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• 41. [Article] Influence of different nitrogen and moisture levels on the expression of grain yield and protein content in selected wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) and barley (Hordeum vulagre, L. em Lam.) cultivars

  This investigation was conducted to provide information regarding 1) the relationship between the nitrogen percentage in the vegetative tissue of wheat and barley at various growth stages with grain protein and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of different nitrogen and moisture levels on the expression of grain yield and protein content in selected wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) and barley (Hordeum vulagre, L. em Lam.) cultivars Author: Gomez-Pando, Luz This investigation was conducted to provide information regarding 1) the relationship between the nitrogen percentage in the vegetative tissue of wheat and barley at various growth stages with grain protein and 2) to evaluate the possible association between grain yield and grain protein as influenced by different cultivars, nitrogen levels and available moisture. Five wheat and four barley cultivars were selected based on their diverse genetic backgrounds and potential differences for the 12 attributes measured. These experimental materials were grown at low and high rainfall sites and under two different nitrogen levels. In wheat a decrease in the percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves was found as the plants developed. The highest values were observed at the boot stage. In contrast, the highest percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves of barley was observed at anthesis. Wheat cultivars which had the greatest genetic potential for grain protein usually had the highest percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves at the boot stage and the lowest percentage in the vegetative tissue at harvest. This was especially true under high rainfall conditions. A similar relationship was found for the barley cultivars. At both experimental sites higher grain yields were accompanied by negative associations with grain protein for wheat. However, for barley no association was found between these two traits at either site or fertility level. Higher grain protein values were found for both wheat and barley at the high rainfall site. Title: Influence of different nitrogen and moisture levels on the expression of grain yield and protein content in selected wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) and barley (Hordeum vulagre, L. em Lam.) cultivars Author: Gomez-Pando, Luz This investigation was conducted to provide information regarding 1) the relationship between the nitrogen percentage in the vegetative tissue of wheat and barley at various growth stages with grain protein and 2) to evaluate the possible association between grain yield and grain protein as influenced by different cultivars, nitrogen levels and available moisture. Five wheat and four barley cultivars were selected based on their diverse genetic backgrounds and potential differences for the 12 attributes measured. These experimental materials were grown at low and high rainfall sites and under two different nitrogen levels. In wheat a decrease in the percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves was found as the plants developed. The highest values were observed at the boot stage. In contrast, the highest percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves of barley was observed at anthesis. Wheat cultivars which had the greatest genetic potential for grain protein usually had the highest percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves at the boot stage and the lowest percentage in the vegetative tissue at harvest. This was especially true under high rainfall conditions. A similar relationship was found for the barley cultivars. At both experimental sites higher grain yields were accompanied by negative associations with grain protein for wheat. However, for barley no association was found between these two traits at either site or fertility level. Higher grain protein values were found for both wheat and barley at the high rainfall site. Close

• 42. [Article] Developing Winter Food Barley for the Pacific Northwest of the US

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America and can be found at: https://dl.sciencesoci...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Developing Winter Food Barley for the Pacific Northwest of the US Author: Kongraksawech, Teepakorn, Meints, Brigid, Cuesta-Marcos, Alfonso, Hayes, Patrick M., Marshall, Juliet M., Fisk, Scott, Ross, Andrew S., Murphy, Kevin This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America and can be found at: https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/cs Title: Developing Winter Food Barley for the Pacific Northwest of the US Author: Kongraksawech, Teepakorn, Meints, Brigid, Cuesta-Marcos, Alfonso, Hayes, Patrick M., Marshall, Juliet M., Fisk, Scott, Ross, Andrew S., Murphy, Kevin This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America and can be found at: https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/cs Close

• 43. [Article] Yield and quality of cereals for winter silage production

  A field study was conducted in 1978 and 1979 at two locations near Corvallis, Oregon, to determine the silage yield and quality of 13 fallsown cereal varieties at two nitrogen fertilizer levels in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Yield and quality of cereals for winter silage production Author: Ben Ali, Mohamed Noureddine A field study was conducted in 1978 and 1979 at two locations near Corvallis, Oregon, to determine the silage yield and quality of 13 fallsown cereal varieties at two nitrogen fertilizer levels in the context of a corn-winter cemal double cropping production system. Data on the yield, crude protein (CP) content, acid and neutral detergent fiber (ADF and NDF) contents were collected on Adair, Casbon and FB 73130 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties, Amity, Cayuse and Grey winter oats (Avena Sativa L.), Abruzi and Kung rye (Secale cereale L.), S-72, Sel N-91 and VT 75-229 Triticale (Triticum X Secale) and Stephens and Yamhill wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) varieties. The statistical analysis of the data gave the following results. Dry matter yields ranged on the average from a high of 8327 kg/ha to a low of 4631 ka/ha. Abruzi rye generally yielded the most dry matter. It was followed by Sel N-91 and VT 75-229 Triticales, Kung rye, S-72 Triticale and the wheat varieties. The barley and oats varieties were generally the lowest producers. Crude protein content was within the range of 6,5 to 10.1 percent of the dry matter. It was on the average highest for FB 73130 barley followed by Casbon barley, Stephens wheat, Adair barley, Yamhill wheat and the Triticale varieties. Acid detergent fiber ranged from 30.8 to 46.4 percent of dry matter. The oats varieties had the lowest ADF values, followed by Stephens and Yamhill wheats, FB 73130 and Adair barleys and VT 75-229 Triticale. The average neutral detergent fiber content for the 13 cereal varieties varied from a low of 50.3 to a high of 69.4 percent of D.M. The oats varieties were generally lowest followed by Stephens and Yamhill wheats, FB 73130 barley, VT 75-229 Triticale, Adair barley and Sel N-91 and S-72 Triticales. Covariance analysis indicated that a strong linear relationship existed between the yield and the quality components of the cereal varieties. When CP, ADF and NDF contents were adjusted for the same yield, it was found that the nitrogen fertilizer effect was no longer significant for either ADF or NDF. Title: Yield and quality of cereals for winter silage production Author: Ben Ali, Mohamed Noureddine A field study was conducted in 1978 and 1979 at two locations near Corvallis, Oregon, to determine the silage yield and quality of 13 fallsown cereal varieties at two nitrogen fertilizer levels in the context of a corn-winter cemal double cropping production system. Data on the yield, crude protein (CP) content, acid and neutral detergent fiber (ADF and NDF) contents were collected on Adair, Casbon and FB 73130 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties, Amity, Cayuse and Grey winter oats (Avena Sativa L.), Abruzi and Kung rye (Secale cereale L.), S-72, Sel N-91 and VT 75-229 Triticale (Triticum X Secale) and Stephens and Yamhill wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) varieties. The statistical analysis of the data gave the following results. Dry matter yields ranged on the average from a high of 8327 kg/ha to a low of 4631 ka/ha. Abruzi rye generally yielded the most dry matter. It was followed by Sel N-91 and VT 75-229 Triticales, Kung rye, S-72 Triticale and the wheat varieties. The barley and oats varieties were generally the lowest producers. Crude protein content was within the range of 6,5 to 10.1 percent of the dry matter. It was on the average highest for FB 73130 barley followed by Casbon barley, Stephens wheat, Adair barley, Yamhill wheat and the Triticale varieties. Acid detergent fiber ranged from 30.8 to 46.4 percent of dry matter. The oats varieties had the lowest ADF values, followed by Stephens and Yamhill wheats, FB 73130 and Adair barleys and VT 75-229 Triticale. The average neutral detergent fiber content for the 13 cereal varieties varied from a low of 50.3 to a high of 69.4 percent of D.M. The oats varieties were generally lowest followed by Stephens and Yamhill wheats, FB 73130 barley, VT 75-229 Triticale, Adair barley and Sel N-91 and S-72 Triticales. Covariance analysis indicated that a strong linear relationship existed between the yield and the quality components of the cereal varieties. When CP, ADF and NDF contents were adjusted for the same yield, it was found that the nitrogen fertilizer effect was no longer significant for either ADF or NDF. Close

• 44. [Article] Estimating plant-available nitrogen release from cover crops

  Published November 2012. Reviewed October 2016. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating plant-available nitrogen release from cover crops Author: Andrews, N. (Nick), Oregon State University. Extension Service, Sullivan, Dan M. (Dan Matthew), 1954- Published November 2012. Reviewed October 2016. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Estimating plant-available nitrogen release from cover crops Author: Andrews, N. (Nick), Oregon State University. Extension Service, Sullivan, Dan M. (Dan Matthew), 1954- Published November 2012. Reviewed October 2016. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 45. [Article] Economic evaluation of different cropping patterns under irrigated agriculture : a multidisciplinary approach

  The purpose of this study is to determine the socioeconomic factors which influence the profitability and adoption of new cropping patterns, and to recommend suitable measures to enhance the crop diversification program ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic evaluation of different cropping patterns under irrigated agriculture : a multidisciplinary approach Author: Mahrouf, Abdul R. M. The purpose of this study is to determine the socioeconomic factors which influence the profitability and adoption of new cropping patterns, and to recommend suitable measures to enhance the crop diversification program in Mahaweli System B, Sri Lanka. The adoption of new cropping patterns is determined by a number of interrelated and mutually reinforcing factors. Hence, a multidisciplinary approach is used in this study to apprehend the different attributes of the new cropping patterns and farmers' decision making environment. The analytical methods include Marginal Cost-Benefit Analysis, Multivariate Analysis of Variance, Factor Analysis and Logit Probability Model. The results from the different techniques are generally in close agreement and complement each other. Results of the Marginal Cost- Benefit Analysis indicates that an increase in current crop yields and output prices may be necessary to increase the profitability of new cropping patterns to a recommendable level. Analysis of the farmers' beliefs suggests that adopters of the new cropping patterns have more positive beliefs towards the profitability and adoption of new cropping patterns when compared to nonadopters. Factor Analysis shows that there is a wide variation between the adopters and non-adopters, and also across the different locations with respect to farm-level variables. The analysis demonstrated that the information provided by 17 selected farm-level variables may be explained by four factors; namely, management factor, social factor, farm resource factor and farm stability factor. The variables highly loaded with the stability factor (number of years of residence, amount of loan obtained for farming, irrigation condition and percentage of rice produced allocated for consumption) are closely associated with the adoption rate. A logit probability model indicates that availability of farm loans significantly increases the probability of the adoption of new cropping patterns. The study results show that the crop yield, output prices, availability of farm loans and farmer beliefs, are the dominant factors which influence the adoption of new cropping patterns. Title: Economic evaluation of different cropping patterns under irrigated agriculture : a multidisciplinary approach Author: Mahrouf, Abdul R. M. The purpose of this study is to determine the socioeconomic factors which influence the profitability and adoption of new cropping patterns, and to recommend suitable measures to enhance the crop diversification program in Mahaweli System B, Sri Lanka. The adoption of new cropping patterns is determined by a number of interrelated and mutually reinforcing factors. Hence, a multidisciplinary approach is used in this study to apprehend the different attributes of the new cropping patterns and farmers' decision making environment. The analytical methods include Marginal Cost-Benefit Analysis, Multivariate Analysis of Variance, Factor Analysis and Logit Probability Model. The results from the different techniques are generally in close agreement and complement each other. Results of the Marginal Cost- Benefit Analysis indicates that an increase in current crop yields and output prices may be necessary to increase the profitability of new cropping patterns to a recommendable level. Analysis of the farmers' beliefs suggests that adopters of the new cropping patterns have more positive beliefs towards the profitability and adoption of new cropping patterns when compared to nonadopters. Factor Analysis shows that there is a wide variation between the adopters and non-adopters, and also across the different locations with respect to farm-level variables. The analysis demonstrated that the information provided by 17 selected farm-level variables may be explained by four factors; namely, management factor, social factor, farm resource factor and farm stability factor. The variables highly loaded with the stability factor (number of years of residence, amount of loan obtained for farming, irrigation condition and percentage of rice produced allocated for consumption) are closely associated with the adoption rate. A logit probability model indicates that availability of farm loans significantly increases the probability of the adoption of new cropping patterns. The study results show that the crop yield, output prices, availability of farm loans and farmer beliefs, are the dominant factors which influence the adoption of new cropping patterns. Close

• 46. [Article] Effect of several apple rootstocks on growth, yield components and leaf area estimates on "Starkspur Supreme Delicious" trees

  Growth, yield components and leaf area were evaluated on 'Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple on nine rootstocks: MAC 24, EMLA 7, EMLA 26, OAR 1, MAC 9, 0.3, EMLA 9, M 9, and EMLA 27. Estimates of planting ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of several apple rootstocks on growth, yield components and leaf area estimates on "Starkspur Supreme Delicious" trees Author: Siller-Cepeda, Jorge H. Growth, yield components and leaf area were evaluated on 'Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple on nine rootstocks: MAC 24, EMLA 7, EMLA 26, OAR 1, MAC 9, 0.3, EMLA 9, M 9, and EMLA 27. Estimates of planting density based on growth, estimates of leaf area based on four independent variables and the relationships among yield components, fruit quality, growth and leaf area were investigated during 1985. Tree height, tree spread and trunk cross sectional area were highest for trees on MAC 24 followed for EMLA 7 while trees on EMLA 26, OAR 1, MAC 9, 0.3, EMLA 9 and M 9 were less in these values in descending order, with the most dwarfing on EMLA 27. Estimates of planting densities indicated higher densities with tree canopy spread than TCSA based on standard trees of the age except on EMLA 27. The densities for trees on MAC 24 and EMLA 7 were estimated 426 and 496 trees/ha. respectively, while for the rootstocks with intermediate size ranged from 700 to 1000 trees/ha. The highest density was for EMLA 27 with 1824 trees/ha. Flower cluster, fruit number, yield and leaf area were highest in the least size controlling rootstocks MAC 24 and EMLA 7, and in general these were a function of tree size. MAC 9 had the highest flowering density, crop density and yield efficiency followed by 0.3, EMLA 26 and EMLA 9. Potential yields based on the estimated planting density were also highest for MAC 9. Fruit on OAR 1 had greatest soluble solids, firmest at harvest, but were the smallest. Fruit on EMLA 7 which had the lowest soluble solids were largest. A negative correlation between flowering density and fruit set among the rootstocks was found. Crop density influenced fruit size and weight. Fruit on EMLA 7, MAC 24 and EMLA 9 were the largest but these trees had the lowest crop density. There was a high correlation of fruit number with yield indicating this was the main component of yield. The leaf-fruit ratio was negatively correlated with flowering density, crop density and yield efficiency and the ratio was lowest on the more efficient rootstocks MAC 9, 0.3 and M 9 while those of MAC 24 and EMLA 7 were highest. No differences were seen among the regression lines of leaf area and 4 independent variables obtained from trees on various rootstocks and within rootstock. Fresh weight was the best estimate of leaf area but because of greater speed and simplicity, branch cross sectional area was chosen to predict leaf area. Total leaf area per tree decreased from the least size controlling rootstocks to the most dwarfing rootstocks. Tree leaf area index ranged from 1.69 in MAC 24 to 0.87 in 0.3, but it did not always increase proportionately to tree size. Orchard leaf area index from estimated planting densities showed low values in all rootstocks but a slight increase with the tree size. This indicated that trees at the estimated densities are not intercepting the maximum quantity of light. Title: Effect of several apple rootstocks on growth, yield components and leaf area estimates on "Starkspur Supreme Delicious" trees Author: Siller-Cepeda, Jorge H. Growth, yield components and leaf area were evaluated on 'Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple on nine rootstocks: MAC 24, EMLA 7, EMLA 26, OAR 1, MAC 9, 0.3, EMLA 9, M 9, and EMLA 27. Estimates of planting density based on growth, estimates of leaf area based on four independent variables and the relationships among yield components, fruit quality, growth and leaf area were investigated during 1985. Tree height, tree spread and trunk cross sectional area were highest for trees on MAC 24 followed for EMLA 7 while trees on EMLA 26, OAR 1, MAC 9, 0.3, EMLA 9 and M 9 were less in these values in descending order, with the most dwarfing on EMLA 27. Estimates of planting densities indicated higher densities with tree canopy spread than TCSA based on standard trees of the age except on EMLA 27. The densities for trees on MAC 24 and EMLA 7 were estimated 426 and 496 trees/ha. respectively, while for the rootstocks with intermediate size ranged from 700 to 1000 trees/ha. The highest density was for EMLA 27 with 1824 trees/ha. Flower cluster, fruit number, yield and leaf area were highest in the least size controlling rootstocks MAC 24 and EMLA 7, and in general these were a function of tree size. MAC 9 had the highest flowering density, crop density and yield efficiency followed by 0.3, EMLA 26 and EMLA 9. Potential yields based on the estimated planting density were also highest for MAC 9. Fruit on OAR 1 had greatest soluble solids, firmest at harvest, but were the smallest. Fruit on EMLA 7 which had the lowest soluble solids were largest. A negative correlation between flowering density and fruit set among the rootstocks was found. Crop density influenced fruit size and weight. Fruit on EMLA 7, MAC 24 and EMLA 9 were the largest but these trees had the lowest crop density. There was a high correlation of fruit number with yield indicating this was the main component of yield. The leaf-fruit ratio was negatively correlated with flowering density, crop density and yield efficiency and the ratio was lowest on the more efficient rootstocks MAC 9, 0.3 and M 9 while those of MAC 24 and EMLA 7 were highest. No differences were seen among the regression lines of leaf area and 4 independent variables obtained from trees on various rootstocks and within rootstock. Fresh weight was the best estimate of leaf area but because of greater speed and simplicity, branch cross sectional area was chosen to predict leaf area. Total leaf area per tree decreased from the least size controlling rootstocks to the most dwarfing rootstocks. Tree leaf area index ranged from 1.69 in MAC 24 to 0.87 in 0.3, but it did not always increase proportionately to tree size. Orchard leaf area index from estimated planting densities showed low values in all rootstocks but a slight increase with the tree size. This indicated that trees at the estimated densities are not intercepting the maximum quantity of light. Close

• 47. [Article] Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) to metribuzin and ethyl metribuzin

  Downy brome (Bromus tectorum. L.), a serious grass weed in eastern Oregon can be partially controlled in wheat by metribuzin [4-amino-6-tertbutyl- 3-(methylthio)-as triazin -5(4H)-one]. However, cultivars ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) to metribuzin and ethyl metribuzin Author: Munir, Muhammad Downy brome (Bromus tectorum. L.), a serious grass weed in eastern Oregon can be partially controlled in wheat by metribuzin [4-amino-6-tertbutyl- 3-(methylthio)-as triazin -5(4H)-one]. However, cultivars of many crops Lave been reported to differ in their level of tolerance to metribuzin. This lack of tolerance has led to the investigation of other compounds, such as the ethylthio analog of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyI-3-(ethylthio)-as-triazin- 5(4H)-on], for selective control of downy brome in wheat. Greenhouse and growth chamber experiments on wheat, growing in soil or nutrient solution showed that: 1) GR50 values for Stephens, Hill 81, Yanahill, and Malcolm in soil were 0.41, 0.23, 0.25, and 0.44 kg/ha, respectively, for metribuzin and 1.89, 1.29, 1.37, and 1.97 kg/ha, respectively, for ethyl metribuzin; 2) GR50 values for these cultivars in nutrient solution were 3.26, 1.17, 1.32, and 3.87 uM, respectively, for metribuzin and 12.69, 7.20, 7.19, and 13.41 uM, respectively, for ethyl metribuzin; 3) Uptake of both herbicides.; by wheat was through the roots; 4) Cultivars did not show any differences in herbicide absorption from the nutrient solution. Therefore, differences in varietal tolerance may be are due to biochemical or physiological reasons, but are not due to differences in herbicide uptake. Increased growth at lower concentrations of these herbicides was observed in all cultivars studied. Metribuzin was five times more active than ethyl metribuzin. Both of these herbicides can be applied as an early postemergence treatment at the 3 leaf stage of wheat for effective control of downy brome. Yield components of the four cultivars were measured in response to metribuzin and ethyl metribuzin at two ecologically different sites. The susceptible cultivars (Hill 81 and Yamhill) showed greater injury in the lighter soils with high pH and lower organic matter content. Visual estimates of crop injury were generally higher than the actual reduction in final yield. Crop injury ratings up to 25% generally did not show a significant reduction in final grain yield. A positive correlation between protein content and concentration of these herbicides was noted. A study on the joint action of these two herbicides in the field and greenhouse showed that the combination of the two, increased the control of downy brome at lower rates. Their combined action was studied by using Colby's method and isobole method of Tammes. The reaction was calculated as additive. Downy brome was 8, 5, 5, and 9 times more sensitive to metribuzin and 6, 4, 4, and 6, times more sensitive to ethyl metribuzin than were the cultivars Stephens, Hill 81, Yamhill, and Malcolm, respectively. The use of these two herbicides to control downy brome in the cultivars Hill 81 and Yamhill should be avoided unless careful attention is given to soil properties and environmental conditions. Title: Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) to metribuzin and ethyl metribuzin Author: Munir, Muhammad Downy brome (Bromus tectorum. L.), a serious grass weed in eastern Oregon can be partially controlled in wheat by metribuzin [4-amino-6-tertbutyl- 3-(methylthio)-as triazin -5(4H)-one]. However, cultivars of many crops Lave been reported to differ in their level of tolerance to metribuzin. This lack of tolerance has led to the investigation of other compounds, such as the ethylthio analog of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyI-3-(ethylthio)-as-triazin- 5(4H)-on], for selective control of downy brome in wheat. Greenhouse and growth chamber experiments on wheat, growing in soil or nutrient solution showed that: 1) GR50 values for Stephens, Hill 81, Yanahill, and Malcolm in soil were 0.41, 0.23, 0.25, and 0.44 kg/ha, respectively, for metribuzin and 1.89, 1.29, 1.37, and 1.97 kg/ha, respectively, for ethyl metribuzin; 2) GR50 values for these cultivars in nutrient solution were 3.26, 1.17, 1.32, and 3.87 uM, respectively, for metribuzin and 12.69, 7.20, 7.19, and 13.41 uM, respectively, for ethyl metribuzin; 3) Uptake of both herbicides.; by wheat was through the roots; 4) Cultivars did not show any differences in herbicide absorption from the nutrient solution. Therefore, differences in varietal tolerance may be are due to biochemical or physiological reasons, but are not due to differences in herbicide uptake. Increased growth at lower concentrations of these herbicides was observed in all cultivars studied. Metribuzin was five times more active than ethyl metribuzin. Both of these herbicides can be applied as an early postemergence treatment at the 3 leaf stage of wheat for effective control of downy brome. Yield components of the four cultivars were measured in response to metribuzin and ethyl metribuzin at two ecologically different sites. The susceptible cultivars (Hill 81 and Yamhill) showed greater injury in the lighter soils with high pH and lower organic matter content. Visual estimates of crop injury were generally higher than the actual reduction in final yield. Crop injury ratings up to 25% generally did not show a significant reduction in final grain yield. A positive correlation between protein content and concentration of these herbicides was noted. A study on the joint action of these two herbicides in the field and greenhouse showed that the combination of the two, increased the control of downy brome at lower rates. Their combined action was studied by using Colby's method and isobole method of Tammes. The reaction was calculated as additive. Downy brome was 8, 5, 5, and 9 times more sensitive to metribuzin and 6, 4, 4, and 6, times more sensitive to ethyl metribuzin than were the cultivars Stephens, Hill 81, Yamhill, and Malcolm, respectively. The use of these two herbicides to control downy brome in the cultivars Hill 81 and Yamhill should be avoided unless careful attention is given to soil properties and environmental conditions. Close

• 48. [Article] Performance of Leucaena, sorghum or cowpea and resource sharing in an agrisilviculture system in semi-arid India

  In an agrisilviculture system, trees and crops compete for above and below ground resources. This study aimed at quantifying the effect of shoot pruning and root barriers around pollarded trees on the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Performance of Leucaena, sorghum or cowpea and resource sharing in an agrisilviculture system in semi-arid India Author: Osman, Mohammed, 1960- In an agrisilviculture system, trees and crops compete for above and below ground resources. This study aimed at quantifying the effect of shoot pruning and root barriers around pollarded trees on the production of crop and tree components with and without application of fertilizer to the crop. Sorghum (1991 & 1992) and cowpea (1993 & 1994) were grown as intercrops with Lezicaena trees on a shallow red soil (alfisol) under rain fed conditions at Hyderabad, India. Crops grown with pruned trees had higher leaf area index and dry matter than did those with unpruned trees. The grain yield of sorghum was 76% and 39% of the pure crop yield (1553 kg ha⁻¹) with pruned and unpruned trees with no root barriers. The corresponding values for cowpea were 49% and 26% of the pure crop yield (1075 kg ha⁻¹). Intercropped sorghum and cowpea responded to fertilizer application more strongly than their respective pure crops, suggesting a need for fertilizer application in an agrisilvi-system. impact of root bamers was not significant on either crop. The study suggested that competition for light was stronger than for soil water. Straw and grain yield of sorghum, and dry matter yield of cowpea were found to be roughly proportional to the amount of light intercepted by the crop at harvest. Pruning of trees twice during the cropping season reduced tree diameter growth and branch and foliage yield compared to no pruning. Unpruned trees yielded 5643 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ of branches and foliage compared to 2028 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ by pruned trees. Pruning eliminated litter fall and nutrient input to the soil nutrient pool because pruned material was utilized as fodder. Unpruned trees contributed 103 kg of nitrogen and 6.4 kg of phosphorus per hectare annually to the soil nutrient pool through litter fall. During the cropping season, soil water content was higher near the surface in tree plots compared to pure crop plots. Tree transpiration declined only after more than half of the leaf area was removed. Pruning of roots to a depth of 60 cm caused no decline in transpiration suggesting trees can draw water equally well from deeper or shallow soil layers. The study highlighted the competitive interaction between trees and crops. The agrisilvi-system produced about 50% more biomass with unpruned trees than with pure crop or pure tree. Based on cash value (fodder yield equivalent) it would require 1.55 times as much land if trees and crops were grown separately compared to agrisilvi-system with unpruned trees. Soil nitrogen economy and stability of fodder and fuelwood production can be achieved with pollarded-unpruned leucaena trees in an agrisilvi-system but grain crop yields are severely depressed. Thus, there was little advantage of the agrisilvi-system over pure cropping for meeting the present and increasing demand of food production. For this agrisilvi-system to be adopted by subsistence farmers in India further refinements must be developed so that crop yields are maintained. Title: Performance of Leucaena, sorghum or cowpea and resource sharing in an agrisilviculture system in semi-arid India Author: Osman, Mohammed, 1960- In an agrisilviculture system, trees and crops compete for above and below ground resources. This study aimed at quantifying the effect of shoot pruning and root barriers around pollarded trees on the production of crop and tree components with and without application of fertilizer to the crop. Sorghum (1991 & 1992) and cowpea (1993 & 1994) were grown as intercrops with Lezicaena trees on a shallow red soil (alfisol) under rain fed conditions at Hyderabad, India. Crops grown with pruned trees had higher leaf area index and dry matter than did those with unpruned trees. The grain yield of sorghum was 76% and 39% of the pure crop yield (1553 kg ha⁻¹) with pruned and unpruned trees with no root barriers. The corresponding values for cowpea were 49% and 26% of the pure crop yield (1075 kg ha⁻¹). Intercropped sorghum and cowpea responded to fertilizer application more strongly than their respective pure crops, suggesting a need for fertilizer application in an agrisilvi-system. impact of root bamers was not significant on either crop. The study suggested that competition for light was stronger than for soil water. Straw and grain yield of sorghum, and dry matter yield of cowpea were found to be roughly proportional to the amount of light intercepted by the crop at harvest. Pruning of trees twice during the cropping season reduced tree diameter growth and branch and foliage yield compared to no pruning. Unpruned trees yielded 5643 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ of branches and foliage compared to 2028 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ by pruned trees. Pruning eliminated litter fall and nutrient input to the soil nutrient pool because pruned material was utilized as fodder. Unpruned trees contributed 103 kg of nitrogen and 6.4 kg of phosphorus per hectare annually to the soil nutrient pool through litter fall. During the cropping season, soil water content was higher near the surface in tree plots compared to pure crop plots. Tree transpiration declined only after more than half of the leaf area was removed. Pruning of roots to a depth of 60 cm caused no decline in transpiration suggesting trees can draw water equally well from deeper or shallow soil layers. The study highlighted the competitive interaction between trees and crops. The agrisilvi-system produced about 50% more biomass with unpruned trees than with pure crop or pure tree. Based on cash value (fodder yield equivalent) it would require 1.55 times as much land if trees and crops were grown separately compared to agrisilvi-system with unpruned trees. Soil nitrogen economy and stability of fodder and fuelwood production can be achieved with pollarded-unpruned leucaena trees in an agrisilvi-system but grain crop yields are severely depressed. Thus, there was little advantage of the agrisilvi-system over pure cropping for meeting the present and increasing demand of food production. For this agrisilvi-system to be adopted by subsistence farmers in India further refinements must be developed so that crop yields are maintained. Close

• 49. [Article] Observations on the purchase, inspection, and preparation of vegetables for group feeding at certain army air bases

  Since vegetables are of such importance in the nutrition of human beings, it is natural that they should play a large part in Army feeding. They are high in food value. The different kinds vary widely ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Observations on the purchase, inspection, and preparation of vegetables for group feeding at certain army air bases Author: McIntyre, Ethel Mae Since vegetables are of such importance in the nutrition of human beings, it is natural that they should play a large part in Army feeding. They are high in food value. The different kinds vary widely in their energy values; some-- like potatoes--are high in carbohydrates, others--like lettuce and cucumbers-- are low. Fresh or canned they are high in minerals and vitamins, low in protein and fat, and are valuable for bulk and palatability. When purchasing fresh produce it was necessary to know something of quality, appearance, and texture. Quality is made up of many characteristics-- some external, internal, chemical, and physical. Appearance is concerned with shape, color, freedom from blemishes and dirt. Texture contrasts hard or soft, smooth or granular, stringy and fibrous or free from fiber, crisp or flabby, wilted or tough. The flavor of vegetables is due to several constituents: sugar, organic acids, mineral salts, and aromatic compounds. A combination of these gives flavors that make vegetables palatable and attractive. The nutritive value of a given vegetable depends on the part of the plant to be used, as well, as the variety, climate, soil in which it is grown, conditions of storage, and preparation. The leaf, stem, flower, seed, and fruit are all edible parts. When purchasing vegetables for the Army it was well to know that the initial price was by no means the ultimate cost as there was a wide margin between the cost as purchased and edible-portion cost. Waste in preparation, storage, and losses in the cooking of highly perishable produce would cost six cents per pound as purchased and thirty cents per pound edible portion. The condition of the vegetables when delivered has a great influence on the probable yield. When purchasing canned vegetables, grades were used as purchasing guides. Samples of each grade of produce were requested for testing to find out if the product was satisfactory. The highest grade was not purchased for general use; Grade B or Standard was acceptable for the Army mess. Fresh and frozen vegetables were used largely in Army camps and fields in the United States. Canned and dehydrated products were to be used in combat areas overseas because they were easy to prepare, there was little or no waste, and the nutritive value was fairly well retained. The problem of storage was not difficult, and shipping space was saved when dehydrated food was shipped because of its lightness and lack of bulk. The Army food purchasing officer needed to be familiar with the local vegetable supply and market center facilities. A knowledge of standardizing, grading, packaging, sorting, and transporting produce was necessary in order to purchase food economically and intelligently. Because of uncertainty of crops due to curtailed planting and harvesting occasioned by labor shortages, it was difficult for producers and distributors to cooperate at all times. The Quartermaster's office arranged with local marketing centers for information on prices, substitutions, and quantities of local produce available, several days in advance, so that suitable substitutions could be made on menus if sufficient fresh vegetables were not obtainable. Inspection of all food on delivery was required, and if low grade or unsatisfactory produce was discovered it was returned to the dealers or an adjustment requested. This was done to determine whether or not supplies met the contract requirements for quality and conditions specified by the Army. Title: Observations on the purchase, inspection, and preparation of vegetables for group feeding at certain army air bases Author: McIntyre, Ethel Mae Since vegetables are of such importance in the nutrition of human beings, it is natural that they should play a large part in Army feeding. They are high in food value. The different kinds vary widely in their energy values; some-- like potatoes--are high in carbohydrates, others--like lettuce and cucumbers-- are low. Fresh or canned they are high in minerals and vitamins, low in protein and fat, and are valuable for bulk and palatability. When purchasing fresh produce it was necessary to know something of quality, appearance, and texture. Quality is made up of many characteristics-- some external, internal, chemical, and physical. Appearance is concerned with shape, color, freedom from blemishes and dirt. Texture contrasts hard or soft, smooth or granular, stringy and fibrous or free from fiber, crisp or flabby, wilted or tough. The flavor of vegetables is due to several constituents: sugar, organic acids, mineral salts, and aromatic compounds. A combination of these gives flavors that make vegetables palatable and attractive. The nutritive value of a given vegetable depends on the part of the plant to be used, as well, as the variety, climate, soil in which it is grown, conditions of storage, and preparation. The leaf, stem, flower, seed, and fruit are all edible parts. When purchasing vegetables for the Army it was well to know that the initial price was by no means the ultimate cost as there was a wide margin between the cost as purchased and edible-portion cost. Waste in preparation, storage, and losses in the cooking of highly perishable produce would cost six cents per pound as purchased and thirty cents per pound edible portion. The condition of the vegetables when delivered has a great influence on the probable yield. When purchasing canned vegetables, grades were used as purchasing guides. Samples of each grade of produce were requested for testing to find out if the product was satisfactory. The highest grade was not purchased for general use; Grade B or Standard was acceptable for the Army mess. Fresh and frozen vegetables were used largely in Army camps and fields in the United States. Canned and dehydrated products were to be used in combat areas overseas because they were easy to prepare, there was little or no waste, and the nutritive value was fairly well retained. The problem of storage was not difficult, and shipping space was saved when dehydrated food was shipped because of its lightness and lack of bulk. The Army food purchasing officer needed to be familiar with the local vegetable supply and market center facilities. A knowledge of standardizing, grading, packaging, sorting, and transporting produce was necessary in order to purchase food economically and intelligently. Because of uncertainty of crops due to curtailed planting and harvesting occasioned by labor shortages, it was difficult for producers and distributors to cooperate at all times. The Quartermaster's office arranged with local marketing centers for information on prices, substitutions, and quantities of local produce available, several days in advance, so that suitable substitutions could be made on menus if sufficient fresh vegetables were not obtainable. Inspection of all food on delivery was required, and if low grade or unsatisfactory produce was discovered it was returned to the dealers or an adjustment requested. This was done to determine whether or not supplies met the contract requirements for quality and conditions specified by the Army. Close

• 50. [Article] Feasibility of developing bread wheat cultivars with acceptable protein content for non-traditional areas

  The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the possibility of developing high yielding wheat cultivars whose flour would result in acceptable loaf volumes for non-traditional bread wheat growing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Feasibility of developing bread wheat cultivars with acceptable protein content for non-traditional areas Author: Lorenzo, Ariel The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the possibility of developing high yielding wheat cultivars whose flour would result in acceptable loaf volumes for non-traditional bread wheat growing areas. Spring wheat germplasm employed included high protein hexaploid derivatives from Triticum dicoccoides, and selections from Argentina with good bread milling and baking properties. Winter wheat materials were from the Oregon State University International Winter x Spring Wheat Improvement Program. Elevated protein content was found not to be a prerequisite in obtaining high loaf volumes. Electrophoretic analysis (SDS-PAGE) of the high molecular weight glutenin subunits, and the sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation (SDSS) test proved to be reliable indicators of protein quality. High molecular weight glutenin banding patterns were independent of environmental factors. Bands 5-10 contributed by the D genome, with either bands 1 or 2* from the A genome and bands 7-8 or 17-18 coded by the B genome, appeared to be the most critical in influencing high loaf volume. For the experimental material used, SDSS values were found to be dependent upon variations in protein content. Five grams wholemeal flour samples with 2% SDS, 10 ml/I of 9.6% lactate solution and a reading time of 30 minutes provided the best combination to discriminate between lines with high or low loaf volume. Grain yield was found to be negatively associated with grain protein content in the spring wheat material. In crosses with Argentine lines, high protein "dicoccoides" derivatives, did not contribute major genes for protein content. Grain hardness was found to be a qualitatively inherited trait, and not associated with grain protein content or loaf volume. No single criterion proved of value in improving protein content and grain yield simultaneously, other than delaying selection until later generations. Strong negative associations between harvest index and grain protein content were observed for the winter wheat germplasm. Biological yield and kernel weight were the best selection criteria to improve grain protein without sacrificing grain yield. Early season applications of nitrate nitrogen resulted in a simultaneous increase in protein content and grain yield. Title: Feasibility of developing bread wheat cultivars with acceptable protein content for non-traditional areas Author: Lorenzo, Ariel The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the possibility of developing high yielding wheat cultivars whose flour would result in acceptable loaf volumes for non-traditional bread wheat growing areas. Spring wheat germplasm employed included high protein hexaploid derivatives from Triticum dicoccoides, and selections from Argentina with good bread milling and baking properties. Winter wheat materials were from the Oregon State University International Winter x Spring Wheat Improvement Program. Elevated protein content was found not to be a prerequisite in obtaining high loaf volumes. Electrophoretic analysis (SDS-PAGE) of the high molecular weight glutenin subunits, and the sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation (SDSS) test proved to be reliable indicators of protein quality. High molecular weight glutenin banding patterns were independent of environmental factors. Bands 5-10 contributed by the D genome, with either bands 1 or 2* from the A genome and bands 7-8 or 17-18 coded by the B genome, appeared to be the most critical in influencing high loaf volume. For the experimental material used, SDSS values were found to be dependent upon variations in protein content. Five grams wholemeal flour samples with 2% SDS, 10 ml/I of 9.6% lactate solution and a reading time of 30 minutes provided the best combination to discriminate between lines with high or low loaf volume. Grain yield was found to be negatively associated with grain protein content in the spring wheat material. In crosses with Argentine lines, high protein "dicoccoides" derivatives, did not contribute major genes for protein content. Grain hardness was found to be a qualitatively inherited trait, and not associated with grain protein content or loaf volume. No single criterion proved of value in improving protein content and grain yield simultaneously, other than delaying selection until later generations. Strong negative associations between harvest index and grain protein content were observed for the winter wheat germplasm. Biological yield and kernel weight were the best selection criteria to improve grain protein without sacrificing grain yield. Early season applications of nitrate nitrogen resulted in a simultaneous increase in protein content and grain yield. Close

• 51. [Article] Apoplastic distribution of atrazine and glyphosate in intact sunflower leaves

  Apoplastic distribution patterns of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)- 6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)- glycine], the naturally occurring apoplastic leaf solutes, and the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Apoplastic distribution of atrazine and glyphosate in intact sunflower leaves Author: Jachetta, John Joseph Apoplastic distribution patterns of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)- 6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)- glycine], the naturally occurring apoplastic leaf solutes, and the apoplastic dye PTS (trisodium 3-hydroxy-5,8,10-pyrenetrisulfonate) were compared. Aliquots of sap were expressed from intact sunflower leaves in a pressure chamber over intervals of 0.2 to 0.4 bars. Three distinct fractions were detected in the expressed sap volume; these were tentatively identified as a petiole-midrib fraction, a minor vein-cell wall fraction, and a third fraction comprised of a decreasing minor vein-cell wall fraction and an increasing fraction of membrane-filtered cell sap. Atrazine and the naturally occurring apoplastic solutes were in a slightly higher concentration in the petiole-midrib fraction than in the minor vein-cell wall fraction. The concentration of apoplastic solutes in the third fraction was decreased with each increment of pressure to a value close to deionized water. The concentration of atrazine in the third fraction was the same as the second fraction, indicating that the plasmalemma was not a significant barrier to atrazine movement. The apoplastic distribution of PTS and glyphosate were very similar to each other, showing a marked accumulation in the minor vein-cell wall fraction. Both compounds were diluted with each successive pressure increment to a low value in the third fraction, indicating a resistance to movement into or out of the symplast. The total concentration of atrazine in the apoplast was much lower than glyphosate. Both compounds were in similar concentrations in the symplast. The apparent octanol:water partitioning coefficient for atrazine and glyphosate was determined. These values were comparable to the quotients of the symplastic and apoplastic concentrations for both atrazine and glyphosate. It was suggested that the polar nature and high water solubility of glyphosate were responsible for its slower rate of penetration into the symplast and resulting accumulation in the apoplast. These results support the intermediate permeability hypothesis; that compounds which display the apoplastic transport pattern are freely mobile between the apoplast and symplast. Compounds which are not weak acids and exhibit the symplastic transport pattern penetrate the. symplast slowly, but once absorbed, are retained for long-distance transport. Title: Apoplastic distribution of atrazine and glyphosate in intact sunflower leaves Author: Jachetta, John Joseph Apoplastic distribution patterns of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)- 6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)- glycine], the naturally occurring apoplastic leaf solutes, and the apoplastic dye PTS (trisodium 3-hydroxy-5,8,10-pyrenetrisulfonate) were compared. Aliquots of sap were expressed from intact sunflower leaves in a pressure chamber over intervals of 0.2 to 0.4 bars. Three distinct fractions were detected in the expressed sap volume; these were tentatively identified as a petiole-midrib fraction, a minor vein-cell wall fraction, and a third fraction comprised of a decreasing minor vein-cell wall fraction and an increasing fraction of membrane-filtered cell sap. Atrazine and the naturally occurring apoplastic solutes were in a slightly higher concentration in the petiole-midrib fraction than in the minor vein-cell wall fraction. The concentration of apoplastic solutes in the third fraction was decreased with each increment of pressure to a value close to deionized water. The concentration of atrazine in the third fraction was the same as the second fraction, indicating that the plasmalemma was not a significant barrier to atrazine movement. The apoplastic distribution of PTS and glyphosate were very similar to each other, showing a marked accumulation in the minor vein-cell wall fraction. Both compounds were diluted with each successive pressure increment to a low value in the third fraction, indicating a resistance to movement into or out of the symplast. The total concentration of atrazine in the apoplast was much lower than glyphosate. Both compounds were in similar concentrations in the symplast. The apparent octanol:water partitioning coefficient for atrazine and glyphosate was determined. These values were comparable to the quotients of the symplastic and apoplastic concentrations for both atrazine and glyphosate. It was suggested that the polar nature and high water solubility of glyphosate were responsible for its slower rate of penetration into the symplast and resulting accumulation in the apoplast. These results support the intermediate permeability hypothesis; that compounds which display the apoplastic transport pattern are freely mobile between the apoplast and symplast. Compounds which are not weak acids and exhibit the symplastic transport pattern penetrate the. symplast slowly, but once absorbed, are retained for long-distance transport. Close

• 52. [Article] Reservoir Water Re-allocation and Community Welfare

  Financial support from the QUT Business School and the FRDC (Project 2008 ⁄ 306) is gratefully acknowledged.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reservoir Water Re-allocation and Community Welfare Author: Wilson, Clevo, Kularatne, Mohottala G, Robinson, Tom, Pascoe, Sean Financial support from the QUT Business School and the FRDC (Project 2008 ⁄ 306) is gratefully acknowledged. Title: Reservoir Water Re-allocation and Community Welfare Author: Wilson, Clevo, Kularatne, Mohottala G, Robinson, Tom, Pascoe, Sean Financial support from the QUT Business School and the FRDC (Project 2008 ⁄ 306) is gratefully acknowledged. Close

• 53. [Article] Performance of cultivars, hybrids and composites of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) grown at three locations

  The objective of this study was to compare three genetically different groups of winter wheat for their grain yield. Experimental material consisted of parental lines grown in pure stands, hybrids, and 1:1 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Performance of cultivars, hybrids and composites of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) grown at three locations Author: Verges, Ruben P. The objective of this study was to compare three genetically different groups of winter wheat for their grain yield. Experimental material consisted of parental lines grown in pure stands, hybrids, and 1:1 mixtures of the parental combinations. Three sites were employed to evaluate possible interactions between the different groups across locations. Phenotypic correlations among selected agronomic traits and grain yield within each group along with the expression of heterosis and heterobeltiosis in the hybrids were studied. Results of this investigation support the general conclusion reached by other investigators that hybrids and composites are not consistently superior to the best conventional cultivars of wheat for grain yield. However, at the Moro site, with the greater environmental stresses, some hybrids and composites appeared to yield more than the parental lines grown in pure stands. At Pendleton, the best environment for yield expression, the hybrids and conventional cultivars did not differ for grain yield. At this location, the best hybrids and one composite did significantly outyield the commercial cultivars Stephens, Malcolm and Hill, but not four advanced parental selections when grown in pure stands. Low to moderate values of heterosis and heterobeltiosis for grain yield were found. The degree of expression being affected by the specific growing site. Plant height and the number of kernels per spike showed relatively higher values for heterosis and heterobeltiosis over locations when compared to the other traits. Phenotypic correlations suggested that a breeding program to develop hybrid wheat should combine high number of kernels per spike with high kernel weight. The positive correlation between grain yield and plant height indicated that increases in grain yield could be obtained by increasing plant height if lodging did not present a problem. Title: Performance of cultivars, hybrids and composites of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) grown at three locations Author: Verges, Ruben P. The objective of this study was to compare three genetically different groups of winter wheat for their grain yield. Experimental material consisted of parental lines grown in pure stands, hybrids, and 1:1 mixtures of the parental combinations. Three sites were employed to evaluate possible interactions between the different groups across locations. Phenotypic correlations among selected agronomic traits and grain yield within each group along with the expression of heterosis and heterobeltiosis in the hybrids were studied. Results of this investigation support the general conclusion reached by other investigators that hybrids and composites are not consistently superior to the best conventional cultivars of wheat for grain yield. However, at the Moro site, with the greater environmental stresses, some hybrids and composites appeared to yield more than the parental lines grown in pure stands. At Pendleton, the best environment for yield expression, the hybrids and conventional cultivars did not differ for grain yield. At this location, the best hybrids and one composite did significantly outyield the commercial cultivars Stephens, Malcolm and Hill, but not four advanced parental selections when grown in pure stands. Low to moderate values of heterosis and heterobeltiosis for grain yield were found. The degree of expression being affected by the specific growing site. Plant height and the number of kernels per spike showed relatively higher values for heterosis and heterobeltiosis over locations when compared to the other traits. Phenotypic correlations suggested that a breeding program to develop hybrid wheat should combine high number of kernels per spike with high kernel weight. The positive correlation between grain yield and plant height indicated that increases in grain yield could be obtained by increasing plant height if lodging did not present a problem. Close

• 54. [Article] Effects of value self-confrontation on values and academic performance of undergraduates

  This study investigated the following question: If one wants to be a good student and then compares his/her own values with those of good students, will he/she shift values immediately to resemble those ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of value self-confrontation on values and academic performance of undergraduates Author: Seyfarth, Leonard H. This study investigated the following question: If one wants to be a good student and then compares his/her own values with those of good students, will he/she shift values immediately to resemble those of good students, and later improve academic performance? The investigator drew a sample of 237 volunteers of both sexes from a large general psychology class in a land grant university to provide data. A modified two-group pretest-posttest control group design (Campbell & Stanley, 1966) was utilized. Early in the term, groups of students were administered a three-part questionnaire. Part One, the values pretest, consisted of Rokeach's Value Survey, form E (1976, 1973). Part Two was the high or low level of value self-confrontation treatment. High treatment students (a) saw themselves as good students, and (b) compared their own values with those of previously measured good students in the course. Low treatment students (a) saw themselves as unlike high school students, and (b) compared their own values with good-student values misleadingly labelled as those of high school students. Hence, the two treatments differed only in the mind-set of the students toward the source of the comparison values. Part Three consisted of the immediate values posttest and demographic questions. The academic performance measures were the most recent GPA, and regular midterm and final examinations. The analysis was based on two values which historically had best discriminated between good and mediocre students, being self-controlled (important for good students), and pleasure (less important for good students). Analysis consisted of (a) median test using chi square on the posttest value rankings, and (b) one-way analyses of variance on midterm and final examination scores. For high treatment students, the predicted increase in the importance of being self-controlled occurred, but the predicted decline in the importance of pleasure did not. The predicted improvement in academic performance occurred on the final examination, but not on the midterm. Findings tended to support Rokeach's (1973) concentric, cognitive consistency theory of value and behavior change, and have implications for a more firmly grounded model of values education. Title: Effects of value self-confrontation on values and academic performance of undergraduates Author: Seyfarth, Leonard H. This study investigated the following question: If one wants to be a good student and then compares his/her own values with those of good students, will he/she shift values immediately to resemble those of good students, and later improve academic performance? The investigator drew a sample of 237 volunteers of both sexes from a large general psychology class in a land grant university to provide data. A modified two-group pretest-posttest control group design (Campbell & Stanley, 1966) was utilized. Early in the term, groups of students were administered a three-part questionnaire. Part One, the values pretest, consisted of Rokeach's Value Survey, form E (1976, 1973). Part Two was the high or low level of value self-confrontation treatment. High treatment students (a) saw themselves as good students, and (b) compared their own values with those of previously measured good students in the course. Low treatment students (a) saw themselves as unlike high school students, and (b) compared their own values with good-student values misleadingly labelled as those of high school students. Hence, the two treatments differed only in the mind-set of the students toward the source of the comparison values. Part Three consisted of the immediate values posttest and demographic questions. The academic performance measures were the most recent GPA, and regular midterm and final examinations. The analysis was based on two values which historically had best discriminated between good and mediocre students, being self-controlled (important for good students), and pleasure (less important for good students). Analysis consisted of (a) median test using chi square on the posttest value rankings, and (b) one-way analyses of variance on midterm and final examination scores. For high treatment students, the predicted increase in the importance of being self-controlled occurred, but the predicted decline in the importance of pleasure did not. The predicted improvement in academic performance occurred on the final examination, but not on the midterm. Findings tended to support Rokeach's (1973) concentric, cognitive consistency theory of value and behavior change, and have implications for a more firmly grounded model of values education. Close

• 55. [Article] Two Studies Addressing Practical Needs of Wheat Farmers, Processors, and Breeders : Changes in Falling Number and Alpha-amylase During Grain Storage, and Improved Predictions of Wheat-flour Dough Properties

  Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a globally traded staple food crop. The diverse and pleasing nature of wheat-derived products is a result of the complex interactions of the polymeric components from the wheat ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Two Studies Addressing Practical Needs of Wheat Farmers, Processors, and Breeders : Changes in Falling Number and Alpha-amylase During Grain Storage, and Improved Predictions of Wheat-flour Dough Properties Author: Adams, Mike R. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a globally traded staple food crop. The diverse and pleasing nature of wheat-derived products is a result of the complex interactions of the polymeric components from the wheat endosperm. Changes in the functionality of these polymeric components, as a result of changes in growing conditions or different genetics, impacts market price and end-product quality and directly affects farmers and processors. Wheat is of particular economic importance to the U.S. Pacific Northwest and, specifically, to the state of Oregon. Providing quality wheat for export is paramount to the survival of the Oregon wheat industry. This dissertation focuses on wheat quality from the perspective of serving the practical needs of farmers, processors, and wheat breeders. The first study, split into two portions, concerns pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) and grain storage. PHS increases alpha amylase (αA) activity in wheat, which, in excess, reduces wheat end-product quality. Falling Number (FN) is the primary test used by industry to gauge PHS damage in wheats. Direct measurement of αA activity is the fundamental frame of reference. The objective of these studies was to determine if FN and αA activity of wheat samples changed during storage and if changes were a function of storage time, storage temperature, and degree of PHS damage. Samples from three Idaho locations were used. These captured a wide range of PHS degree, and therefore, wide ranges of FN values and αA activities. Samples were subdivided and stored at -20°C, +20°C, and +40°C. Low FN values and high αA activities were observed in soft wheats from locations that had rain events prior to harvest. Overall, FN and αA activity had the curvilinear relationship expected from the literature, indicating the validity of the sample set with regard to the FN/αA relationship. Changes in FN and αA activity were observed over a 90 day period of grain storage. FN differed between growing environments, wheat varieties, and storage temperatures. αA activity also differed between growing environments and wheat varieties, but not between storage temperatures. Highest rates of increase in FN were observed in hard wheats with high initial (day 0) FN values. Lowest rates of increase in FN were observed in soft wheats with low day 0 FN values. This contrasted with the changes that occurred in αA activity. Decreases in αA activity over storage time were most prevalent in soft wheats, particularly sprouted soft wheats (i.e. those with day 0 αA activities > 0.1 Ceralpha Units: CU). There were small decreases in αA activity in hard wheats but the distinction between high and low αA activity samples was not as evident as in the soft wheats because the vast majority of hard wheat samples tested had αA activities < 0.1 CU. Decreases in αA activity were in general not associated with corresponding increases in FN values over grain storage time. Increases in FN values occurred at a higher rates as storage temperature increased, particularly in hard wheats with high day 0 FN. Grain storage was successful as a way to raise FN values to > 300 s in very few cases. Storage was not effective in decreasing αA activity from > 0.1 CU to < 0.1 CU. Increases in FN over storage time for the hard wheats significantly differed between locations. However, decreases in αA activities over storage time for the hard wheats were not significantly different between locations. This again highlights a lack of correspondence between increased FN and decreased αA activity, suggesting that these two factors are somewhat decoupled when looking at changes in stored grain. Temperature-induced gluten crosslinking was explored as possible explanation for drastic increases in unsprouted hard wheat FN observed in samples from one location. Total polymeric protein (TPP) content was assessed at the end of the study for unsprouted hard wheats stored at +40°C and -20°C as well as sprouted hard wheats from stored at -20°C. TPP content was assessed as % large unextractable polymeric proteins (%LUPP) and % total unextractable polymeric proteins (%TUPP) using size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (HPSEC). TPP content was not significantly different between storage temperatures for wheat varieties from the same location. %TUPP, but not % LUPP, was significantly lower in wheat varieties affected by PHS. Changes in FN at high storage temperature were not likely due to increased protein crosslinking. The second study aimed to validate the use of a rapid method for predicting dough strength at early generations in hard wheat breeding programs. Early generation quality screening improves breeding program efficiency. Hard wheats are used to make leavened bread products. The gluten proteins, particularly high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), form large, ramifying networks called the glutenin macropolymer (GMP). High GMP content is associated with increased dough strength and bread quality. Genetic differences in HMW-GS, and by inference, GMP, are responsible for differing dough properties between varieties. The Mixograph is used to measure dough mixing properties and predict end-product quality in breeding programs. GMP can also be measured as total polymeric protein (TPP) via HPSEC. The Solvent Retention Capacity (SRC) test has been proposed to predict hard wheat quality, specifically lactic acid SRC (LASRC). The objectives of this research were to provide preliminary information on the usefulness of using LASRC, on its own, to predict dough mixing properties, specifically as applied to early generation screening in a wheat breeding program, and to assess the relationship between LASRC and TPP. Wheat samples were categorized by flour protein concentration (FPC). Mixograph analysis was used as the baseline for dough properties and was analyzed both by eye and by the proprietary Mixsmart software. TPP content was assessed as %LUPP and %%TUPP. As a result of redundancy between the two TPP measures, only %LUPP was used for statistical analysis. Dough mixing parameters were slightly better correlated with LASRC than %LUPP. Correlations between LASRC, %LUPP, and dough mixing parameters were different between FPC categories, particularly in low FPC samples. A strict cutoff of 115% LASRC effectively screened out the bottom 10% of low quality hard wheats but retained a nearly equal amount of low quality hard wheats that would have been screened out by mixograph analysis. LASRC and %LUPP are not likely to be effective predictors of dough properties, but may have some value to screen for hard wheat quality in the early generations of a wheat breeding cycle. Title: Two Studies Addressing Practical Needs of Wheat Farmers, Processors, and Breeders : Changes in Falling Number and Alpha-amylase During Grain Storage, and Improved Predictions of Wheat-flour Dough Properties Author: Adams, Mike R. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a globally traded staple food crop. The diverse and pleasing nature of wheat-derived products is a result of the complex interactions of the polymeric components from the wheat endosperm. Changes in the functionality of these polymeric components, as a result of changes in growing conditions or different genetics, impacts market price and end-product quality and directly affects farmers and processors. Wheat is of particular economic importance to the U.S. Pacific Northwest and, specifically, to the state of Oregon. Providing quality wheat for export is paramount to the survival of the Oregon wheat industry. This dissertation focuses on wheat quality from the perspective of serving the practical needs of farmers, processors, and wheat breeders. The first study, split into two portions, concerns pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) and grain storage. PHS increases alpha amylase (αA) activity in wheat, which, in excess, reduces wheat end-product quality. Falling Number (FN) is the primary test used by industry to gauge PHS damage in wheats. Direct measurement of αA activity is the fundamental frame of reference. The objective of these studies was to determine if FN and αA activity of wheat samples changed during storage and if changes were a function of storage time, storage temperature, and degree of PHS damage. Samples from three Idaho locations were used. These captured a wide range of PHS degree, and therefore, wide ranges of FN values and αA activities. Samples were subdivided and stored at -20°C, +20°C, and +40°C. Low FN values and high αA activities were observed in soft wheats from locations that had rain events prior to harvest. Overall, FN and αA activity had the curvilinear relationship expected from the literature, indicating the validity of the sample set with regard to the FN/αA relationship. Changes in FN and αA activity were observed over a 90 day period of grain storage. FN differed between growing environments, wheat varieties, and storage temperatures. αA activity also differed between growing environments and wheat varieties, but not between storage temperatures. Highest rates of increase in FN were observed in hard wheats with high initial (day 0) FN values. Lowest rates of increase in FN were observed in soft wheats with low day 0 FN values. This contrasted with the changes that occurred in αA activity. Decreases in αA activity over storage time were most prevalent in soft wheats, particularly sprouted soft wheats (i.e. those with day 0 αA activities > 0.1 Ceralpha Units: CU). There were small decreases in αA activity in hard wheats but the distinction between high and low αA activity samples was not as evident as in the soft wheats because the vast majority of hard wheat samples tested had αA activities < 0.1 CU. Decreases in αA activity were in general not associated with corresponding increases in FN values over grain storage time. Increases in FN values occurred at a higher rates as storage temperature increased, particularly in hard wheats with high day 0 FN. Grain storage was successful as a way to raise FN values to > 300 s in very few cases. Storage was not effective in decreasing αA activity from > 0.1 CU to < 0.1 CU. Increases in FN over storage time for the hard wheats significantly differed between locations. However, decreases in αA activities over storage time for the hard wheats were not significantly different between locations. This again highlights a lack of correspondence between increased FN and decreased αA activity, suggesting that these two factors are somewhat decoupled when looking at changes in stored grain. Temperature-induced gluten crosslinking was explored as possible explanation for drastic increases in unsprouted hard wheat FN observed in samples from one location. Total polymeric protein (TPP) content was assessed at the end of the study for unsprouted hard wheats stored at +40°C and -20°C as well as sprouted hard wheats from stored at -20°C. TPP content was assessed as % large unextractable polymeric proteins (%LUPP) and % total unextractable polymeric proteins (%TUPP) using size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (HPSEC). TPP content was not significantly different between storage temperatures for wheat varieties from the same location. %TUPP, but not % LUPP, was significantly lower in wheat varieties affected by PHS. Changes in FN at high storage temperature were not likely due to increased protein crosslinking. The second study aimed to validate the use of a rapid method for predicting dough strength at early generations in hard wheat breeding programs. Early generation quality screening improves breeding program efficiency. Hard wheats are used to make leavened bread products. The gluten proteins, particularly high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), form large, ramifying networks called the glutenin macropolymer (GMP). High GMP content is associated with increased dough strength and bread quality. Genetic differences in HMW-GS, and by inference, GMP, are responsible for differing dough properties between varieties. The Mixograph is used to measure dough mixing properties and predict end-product quality in breeding programs. GMP can also be measured as total polymeric protein (TPP) via HPSEC. The Solvent Retention Capacity (SRC) test has been proposed to predict hard wheat quality, specifically lactic acid SRC (LASRC). The objectives of this research were to provide preliminary information on the usefulness of using LASRC, on its own, to predict dough mixing properties, specifically as applied to early generation screening in a wheat breeding program, and to assess the relationship between LASRC and TPP. Wheat samples were categorized by flour protein concentration (FPC). Mixograph analysis was used as the baseline for dough properties and was analyzed both by eye and by the proprietary Mixsmart software. TPP content was assessed as %LUPP and %%TUPP. As a result of redundancy between the two TPP measures, only %LUPP was used for statistical analysis. Dough mixing parameters were slightly better correlated with LASRC than %LUPP. Correlations between LASRC, %LUPP, and dough mixing parameters were different between FPC categories, particularly in low FPC samples. A strict cutoff of 115% LASRC effectively screened out the bottom 10% of low quality hard wheats but retained a nearly equal amount of low quality hard wheats that would have been screened out by mixograph analysis. LASRC and %LUPP are not likely to be effective predictors of dough properties, but may have some value to screen for hard wheat quality in the early generations of a wheat breeding cycle. Close

• 56. [Article] Natural outcrossing in spaced planted F₂ populations and solid seeded advanced generations of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell)

  This study was conducted to investigate the possible contamination of foreign pollen at different stages of a wheat breeding program. These included spaced planted F₂ segregating populations, replicated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Natural outcrossing in spaced planted F₂ populations and solid seeded advanced generations of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) Author: Boinnet, Jerry K. K. This study was conducted to investigate the possible contamination of foreign pollen at different stages of a wheat breeding program. These included spaced planted F₂ segregating populations, replicated yield trials and seed multiplication. The experimental wheat materials consisted of four different F₂ populations, four cultivars and two experimental lines. Two genetic marker lines, Blue Hyslop and Blue Norco were used to determine the amount of possible outcrossing. The pollen of these marker lines carry genetic factors for blue aleurone color, thus the extent of outcrossing (wherever outcrossing had occurred in the experimental populations) could be immediately observed and determined during the same crop season. The mean percent outcrossing recorded was less than 1% in spaced planted F₂ populations, different replicated yield trials and seed multiplication conditions. The highest percentage of outcrossing of 5.6% was observed for a single plant in a spaced planted F₂ population. Under yield trial conditions, the highest percentage of outcrossing of 0.6% was recorded for the cultivar Hill 81 whereas the lowest value of 0.1% was recorded for experimental line SPN/AU/YMH. Under seed multiplication conditions, a sample taken at 0.5 m away from blue aleurone pollen source in low density planting had a mean outcrossing value of 0.5% for the cultivar Jackmar. Pollen load of marker lines relative to that of all entries in low seeding rate was high, consequently, the low seeding rate had higher levels of outcrossing than the high seeding rate. No significant effect on outcrossing was observed for Seeding rate x Entry interaction. However, effects of entry and sampling distance on outcrossing were significant. As sampling distance increased from the blue aleurone pollen source, the level of outcrossing decreased. Low positive correlation of 0.12 and 0.14 existed between outcrossing and plant height and tillers per linear meter respectively. Correlation of 0.70 was found between natural outcrossing and wind velocity. Results of this study suggest that outcrossing can occur in all stages of a breeding program. The results also indicate that an isolation distance of 2 m established for multiplication of registered and certified seed in the certification program of Oregon State University might not be adequate especially for such cuitivars as Jackmar and Hill 81. Furthermore, the level of outcrossing detected was high enough to distort and perhaps alter the genetic identity and integrity of the breeding material. A similar problem will exist if care is not exercised when growing valuable wheat germplasm in various collection centers. Title: Natural outcrossing in spaced planted F₂ populations and solid seeded advanced generations of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) Author: Boinnet, Jerry K. K. This study was conducted to investigate the possible contamination of foreign pollen at different stages of a wheat breeding program. These included spaced planted F₂ segregating populations, replicated yield trials and seed multiplication. The experimental wheat materials consisted of four different F₂ populations, four cultivars and two experimental lines. Two genetic marker lines, Blue Hyslop and Blue Norco were used to determine the amount of possible outcrossing. The pollen of these marker lines carry genetic factors for blue aleurone color, thus the extent of outcrossing (wherever outcrossing had occurred in the experimental populations) could be immediately observed and determined during the same crop season. The mean percent outcrossing recorded was less than 1% in spaced planted F₂ populations, different replicated yield trials and seed multiplication conditions. The highest percentage of outcrossing of 5.6% was observed for a single plant in a spaced planted F₂ population. Under yield trial conditions, the highest percentage of outcrossing of 0.6% was recorded for the cultivar Hill 81 whereas the lowest value of 0.1% was recorded for experimental line SPN/AU/YMH. Under seed multiplication conditions, a sample taken at 0.5 m away from blue aleurone pollen source in low density planting had a mean outcrossing value of 0.5% for the cultivar Jackmar. Pollen load of marker lines relative to that of all entries in low seeding rate was high, consequently, the low seeding rate had higher levels of outcrossing than the high seeding rate. No significant effect on outcrossing was observed for Seeding rate x Entry interaction. However, effects of entry and sampling distance on outcrossing were significant. As sampling distance increased from the blue aleurone pollen source, the level of outcrossing decreased. Low positive correlation of 0.12 and 0.14 existed between outcrossing and plant height and tillers per linear meter respectively. Correlation of 0.70 was found between natural outcrossing and wind velocity. Results of this study suggest that outcrossing can occur in all stages of a breeding program. The results also indicate that an isolation distance of 2 m established for multiplication of registered and certified seed in the certification program of Oregon State University might not be adequate especially for such cuitivars as Jackmar and Hill 81. Furthermore, the level of outcrossing detected was high enough to distort and perhaps alter the genetic identity and integrity of the breeding material. A similar problem will exist if care is not exercised when growing valuable wheat germplasm in various collection centers. Close

• 57. [Article] Effect of lot size on lot uniformity in Lolium spp. seed

  Studies were conducted to determine the uniformity of three commercial seed lots of ryegrass (Lolium spp.) and the effects of lot size on lot uniformity. Individual bag-samples were taken from each seed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of lot size on lot uniformity in Lolium spp. seed Author: Cook, Ronald Lawrence Studies were conducted to determine the uniformity of three commercial seed lots of ryegrass (Lolium spp.) and the effects of lot size on lot uniformity. Individual bag-samples were taken from each seed lot. Factors considered were percentage purity, annual ryegrass, perennial ryegrass, weed, other crop, inert matter, and germination. Number of rattail fescue (Festuca myuros) seeds and number of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) seeds in a purity sample were counted, and number of noxious weed seeds were also totaled. Uniformity in 30,000 kilogram lots was measured by an H-test, heterogeneity value, state seed law labeling tolerance tables, and by a Chi-square test for homogeneity of a binomial distribution on each sub-lot. Subdivisionsof each seed lot were examined for uniformity by use of an analysis of variance test. The analysis used within sublot variance of lot size approximately 1,500 kilograms as an acceptable level of variation and used an analysis of variance test to examine variance among sub-lots of approximate size 1,500, 3,000, 6,000, and 12,000 kilograms. The greatest potential for violation in labeling and nonuniformity in ryegrass seed lots was found in percentage perennial ryegrass and annual ryegrass factors calculated by formula from fluorescence. Changing seed lot size had no effect on lot uniformity. Reducing the lot size below the current 24,947 kilogram limit did not significantly reduce the number of violations in labeling. Fewer violations were found in high purity seed lots than in low purity seed lots. Title: Effect of lot size on lot uniformity in Lolium spp. seed Author: Cook, Ronald Lawrence Studies were conducted to determine the uniformity of three commercial seed lots of ryegrass (Lolium spp.) and the effects of lot size on lot uniformity. Individual bag-samples were taken from each seed lot. Factors considered were percentage purity, annual ryegrass, perennial ryegrass, weed, other crop, inert matter, and germination. Number of rattail fescue (Festuca myuros) seeds and number of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) seeds in a purity sample were counted, and number of noxious weed seeds were also totaled. Uniformity in 30,000 kilogram lots was measured by an H-test, heterogeneity value, state seed law labeling tolerance tables, and by a Chi-square test for homogeneity of a binomial distribution on each sub-lot. Subdivisionsof each seed lot were examined for uniformity by use of an analysis of variance test. The analysis used within sublot variance of lot size approximately 1,500 kilograms as an acceptable level of variation and used an analysis of variance test to examine variance among sub-lots of approximate size 1,500, 3,000, 6,000, and 12,000 kilograms. The greatest potential for violation in labeling and nonuniformity in ryegrass seed lots was found in percentage perennial ryegrass and annual ryegrass factors calculated by formula from fluorescence. Changing seed lot size had no effect on lot uniformity. Reducing the lot size below the current 24,947 kilogram limit did not significantly reduce the number of violations in labeling. Fewer violations were found in high purity seed lots than in low purity seed lots. Close

• 58. [Article] Sexual harassment proclivity of men : relationship to values

  The sexual harassment of women by men is a social phenomenon that exists in academia as well as business and industry. It has only recently been recognized as a significant social problem. The purpose ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sexual harassment proclivity of men : relationship to values Author: Olsen, Eric R. The sexual harassment of women by men is a social phenomenon that exists in academia as well as business and industry. It has only recently been recognized as a significant social problem. The purpose of this study was to determine if men who have a high proclivity toward sexual harassment differ in their ranking of personal values from men who have a low proclivity toward sexual harassment. The rationale behind the study was if there is a relationship between personal values and sexual harassment proclivity then values education and exploration may provide an intervention method to reduce sexual harassment. The sample consisted of 100 randomly selected undergraduate male students at Oregon State University. Seventy four percent of the respondents completed two surveys: the Likelihood of Sexually Harassing Scale (LSH) (Pryor, 1987) and the Rokeach Value Survey (1973). The LSH was used to identify two groups of men: those with a high proclivity toward sexual harassment and those with a low proclivity toward sexual harassment. The two groups ranking of values were then compared to determine if a significant difference existed. Data were analyzed using chi-square to test for significant differences between the two groups ranking of values and also test the significance of the phi coefficient to determine if a relationship existed between score on LSH and ranking of values. Results of the study indicated that there is a significant difference between men with a high proclivity and men with a low proclivity toward sexual harassment in their ranking on 5 of 36 values. The low proclivity group ranked equality, honest, loyal, and salvation significantly higher than the high proclivity group. The high proclivity group ranked a comfortable life significantly higher than the low proclivity group. The values ranked significantly higher by the low proclivity group are social values that denote respect for and cooperation with others. The value ranked significantly higher by the high proclivity group is a personal value that denotes a materialistic and self indulgent orientation. Values education or exploration programs that focus on equality, honesty and loyalty may help to reduce sexually harassing behavior. Title: Sexual harassment proclivity of men : relationship to values Author: Olsen, Eric R. The sexual harassment of women by men is a social phenomenon that exists in academia as well as business and industry. It has only recently been recognized as a significant social problem. The purpose of this study was to determine if men who have a high proclivity toward sexual harassment differ in their ranking of personal values from men who have a low proclivity toward sexual harassment. The rationale behind the study was if there is a relationship between personal values and sexual harassment proclivity then values education and exploration may provide an intervention method to reduce sexual harassment. The sample consisted of 100 randomly selected undergraduate male students at Oregon State University. Seventy four percent of the respondents completed two surveys: the Likelihood of Sexually Harassing Scale (LSH) (Pryor, 1987) and the Rokeach Value Survey (1973). The LSH was used to identify two groups of men: those with a high proclivity toward sexual harassment and those with a low proclivity toward sexual harassment. The two groups ranking of values were then compared to determine if a significant difference existed. Data were analyzed using chi-square to test for significant differences between the two groups ranking of values and also test the significance of the phi coefficient to determine if a relationship existed between score on LSH and ranking of values. Results of the study indicated that there is a significant difference between men with a high proclivity and men with a low proclivity toward sexual harassment in their ranking on 5 of 36 values. The low proclivity group ranked equality, honest, loyal, and salvation significantly higher than the high proclivity group. The high proclivity group ranked a comfortable life significantly higher than the low proclivity group. The values ranked significantly higher by the low proclivity group are social values that denote respect for and cooperation with others. The value ranked significantly higher by the high proclivity group is a personal value that denotes a materialistic and self indulgent orientation. Values education or exploration programs that focus on equality, honesty and loyalty may help to reduce sexually harassing behavior. Close

• 59. [Article] Agricultural Classification of Multi-Temporal MODIS Imagery in Northwest Argentina Using Kansas Crop Phenologies

  Subtropical deforestation in Latin America is thought to be driven by demand for agricultural land, particularly to grow soybeans. However, existing remote sensing methods that can differentiate crop types ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agricultural Classification of Multi-Temporal MODIS Imagery in Northwest Argentina Using Kansas Crop Phenologies Author: Keifer, Jarrett Alexander Year: 2014 Subtropical deforestation in Latin America is thought to be driven by demand for agricultural land, particularly to grow soybeans. However, existing remote sensing methods that can differentiate crop types to verify this hypothesis require high spatial or spectral resolution data, or extensive ground truth information to develop training sites, none of which are freely available for much of the world. I developed a new method of crop classification based on the phenological signatures of crops extracted from multi-temporal MODIS vegetation indices. I tested and refined this method using the USDA Cropland Data Layer from Kansas, USA as a reference. I then applied the method to classify crop types for a study site in Pellegrini, Santiago Del Estero, Argentina. The results show that this method is unable to effectively separate summer crops in Pellegrini, but can differentiate summer crops and non-summer crops. Unmet assumptions about agricultural practices are primarily responsible for the ineffective summer crop classification, underlining the need for researchers to have a complete understanding of ground conditions when designing a remote sensing analysis. Title: Agricultural Classification of Multi-Temporal MODIS Imagery in Northwest Argentina Using Kansas Crop Phenologies Author: Keifer, Jarrett Alexander Year: 2014 Subtropical deforestation in Latin America is thought to be driven by demand for agricultural land, particularly to grow soybeans. However, existing remote sensing methods that can differentiate crop types to verify this hypothesis require high spatial or spectral resolution data, or extensive ground truth information to develop training sites, none of which are freely available for much of the world. I developed a new method of crop classification based on the phenological signatures of crops extracted from multi-temporal MODIS vegetation indices. I tested and refined this method using the USDA Cropland Data Layer from Kansas, USA as a reference. I then applied the method to classify crop types for a study site in Pellegrini, Santiago Del Estero, Argentina. The results show that this method is unable to effectively separate summer crops in Pellegrini, but can differentiate summer crops and non-summer crops. Unmet assumptions about agricultural practices are primarily responsible for the ineffective summer crop classification, underlining the need for researchers to have a complete understanding of ground conditions when designing a remote sensing analysis. Close

• 60. [Article] Measuring costs of sequestering carbon in forest stands with different management regimes in western Oregon

  This project was a part of larger work that compared major factors controlling patterns of carbon dynamics in two regions of the globe, the Pacific Northwest, USA and northwestern Russia. It was funded ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Measuring costs of sequestering carbon in forest stands with different management regimes in western Oregon Author: Zyrina, Olga A. This project was a part of larger work that compared major factors controlling patterns of carbon dynamics in two regions of the globe, the Pacific Northwest, USA and northwestern Russia. It was funded through the NASA foundation (grant # NAG5- 6242). Human economic activity is causing the release of pollutants such as carbon dioxide. The increased concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere is thought to cause greenhouse effect, in other words - the warming of the earth and lower atmosphere. Different methods are proposed to reduce concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere. Some involve development of more clean technologies. Some involve reductions in the use of fossil fuels. Another possibility is to store carbon (C) as live biomass. Plants use C for growth and development. Using forests to sequester C is one strategy for mitigating effects of GHG emissions. There are many methods in forestry to grow trees and produce wood products. Some of them include clearcutting, thinning, fertilizing, burning, and partial cutting. This project had three purposes. First, was to investigate the effect of a wide variety of silvicultural treatments on C storage and the economic value of harvested forest products. We measured economic value as soil expectation value. Second, was to use Data Envelopment Analysis to determine the efficient set of treatments, which make up the Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) in terms of C and economic value. Third, was to use the PPF to measure the marginal cost of carbon storage in moving from high SEV and relatively low C storage to lower SEV and relatively high C storage. C storage and timber harvest were simulated using the STANDCARB model for forest types common in north-western Oregon with two tree species, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). Fifty silvicultural regimes were investigated. They included clearcutting with rotations of 50, 70, 90, 110, 130, and 150. Each of the six rotation ages had eight combinations of silvicultural treatments consisting of artificial and natural regeneration, growth enhancement (GE) and thinning. Two partial cutting regimes: group selection and single-tree selection were also used in the analysis. C storage was calculated for every output year of each model run as a sum of live, dead, and stable C. C storage for each silvicultural regime was measured as the average over five full rotations from the steady state portion of the run. The analysis showed that average C increases with rotation age from 335.99 MgC/ha with 50-year rotation with natural regeneration and thinning to 826.36 MgCIha with 150-year rotation with artificial regeneration and GE. The use of artificial regeneration compared to natural regeneration gave a 20-30 MgC/ha improvement for all regimes. The total harvest from thinning and clearcutting over the rotation period averaged for several runs varied from 505.34 m3/ha (with 50-year rotation no treatment) to 1782.24 m3/ha (with 150-year rotation with GE and thinning) The use of artificial compared to natural regeneration gave a 20-50 m3/ha increase in harvest for all regimes. SEV is the present value of net revenues from perpetually growing tree crops following the specified regime. It measures the economic value of each regime. Generally, SEV has a negative correlation with rotation length. Using a 3.5 percent real discount rate, the maximum SEV ($7904.3/hectare) was obtained from 50-year rotation with artificial regeneration, GE and thinning In contrast, SEV for 130-year rotation with artificial regeneration was only $446.68/hectare. Using Data Envelopment Analysis (OnFront software) we found that 8 of the 50 regimes investigated were efficient in their ability to store C and produce economic value. The efficient regimes included 50, 110, 130 and 150-year rotations with artificial regeneration, GE and thinning; 110, 130 and 150-year rotations with natural regeneration, GE and thinning, and the 150-year rotation with natural regeneration and GE. When regimes with GE were excluded, we found 7 efficient regimes: 50 and 150-year rotations with artificial regeneration and thinning, 50, 110, 130 and 150-year rotations with natural regeneration and thinning, and the 150-year rotation with natural regeneration. The marginal cost of C storage is the SEV lost per unit of C due to change in silvicultural regimes that results in increase of average C stored. Marginal cost analysis indicated that marginal cost values were similar for regimes with GE and without. As C storage increased, the marginal cost generally increased. The increase in C storage from 428 MgC/ha to 589 MgC/ha implied a marginal cost of $13.28IMgC. In case of increasing C storage from 683 MgC/ha to 802.7 MgC/ha, the marginal cost would increase to $32.79JMgC. Title: Measuring costs of sequestering carbon in forest stands with different management regimes in western Oregon Author: Zyrina, Olga A. This project was a part of larger work that compared major factors controlling patterns of carbon dynamics in two regions of the globe, the Pacific Northwest, USA and northwestern Russia. It was funded through the NASA foundation (grant # NAG5- 6242). Human economic activity is causing the release of pollutants such as carbon dioxide. The increased concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere is thought to cause greenhouse effect, in other words - the warming of the earth and lower atmosphere. Different methods are proposed to reduce concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere. Some involve development of more clean technologies. Some involve reductions in the use of fossil fuels. Another possibility is to store carbon (C) as live biomass. Plants use C for growth and development. Using forests to sequester C is one strategy for mitigating effects of GHG emissions. There are many methods in forestry to grow trees and produce wood products. Some of them include clearcutting, thinning, fertilizing, burning, and partial cutting. This project had three purposes. First, was to investigate the effect of a wide variety of silvicultural treatments on C storage and the economic value of harvested forest products. We measured economic value as soil expectation value. Second, was to use Data Envelopment Analysis to determine the efficient set of treatments, which make up the Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) in terms of C and economic value. Third, was to use the PPF to measure the marginal cost of carbon storage in moving from high SEV and relatively low C storage to lower SEV and relatively high C storage. C storage and timber harvest were simulated using the STANDCARB model for forest types common in north-western Oregon with two tree species, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). Fifty silvicultural regimes were investigated. They included clearcutting with rotations of 50, 70, 90, 110, 130, and 150. Each of the six rotation ages had eight combinations of silvicultural treatments consisting of artificial and natural regeneration, growth enhancement (GE) and thinning. Two partial cutting regimes: group selection and single-tree selection were also used in the analysis. C storage was calculated for every output year of each model run as a sum of live, dead, and stable C. C storage for each silvicultural regime was measured as the average over five full rotations from the steady state portion of the run. The analysis showed that average C increases with rotation age from 335.99 MgC/ha with 50-year rotation with natural regeneration and thinning to 826.36 MgCIha with 150-year rotation with artificial regeneration and GE. The use of artificial regeneration compared to natural regeneration gave a 20-30 MgC/ha improvement for all regimes. The total harvest from thinning and clearcutting over the rotation period averaged for several runs varied from 505.34 m3/ha (with 50-year rotation no treatment) to 1782.24 m3/ha (with 150-year rotation with GE and thinning) The use of artificial compared to natural regeneration gave a 20-50 m3/ha increase in harvest for all regimes. SEV is the present value of net revenues from perpetually growing tree crops following the specified regime. It measures the economic value of each regime. Generally, SEV has a negative correlation with rotation length. Using a 3.5 percent real discount rate, the maximum SEV ($7904.3/hectare) was obtained from 50-year rotation with artificial regeneration, GE and thinning In contrast, SEV for 130-year rotation with artificial regeneration was only $446.68/hectare. Using Data Envelopment Analysis (OnFront software) we found that 8 of the 50 regimes investigated were efficient in their ability to store C and produce economic value. The efficient regimes included 50, 110, 130 and 150-year rotations with artificial regeneration, GE and thinning; 110, 130 and 150-year rotations with natural regeneration, GE and thinning, and the 150-year rotation with natural regeneration and GE. When regimes with GE were excluded, we found 7 efficient regimes: 50 and 150-year rotations with artificial regeneration and thinning, 50, 110, 130 and 150-year rotations with natural regeneration and thinning, and the 150-year rotation with natural regeneration. The marginal cost of C storage is the SEV lost per unit of C due to change in silvicultural regimes that results in increase of average C stored. Marginal cost analysis indicated that marginal cost values were similar for regimes with GE and without. As C storage increased, the marginal cost generally increased. The increase in C storage from 428 MgC/ha to 589 MgC/ha implied a marginal cost of $13.28IMgC. In case of increasing C storage from 683 MgC/ha to 802.7 MgC/ha, the marginal cost would increase to $32.79JMgC. Close