the Activities Programs as a rehabilitative ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The attitudes of Oregon State Penitentiary minority inmates towards activity programs as a rehabilitative tool Author: McIntosh, Mathew Allen The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes of three Oregon State Penitentiary minority inmate groups - Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans - towards the Activities Programs as a rehabilitative tool. Two other purposes were to (1) determine significant differences among group attitudes, and (2) determine the degree to which each group accepted/rejected rehabilitation achievement. A survey questionnaire of fifty items representing rehabilitation achievement, validated by Delphi technique, was amended for language simplicity and field tested. Instruments were distributed to participating inmates randomly selected from the Oregon State Penitentiary inmate registry. A one-way analysis of variance was applied for analysis of data and hypothesis testing. The Student-Newman-Keuls' test was used where significance was achieved at the .05 level or beyond. The Chi-square technique was also used to determine the degree to which rehabilitation achievement was attained among the three groups. Findings and Conclusions The one-way analysis of variance indicated that no significant difference existed in thirty of the fifty items. As a result of the findings, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) Black attitudes were significantly different than Native Americans and Hispanic attitudes regarding rehabilitation achievement through program management. (2) Blacks' attitudes were significantly different than Native Americans regarding rehabilitation achievement through facility provision. (3) Black and Hispanic attitudes were significantly different than Native Americans regarding rehabilitative achievement through personal habits/participation. (4) Black attitudes were evenly split on the concept of rehabilitation achievement for the Activities Program. (5) Hispanic attitudes rejected slightly the concept of rehabilitation achievement for the Activities Program. (6) Native Americans rejected the concept of rehabilitation achievement for the Activities Program. Title: The attitudes of Oregon State Penitentiary minority inmates towards activity programs as a rehabilitative tool Author: McIntosh, Mathew Allen The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes of three Oregon State Penitentiary minority inmate groups - Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans - towards the Activities Programs as a rehabilitative tool. Two other purposes were to (1) determine significant differences among group attitudes, and (2) determine the degree to which each group accepted/rejected rehabilitation achievement. A survey questionnaire of fifty items representing rehabilitation achievement, validated by Delphi technique, was amended for language simplicity and field tested. Instruments were distributed to participating inmates randomly selected from the Oregon State Penitentiary inmate registry. A one-way analysis of variance was applied for analysis of data and hypothesis testing. The Student-Newman-Keuls' test was used where significance was achieved at the .05 level or beyond. The Chi-square technique was also used to determine the degree to which rehabilitation achievement was attained among the three groups. Findings and Conclusions The one-way analysis of variance indicated that no significant difference existed in thirty of the fifty items. As a result of the findings, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) Black attitudes were significantly different than Native Americans and Hispanic attitudes regarding rehabilitation achievement through program management. (2) Blacks' attitudes were significantly different than Native Americans regarding rehabilitation achievement through facility provision. (3) Black and Hispanic attitudes were significantly different than Native Americans regarding rehabilitative achievement through personal habits/participation. (4) Black attitudes were evenly split on the concept of rehabilitation achievement for the Activities Program. (5) Hispanic attitudes rejected slightly the concept of rehabilitation achievement for the Activities Program. (6) Native Americans rejected the concept of rehabilitation achievement for the Activities Program. Close

• 60. [Article] Native American Social Work Symposium : an evaluation

  The inconsistencies of the state and federal policy toward Native populations and additionally those inconsistencies within the two governments themselves, require the maintenance of Indian and Alaskan ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native American Social Work Symposium : an evaluation Author: Stone, Lou Year: 1978 The inconsistencies of the state and federal policy toward Native populations and additionally those inconsistencies within the two governments themselves, require the maintenance of Indian and Alaskan Native organizations with sophisticated mechanisms developed to advocate “reforms” in Indian services to meet unique Indian needs. Indian and Alaskan Native social workers invariably find themselves at the confluence of client service provision and surviving the extension of policies available to them from resource allocators for the purpose of service provision. In order to approach this dilemma, the Native American Social Work Symposium, held in May of 1977, convened on the basis of three purposes: To provide a conferencing situation with Indian and Alaskan Native social workers and non-Indian social workers who primarily provide social welfare services to Indians, to address specific problems involving the provision of social welfare services, and to present a series of concurrent workshops to provide specific training curriculum pertaining to Native social service concerns. Title: Native American Social Work Symposium : an evaluation Author: Stone, Lou Year: 1978 The inconsistencies of the state and federal policy toward Native populations and additionally those inconsistencies within the two governments themselves, require the maintenance of Indian and Alaskan Native organizations with sophisticated mechanisms developed to advocate “reforms” in Indian services to meet unique Indian needs. Indian and Alaskan Native social workers invariably find themselves at the confluence of client service provision and surviving the extension of policies available to them from resource allocators for the purpose of service provision. In order to approach this dilemma, the Native American Social Work Symposium, held in May of 1977, convened on the basis of three purposes: To provide a conferencing situation with Indian and Alaskan Native social workers and non-Indian social workers who primarily provide social welfare services to Indians, to address specific problems involving the provision of social welfare services, and to present a series of concurrent workshops to provide specific training curriculum pertaining to Native social service concerns. Close