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• 41. [Article] Statistical foraminiferal ecology from seasonal samples, central Oregon continental shelf

  This study examined the foraminifera and the ecologic conditions of the benthic environment of the Oregon shelf and the uppermost slope (75-550 m depth) between 143°45' N and 144°40' N. Seasonal collections monitored ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Statistical foraminiferal ecology from seasonal samples, central Oregon continental shelf Author: Gunther, Fredrick John This study examined the foraminifera and the ecologic conditions of the benthic environment of the Oregon shelf and the uppermost slope (75-550 m depth) between 143°45' N and 144°40' N. Seasonal collections monitored the near-bottom marine environment and the sedimentary substrate at 16 stations. The foraminiferal benthic fauna was examined from eight seasonal stations and two additional stations. Use of a multiple corer provided randomly selected subsarnples of the sediment for ecologic and faunal analyses. Use of water bottles that triggered upon bottom impact provided measurements of the water as close to the bottom as 0. 6 m. Computerized data processing and statistical analyses aided the ecologic and faunal evaluations. The environmental study showed the existence of considerable variation in the hydrography of near-bottom waters, especially between summer and winter (upwelling and non-upwelling) collections at the same station. Upwelling conditions directly affect the benthic Redacted for Privacy environment. In addition, the water at any one place, at least dciring upwelling, was so well mixed that vertical stratification did not exist between 0.6 and 5.0 m off the bottom. Statistically significant sea-. sorial variations in surface sediments at the same station were not observed. The living benthic foraminiferal fauna exhibited considerable within-station variation both in species composition and in specimen size of selected species. The percent abundance of individual dominant species varied in adjacent cores (subsamples) by amounts up to 46%. Living specimens of a single species were found that were three times as large as the smallest living specimen from the same sample, yet there was no evidence of a multimodal size distribution resulting from age classes. The author suggests that the dominant species are aggregated and that the aggregations are colonies of asexually produced siblings. Lack of fit of species-frequency curves to the lognormal distribution indicated that relatively few species are fit to reproduce in a particular environment; most juvenile specimens that enter a particular environment belong to species that will not thrive there and either die or simply maintain growth with little chance of reproductive success. The existence of colonial aggregations of individuals is considered to provide the best explanation of the observed variations between adjacent samples. However, the observed variations could be due to sampling error or to substrate microheterogeneity. A possible natural community of 15 dominant species has been determined for those species that form a consistent part of each other's biologic environment. The community crossed the depth and substrate boundaries upon which the stations were selected and appeared to be a general community for the Oregon outer shelf. The limits of the community appear to be determined mostly by water depth, with approximate boundaries at 75-100 m and somewhere between 200-500 m. Regression analyses to determine the ecologic control on the foraminiferal fauna did not indicate a close correspondence between faunal parameters and environmental variables. Regression analyses to determine the ecologic control on mdividual species indicated that most species depended upon a set of two to four environmental variables rather than upon one single limiting factor. The set for each species was different. Temperature. phosphate concentration and oxygen concentrations were common hydrographic members of sets; percent silt, percent sand, percent clay, organic carbon content and organic nitrogen were common sedimentary members of sets. Title: Statistical foraminiferal ecology from seasonal samples, central Oregon continental shelf Author: Gunther, Fredrick John This study examined the foraminifera and the ecologic conditions of the benthic environment of the Oregon shelf and the uppermost slope (75-550 m depth) between 143°45' N and 144°40' N. Seasonal collections monitored the near-bottom marine environment and the sedimentary substrate at 16 stations. The foraminiferal benthic fauna was examined from eight seasonal stations and two additional stations. Use of a multiple corer provided randomly selected subsarnples of the sediment for ecologic and faunal analyses. Use of water bottles that triggered upon bottom impact provided measurements of the water as close to the bottom as 0. 6 m. Computerized data processing and statistical analyses aided the ecologic and faunal evaluations. The environmental study showed the existence of considerable variation in the hydrography of near-bottom waters, especially between summer and winter (upwelling and non-upwelling) collections at the same station. Upwelling conditions directly affect the benthic Redacted for Privacy environment. In addition, the water at any one place, at least dciring upwelling, was so well mixed that vertical stratification did not exist between 0.6 and 5.0 m off the bottom. Statistically significant sea-. sorial variations in surface sediments at the same station were not observed. The living benthic foraminiferal fauna exhibited considerable within-station variation both in species composition and in specimen size of selected species. The percent abundance of individual dominant species varied in adjacent cores (subsamples) by amounts up to 46%. Living specimens of a single species were found that were three times as large as the smallest living specimen from the same sample, yet there was no evidence of a multimodal size distribution resulting from age classes. The author suggests that the dominant species are aggregated and that the aggregations are colonies of asexually produced siblings. Lack of fit of species-frequency curves to the lognormal distribution indicated that relatively few species are fit to reproduce in a particular environment; most juvenile specimens that enter a particular environment belong to species that will not thrive there and either die or simply maintain growth with little chance of reproductive success. The existence of colonial aggregations of individuals is considered to provide the best explanation of the observed variations between adjacent samples. However, the observed variations could be due to sampling error or to substrate microheterogeneity. A possible natural community of 15 dominant species has been determined for those species that form a consistent part of each other's biologic environment. The community crossed the depth and substrate boundaries upon which the stations were selected and appeared to be a general community for the Oregon outer shelf. The limits of the community appear to be determined mostly by water depth, with approximate boundaries at 75-100 m and somewhere between 200-500 m. Regression analyses to determine the ecologic control on the foraminiferal fauna did not indicate a close correspondence between faunal parameters and environmental variables. Regression analyses to determine the ecologic control on mdividual species indicated that most species depended upon a set of two to four environmental variables rather than upon one single limiting factor. The set for each species was different. Temperature. phosphate concentration and oxygen concentrations were common hydrographic members of sets; percent silt, percent sand, percent clay, organic carbon content and organic nitrogen were common sedimentary members of sets. Close

• 42. [Article] Realized and potential climate responses of lichen and bryophyte communities in a national forest inventory

  Climate and terrestrial vegetation have had mutual feedbacks for nearly five hundred million years, yet both are now departing from recent historical norms, with uncertain implications for forest ecosystems. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Realized and potential climate responses of lichen and bryophyte communities in a national forest inventory Author: Smith, Robert J. Climate and terrestrial vegetation have had mutual feedbacks for nearly five hundred million years, yet both are now departing from recent historical norms, with uncertain implications for forest ecosystems. This dissertation outlines the current and potential future climate responses of lichen and bryophyte communities in the United States as part of a national forest inventory. The first task was to identify influences on carbon and nitrogen storage of moss and lichen “ground layers” in subarctic interior Alaska. Nutrient stores were more sensitive to local vegetation and topography than regional macroclimate. Nutrients and biomass were greatest among apparently less disturbed stands. This suggests that climatic changes could diminish ground layer nutrient storage indirectly if they promote intensifying wildfire regimes or expansions of competitive vascular vegetation. Turning to focus on species diversity, the next task was to quantify the strength of relationship between epiphytic lichen community composition and macroclimate across the 4,000 km-long swath of the U.S. Pacific coastal states. The strongest fitting lichen response gradients involved precipitation, temperature, and a heat-moisture index. Lichen indicator species (diagnostic of ten defined climate zones) emerged as useful monitoring tools because their abundance changes could signal shifting climate zone boundaries. After establishing key present-day climatic relationships, the next task was to pinpoint nationwide locations where epiphytic lichen communities will be most vulnerable to species losses under current and future warming scenarios. Novel niche-based metrics revealed greatest vulnerability among supposedly “warm-adapted” communities in southern/lowland locations, contrary to usual assumptions centering on cooler northern/montane habitats. Vulnerability analyses can steer conservation and monitoring attention to specific locations where warming is most expected to affect ecological communities. The final task, to anticipate how warming will impact individual lichen performance, was addressed by quantifying how experimental climate treatments (whole-ecosystem warming and CO2 additions) affected growth of the boreal epiphytic lichen species Evernia mesomorpha. Over just one year, incremental warming and concurrent drying caused progressive growth declines and biomass losses among individual transplants. Such warming-induced biomass losses of epiphytic lichens could precede local population extinctions and regional range contractions. Overall, this dissertation weaves together multiple lines of evidence from nutrient, diversity and growth responses to indicate the ecological effects of climate and climatic changes on vegetation in a national forest inventory context. This work suggests a pathway for integrating lichen and bryophyte responses into nationwide climate monitoring to address emergent interactions between humans, vegetation, and the global climate commons. Title: Realized and potential climate responses of lichen and bryophyte communities in a national forest inventory Author: Smith, Robert J. Climate and terrestrial vegetation have had mutual feedbacks for nearly five hundred million years, yet both are now departing from recent historical norms, with uncertain implications for forest ecosystems. This dissertation outlines the current and potential future climate responses of lichen and bryophyte communities in the United States as part of a national forest inventory. The first task was to identify influences on carbon and nitrogen storage of moss and lichen “ground layers” in subarctic interior Alaska. Nutrient stores were more sensitive to local vegetation and topography than regional macroclimate. Nutrients and biomass were greatest among apparently less disturbed stands. This suggests that climatic changes could diminish ground layer nutrient storage indirectly if they promote intensifying wildfire regimes or expansions of competitive vascular vegetation. Turning to focus on species diversity, the next task was to quantify the strength of relationship between epiphytic lichen community composition and macroclimate across the 4,000 km-long swath of the U.S. Pacific coastal states. The strongest fitting lichen response gradients involved precipitation, temperature, and a heat-moisture index. Lichen indicator species (diagnostic of ten defined climate zones) emerged as useful monitoring tools because their abundance changes could signal shifting climate zone boundaries. After establishing key present-day climatic relationships, the next task was to pinpoint nationwide locations where epiphytic lichen communities will be most vulnerable to species losses under current and future warming scenarios. Novel niche-based metrics revealed greatest vulnerability among supposedly “warm-adapted” communities in southern/lowland locations, contrary to usual assumptions centering on cooler northern/montane habitats. Vulnerability analyses can steer conservation and monitoring attention to specific locations where warming is most expected to affect ecological communities. The final task, to anticipate how warming will impact individual lichen performance, was addressed by quantifying how experimental climate treatments (whole-ecosystem warming and CO2 additions) affected growth of the boreal epiphytic lichen species Evernia mesomorpha. Over just one year, incremental warming and concurrent drying caused progressive growth declines and biomass losses among individual transplants. Such warming-induced biomass losses of epiphytic lichens could precede local population extinctions and regional range contractions. Overall, this dissertation weaves together multiple lines of evidence from nutrient, diversity and growth responses to indicate the ecological effects of climate and climatic changes on vegetation in a national forest inventory context. This work suggests a pathway for integrating lichen and bryophyte responses into nationwide climate monitoring to address emergent interactions between humans, vegetation, and the global climate commons. Close

• 43. [Article] Spatial and Temporal Variability of Contaminants Within Estuarine Sediments and Native Olympia Oysters: A Contrast Between a Developed and an Undeveloped Estuary

  Chemical contaminants can be introduced into estuarine and marine ecosystems from a variety of sources including wastewater, agriculture and forestry practices, point and non-point discharges, runoff from ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial and Temporal Variability of Contaminants Within Estuarine Sediments and Native Olympia Oysters: A Contrast Between a Developed and an Undeveloped Estuary Author: Granek, Elise F., Conn, Katherine E., Nilsen, Elena B., Pillsbury, Lori, Strecker, Angela L., Rumrill, Steven S., Fish, William Year: 2016 Chemical contaminants can be introduced into estuarine and marine ecosystems from a variety of sources including wastewater, agriculture and forestry practices, point and non-point discharges, runoff from industrial, municipal, and urban lands, accidental spills, and atmospheric deposition. The diversity of potential sources contributes to the likelihood of contaminated marine waters and sediments and increases the probability of uptake by marine organisms. Despite widespread recognition of direct and indirect pathways for contaminant deposition and organismal exposure in coastal systems, spatial and temporal variability in contaminant composition, deposition, and uptake patterns are still poorly known. We investigated these patterns for a suite of persistent legacy contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chemicals of emerging concern including pharmaceuticals within two Oregon coastal estuaries (Coos and Netarts Bays). In the more urbanized Coos Bay, native Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) tissue had approximately twice the number of PCB congeners at over seven times the total concentration, yet fewer PBDEs at one-tenth the concentration as compared to the more rural Netarts Bay. Different pharmaceutical suites were detected during each sampling season. Variability in contaminant types and concentrations across seasons and between species and media (organisms versus sediment) indicates the limitation of using indicator species and/or sampling annually to determine contaminant loads at a site or for specific species. The results indicate the prevalence of legacy contaminants and CECs in relatively undeveloped coastal environments highlighting the need to improve policy and management actions to reduce contaminant releases into estuarine and marine waters and to deal with legacy compounds that remain long after prohibition of use. Our results point to the need for better understanding of the ecological and human health risks of exposure to the diverse cocktail of pollutants and harmful compounds that will continue to leach from estuarine sediments over time. Title: Spatial and Temporal Variability of Contaminants Within Estuarine Sediments and Native Olympia Oysters: A Contrast Between a Developed and an Undeveloped Estuary Author: Granek, Elise F., Conn, Katherine E., Nilsen, Elena B., Pillsbury, Lori, Strecker, Angela L., Rumrill, Steven S., Fish, William Year: 2016 Chemical contaminants can be introduced into estuarine and marine ecosystems from a variety of sources including wastewater, agriculture and forestry practices, point and non-point discharges, runoff from industrial, municipal, and urban lands, accidental spills, and atmospheric deposition. The diversity of potential sources contributes to the likelihood of contaminated marine waters and sediments and increases the probability of uptake by marine organisms. Despite widespread recognition of direct and indirect pathways for contaminant deposition and organismal exposure in coastal systems, spatial and temporal variability in contaminant composition, deposition, and uptake patterns are still poorly known. We investigated these patterns for a suite of persistent legacy contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chemicals of emerging concern including pharmaceuticals within two Oregon coastal estuaries (Coos and Netarts Bays). In the more urbanized Coos Bay, native Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) tissue had approximately twice the number of PCB congeners at over seven times the total concentration, yet fewer PBDEs at one-tenth the concentration as compared to the more rural Netarts Bay. Different pharmaceutical suites were detected during each sampling season. Variability in contaminant types and concentrations across seasons and between species and media (organisms versus sediment) indicates the limitation of using indicator species and/or sampling annually to determine contaminant loads at a site or for specific species. The results indicate the prevalence of legacy contaminants and CECs in relatively undeveloped coastal environments highlighting the need to improve policy and management actions to reduce contaminant releases into estuarine and marine waters and to deal with legacy compounds that remain long after prohibition of use. Our results point to the need for better understanding of the ecological and human health risks of exposure to the diverse cocktail of pollutants and harmful compounds that will continue to leach from estuarine sediments over time. Close

• 44. [Article] Distribution, structure, and function of marine ecological communities in the northern California Current upwelling ecosystem

  Within systems characterized by substantial spatial and temporal variability, abundances of organisms tend to be higher in localized areas. Within the northern California Current system, the identification ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution, structure, and function of marine ecological communities in the northern California Current upwelling ecosystem Author: Reese, Douglas Charles Within systems characterized by substantial spatial and temporal variability, abundances of organisms tend to be higher in localized areas. Within the northern California Current system, the identification of such marine, biological hotspots would be of great importance to resource managers, conservationists, and research planners, and is consequently a growing area of research. Furthermore, in order to understand how ecosystems function and persist, it is necessary to know how ecological communities are distributed. The overall goal of this study is to provide further understanding regarding the functioning of marine ecosystems in such highly variable environments and to provide information about the distribution and structure of marine communities. Sampling was conducted during June and August of 2000 and 2002 as part of the U.S. GLOBEC mesoscale surveys from Newport, Oregon in the north to Crescent City, California in the south. A geostatistical approach was used to create surfaces used in a GIS to determine the distribution of various community characteristics. Two biological hotspots were identified and determined to persist in space and time, yet differed with respect to biological and physical features and in the amount of area covered. Various community analyses, including nonmetric multidimensional scaling, indicator species analysis, and cluster analysis were used to determine various community properties associated with the hotspots and non-hotspot regions. Results indicate that nekton biological hotspots in the northern California Current persist across differing environmental and biological conditions, although upwelling-based hotspots may be more susceptible to climatic conditions than retention-based hotspots. Analyses of the distribution of the functional groups within the region indicate that the predominant biological activity is spatially nonrandom and occurs within persistent, localized areas. Analyses of species associations suggest a moderate degree of redundancy. The presence of such complementary species within functional groups may confer the stability observed within these systems. The finding that large regional areas are composed of smaller, localized hotspots where a predominant amount of biological activity is occurring, suggests that the evaluation of large marine ecosystems may lead to erroneous or misleading results if they do not consider the more persistent, localized biological hotspots. Title: Distribution, structure, and function of marine ecological communities in the northern California Current upwelling ecosystem Author: Reese, Douglas Charles Within systems characterized by substantial spatial and temporal variability, abundances of organisms tend to be higher in localized areas. Within the northern California Current system, the identification of such marine, biological hotspots would be of great importance to resource managers, conservationists, and research planners, and is consequently a growing area of research. Furthermore, in order to understand how ecosystems function and persist, it is necessary to know how ecological communities are distributed. The overall goal of this study is to provide further understanding regarding the functioning of marine ecosystems in such highly variable environments and to provide information about the distribution and structure of marine communities. Sampling was conducted during June and August of 2000 and 2002 as part of the U.S. GLOBEC mesoscale surveys from Newport, Oregon in the north to Crescent City, California in the south. A geostatistical approach was used to create surfaces used in a GIS to determine the distribution of various community characteristics. Two biological hotspots were identified and determined to persist in space and time, yet differed with respect to biological and physical features and in the amount of area covered. Various community analyses, including nonmetric multidimensional scaling, indicator species analysis, and cluster analysis were used to determine various community properties associated with the hotspots and non-hotspot regions. Results indicate that nekton biological hotspots in the northern California Current persist across differing environmental and biological conditions, although upwelling-based hotspots may be more susceptible to climatic conditions than retention-based hotspots. Analyses of the distribution of the functional groups within the region indicate that the predominant biological activity is spatially nonrandom and occurs within persistent, localized areas. Analyses of species associations suggest a moderate degree of redundancy. The presence of such complementary species within functional groups may confer the stability observed within these systems. The finding that large regional areas are composed of smaller, localized hotspots where a predominant amount of biological activity is occurring, suggests that the evaluation of large marine ecosystems may lead to erroneous or misleading results if they do not consider the more persistent, localized biological hotspots. Close

• 45. [Article] Evaluating benthic macroinvertebrates as bio-indicators of freshwater habitat quality in an eastern Oregon agro-ecosystem

  The effect of anthropogenic disturbance on river systems is gaining attention, and concerns about the state of freshwater natural resources are increasing globally, as are efforts to restore habitat that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating benthic macroinvertebrates as bio-indicators of freshwater habitat quality in an eastern Oregon agro-ecosystem Author: Scherr, Melissa A. The effect of anthropogenic disturbance on river systems is gaining attention, and concerns about the state of freshwater natural resources are increasing globally, as are efforts to restore habitat that has been degraded by disturbance. In rivers, non-point source pollution affects the physical characteristics of the habitat and the endemic biotic assemblages. Aquatic macroinvertebrates are numerous and exhibit graded responses to various types of disturbance in the river, and may be used as indicators of habitat conditions. In this dissertation, macroinvertebrates were examined as bioindicators in the Umatilla River in eastern Oregon. The first study is a bioassessment of the impacts of agriculture on the benthic macroinvertebrate community in adjacent streams. The results of this study show that there are physical differences in habitat associated with adjacent land use, and the macroinvertebrate communities responded to these differences with changes in taxa richness and evenness. Indicator species analysis identified thirteen taxa which were indicative of habitat conditions associated with ideal habitat used as a reference condition, degraded habitat associated with agricultural land use, and transitional habitat associated with conservation/restoration management. The second study is a laboratory study in which the effects of temperature of a common mayfly nymph, Epeorus albertae (McDunnough) (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) were evaluated. The study showed that not only the developmental rate of the nymphs was affected by temperature treatment (within a range of 18°C and 28°C), but the location of accumulated body tissues over time varied by temperature, with significant difference in the type of growth observed for insects held at the highest temperature. The third study examined the response of six indicator taxa to environmental variables as predictors of abundance in a non-parametric multiplicative regression. This study found that for all taxa examined, the two best predictors of abundance in the Umatilla River were turbidity and conductivity. Increased turbidity and conductivity are common effects of intensive agriculture in streams located in agro-ecosystems, but may potentially be mitigated by vegetative buffer strips and sustainable land use practices. Long term agricultural disturbance in the landscape has been shown to have lasting effects in the ecosystem which may be further exacerbated as global climate change increases dependence on freshwater resources. Understanding anthropogenic impacts on organismal communities and natural resources is vital to establishment of effective conservation, restoration, and maintenance of a healthy ecosystem. Title: Evaluating benthic macroinvertebrates as bio-indicators of freshwater habitat quality in an eastern Oregon agro-ecosystem Author: Scherr, Melissa A. The effect of anthropogenic disturbance on river systems is gaining attention, and concerns about the state of freshwater natural resources are increasing globally, as are efforts to restore habitat that has been degraded by disturbance. In rivers, non-point source pollution affects the physical characteristics of the habitat and the endemic biotic assemblages. Aquatic macroinvertebrates are numerous and exhibit graded responses to various types of disturbance in the river, and may be used as indicators of habitat conditions. In this dissertation, macroinvertebrates were examined as bioindicators in the Umatilla River in eastern Oregon. The first study is a bioassessment of the impacts of agriculture on the benthic macroinvertebrate community in adjacent streams. The results of this study show that there are physical differences in habitat associated with adjacent land use, and the macroinvertebrate communities responded to these differences with changes in taxa richness and evenness. Indicator species analysis identified thirteen taxa which were indicative of habitat conditions associated with ideal habitat used as a reference condition, degraded habitat associated with agricultural land use, and transitional habitat associated with conservation/restoration management. The second study is a laboratory study in which the effects of temperature of a common mayfly nymph, Epeorus albertae (McDunnough) (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) were evaluated. The study showed that not only the developmental rate of the nymphs was affected by temperature treatment (within a range of 18°C and 28°C), but the location of accumulated body tissues over time varied by temperature, with significant difference in the type of growth observed for insects held at the highest temperature. The third study examined the response of six indicator taxa to environmental variables as predictors of abundance in a non-parametric multiplicative regression. This study found that for all taxa examined, the two best predictors of abundance in the Umatilla River were turbidity and conductivity. Increased turbidity and conductivity are common effects of intensive agriculture in streams located in agro-ecosystems, but may potentially be mitigated by vegetative buffer strips and sustainable land use practices. Long term agricultural disturbance in the landscape has been shown to have lasting effects in the ecosystem which may be further exacerbated as global climate change increases dependence on freshwater resources. Understanding anthropogenic impacts on organismal communities and natural resources is vital to establishment of effective conservation, restoration, and maintenance of a healthy ecosystem. Close

• 46. [Article] How Much Groundwater does a Wetland Need? Setting Ecological Water Requirements for Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How Much Groundwater does a Wetland Need? Setting Ecological Water Requirements for Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems Author: Carroll, Trish, Congdon, Roger, Aldous, Allison, Bach, Leslie, Gurrieri, Joe Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: How Much Groundwater does a Wetland Need? Setting Ecological Water Requirements for Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems Author: Carroll, Trish, Congdon, Roger, Aldous, Allison, Bach, Leslie, Gurrieri, Joe Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 47. [Article] Headwater stream macroinvertebrates of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon

  Recent studies of headwater streams have demonstrated their importance to overall watershed biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and energy flux. However, little attention has been paid to long-term effects ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Headwater stream macroinvertebrates of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon Author: Frady, Charles H. Recent studies of headwater streams have demonstrated their importance to overall watershed biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and energy flux. However, little attention has been paid to long-term effects of forest harvest on macroinvertebrate communities in headwater streams. This study investigated headwater stream macroinvertebrate communities in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon, U.S.A and used a paired-stream study design to examine the effect of prior forest harvest on stream macroinvertebrates. Concomitantly, this study examined how macroinvertebrate life-history traits were related to stream size, substrates, discharge, or water temperature. Results from this study suggest that neither richness nor densities differed between streams flowing through young growth versus old growth forests. Despite similarities among these metrics, multivariate ordination techniques helped elucidate differences in benthic community composition between paired streams when red alder was present in riparian zones of previously harvested basins. Indicator Species Analysis of community composition and abundance revealed that no taxa were exclusively indicative of either forest type. Macroinvertebrate life-history traits among headwater streams were related to stream size, stream substrates, or stream discharge. As predicted, macroinvertebrates that ingest leaf litter (shredders) decreased proportionally with increasing stream width, while macroinvertebrates that scrape off algae and biofilms from instream substrates (scrapers) increased with increasing stream width. Differences in macroinvertebrate habit-trait groups were related to differences in stream substrates or stream discharge between very small headwater streams (< 20ha basin area) and larger headwater streams (50-100ha basin size). Seasonal variation in stream discharge also influenced macroinvertebrate communities. Patterns in adult insect emergence in these streams displayed pulses of activity that varied among streams. During summer 2003, total emergence was greatest in one high elevation stream in this study. During spring 2004, total emergence began earlier in one low elevation and one mid elevation stream, but linkages with stream water temperature were tenuous; cumulative emergence remained higher in these streams than all others through early summer 2004. Though forest harvest often has immediate effects on macroinvertebrate communities, shifts in community composition may persist long-term if regrowth of riparian vegetation includes red alder (Alnus rubra). Analyses of macroinvertebrate life-history traits provided insight regarding species adaptations to environmental conditions. Among six headwater streams within a relatively small landscape (6400ha), proportions of stream macroinvertebrate communities with specific traits differed among streams relative to variability in physical stream attributes. Title: Headwater stream macroinvertebrates of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon Author: Frady, Charles H. Recent studies of headwater streams have demonstrated their importance to overall watershed biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and energy flux. However, little attention has been paid to long-term effects of forest harvest on macroinvertebrate communities in headwater streams. This study investigated headwater stream macroinvertebrate communities in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon, U.S.A and used a paired-stream study design to examine the effect of prior forest harvest on stream macroinvertebrates. Concomitantly, this study examined how macroinvertebrate life-history traits were related to stream size, substrates, discharge, or water temperature. Results from this study suggest that neither richness nor densities differed between streams flowing through young growth versus old growth forests. Despite similarities among these metrics, multivariate ordination techniques helped elucidate differences in benthic community composition between paired streams when red alder was present in riparian zones of previously harvested basins. Indicator Species Analysis of community composition and abundance revealed that no taxa were exclusively indicative of either forest type. Macroinvertebrate life-history traits among headwater streams were related to stream size, stream substrates, or stream discharge. As predicted, macroinvertebrates that ingest leaf litter (shredders) decreased proportionally with increasing stream width, while macroinvertebrates that scrape off algae and biofilms from instream substrates (scrapers) increased with increasing stream width. Differences in macroinvertebrate habit-trait groups were related to differences in stream substrates or stream discharge between very small headwater streams (< 20ha basin area) and larger headwater streams (50-100ha basin size). Seasonal variation in stream discharge also influenced macroinvertebrate communities. Patterns in adult insect emergence in these streams displayed pulses of activity that varied among streams. During summer 2003, total emergence was greatest in one high elevation stream in this study. During spring 2004, total emergence began earlier in one low elevation and one mid elevation stream, but linkages with stream water temperature were tenuous; cumulative emergence remained higher in these streams than all others through early summer 2004. Though forest harvest often has immediate effects on macroinvertebrate communities, shifts in community composition may persist long-term if regrowth of riparian vegetation includes red alder (Alnus rubra). Analyses of macroinvertebrate life-history traits provided insight regarding species adaptations to environmental conditions. Among six headwater streams within a relatively small landscape (6400ha), proportions of stream macroinvertebrate communities with specific traits differed among streams relative to variability in physical stream attributes. Close

• 48. [Article] The effect of broadcast burning on the quality of winter forage for elk, westen Oregon

  The Roosevelt elk (Cervus elephus roosevelti) is a National Forest management indicator species on the westside of the Cascade mountains, Western Oregon. A Habitat Effectiveness model is used by State ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of broadcast burning on the quality of winter forage for elk, westen Oregon Author: Friesen, Cheryl Ann The Roosevelt elk (Cervus elephus roosevelti) is a National Forest management indicator species on the westside of the Cascade mountains, Western Oregon. A Habitat Effectiveness model is used by State and Federal agencies to evaluate elk habitat in the region. Concerns about the model's lack of differentiation between winter and summer ranges in the analyses and assumptions that burning will increase forage quality on winter range prompted this study. I investigated the effect of broadcast burning, plant association, and time since disturbance on the quality of trailing blackberry (Rubus ulna), red huckleberry (Vaccinium parviflorum), willow (Salix spp.), vine maple (Acer circinatum), salal (Gaultheria shallon), and red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa). Crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid insoluble ash, lignin, astringency, condensed tannin, and hydrolyzable tannin contents were measured. No significant effects of burning, plant association, or age were observed for crude protein, hydrolyzable tannins, or neutral detergent fiber. Crude protein varied among taxa: trailing blackberry contained 9.65%, and the other taxa ranged from 5.21-7.24%. Neutral detergent fiber was highly variable: trailing blackberry contained 30.90%, and the other taxa ranged from 52.20%-65.06%. Acid detergent fiber content ranged from 44.88%-49.49% for all taxa except trailing blackberry (17.78%). Lignin varied among taxa: trailing blackberry had the lowest content (6.37%) and salal had the highest (30.25%). Lignin content in salal was greater on recently disturbed sites. Astringency ranged from 0.0015 mg protein precipitated per mg plant tissue in vine maple to 0.6737 in trailing blackberry. Salal and willow had intermediate astringencies: elderberry, huckleberry, and vine maple had the lowest. Hydrolyzable tannins were present in all species except red elderberry. Burning and plant association effected astringency and condensed tannin content in trailing blackberry and huckleberry. Samples from burned, very dry and resource-poor sites had higher astringencies than on similar unburned units and non-resource-limiting sites. Condensed tannin contents increased with unit age in salal, huckleberry, and trailing blackberry, possibly accumulating during peak years of re-establishment after disturbance. Vine maple and red huckleberry were the only taxa with positive digestible protein levels. Digestible protein content may be higher in winter forage on less severe sites. Elk forage enhancement in winter range should be evaluated on a site-specific basis. Burning did not promote a detectable increase in quality for these forage taxa, and it decreased the quality of species sensitive to site conditions. Title: The effect of broadcast burning on the quality of winter forage for elk, westen Oregon Author: Friesen, Cheryl Ann The Roosevelt elk (Cervus elephus roosevelti) is a National Forest management indicator species on the westside of the Cascade mountains, Western Oregon. A Habitat Effectiveness model is used by State and Federal agencies to evaluate elk habitat in the region. Concerns about the model's lack of differentiation between winter and summer ranges in the analyses and assumptions that burning will increase forage quality on winter range prompted this study. I investigated the effect of broadcast burning, plant association, and time since disturbance on the quality of trailing blackberry (Rubus ulna), red huckleberry (Vaccinium parviflorum), willow (Salix spp.), vine maple (Acer circinatum), salal (Gaultheria shallon), and red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa). Crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid insoluble ash, lignin, astringency, condensed tannin, and hydrolyzable tannin contents were measured. No significant effects of burning, plant association, or age were observed for crude protein, hydrolyzable tannins, or neutral detergent fiber. Crude protein varied among taxa: trailing blackberry contained 9.65%, and the other taxa ranged from 5.21-7.24%. Neutral detergent fiber was highly variable: trailing blackberry contained 30.90%, and the other taxa ranged from 52.20%-65.06%. Acid detergent fiber content ranged from 44.88%-49.49% for all taxa except trailing blackberry (17.78%). Lignin varied among taxa: trailing blackberry had the lowest content (6.37%) and salal had the highest (30.25%). Lignin content in salal was greater on recently disturbed sites. Astringency ranged from 0.0015 mg protein precipitated per mg plant tissue in vine maple to 0.6737 in trailing blackberry. Salal and willow had intermediate astringencies: elderberry, huckleberry, and vine maple had the lowest. Hydrolyzable tannins were present in all species except red elderberry. Burning and plant association effected astringency and condensed tannin content in trailing blackberry and huckleberry. Samples from burned, very dry and resource-poor sites had higher astringencies than on similar unburned units and non-resource-limiting sites. Condensed tannin contents increased with unit age in salal, huckleberry, and trailing blackberry, possibly accumulating during peak years of re-establishment after disturbance. Vine maple and red huckleberry were the only taxa with positive digestible protein levels. Digestible protein content may be higher in winter forage on less severe sites. Elk forage enhancement in winter range should be evaluated on a site-specific basis. Burning did not promote a detectable increase in quality for these forage taxa, and it decreased the quality of species sensitive to site conditions. Close

• 49. [Article] Persistence and accumulation of clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) in soil

  Field studies were started at Hyslop Farm, Corvallis, Oregon in 1984 to determine the soil persistence of the herbicide clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) under cropping situations. The herbicide ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Persistence and accumulation of clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) in soil Author: Tanphiphat, Karin Field studies were started at Hyslop Farm, Corvallis, Oregon in 1984 to determine the soil persistence of the herbicide clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) under cropping situations. The herbicide was sprayed on bare soil at the proposed use rate of 0.14 kg/ha in the spring and on the same plots at a high rate of 0.56 kg/ha in the summer. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Stephen') was seeded in the same fall. Treated plots did not yield differently than untreated plots. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), a crop known to be sensitive to clopyralid, was planted in the spring of 1985 to the area treated with clopyralid in 1984. Safflower grew normally and fresh weights were not reduced. Greenhouse bioassays were conducted on soil samples collected from two separate sets of plots treated with clopyralid in the fall of 1984 or the spring of 1985. The application rates were 0.56 and 1.12 kg/ha. Lentil (Lentilla lens L.), safflower, and peas (Pisum sativum L.) were used as indicator plants. From the plots sprayed in the fall, soil samples were collected at 0, 14, 34, 54, 114, 220, and 287 days after treatment. Clopyralid disappeared faster in the second depth (10 to 20 cm depth) than in the first depth (0 to 10 cm depth). No herbicide was detected in the second depth 220 days after treatment but in the first depth there was sufficient herbicide to cause growth reduction in all of the indicator species. In soil sampled 287 days after applying either 0.56 or 1.12 kg/ha, enough herbicide remained in the first depth to produce slight symptoms on lentil. No herbicide injury was observed on peas or safflower. From plots sprayed in the spring, soil samples were collected 0, 14, 28, and 56 days after treatment. In the spring, clopyralid dissipated more slowly than in the fall, based on the observation that the indicator plants were more severely injured when grown in soil samples collected following the spring application than they were following the fall application. Adding 2,4-D did not affect clopyralid persistence. Clopyralid and XRM-3785 (clopyralid + 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) at the same dosage of clopyralid disappeared from the soil at approximately the same time. Title: Persistence and accumulation of clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) in soil Author: Tanphiphat, Karin Field studies were started at Hyslop Farm, Corvallis, Oregon in 1984 to determine the soil persistence of the herbicide clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) under cropping situations. The herbicide was sprayed on bare soil at the proposed use rate of 0.14 kg/ha in the spring and on the same plots at a high rate of 0.56 kg/ha in the summer. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Stephen') was seeded in the same fall. Treated plots did not yield differently than untreated plots. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), a crop known to be sensitive to clopyralid, was planted in the spring of 1985 to the area treated with clopyralid in 1984. Safflower grew normally and fresh weights were not reduced. Greenhouse bioassays were conducted on soil samples collected from two separate sets of plots treated with clopyralid in the fall of 1984 or the spring of 1985. The application rates were 0.56 and 1.12 kg/ha. Lentil (Lentilla lens L.), safflower, and peas (Pisum sativum L.) were used as indicator plants. From the plots sprayed in the fall, soil samples were collected at 0, 14, 34, 54, 114, 220, and 287 days after treatment. Clopyralid disappeared faster in the second depth (10 to 20 cm depth) than in the first depth (0 to 10 cm depth). No herbicide was detected in the second depth 220 days after treatment but in the first depth there was sufficient herbicide to cause growth reduction in all of the indicator species. In soil sampled 287 days after applying either 0.56 or 1.12 kg/ha, enough herbicide remained in the first depth to produce slight symptoms on lentil. No herbicide injury was observed on peas or safflower. From plots sprayed in the spring, soil samples were collected 0, 14, 28, and 56 days after treatment. In the spring, clopyralid dissipated more slowly than in the fall, based on the observation that the indicator plants were more severely injured when grown in soil samples collected following the spring application than they were following the fall application. Adding 2,4-D did not affect clopyralid persistence. Clopyralid and XRM-3785 (clopyralid + 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) at the same dosage of clopyralid disappeared from the soil at approximately the same time. Close

• 50. [Article] The land-water interface : patterns of riparian vegetation and channel morphology in the Oregon Coast Range system

  This study was conducted to describe variation of riparian vegetation in an Oregon Coast Range system according to geomorphic characteristics and in relation to streamflow. Specific objectives of this ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The land-water interface : patterns of riparian vegetation and channel morphology in the Oregon Coast Range system Author: Takahashi, Mayumi This study was conducted to describe variation of riparian vegetation in an Oregon Coast Range system according to geomorphic characteristics and in relation to streamflow. Specific objectives of this study were to: I) examine if the vegetation composition and structure of the riparian forest varied among channel-reach morphologies, 2) examine how the composition and structure of the riparian forest changed with distance from the stream, and 3) extract major underlying environmental gradients explaining riparian forest community from riparian vegetation data. A 30 m x 30 m sample site was randomly located on each side of upper Camp Creek in each of 19 reaches, and within each site three consecutive 30 m x 10 m belt-transects established perpendicular to the stream flow. Overstory and understory vegetation was sampled in each belt transect. Environmental variables sampled included slope, aspect, height above summer low flow, elevation above sea level. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling and Indicator Species Analysis was used to describe characteristics of riparian plant communities. Distinct riparian vegetation patterns were observed in upper Camp Creek with increasing distance from stream. Both overstory and understory vegetation quickly changed with increasing distance from stream. Areas within ten meters from stream were characterized as mesic riparian environments while areas twenty meters away from stream were characterized as upland conifer forest environments. Vegetation composition was ordered along an inferred moisture gradient from streamside to hillslope, and distance from stream and height above summer low flow were almost equally correlated to the gradient. Tall shrubs including salmonberry, sword fern and vine maple are important component of riparian vegetation. Channel-reach morphology little differentiated riparian vegetation. A few species were significantly abundant in a specific reach of channel morphology. However, results of this study about relationships between channel-reach morphology and riparian vegetation were inconclusive. Title: The land-water interface : patterns of riparian vegetation and channel morphology in the Oregon Coast Range system Author: Takahashi, Mayumi This study was conducted to describe variation of riparian vegetation in an Oregon Coast Range system according to geomorphic characteristics and in relation to streamflow. Specific objectives of this study were to: I) examine if the vegetation composition and structure of the riparian forest varied among channel-reach morphologies, 2) examine how the composition and structure of the riparian forest changed with distance from the stream, and 3) extract major underlying environmental gradients explaining riparian forest community from riparian vegetation data. A 30 m x 30 m sample site was randomly located on each side of upper Camp Creek in each of 19 reaches, and within each site three consecutive 30 m x 10 m belt-transects established perpendicular to the stream flow. Overstory and understory vegetation was sampled in each belt transect. Environmental variables sampled included slope, aspect, height above summer low flow, elevation above sea level. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling and Indicator Species Analysis was used to describe characteristics of riparian plant communities. Distinct riparian vegetation patterns were observed in upper Camp Creek with increasing distance from stream. Both overstory and understory vegetation quickly changed with increasing distance from stream. Areas within ten meters from stream were characterized as mesic riparian environments while areas twenty meters away from stream were characterized as upland conifer forest environments. Vegetation composition was ordered along an inferred moisture gradient from streamside to hillslope, and distance from stream and height above summer low flow were almost equally correlated to the gradient. Tall shrubs including salmonberry, sword fern and vine maple are important component of riparian vegetation. Channel-reach morphology little differentiated riparian vegetation. A few species were significantly abundant in a specific reach of channel morphology. However, results of this study about relationships between channel-reach morphology and riparian vegetation were inconclusive. Close

• 51. [Article] Home range and habitat use of pileated woodpeckers, western Oregon

  Home range and habitat use by pileated woodpeckers (Dryocopus pileatus) were studied in the Coast Ranges of western Oregon. Radio-telemetry was used to determine home ranges of 11 woodpeckers and habitat ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Home range and habitat use of pileated woodpeckers, western Oregon Author: Mellen, Teresa Kim Home range and habitat use by pileated woodpeckers (Dryocopus pileatus) were studied in the Coast Ranges of western Oregon. Radio-telemetry was used to determine home ranges of 11 woodpeckers and habitat use of 14 woodpeckers after young had fledged during summers from 1982 to 1985. Home range size for individual bird averaged 480 ha; home ranges for pairs of birds were larger. Home ranges were larger than those reported in other studies. The larger home range sizes effectively reduce minimum snag densities calculated with formulas based on densities of birds. There was some overlap (11-160 ha) between adjacent home ranges. Pileated woodpeckers preferred forest habitat classes older than 40 years of age and deciduous riparian habitats for foraging and other diurnal activities. Nesting and roosting occurred in forest stands older than 70 years of age. The amount of foraging habitat within the home ranges averaged 306 ha; the amount of nesting and roosting habitat averaged 200 ha. Because pileated woodpeckers use immature forest stands for foraging they may not be a good "indicator" species for mature forest habitats. Characteristics of 15 nest and 13 roost trees (live and dead) and sites were measured from 1983 to 1986; characteristics were compared to those from other studies. Mean dbh differed significantly (P<0.05) between nest trees (68.9 cm) and roost trees (118.2cm). Trees used for nesting and roosting were taller than 11.5 m. A typical nest or roost tree had a broken top and retained most of the bark. Forest characteristics within a 0.3 ha circular plot at nest and roost sites were highly variable between sites. Discriminant analysis did not reveal a significant (P<0.05) difference between nest and roost sites found within 70- to 100-year-old stands and 100- to 200-year old stands. Mean dbh of nest trees was smaller, mean height of nest trees (26.5 m) was intermediate, and mean height of nest cavities (20 m) was higher than those reported from most other studies. Measured forest characteristics at nest sites were very different between studies because of differences in forests in terms of species composition, site productivity, climate and amount of disturbance. Findings were consistent with a previously recommended "minimum" dbh for pileated woodpecker nest trees of 63.5 cm (with bark). However, provision of nest trees with average characteristics would enhance management schemes which are directed toward minumum population numbers and a minimum amount of reserved habitat. Title: Home range and habitat use of pileated woodpeckers, western Oregon Author: Mellen, Teresa Kim Home range and habitat use by pileated woodpeckers (Dryocopus pileatus) were studied in the Coast Ranges of western Oregon. Radio-telemetry was used to determine home ranges of 11 woodpeckers and habitat use of 14 woodpeckers after young had fledged during summers from 1982 to 1985. Home range size for individual bird averaged 480 ha; home ranges for pairs of birds were larger. Home ranges were larger than those reported in other studies. The larger home range sizes effectively reduce minimum snag densities calculated with formulas based on densities of birds. There was some overlap (11-160 ha) between adjacent home ranges. Pileated woodpeckers preferred forest habitat classes older than 40 years of age and deciduous riparian habitats for foraging and other diurnal activities. Nesting and roosting occurred in forest stands older than 70 years of age. The amount of foraging habitat within the home ranges averaged 306 ha; the amount of nesting and roosting habitat averaged 200 ha. Because pileated woodpeckers use immature forest stands for foraging they may not be a good "indicator" species for mature forest habitats. Characteristics of 15 nest and 13 roost trees (live and dead) and sites were measured from 1983 to 1986; characteristics were compared to those from other studies. Mean dbh differed significantly (P<0.05) between nest trees (68.9 cm) and roost trees (118.2cm). Trees used for nesting and roosting were taller than 11.5 m. A typical nest or roost tree had a broken top and retained most of the bark. Forest characteristics within a 0.3 ha circular plot at nest and roost sites were highly variable between sites. Discriminant analysis did not reveal a significant (P<0.05) difference between nest and roost sites found within 70- to 100-year-old stands and 100- to 200-year old stands. Mean dbh of nest trees was smaller, mean height of nest trees (26.5 m) was intermediate, and mean height of nest cavities (20 m) was higher than those reported from most other studies. Measured forest characteristics at nest sites were very different between studies because of differences in forests in terms of species composition, site productivity, climate and amount of disturbance. Findings were consistent with a previously recommended "minimum" dbh for pileated woodpecker nest trees of 63.5 cm (with bark). However, provision of nest trees with average characteristics would enhance management schemes which are directed toward minumum population numbers and a minimum amount of reserved habitat. Close

• 52. [Article] Summer-time use of west coast US National Marine Sanctuaries by migrating sooty shearwaters (Puffinus griseus)

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summer-time use of west coast US National Marine Sanctuaries by migrating sooty shearwaters (Puffinus griseus) Author: MacLeod, Catriona, Suryan, Robert M., Harvey, James T., Hyrenbach, K. David, Adams, Josh To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Title: Summer-time use of west coast US National Marine Sanctuaries by migrating sooty shearwaters (Puffinus griseus) Author: MacLeod, Catriona, Suryan, Robert M., Harvey, James T., Hyrenbach, K. David, Adams, Josh To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Close

• 53. [Article] Effects of grass seed agriculture on aquatic invertebrate communities in seasonal wetlands of the southern Willamette Valley, Oregon

  An estimated 99% of native wet prairie has been lost in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, but a large number of seasonal wetlands remain on private lands dedicated to grass seed production within the historical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of grass seed agriculture on aquatic invertebrate communities in seasonal wetlands of the southern Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Wyss, Lance A. An estimated 99% of native wet prairie has been lost in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, but a large number of seasonal wetlands remain on private lands dedicated to grass seed production within the historical wet prairie landscape. Because agriculture is known to alter physical and chemical wetland conditions, I investigated if aquatic invertebrate communities differed among annual grass seed farmed wetlands, perennial grass seed farmed wetlands, and native wet prairie. I sampled 30 southern Willamette Valley wetlands (n = 10 in each land use category) in spring of 2009 and resampled 28 in spring of 2010 that are hydrogeomorphically classified as Flats. Invertebrate community composition in native wet prairie differed from farmed wetlands (A-stats = 0.37, P < 0.001). Specifically, taxa richness (26.2 ± 1.2 in 2009 and 27.4 ± 1.0 in 2010) and diversity (3.0 ± 0.1 in 2009 and 3.1 ± 0.1 in 2010) were higher. From Indicator Species Analysis, taxa representative of wet prairie included a flightless beetle (Apteraliplus parvulus), a cladoceran (Dumontia oregonensis), an isopod (Caecidotea sp.), Calanoida copepods, and Lymnaeidae snails. Invertebrate density (individuals/m²) did not differ among land-use groups, but biomass (mg/m²) in perennial grass wetlands was greater than annual grass wetlands both years. Biomass in perennial grass farmed wetlands was also higher than native wet prairie in 2009 and similar in 2010. Wetland invertebrate composition was strongly associated with reduced vegetation cover and increases in water turbidity and conductivity with farmed sites having lower cover and higher turbidity and conductivity. These findings suggest grass seed farming practices such as soil tillage and field leveling have affects on invertebrate communities by lowering diversity and richness and altering community composition. However, farmed seasonal wetlands still provide habitat for aquatic invertebrates, contribute to the region's biodiversity, and are substantial food resources for wildlife. This grass seed agricultural landscape is an important seasonal wetland habitat and needs to be incorporated into regional conservation plans. Title: Effects of grass seed agriculture on aquatic invertebrate communities in seasonal wetlands of the southern Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Wyss, Lance A. An estimated 99% of native wet prairie has been lost in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, but a large number of seasonal wetlands remain on private lands dedicated to grass seed production within the historical wet prairie landscape. Because agriculture is known to alter physical and chemical wetland conditions, I investigated if aquatic invertebrate communities differed among annual grass seed farmed wetlands, perennial grass seed farmed wetlands, and native wet prairie. I sampled 30 southern Willamette Valley wetlands (n = 10 in each land use category) in spring of 2009 and resampled 28 in spring of 2010 that are hydrogeomorphically classified as Flats. Invertebrate community composition in native wet prairie differed from farmed wetlands (A-stats = 0.37, P < 0.001). Specifically, taxa richness (26.2 ± 1.2 in 2009 and 27.4 ± 1.0 in 2010) and diversity (3.0 ± 0.1 in 2009 and 3.1 ± 0.1 in 2010) were higher. From Indicator Species Analysis, taxa representative of wet prairie included a flightless beetle (Apteraliplus parvulus), a cladoceran (Dumontia oregonensis), an isopod (Caecidotea sp.), Calanoida copepods, and Lymnaeidae snails. Invertebrate density (individuals/m²) did not differ among land-use groups, but biomass (mg/m²) in perennial grass wetlands was greater than annual grass wetlands both years. Biomass in perennial grass farmed wetlands was also higher than native wet prairie in 2009 and similar in 2010. Wetland invertebrate composition was strongly associated with reduced vegetation cover and increases in water turbidity and conductivity with farmed sites having lower cover and higher turbidity and conductivity. These findings suggest grass seed farming practices such as soil tillage and field leveling have affects on invertebrate communities by lowering diversity and richness and altering community composition. However, farmed seasonal wetlands still provide habitat for aquatic invertebrates, contribute to the region's biodiversity, and are substantial food resources for wildlife. This grass seed agricultural landscape is an important seasonal wetland habitat and needs to be incorporated into regional conservation plans. Close

• 54. [Article] How Cities Can Increase Cycling Among Women An Evaluation of: Portland, OR, Washington D.C., and Vancouver B.C.

  56 pages

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How Cities Can Increase Cycling Among Women An Evaluation of: Portland, OR, Washington D.C., and Vancouver B.C. Author: Horan, Erin Year: 2016 56 pages Title: How Cities Can Increase Cycling Among Women An Evaluation of: Portland, OR, Washington D.C., and Vancouver B.C. Author: Horan, Erin Year: 2016 56 pages Close

• 55. [Article] Mapping conservation opportunity areas for the Intertwine's Regional Conservation Strategy

  Draft report from the Institute for Natural Resources, Portland State University

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping conservation opportunity areas for the Intertwine's Regional Conservation Strategy Author: Kagan, James S., Burcsu, Theresa Draft report from the Institute for Natural Resources, Portland State University Title: Mapping conservation opportunity areas for the Intertwine's Regional Conservation Strategy Author: Kagan, James S., Burcsu, Theresa Draft report from the Institute for Natural Resources, Portland State University Close

• 56. [Article] Forest macro-arthropods as potential indicators of ecosystem conditions in Western Idaho : an analysis of community composition, biological diversity, and community structure

  Adaptive ecosystem management is a new paradigm for managing federal forests which requires regular monitoring of ecosystem function and diversity to measure the effects of management. Managers need new ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forest macro-arthropods as potential indicators of ecosystem conditions in Western Idaho : an analysis of community composition, biological diversity, and community structure Author: Ruby, Margaret E. Adaptive ecosystem management is a new paradigm for managing federal forests which requires regular monitoring of ecosystem function and diversity to measure the effects of management. Managers need new strategies and tools to help them assess their progress in maintaining healthy, productive and biologically diverse forests. Biomonitoring of select forest macro-arthropod species can provide useful information on the effects of management on forest biodiversity and ecosystem function. The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) to inventory the macro-arthropod community and important environmental variables in the Bear Creek and Indian Creek study area within the Payette National Forest (PNF) in Western Idaho; (2) to compare measures of community composition, diversity, and structure in forest macro-arthropod communities between patches of different sizes and treatment; and (3) to assist PNF managers in their ecosystem management efforts by providing principles to guide the use of macro-arthropods as indicators of changing forest conditions. Transects with pitfall traps were used to collect macro-arthropods at 22 sites in the Bear Creek and Indian Creek study area during the summer of 1994. Five forest patch types in Abies grandis habitat types were sampled. Intact forest patches of 100 or more hectares, and large patches of 50-100 hectares, ranged in age between 50 and 250 years old with multistoried structure. Small patches up to 10 hectares were remnants or fragments of formerly intact forest isolated by logging. A plantation patch was 15 years old with patchy understory and forb cover. Clearcut patches had little or no overstory, and variable understory, and forb layers. At each transect, soil samples were collected and six environmental descriptor variables were analyzed according to patch treatment and patch size. These site descriptors were: basal area (ft²/acre); percent canopy cover for the overstory, understory; and forb layers; litter depth (cm), and percent soil moisture content. Differences detected using an ANOVA and T-tests are discussed in the Results section. Arthropod community composition, diversity, and structure were described according to relative abundance, and four measures of diversity. They were also described by membership in seventeen orders and/or super-families; ten functional groups; two disperser classes (long or short distance); and three species indicator classes. A total of 5455 macro-arthropod individuals, representing 17 orders and/or super-families and 219 species were collected in the Bear Creek and Indian Creek study area. While macro-arthropod fauna relative abundance did not vary significantly by treatment (ANOVA p<0.3), it did vary significantly by patch size (ANOVA p<0.03). Fauna relative abundance was 35% greater in clearcut patches than in large patches (T-test p<0.09). Fauna relative abundance in small patches was twice that of intact (T-test p<0.03) and large (T-test p<0.02) patches. Taxonomic diversity (number of genera/taxa) of beetle, ant, and bug taxa differed significantly according to treatment type(each ANOVA p<0.05). For the top four taxa (beetles, ants, spiders, and bugs), taxonomic diversity was highest in the plantation and clearcut patches. Ants and bugs had their highest taxonomic diversity in the plantation patch (separate T-tests p<0.05) while the taxonomic diversity of beetles was highest in clear-cut patches (T-test p<0.05). Beetle and ant taxonomic diversity varied significantly by patch size (each ANOVA p<0.05). For beetles and bugs, small patches were twice as diverse as intact patches (separate T-tests p<0.04) and 1.5 times that of large patches. Ant diversity was similarly distributed amongst the patch sizes, with significant differences between small and intact and between small and large patches (separate T-tests p<0.05). Of the four species diversity measures employed, only two, [alpha] and JK1 (both measures of richness), were found to vary significantly by patch treatment and size. Evenness (E) and the Shannon Diversity Index (H') failed to detect differences in the majority of tests. Fauna [alpha] and JK1 differed significantly by treatment type (each ANOVA p<0.05). Richness in clearcut patches was nearly twice in intact and large patches, followed by plantation and large patches. Fauna [alpha] and JKl also differed significantly by patch size (each ANOVA p <0.001), with small patch fauna twice as rich as that in large and intact patches (separate T-tests p <0.01). Of the top four functional groups, predators were the most abundant and had the highest taxonomic diversity (number of genera/functional group), followed by herbivores, fungivores and parasites. Predators and herbivores showed increasing taxonomic diversity with decreasing patch size, from intact to large to small (ANOVA p< 0.05). Similarly, predators and herbivores exhibited increasing taxonomic diversity with increasing levels of management: from intact and large to plantation and clear-cuts (ANOVA p< 0.05). Predators and herbivores were most numerous in the managed and small patches. Fungivore taxonomic diversity was also highest in the small and managed patches, though neither patch size nor treatment differences were significant (ANOVA p<0.85). Parasite taxonomic diversity differed by patch size with highest generic diversity in the small patches (ANOVA p<0.l) and by treatment type with generic diversity highest in plantations and clearcuts followed in order by large and intact patches (ANOVA p<0.l). Twice as many genera were long distance dispersers as were short distance dispersers. Relative abundance of long distance dispersers varied significantly by patch treatment and patch size (each ANOVA p<0.0l). Long distance dispersers were most numerous in clear-cut patches, followed in order by plantation, small, large, and intact patches. Relative abundance of short distance dispersers was not significantly different between treatment types (ANOVA p<0.20) but was significantly different between patch sizes (ANOVA p<0.0l). Short distance dispersers were most numerous in small patches followed by plantation, large, and intact and least numerous in clearcut patches. An indicator species analysis of 121 Bear Creek and Indian Creek genera (Dufrene and Legendre 1997), revealed sub-groups of species with 75 to 100 percent "perfect indication" or affiliation for specific patch types. When intact and large patches were pooled and analyzed against all treated patches (plantation and clearcut patches), a list of 36 genera with 75 to 100 percent "perfect affiliation" for intact or large patches was produced (MRPP p<0.05). Small patches had 42 indicators with 75 to 100 percent "perfect indication" when compared with the pooled intact and large patches (MRPP p<0.l). Conclusions Macro-arthropod community composition, diversity and structure did vary, usually significantly, by patch treatment and size. Useful measures of generic diversity include richness estimators [alpha], [beta], and JK1. Examination of taxonomic diversity was also useful, especially for the more mobile arthropods. Pitfall traps provided copious data on the structure of the community in regards to predators and herbivores. Pitfalls, however, did not provide much information about the status of fungivores and parasites in the various different patches. Another trapping method such as the berlaise funnel, would likely provide more information about those functional groups which are likely operating at a finer scale of resolution than that tested by the pitfall trap. Employing both methods would provide a much better assessment of the community of arthropods living on the forest floor. The indicator species analysis program also provided very useful lists of species which are affiliated with particular patch conditions. Taken together, these measures could be adopted for use by forest managers to allow them to assess and monitor the effects of a management regime on the structure and composition of macro-arthropod communities as part of a comprehensive adaptive management plan. Title: Forest macro-arthropods as potential indicators of ecosystem conditions in Western Idaho : an analysis of community composition, biological diversity, and community structure Author: Ruby, Margaret E. Adaptive ecosystem management is a new paradigm for managing federal forests which requires regular monitoring of ecosystem function and diversity to measure the effects of management. Managers need new strategies and tools to help them assess their progress in maintaining healthy, productive and biologically diverse forests. Biomonitoring of select forest macro-arthropod species can provide useful information on the effects of management on forest biodiversity and ecosystem function. The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) to inventory the macro-arthropod community and important environmental variables in the Bear Creek and Indian Creek study area within the Payette National Forest (PNF) in Western Idaho; (2) to compare measures of community composition, diversity, and structure in forest macro-arthropod communities between patches of different sizes and treatment; and (3) to assist PNF managers in their ecosystem management efforts by providing principles to guide the use of macro-arthropods as indicators of changing forest conditions. Transects with pitfall traps were used to collect macro-arthropods at 22 sites in the Bear Creek and Indian Creek study area during the summer of 1994. Five forest patch types in Abies grandis habitat types were sampled. Intact forest patches of 100 or more hectares, and large patches of 50-100 hectares, ranged in age between 50 and 250 years old with multistoried structure. Small patches up to 10 hectares were remnants or fragments of formerly intact forest isolated by logging. A plantation patch was 15 years old with patchy understory and forb cover. Clearcut patches had little or no overstory, and variable understory, and forb layers. At each transect, soil samples were collected and six environmental descriptor variables were analyzed according to patch treatment and patch size. These site descriptors were: basal area (ft²/acre); percent canopy cover for the overstory, understory; and forb layers; litter depth (cm), and percent soil moisture content. Differences detected using an ANOVA and T-tests are discussed in the Results section. Arthropod community composition, diversity, and structure were described according to relative abundance, and four measures of diversity. They were also described by membership in seventeen orders and/or super-families; ten functional groups; two disperser classes (long or short distance); and three species indicator classes. A total of 5455 macro-arthropod individuals, representing 17 orders and/or super-families and 219 species were collected in the Bear Creek and Indian Creek study area. While macro-arthropod fauna relative abundance did not vary significantly by treatment (ANOVA p<0.3), it did vary significantly by patch size (ANOVA p<0.03). Fauna relative abundance was 35% greater in clearcut patches than in large patches (T-test p<0.09). Fauna relative abundance in small patches was twice that of intact (T-test p<0.03) and large (T-test p<0.02) patches. Taxonomic diversity (number of genera/taxa) of beetle, ant, and bug taxa differed significantly according to treatment type(each ANOVA p<0.05). For the top four taxa (beetles, ants, spiders, and bugs), taxonomic diversity was highest in the plantation and clearcut patches. Ants and bugs had their highest taxonomic diversity in the plantation patch (separate T-tests p<0.05) while the taxonomic diversity of beetles was highest in clear-cut patches (T-test p<0.05). Beetle and ant taxonomic diversity varied significantly by patch size (each ANOVA p<0.05). For beetles and bugs, small patches were twice as diverse as intact patches (separate T-tests p<0.04) and 1.5 times that of large patches. Ant diversity was similarly distributed amongst the patch sizes, with significant differences between small and intact and between small and large patches (separate T-tests p<0.05). Of the four species diversity measures employed, only two, [alpha] and JK1 (both measures of richness), were found to vary significantly by patch treatment and size. Evenness (E) and the Shannon Diversity Index (H') failed to detect differences in the majority of tests. Fauna [alpha] and JK1 differed significantly by treatment type (each ANOVA p<0.05). Richness in clearcut patches was nearly twice in intact and large patches, followed by plantation and large patches. Fauna [alpha] and JKl also differed significantly by patch size (each ANOVA p <0.001), with small patch fauna twice as rich as that in large and intact patches (separate T-tests p <0.01). Of the top four functional groups, predators were the most abundant and had the highest taxonomic diversity (number of genera/functional group), followed by herbivores, fungivores and parasites. Predators and herbivores showed increasing taxonomic diversity with decreasing patch size, from intact to large to small (ANOVA p< 0.05). Similarly, predators and herbivores exhibited increasing taxonomic diversity with increasing levels of management: from intact and large to plantation and clear-cuts (ANOVA p< 0.05). Predators and herbivores were most numerous in the managed and small patches. Fungivore taxonomic diversity was also highest in the small and managed patches, though neither patch size nor treatment differences were significant (ANOVA p<0.85). Parasite taxonomic diversity differed by patch size with highest generic diversity in the small patches (ANOVA p<0.l) and by treatment type with generic diversity highest in plantations and clearcuts followed in order by large and intact patches (ANOVA p<0.l). Twice as many genera were long distance dispersers as were short distance dispersers. Relative abundance of long distance dispersers varied significantly by patch treatment and patch size (each ANOVA p<0.0l). Long distance dispersers were most numerous in clear-cut patches, followed in order by plantation, small, large, and intact patches. Relative abundance of short distance dispersers was not significantly different between treatment types (ANOVA p<0.20) but was significantly different between patch sizes (ANOVA p<0.0l). Short distance dispersers were most numerous in small patches followed by plantation, large, and intact and least numerous in clearcut patches. An indicator species analysis of 121 Bear Creek and Indian Creek genera (Dufrene and Legendre 1997), revealed sub-groups of species with 75 to 100 percent "perfect indication" or affiliation for specific patch types. When intact and large patches were pooled and analyzed against all treated patches (plantation and clearcut patches), a list of 36 genera with 75 to 100 percent "perfect affiliation" for intact or large patches was produced (MRPP p<0.05). Small patches had 42 indicators with 75 to 100 percent "perfect indication" when compared with the pooled intact and large patches (MRPP p<0.l). Conclusions Macro-arthropod community composition, diversity and structure did vary, usually significantly, by patch treatment and size. Useful measures of generic diversity include richness estimators [alpha], [beta], and JK1. Examination of taxonomic diversity was also useful, especially for the more mobile arthropods. Pitfall traps provided copious data on the structure of the community in regards to predators and herbivores. Pitfalls, however, did not provide much information about the status of fungivores and parasites in the various different patches. Another trapping method such as the berlaise funnel, would likely provide more information about those functional groups which are likely operating at a finer scale of resolution than that tested by the pitfall trap. Employing both methods would provide a much better assessment of the community of arthropods living on the forest floor. The indicator species analysis program also provided very useful lists of species which are affiliated with particular patch conditions. Taken together, these measures could be adopted for use by forest managers to allow them to assess and monitor the effects of a management regime on the structure and composition of macro-arthropod communities as part of a comprehensive adaptive management plan. Close

• 57. [Article] Comparing vegetation and soils of remnant and restored prairie wetlands in the northern Willamette Valley

  Native prairies of the Willamette Valley are considered among the rarest of Oregon's ecosystems (Clark and Wilson, 2001). As a result of agriculture conversion, urban development and cessation of native ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparing vegetation and soils of remnant and restored prairie wetlands in the northern Willamette Valley Author: Taylor, Sara M. Native prairies of the Willamette Valley are considered among the rarest of Oregon's ecosystems (Clark and Wilson, 2001). As a result of agriculture conversion, urban development and cessation of native burning, Willamette Valley prairies have become highly fragmented and invaded by non-native species, leaving little room for native plant diversity. Even though wetland prairie conservation and restoration has been a priority for many government agencies there is a need for research on what restoration techniques and management are necessary for increasing native species richness and abundance in remnant and restored wet prairie sites. In this research project, two studies were conducted. In the first study, data were collected on species presence and abundance from three 100m² randomized plots within three remnant wet prairies (Green Mountain, Gotter Prairie South, Knez) and three restored wet prairies (Hutchinson, Gotter Prairie North, Lovejoy) to answer the following research question, 'Are there differences between remnant and restored prairie plant communities with respect to the diversity and abundance of native species?' Analysis of variance and multivariate ordination techniques were used to assess the ecological differences between uncultivated, minimally-managed remnant wet prairies and newly-restored, highly managed wet prairies. Data on soils collected from agricultural sites (Westbrook, Zurcher, Gotter Prairie Ag), as well as the remnant and restored wet prairies mentioned above, were also used to compare soil quality and processes with the remnant and restored wetlands. Restored wet prairie had 23% higher native species cover than remnant prairie (p-value=0.089, N=6). Remnant and restored sites did not differ in native species richness (p-value=0.949, N=6). The relatively high per cent cover of native species at restored sites, (significant at the 10% level), suggests that land managers have successfully restored agricultural properties with an abundance of native species. The lack of significant difference in native species richness between remnant and restored sites also suggests that land managers have also been able to restore native plant diversity into former agricultural properties equivalent to some of the best intact remnant prairies within the Northern Willamette Valley in a short period of time (8 years or less). However, a non-metric scaling (NMS) ordination of the species matrix separated the remnant sites from the restored sites, suggesting that community composition distinguishes restored sites from remnants. The NMS results, which include environmental data in the analysis, also suggest that there is a positive correlation of percent soil moisture and percent soil organic matter associated with the remnant prairies and a positive correlation of management practices such as yearly chemical use, mowing, and clean crops, associated with the restored prairies. The location of Gotter Prairie North restoration within the ordination, between the remnant and restored sites, suggests an intermediate plant composition and soil quality. This could be attributed to intensive weed suppression and soil organic matter build up over time (8 years) in comparison to younger restored sites (3 and 4 years). Indicator species analysis identified many species with high indicator values (IVs) in the remnant prairies; Holcus lanatus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Carex densa and Phalaris arundinacea being the highest. The use of fire as a management tool produced only one species with a high IV (Camassia quamash). In the second study, three seeding treatments (Grass first, Grass and Forb together, Forb first) were compared within a 4 hectare experimental wet prairie unit to answer the research question „Which of the three seeding treatments used leads to the highest native species abundance and species richness?‟ Results from an analysis of variance indicated significant differences between treatments in native species richness for 2009 and 2010 (p-values=0.002 & 0.004 respectively) at the 5% level and native species abundance in 2010 only (p-value=0.099) at the 10% level. The Grass and Forb and Forb first treatments were highest in native species richness for 2009 and 2010, whereas the Grass and Forb and Grass first treatments were highest in native species abundance in 2010. A NMS ordination suggests that Juncus tenuis is one of the dominant species, in all seeding treatments, after one year of growth. Title: Comparing vegetation and soils of remnant and restored prairie wetlands in the northern Willamette Valley Author: Taylor, Sara M. Native prairies of the Willamette Valley are considered among the rarest of Oregon's ecosystems (Clark and Wilson, 2001). As a result of agriculture conversion, urban development and cessation of native burning, Willamette Valley prairies have become highly fragmented and invaded by non-native species, leaving little room for native plant diversity. Even though wetland prairie conservation and restoration has been a priority for many government agencies there is a need for research on what restoration techniques and management are necessary for increasing native species richness and abundance in remnant and restored wet prairie sites. In this research project, two studies were conducted. In the first study, data were collected on species presence and abundance from three 100m² randomized plots within three remnant wet prairies (Green Mountain, Gotter Prairie South, Knez) and three restored wet prairies (Hutchinson, Gotter Prairie North, Lovejoy) to answer the following research question, 'Are there differences between remnant and restored prairie plant communities with respect to the diversity and abundance of native species?' Analysis of variance and multivariate ordination techniques were used to assess the ecological differences between uncultivated, minimally-managed remnant wet prairies and newly-restored, highly managed wet prairies. Data on soils collected from agricultural sites (Westbrook, Zurcher, Gotter Prairie Ag), as well as the remnant and restored wet prairies mentioned above, were also used to compare soil quality and processes with the remnant and restored wetlands. Restored wet prairie had 23% higher native species cover than remnant prairie (p-value=0.089, N=6). Remnant and restored sites did not differ in native species richness (p-value=0.949, N=6). The relatively high per cent cover of native species at restored sites, (significant at the 10% level), suggests that land managers have successfully restored agricultural properties with an abundance of native species. The lack of significant difference in native species richness between remnant and restored sites also suggests that land managers have also been able to restore native plant diversity into former agricultural properties equivalent to some of the best intact remnant prairies within the Northern Willamette Valley in a short period of time (8 years or less). However, a non-metric scaling (NMS) ordination of the species matrix separated the remnant sites from the restored sites, suggesting that community composition distinguishes restored sites from remnants. The NMS results, which include environmental data in the analysis, also suggest that there is a positive correlation of percent soil moisture and percent soil organic matter associated with the remnant prairies and a positive correlation of management practices such as yearly chemical use, mowing, and clean crops, associated with the restored prairies. The location of Gotter Prairie North restoration within the ordination, between the remnant and restored sites, suggests an intermediate plant composition and soil quality. This could be attributed to intensive weed suppression and soil organic matter build up over time (8 years) in comparison to younger restored sites (3 and 4 years). Indicator species analysis identified many species with high indicator values (IVs) in the remnant prairies; Holcus lanatus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Carex densa and Phalaris arundinacea being the highest. The use of fire as a management tool produced only one species with a high IV (Camassia quamash). In the second study, three seeding treatments (Grass first, Grass and Forb together, Forb first) were compared within a 4 hectare experimental wet prairie unit to answer the research question „Which of the three seeding treatments used leads to the highest native species abundance and species richness?‟ Results from an analysis of variance indicated significant differences between treatments in native species richness for 2009 and 2010 (p-values=0.002 & 0.004 respectively) at the 5% level and native species abundance in 2010 only (p-value=0.099) at the 10% level. The Grass and Forb and Forb first treatments were highest in native species richness for 2009 and 2010, whereas the Grass and Forb and Grass first treatments were highest in native species abundance in 2010. A NMS ordination suggests that Juncus tenuis is one of the dominant species, in all seeding treatments, after one year of growth. Close

• 58. [Article] Using Oregon trawl logbooks to study spatial and temporal characteristics of commercial groundfish species associations

  Species associations of fifteen major commercial groundfish species in the northeastern Pacific ocean and their spatial and temporal characteristics were studied using Oregon bottom trawl logbook data, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using Oregon trawl logbooks to study spatial and temporal characteristics of commercial groundfish species associations Author: Lee, Yong Woo Species associations of fifteen major commercial groundfish species in the northeastern Pacific ocean and their spatial and temporal characteristics were studied using Oregon bottom trawl logbook data, 1987 to 1993. Screening procedures were used to remove questionable data from the original logbook files, which resulted in the exclusion of information from 46% of the total available tows. Two multivariate methods, detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and Ward's method of hierarchical cluster analysis were used to derive the association patterns of species and species groups. A general linear model that was developed for the primary DCA axis suggested that the species associations are strongly correlated with depth, but minimally correlated with the other environmental variables that were examined (latitude, season, and year). The weak correlations between DCA axis 1 and the temporal variables indicate that species associations in the study region are fairly persistent over time. The same multivariate techniques were used to examine possible sampling effects due to changes in the participating trawl vessels that contributed logbook information. Depth and latitudinal distributions of species occurrence in the logbook were similar to distributions derived from National Marine Fishery Service triennial bottom trawl survey. However, the analysis also showed that the depth coverage by the survey is not broad enough to accurately characterize associations among species that are currently subject to commercial fishing activity. Title: Using Oregon trawl logbooks to study spatial and temporal characteristics of commercial groundfish species associations Author: Lee, Yong Woo Species associations of fifteen major commercial groundfish species in the northeastern Pacific ocean and their spatial and temporal characteristics were studied using Oregon bottom trawl logbook data, 1987 to 1993. Screening procedures were used to remove questionable data from the original logbook files, which resulted in the exclusion of information from 46% of the total available tows. Two multivariate methods, detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and Ward's method of hierarchical cluster analysis were used to derive the association patterns of species and species groups. A general linear model that was developed for the primary DCA axis suggested that the species associations are strongly correlated with depth, but minimally correlated with the other environmental variables that were examined (latitude, season, and year). The weak correlations between DCA axis 1 and the temporal variables indicate that species associations in the study region are fairly persistent over time. The same multivariate techniques were used to examine possible sampling effects due to changes in the participating trawl vessels that contributed logbook information. Depth and latitudinal distributions of species occurrence in the logbook were similar to distributions derived from National Marine Fishery Service triennial bottom trawl survey. However, the analysis also showed that the depth coverage by the survey is not broad enough to accurately characterize associations among species that are currently subject to commercial fishing activity. Close

• 59. [Article] Life history of Philophthalmus megalurus (Cort, 1914) in western Oregon

  The specific identification of a megalurous cercaria found in the snail Oxytrema plicifera was accomplished by completing the life cycle in the laboratory. This species is compared with the eastern Philophthalmus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Life history of Philophthalmus megalurus (Cort, 1914) in western Oregon Author: McMillan, Toni Anne Year: 1971 The specific identification of a megalurous cercaria found in the snail Oxytrema plicifera was accomplished by completing the life cycle in the laboratory. This species is compared with the eastern Philophthalmus megalurus and P. gralli with which it was once confused. The eggs, miracidia, and rediae of the Oregon species were found to be similar to those of the above species. The body and organ sizes and sucker ratios for the cercariae and adult stages obviously indicate that the Oregon species is Philophthalmus megalurus. Title: Life history of Philophthalmus megalurus (Cort, 1914) in western Oregon Author: McMillan, Toni Anne Year: 1971 The specific identification of a megalurous cercaria found in the snail Oxytrema plicifera was accomplished by completing the life cycle in the laboratory. This species is compared with the eastern Philophthalmus megalurus and P. gralli with which it was once confused. The eggs, miracidia, and rediae of the Oregon species were found to be similar to those of the above species. The body and organ sizes and sucker ratios for the cercariae and adult stages obviously indicate that the Oregon species is Philophthalmus megalurus. Close

• 60. [Article] Plant and amphibian assemblages in zero-order basins in the Oregon Coast Range

  We have a poor understanding of the biotic communities in zero-order basins, drainages extending from ridgelines to the initiation of first-order streams. This study describes baseline plant and amphibian ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Plant and amphibian assemblages in zero-order basins in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Sheridan, Chris D. We have a poor understanding of the biotic communities in zero-order basins, drainages extending from ridgelines to the initiation of first-order streams. This study describes baseline plant and amphibian composition in unmanaged zero-order basins in the Oregon Coast Range. Specifically, I studied: i) the spatial distribution and diversity of species, including riparian-associates; and ii) the dominant environmental, spatial and geomorphic gradients in species composition The results of this research have implications for riparian management in steep, forested landscapes in the Pacific Northwest. The composition of tree and shrub layers in zero-order basins was more similar to upland areas than to larger-order riparian areas. Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and western red cedar had highest basal areas; bigleaf maple had highest hardwood density. Convergent areas (areas collecting surface flow) had significantly lower relative densities than surrounding slopes. I identified 138 forest floor herb, shrub, and seedling tree species in zero-order basins. Gradient analysis and empirical modeling suggested that the composition of forest floor plant assemblages was associated with environmental parameters related to geomorphic position and overstory characteristics, such as distance from basin center, basin aspect and overstory relative density. Vegetation types, developed using classification, followed similar environmental patterns. Vegetation types were useful in clarifying environmental gradients acting on groups of plant species, and in delineating the lateral extent of geomorphic and fluvial influences. Riparian-associated vegetation types were mostly restricted to valley floors and lower slope areas. Geomorphic and lateral surfaces were drivers of environmental gradients in zero-order basins; plant species composition followed these geomorphic gradients. Surfaces close to basin center ("inner gorges"), including valley centers, splash zones, and lower slope areas, supported the highest plant species diversity and most distinct plant assemblages. The spatial distribution patterns of amphibian species and assemblages were characterized along longitudinal and lateral gradients, and relative to three geomorphic surfaces (valleys, headmost areas and slopes), and empirical species-habitat models were developed. I identified eight amphibian species in zero-order basins (865 total captures), and analyzed data for six. Headmost areas supported a distinctive upland amphibian assemblage, while valley floors had the highest riparian amphibian diversity. Captures of three riparian species were higher in valley surfaces, within S m of the center of zero-order basins, while captures of three upland species were highest in areas 2-5 m from center. Upland-associated species were captured two times farther from basin centers than riparian-associated species. The best predictors of amphibian captures in empirical models were geomorphic, stability/ disturbance, moisture and overstory parameters. Ordination and indicator species analysis facilitated characterization of amphibian species assemblages within geomorphic surface zones, and suggested spatial compression of habitats and species in zero-order basins, in comparison to broader spatial extents in larger basins. Plant and amphibian assemblages in unmanaged zero-order basins were most similar to each other in their lateral and geomorphic spatial patterning, including the importance of inner gorge areas for support of diverse communities. Plant species were strongly associated with geomorphic position parameters, while amphibians had stronger ties to discrete microhabitat elements such as moisture levels and large substrate. Amphibians appeared to have a more distinctive assemblage in headmost areas than plant species. Results suggest that assemblages of plants and amphibians in these basins are distinct from both larger-order riparian assemblages and from vegetation in surrounding hillslopes. Riparian management designs could take these spatial patterns and habitat associations into account to maintain the ecological integrity of headwater communities. The longitudinal and lateral extents of landscape areas managed to minimize risk to persistence of zero-order basin plant and amphibian assemblages would need to incorporate both fluvial and hillslope disturbance regimes, and microhabitat features associated with them. Title: Plant and amphibian assemblages in zero-order basins in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Sheridan, Chris D. We have a poor understanding of the biotic communities in zero-order basins, drainages extending from ridgelines to the initiation of first-order streams. This study describes baseline plant and amphibian composition in unmanaged zero-order basins in the Oregon Coast Range. Specifically, I studied: i) the spatial distribution and diversity of species, including riparian-associates; and ii) the dominant environmental, spatial and geomorphic gradients in species composition The results of this research have implications for riparian management in steep, forested landscapes in the Pacific Northwest. The composition of tree and shrub layers in zero-order basins was more similar to upland areas than to larger-order riparian areas. Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and western red cedar had highest basal areas; bigleaf maple had highest hardwood density. Convergent areas (areas collecting surface flow) had significantly lower relative densities than surrounding slopes. I identified 138 forest floor herb, shrub, and seedling tree species in zero-order basins. Gradient analysis and empirical modeling suggested that the composition of forest floor plant assemblages was associated with environmental parameters related to geomorphic position and overstory characteristics, such as distance from basin center, basin aspect and overstory relative density. Vegetation types, developed using classification, followed similar environmental patterns. Vegetation types were useful in clarifying environmental gradients acting on groups of plant species, and in delineating the lateral extent of geomorphic and fluvial influences. Riparian-associated vegetation types were mostly restricted to valley floors and lower slope areas. Geomorphic and lateral surfaces were drivers of environmental gradients in zero-order basins; plant species composition followed these geomorphic gradients. Surfaces close to basin center ("inner gorges"), including valley centers, splash zones, and lower slope areas, supported the highest plant species diversity and most distinct plant assemblages. The spatial distribution patterns of amphibian species and assemblages were characterized along longitudinal and lateral gradients, and relative to three geomorphic surfaces (valleys, headmost areas and slopes), and empirical species-habitat models were developed. I identified eight amphibian species in zero-order basins (865 total captures), and analyzed data for six. Headmost areas supported a distinctive upland amphibian assemblage, while valley floors had the highest riparian amphibian diversity. Captures of three riparian species were higher in valley surfaces, within S m of the center of zero-order basins, while captures of three upland species were highest in areas 2-5 m from center. Upland-associated species were captured two times farther from basin centers than riparian-associated species. The best predictors of amphibian captures in empirical models were geomorphic, stability/ disturbance, moisture and overstory parameters. Ordination and indicator species analysis facilitated characterization of amphibian species assemblages within geomorphic surface zones, and suggested spatial compression of habitats and species in zero-order basins, in comparison to broader spatial extents in larger basins. Plant and amphibian assemblages in unmanaged zero-order basins were most similar to each other in their lateral and geomorphic spatial patterning, including the importance of inner gorge areas for support of diverse communities. Plant species were strongly associated with geomorphic position parameters, while amphibians had stronger ties to discrete microhabitat elements such as moisture levels and large substrate. Amphibians appeared to have a more distinctive assemblage in headmost areas than plant species. Results suggest that assemblages of plants and amphibians in these basins are distinct from both larger-order riparian assemblages and from vegetation in surrounding hillslopes. Riparian management designs could take these spatial patterns and habitat associations into account to maintain the ecological integrity of headwater communities. The longitudinal and lateral extents of landscape areas managed to minimize risk to persistence of zero-order basin plant and amphibian assemblages would need to incorporate both fluvial and hillslope disturbance regimes, and microhabitat features associated with them. Close