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• 201. [Article] vol. 3 [Appendix VI] ocr.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: vol. 3 [Appendix VI] ocr.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Title: vol. 3 [Appendix VI] ocr.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Close

• 202. [Article] vol. 3 [Appendix V] ocr.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: vol. 3 [Appendix V] ocr.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Title: vol. 3 [Appendix V] ocr.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Close

• 203. [Article] vol. 3 [Appendix IV-A] ocr.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: vol. 3 [Appendix IV-A] ocr.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Title: vol. 3 [Appendix IV-A] ocr.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Close

• 204. [Article] vol. 3 [Appendix III] ocr.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: vol. 3 [Appendix III] ocr.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Title: vol. 3 [Appendix III] ocr.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Close

• 205. [Article] vol. 3 [Appendices I-II] ocr.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: vol. 3 [Appendices I-II] ocr.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Title: vol. 3 [Appendices I-II] ocr.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Close

• 206. [Article] Vol.2Chapter17F.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vol.2Chapter17F.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Title: Vol.2Chapter17F.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Close

• 207. [Article] Vol.2Chapters17G-17K.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vol.2Chapters17G-17K.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Title: Vol.2Chapters17G-17K.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Close

• 208. [Article] Vol.2Chapter 17C.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vol.2Chapter 17C.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Title: Vol.2Chapter 17C.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Close

• 209. [Article] Vol.2Chapters17D - 17E.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vol.2Chapters17D - 17E.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Title: Vol.2Chapters17D - 17E.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Close

• 210. [Article] Identification and characterization of forest communities and habitat types in and adjacent to the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest

  A total of 23 forest communities have been identified and characterized in a preliminary manner. Data used in formulating the classification had previously been collected on 300 reconnaissance plots located ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Identification and characterization of forest communities and habitat types in and adjacent to the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest Author: Zobel, Donald B., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Dyrness, C. T., University of Washington, Franklin, Jerry F. A total of 23 forest communities have been identified and characterized in a preliminary manner. Data used in formulating the classification had previously been collected on 300 reconnaissance plots located on the H. J. Andrews Forest and surrounding area. Vegetation classification was facilitated by similarity analysis and stand ordination procedures developed by Dr. Will Moir, formerly of Colorado State University. Results of stand ordination indicate the presence of strong moisture and temperature gradients along which forest stands array themselves. Title: Identification and characterization of forest communities and habitat types in and adjacent to the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest Author: Zobel, Donald B., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Dyrness, C. T., University of Washington, Franklin, Jerry F. A total of 23 forest communities have been identified and characterized in a preliminary manner. Data used in formulating the classification had previously been collected on 300 reconnaissance plots located on the H. J. Andrews Forest and surrounding area. Vegetation classification was facilitated by similarity analysis and stand ordination procedures developed by Dr. Will Moir, formerly of Colorado State University. Results of stand ordination indicate the presence of strong moisture and temperature gradients along which forest stands array themselves. Close

• 211. [Article] Determination of coastal changes in Lincoln County, Oregon using aerial photographic interpretation

  In order for proper land use planning to occur in coastal Lincoln County, Oregon, coastal erosion rates should be determined. This has been accomplished by identifying the location of the Lincoln County ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determination of coastal changes in Lincoln County, Oregon using aerial photographic interpretation Author: Smith, Elaine, C. In order for proper land use planning to occur in coastal Lincoln County, Oregon, coastal erosion rates should be determined. This has been accomplished by identifying the location of the Lincoln County coast in 1939, 1959 -, and 1973 and measuring the amount of change occurring between the years. The area was mapped according to three rate categories of erosion (slight, moderate, and severe) or accretion. Erosion rates can be related to geologic, climatic, and oceanographic factors. Geologic influence is most easily determined and gives the most insight for planning decisions. There are several methods of shore protection. These include the use of vegetation, structural means, and/or zoning. Title: Determination of coastal changes in Lincoln County, Oregon using aerial photographic interpretation Author: Smith, Elaine, C. In order for proper land use planning to occur in coastal Lincoln County, Oregon, coastal erosion rates should be determined. This has been accomplished by identifying the location of the Lincoln County coast in 1939, 1959 -, and 1973 and measuring the amount of change occurring between the years. The area was mapped according to three rate categories of erosion (slight, moderate, and severe) or accretion. Erosion rates can be related to geologic, climatic, and oceanographic factors. Geologic influence is most easily determined and gives the most insight for planning decisions. There are several methods of shore protection. These include the use of vegetation, structural means, and/or zoning. Close

• 212. [Article] The Oregon conservation strategy

  The Oregon Conservation Strategy is an ambitious effort to synthesize the best available data, science, and knowledge into a broad vision and conceptual framework for long-term conservation of Oregon’s ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Oregon conservation strategy Author: Oregon. Department of Fish and Wildlife The Oregon Conservation Strategy is an ambitious effort to synthesize the best available data, science, and knowledge into a broad vision and conceptual framework for long-term conservation of Oregon’s native wildlife. It is intended to be a dynamic, living approach that will be adjusted as new information and insights are gained. Therefore the information contained within this archived document may be outdated. Please check for the most recent version of the Oregon Conservation Strategy on the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife website at: http://www.dfw.state.or.us/conservationstrategy/ Title: The Oregon conservation strategy Author: Oregon. Department of Fish and Wildlife The Oregon Conservation Strategy is an ambitious effort to synthesize the best available data, science, and knowledge into a broad vision and conceptual framework for long-term conservation of Oregon’s native wildlife. It is intended to be a dynamic, living approach that will be adjusted as new information and insights are gained. Therefore the information contained within this archived document may be outdated. Please check for the most recent version of the Oregon Conservation Strategy on the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife website at: http://www.dfw.state.or.us/conservationstrategy/ Close

• 213. [Article] Dams and the problem of migratory fishes : a symposium presented before a joint meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Western Division, and the Western Society of Naturalists, held at Stanford University on June 29, 1939...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dams and the problem of migratory fishes : a symposium presented before a joint meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Western Division, and the Western Society of Naturalists, held at Stanford University on June 29, 1939... Author: Holmes, Harlan B., 1898-1975, Chapman, Wilbert McLeod, 1910-1970, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972, Taft, Alan C., Hanson, Harry A., Sumner, Francis Bertody, 1874-1945 Title: Dams and the problem of migratory fishes : a symposium presented before a joint meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Western Division, and the Western Society of Naturalists, held at Stanford University on June 29, 1939... Author: Holmes, Harlan B., 1898-1975, Chapman, Wilbert McLeod, 1910-1970, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972, Taft, Alan C., Hanson, Harry A., Sumner, Francis Bertody, 1874-1945 Close

• 214. [Article] Schrock's bird records for the Siletz/Logsden area of Lincoln County

  There were 5,776 records during 1981-1986 observations, with 99% of these observations during Schrock's systematic 1982-1985 observations. He found 32 waterbird and 99 landbird species. 16% of the waterbird ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Schrock's bird records for the Siletz/Logsden area of Lincoln County Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947-, Schrock, Floyd There were 5,776 records during 1981-1986 observations, with 99% of these observations during Schrock's systematic 1982-1985 observations. He found 32 waterbird and 99 landbird species. 16% of the waterbird species were noted each year during 1982-1985, and 58% of the landbirds were recorded each year. Semimonthly summaries of the observations are given for each species, along with arrival and departure dates. Title: Schrock's bird records for the Siletz/Logsden area of Lincoln County Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947-, Schrock, Floyd There were 5,776 records during 1981-1986 observations, with 99% of these observations during Schrock's systematic 1982-1985 observations. He found 32 waterbird and 99 landbird species. 16% of the waterbird species were noted each year during 1982-1985, and 58% of the landbirds were recorded each year. Semimonthly summaries of the observations are given for each species, along with arrival and departure dates. Close

• 215. [Article] Pilot experiment of forest fertilization during an outbreak of the western spruce budworm in Northeastern Oregon

  Mixed-conifer stands of grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl., Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) were fertilized ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pilot experiment of forest fertilization during an outbreak of the western spruce budworm in Northeastern Oregon Author: Torgersen, T.R., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Wickman, B.E., Mason, Richard R., Paul, H.G. Mixed-conifer stands of grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl., Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) were fertilized with nitrogen and combination treatments of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur to test their effects on trees and associated insects during an outbreak of the western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman). Title: Pilot experiment of forest fertilization during an outbreak of the western spruce budworm in Northeastern Oregon Author: Torgersen, T.R., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Wickman, B.E., Mason, Richard R., Paul, H.G. Mixed-conifer stands of grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl., Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) were fertilized with nitrogen and combination treatments of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur to test their effects on trees and associated insects during an outbreak of the western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman). Close

• 216. [Article] A contingent valuation study of the value of reducing fire hazards to old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest

  A contingent valuation methodology was applied to old-growth forests and critical habitat units for the Northern Spotted Owl in Oregon to esimate the economic value to the public in knowing that rare and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A contingent valuation study of the value of reducing fire hazards to old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest Author: Gregory, Robin (Robin Scott), Gonzalez-Caban, Armando, Loomis, John B. A contingent valuation methodology was applied to old-growth forests and critical habitat units for the Northern Spotted Owl in Oregon to esimate the economic value to the public in knowing that rare and unique ecosystems will be protected from fire for current and future generations. Generalizing to the whole state, the total annual willingness-to-pay of Oregon residents ranges from $49.6 to $99 million. In terms of old-growth forests protected from fire, the value is $28 per acre. Title: A contingent valuation study of the value of reducing fire hazards to old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest Author: Gregory, Robin (Robin Scott), Gonzalez-Caban, Armando, Loomis, John B. A contingent valuation methodology was applied to old-growth forests and critical habitat units for the Northern Spotted Owl in Oregon to esimate the economic value to the public in knowing that rare and unique ecosystems will be protected from fire for current and future generations. Generalizing to the whole state, the total annual willingness-to-pay of Oregon residents ranges from $49.6 to $99 million. In terms of old-growth forests protected from fire, the value is $28 per acre. Close

• 217. [Article] Synthesis of knowledge on the effects of fire and thinning treatments on understory vegetation in U.S. dry forests

  Published September 2009. Reviewed December 2013. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://exten...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Synthesis of knowledge on the effects of fire and thinning treatments on understory vegetation in U.S. dry forests Author: Bartuszevige, Anne M., Kennedy, Patricia L., Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published September 2009. Reviewed December 2013. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Synthesis of knowledge on the effects of fire and thinning treatments on understory vegetation in U.S. dry forests Author: Bartuszevige, Anne M., Kennedy, Patricia L., Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published September 2009. Reviewed December 2013. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 218. [Article] Growth and yield of western larch under controlled levels of stocking in the Blue Mountains of Oregon

  Repeated thinning to five growing-stock levels resulted in widely differing tree sizes and volumes per acre after 30 years. Largest trees but the least cubic-volume yield per acre were produced in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth and yield of western larch under controlled levels of stocking in the Blue Mountains of Oregon Author: Cochran, P.H. Repeated thinning to five growing-stock levels resulted in widely differing tree sizes and volumes per acre after 30 years. Largest trees but the least cubic-volume yield per acre were produced in the heaviest thinning level, whereas highest board-foot yields were found in intermediate thinning levels. partial defoliation by larch casebearer (Coleophora Iaricella Hubner), drought, and top damage from ice occurred, and site trees grew less in height than expected during the 30-year study. Curvilinear increases in periodic annual increments of both basal area and cubic volume generally occurred with increasing stand density, but increments dropped off at the highest stand densities for some periods. Anticipated patterns for these increments were found after fitting a model that included stand density index, height increments of site trees, and dummy variables for periods as independent variables. heavy thinning did not increase the age of culmination of cubic-volume means annual increment as expected. Thinning stands of larch to densities as low as 50 percent of 'normal' results in little loss of basal-area growth, a moderate loss in volume production, and a large increase in tree diameter. Thinning is necessary in many larch stands to maintain vigorous, rapidly growing trees. Title: Growth and yield of western larch under controlled levels of stocking in the Blue Mountains of Oregon Author: Cochran, P.H. Repeated thinning to five growing-stock levels resulted in widely differing tree sizes and volumes per acre after 30 years. Largest trees but the least cubic-volume yield per acre were produced in the heaviest thinning level, whereas highest board-foot yields were found in intermediate thinning levels. partial defoliation by larch casebearer (Coleophora Iaricella Hubner), drought, and top damage from ice occurred, and site trees grew less in height than expected during the 30-year study. Curvilinear increases in periodic annual increments of both basal area and cubic volume generally occurred with increasing stand density, but increments dropped off at the highest stand densities for some periods. Anticipated patterns for these increments were found after fitting a model that included stand density index, height increments of site trees, and dummy variables for periods as independent variables. heavy thinning did not increase the age of culmination of cubic-volume means annual increment as expected. Thinning stands of larch to densities as low as 50 percent of 'normal' results in little loss of basal-area growth, a moderate loss in volume production, and a large increase in tree diameter. Thinning is necessary in many larch stands to maintain vigorous, rapidly growing trees. Close

• 219. [Article] A procedure for estimating the carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems in the former Soviet Union by geographic information system analysis and classification of AVHRR derived Global Vegetation Index

  The purpose of this research was to develop methods for using geographic information system (GIS) analysis and unsupervised classification of Global Vegetation Index (GVI) images to improve carbon budget ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A procedure for estimating the carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems in the former Soviet Union by geographic information system analysis and classification of AVHRR derived Global Vegetation Index Author: Gaston, Greg G. The purpose of this research was to develop methods for using geographic information system (GIS) analysis and unsupervised classification of Global Vegetation Index (GVI) images to improve carbon budget estimates of the former Soviet Union (FSU). A GIS was used to locate the geographic distribution and estimate the area of agricultural lands in the FSU. Climatic factors were used to isolate agricultural lands suitable for no-till management. The effects of various tillage practices on the carbon cycle were estimated. Four year average, monthly maximum value GVI composites were clustered on the basis of timing, magnitude, and duration of greenness as recorded by the normalized difference of vegetation index (NDVI). The resulting 42 image classes were identified by a variety of quantitative and qualitative methods including expert assessment by scientists with extensive field experience in the FSU and analysis of temporal NDVI response curves. The image classes appear to accurately delineate vegetation/landcover regions. The percent agricultural land, percent forest cover and percent natural nonforest was estimated for each image class. Equivalent ecosystems described in the Bazilevich carbon data base were used to calculate the carbon cycle parameters forest and natural non-forest ecosystems. Carbon estimates for agricultural lands were calculated from production data. Comparisons between areal estimates of land cover from this research and reported statistics are very good. For example, forested land was estimated at 876 million hectares (MHa) forest statistical data from the FSU estimate commercial forests to be 814 MHa. Total agricultural lands are estimated in research to be 211 MHa, the same as reported by the USDA and very close to the 217 MHa reported by statistics from the FSU. Results from carbon budget analysis include: - Complete conversion of all climatically suitable lands to no-till management would sequester over 3 gigatons (Gt) of carbon in the agricultural soils of the FSU. - Phytomass and net primary productivity (NPP) estimates for forest and non-forest ecosystems compare well with carbon budget estimates that used maps to identify carbon quantifiable regions. Title: A procedure for estimating the carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems in the former Soviet Union by geographic information system analysis and classification of AVHRR derived Global Vegetation Index Author: Gaston, Greg G. The purpose of this research was to develop methods for using geographic information system (GIS) analysis and unsupervised classification of Global Vegetation Index (GVI) images to improve carbon budget estimates of the former Soviet Union (FSU). A GIS was used to locate the geographic distribution and estimate the area of agricultural lands in the FSU. Climatic factors were used to isolate agricultural lands suitable for no-till management. The effects of various tillage practices on the carbon cycle were estimated. Four year average, monthly maximum value GVI composites were clustered on the basis of timing, magnitude, and duration of greenness as recorded by the normalized difference of vegetation index (NDVI). The resulting 42 image classes were identified by a variety of quantitative and qualitative methods including expert assessment by scientists with extensive field experience in the FSU and analysis of temporal NDVI response curves. The image classes appear to accurately delineate vegetation/landcover regions. The percent agricultural land, percent forest cover and percent natural nonforest was estimated for each image class. Equivalent ecosystems described in the Bazilevich carbon data base were used to calculate the carbon cycle parameters forest and natural non-forest ecosystems. Carbon estimates for agricultural lands were calculated from production data. Comparisons between areal estimates of land cover from this research and reported statistics are very good. For example, forested land was estimated at 876 million hectares (MHa) forest statistical data from the FSU estimate commercial forests to be 814 MHa. Total agricultural lands are estimated in research to be 211 MHa, the same as reported by the USDA and very close to the 217 MHa reported by statistics from the FSU. Results from carbon budget analysis include: - Complete conversion of all climatically suitable lands to no-till management would sequester over 3 gigatons (Gt) of carbon in the agricultural soils of the FSU. - Phytomass and net primary productivity (NPP) estimates for forest and non-forest ecosystems compare well with carbon budget estimates that used maps to identify carbon quantifiable regions. Close

• 220. [Article] Plant community and soil relationships on some rangelands of northeastern Nevada

  Relationships between sagebrush-dominated plant communities and soil-site characteristics were examined on 372 relatively undisturbed rangeland sites of the Humboldt National Forest, in northeastern Nevada. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Plant community and soil relationships on some rangelands of northeastern Nevada Author: Jensen, Mark E. Relationships between sagebrush-dominated plant communities and soil-site characteristics were examined on 372 relatively undisturbed rangeland sites of the Humboldt National Forest, in northeastern Nevada. Plant species production data were analyzed by TWINSPAN to develop a hierarchical, floristic-based community type (C.T.) classification. Seventeen C.T.s were identified in this analysis and named by their dominant shrub and grass species. Shrub species were more effective than grass species, which in turn were more effective than forb species in discriminating between C.T.s. Soil temperature and moisture data, collected between 1983 and 1986 on 35 rangeland sites, indicated that aridic soil moisture regimes dominated the study area. The average number of days when soil temperature and moisture were not limiting to plant growth ranged from 28 days on Artemisia arbuscula sites to 70 days on mixed mountain brush sites. Soil temperature and moisture parameters were effective in discriminating between most plant C.T.s, yet their effectiveness varied considerably among types. Soil physical and chemical properties were examined at each of the rangeland sites used in the TWINSPAN analysis. The C.T.s identified in that analysis followed an apparent gradient of increasing soil fertility. A. nova C.T.s commonly occupied the lowest fertility sites. Moderate soil fertility sites supported A. arbuscula, A. longiloba, and A. tridentata ssp. wyomingensis C.T.s. Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata and ssp. vaseyana C.T.s occurred on sites with the highest soil fertility levels. Discriminant analysis indicated that 68 percent of the rangeland sites sampled could be correctly assigned to their appropriate C.T. based upon soil and site properties. The percent of sites correctly classified ranged from 25 percent within the A. tridentata ssp. tridentata/Festuca idahoensis C.T. to 100 percent in the A. longiloba/ F. idahoensis C.T. Soil and site factors most useful in discriminating between C.T.s were mollic epipedon thickness, elevation, subsoil clay content, total rock content, percent slope, and total soil depth. This method of relating individual soil and site factors to vegetation provides a useful approach for testing the validity of floristic based ecosystem classifications. Title: Plant community and soil relationships on some rangelands of northeastern Nevada Author: Jensen, Mark E. Relationships between sagebrush-dominated plant communities and soil-site characteristics were examined on 372 relatively undisturbed rangeland sites of the Humboldt National Forest, in northeastern Nevada. Plant species production data were analyzed by TWINSPAN to develop a hierarchical, floristic-based community type (C.T.) classification. Seventeen C.T.s were identified in this analysis and named by their dominant shrub and grass species. Shrub species were more effective than grass species, which in turn were more effective than forb species in discriminating between C.T.s. Soil temperature and moisture data, collected between 1983 and 1986 on 35 rangeland sites, indicated that aridic soil moisture regimes dominated the study area. The average number of days when soil temperature and moisture were not limiting to plant growth ranged from 28 days on Artemisia arbuscula sites to 70 days on mixed mountain brush sites. Soil temperature and moisture parameters were effective in discriminating between most plant C.T.s, yet their effectiveness varied considerably among types. Soil physical and chemical properties were examined at each of the rangeland sites used in the TWINSPAN analysis. The C.T.s identified in that analysis followed an apparent gradient of increasing soil fertility. A. nova C.T.s commonly occupied the lowest fertility sites. Moderate soil fertility sites supported A. arbuscula, A. longiloba, and A. tridentata ssp. wyomingensis C.T.s. Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata and ssp. vaseyana C.T.s occurred on sites with the highest soil fertility levels. Discriminant analysis indicated that 68 percent of the rangeland sites sampled could be correctly assigned to their appropriate C.T. based upon soil and site properties. The percent of sites correctly classified ranged from 25 percent within the A. tridentata ssp. tridentata/Festuca idahoensis C.T. to 100 percent in the A. longiloba/ F. idahoensis C.T. Soil and site factors most useful in discriminating between C.T.s were mollic epipedon thickness, elevation, subsoil clay content, total rock content, percent slope, and total soil depth. This method of relating individual soil and site factors to vegetation provides a useful approach for testing the validity of floristic based ecosystem classifications. Close

• 221. [Article] New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report.

  Final amended report and data on ecological and physical characteristics at five high-quality “least disturbed” tidal wetland sites in four Oregon estuaries. Suggested citation: "Brophy, Laura; Cornu, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Author: Christy, John A., Brophy, Laura, Tully, Rebecca, Cornu, Craig, MacClellan, Megan, Gray, Ayesha, Huang, Lijuan, Adamus, Paul R., Doumbia, Julie Final amended report and data on ecological and physical characteristics at five high-quality “least disturbed” tidal wetland sites in four Oregon estuaries. Suggested citation: "Brophy, Laura; Cornu, Craig; Adamus, Paul R.; Christy, John A.; Gray, Ayesha; Huang, Lijuan; MacClellan, Megan; Doumbia, Julie; Tully, Rebecca (2011): New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Oregon State University Libraries. Dataset. doi:10.7267/N9VD6WC0." Title: New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Author: Christy, John A., Brophy, Laura, Tully, Rebecca, Cornu, Craig, MacClellan, Megan, Gray, Ayesha, Huang, Lijuan, Adamus, Paul R., Doumbia, Julie Final amended report and data on ecological and physical characteristics at five high-quality “least disturbed” tidal wetland sites in four Oregon estuaries. Suggested citation: "Brophy, Laura; Cornu, Craig; Adamus, Paul R.; Christy, John A.; Gray, Ayesha; Huang, Lijuan; MacClellan, Megan; Doumbia, Julie; Tully, Rebecca (2011): New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Oregon State University Libraries. Dataset. doi:10.7267/N9VD6WC0." Close

• 222. [Article] New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report.

  Final amended report and data on ecological and physical characteristics at five high-quality “least disturbed” tidal wetland sites in four Oregon estuaries. Suggested citation: "Brophy, Laura; Cornu, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Author: MacClellan, Megan, Gray, Ayesha, Brophy, Laura, Cornu, Craig, Huang, Lijuan, Tully, Rebecca, Christy, John A., Adamus, Paul R., Doumbia, Julie Final amended report and data on ecological and physical characteristics at five high-quality “least disturbed” tidal wetland sites in four Oregon estuaries. Suggested citation: "Brophy, Laura; Cornu, Craig; Adamus, Paul R.; Christy, John A.; Gray, Ayesha; Huang, Lijuan; MacClellan, Megan; Doumbia, Julie; Tully, Rebecca (2011): New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Oregon State University Libraries. Dataset. doi:10.7267/N9VD6WC0." Title: New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Author: MacClellan, Megan, Gray, Ayesha, Brophy, Laura, Cornu, Craig, Huang, Lijuan, Tully, Rebecca, Christy, John A., Adamus, Paul R., Doumbia, Julie Final amended report and data on ecological and physical characteristics at five high-quality “least disturbed” tidal wetland sites in four Oregon estuaries. Suggested citation: "Brophy, Laura; Cornu, Craig; Adamus, Paul R.; Christy, John A.; Gray, Ayesha; Huang, Lijuan; MacClellan, Megan; Doumbia, Julie; Tully, Rebecca (2011): New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Oregon State University Libraries. Dataset. doi:10.7267/N9VD6WC0." Close

• 223. [Article] Riparian Vegetation Assemblages and Associated Landscape Factors Across an Urbanizing Metropolitan Area

  While diverse, native riparian vegetation provides important functions, it remains unclear to what extent these assemblages can persist in urban areas, and under what conditions. We characterized forested ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Riparian Vegetation Assemblages and Associated Landscape Factors Across an Urbanizing Metropolitan Area Author: Von Behren, Christa, Dietrich, Andrew Evans, Yeakley, J. Alan Year: 2014 While diverse, native riparian vegetation provides important functions, it remains unclear to what extent these assemblages can persist in urban areas, and under what conditions. We characterized forested riparian vegetation communities across an urbanizing metropolitan area and examined their relationships with surrounding land cover. We hypothesized that native and hydrophilic species assemblages would correlate with forest cover in the landscape. For each of 30 sites in the Portland–Vancouver metro area, we recorded vegetation at 1-cm intervals along 3 transects using the line-intercept method. Land cover was characterized at 2 scales: within 500 m of each site and across the entire watershed. Multivariate analyses were used to evaluate relationships between species composition and land cover patterns. A classification tree was created to determine landscape predictors of riparian community type. Results indicated a strong relationship between watershed land cover and vegetation diversity and structural complexity. Our hypothesis of native species association with landscape forest cover in urban riparian areas was supported, but we found no clear relationship between land cover and wetland indicator status. Our results suggest that high watershed forest cover (at least 15%) may enable the persistence of functionally diverse, native riparian vegetation communities in urban landscapes. Keywords: Pacific Northwest, plant diversity, plant ecology, riparian forest, urban ecology, urban watersheds. Title: Riparian Vegetation Assemblages and Associated Landscape Factors Across an Urbanizing Metropolitan Area Author: Von Behren, Christa, Dietrich, Andrew Evans, Yeakley, J. Alan Year: 2014 While diverse, native riparian vegetation provides important functions, it remains unclear to what extent these assemblages can persist in urban areas, and under what conditions. We characterized forested riparian vegetation communities across an urbanizing metropolitan area and examined their relationships with surrounding land cover. We hypothesized that native and hydrophilic species assemblages would correlate with forest cover in the landscape. For each of 30 sites in the Portland–Vancouver metro area, we recorded vegetation at 1-cm intervals along 3 transects using the line-intercept method. Land cover was characterized at 2 scales: within 500 m of each site and across the entire watershed. Multivariate analyses were used to evaluate relationships between species composition and land cover patterns. A classification tree was created to determine landscape predictors of riparian community type. Results indicated a strong relationship between watershed land cover and vegetation diversity and structural complexity. Our hypothesis of native species association with landscape forest cover in urban riparian areas was supported, but we found no clear relationship between land cover and wetland indicator status. Our results suggest that high watershed forest cover (at least 15%) may enable the persistence of functionally diverse, native riparian vegetation communities in urban landscapes. Keywords: Pacific Northwest, plant diversity, plant ecology, riparian forest, urban ecology, urban watersheds. Close

• 224. [Article] Description of the plant communities and succession of the Oregon coast grasslands

  In an effort to describe the plant communities and succession of the Oregon coastal grasslands, vegetation and environmental data were collected from 75 stands at 24 separate locations ranging from Cape ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Description of the plant communities and succession of the Oregon coast grasslands Author: Ripley, James Douglas In an effort to describe the plant communities and succession of the Oregon coastal grasslands, vegetation and environmental data were collected from 75 stands at 24 separate locations ranging from Cape Falcon in Tillamook County to Cape Ferrelo in Curry County. The vegetation data consisted of cover and frequency values for vascular plants and the environmental data included wind and salt spray exposure measurements, slope, aspect and a variety of soil properties. The vascular flora encountered consisted of 249 specific and intraspecific native and introduced taxa representing 166 genera and 55 families. An annotated catalogue of the flora was prepared. The vegetation data were analyzed using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and the TWINSPAN clustering program. These multivariate analyses served as the basis for the classification of the vegetation into seven community types (Carex obnupta, Calamagrostis nutkaensis/Elymus glaucus, Heracleum lanatum/Vicia gigantea, Lomatium martindalei/Koeleria cristata, Danthonia californica/Aira caryophyllea, Holcus lanatus/ Anthoxanthum odoratum and Fragaria chiloensis/Armeria maritima). Using correlations of the DCA scores with environmental variables, the first DCA axis was interpreted as representing a moisture gradient while the second DCA axis was interpreted as representing a latitudinal gradient. Vegetation data were collected from paired transects on grazed and ungrazed grasslands along fence lines in an effort to determine compositional changes with grazing. It was concluded that grazing led to a decrease in shrub cover and substantial increases in the number and cover of annual taxa. Documentation of successional changes in the grassland vegetation was obtained from historical written accounts and photographs. It was concluded that the Oregon coastal grasslands are undergoing a succession to shrub and tree dominated communities due largely to the exclusion of fire. Title: Description of the plant communities and succession of the Oregon coast grasslands Author: Ripley, James Douglas In an effort to describe the plant communities and succession of the Oregon coastal grasslands, vegetation and environmental data were collected from 75 stands at 24 separate locations ranging from Cape Falcon in Tillamook County to Cape Ferrelo in Curry County. The vegetation data consisted of cover and frequency values for vascular plants and the environmental data included wind and salt spray exposure measurements, slope, aspect and a variety of soil properties. The vascular flora encountered consisted of 249 specific and intraspecific native and introduced taxa representing 166 genera and 55 families. An annotated catalogue of the flora was prepared. The vegetation data were analyzed using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and the TWINSPAN clustering program. These multivariate analyses served as the basis for the classification of the vegetation into seven community types (Carex obnupta, Calamagrostis nutkaensis/Elymus glaucus, Heracleum lanatum/Vicia gigantea, Lomatium martindalei/Koeleria cristata, Danthonia californica/Aira caryophyllea, Holcus lanatus/ Anthoxanthum odoratum and Fragaria chiloensis/Armeria maritima). Using correlations of the DCA scores with environmental variables, the first DCA axis was interpreted as representing a moisture gradient while the second DCA axis was interpreted as representing a latitudinal gradient. Vegetation data were collected from paired transects on grazed and ungrazed grasslands along fence lines in an effort to determine compositional changes with grazing. It was concluded that grazing led to a decrease in shrub cover and substantial increases in the number and cover of annual taxa. Documentation of successional changes in the grassland vegetation was obtained from historical written accounts and photographs. It was concluded that the Oregon coastal grasslands are undergoing a succession to shrub and tree dominated communities due largely to the exclusion of fire. Close

• 225. [Article] Multivariate analysis of a tidal marsh ecosystem at Netarts Spit, Tillamook County, Oregon

  Variability of plant species distributions, plant connunities, soil and hydrological factors in an area of the Netarts Spit tidal marsh are examined. The purpose is to advance general understanding of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multivariate analysis of a tidal marsh ecosystem at Netarts Spit, Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Liverman, Marc C. Variability of plant species distributions, plant connunities, soil and hydrological factors in an area of the Netarts Spit tidal marsh are examined. The purpose is to advance general understanding of Oregon's tidal marsh ecosystems in terms of plant coninunities and functio'nal habitat conditions and make a contribution to the conceptual and technical framework used by regulatory agencies to manage wetlands. Vegetation, soil and hydrological attributes were measured periodically from May, 1978 to March, 1979 along three transects extending parallel to the elevation gradient. Each transect began at point bayward of the lower limit of marsh vegetation and continued to a point shoreward of the perceived upper limit of the marsh on the narrow, stabilized dune ridge separating Netarts Spit from the ocean. Plant species distribution and abundance by cover class was recorded in microplots located at increments of five meters or less along each transect. Soil and hydrological observations at intervals of approximately six weeks were made at 29 primary sampling sites located at increments of 15 meters or less along the transects. Water table fluctuations and soil moisture tension were examined in situ. Soil cores were extracted from the marsh for analysis of interstitial soil moisture content and salinity, soil texture, pH, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium content. Data on tidal inundation frequency and duration were provided by the National Ocean Survey from a tide gauge located at Netarts public boat dock. Weather data were obtained from continuously recording hygrothermographs and an accumulating rain gauge located in the ecotone between marsh and upland. Comparative climatic data were obtained from published National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Data Center Bulletins. Analysis of individual environmental gradients was initiated by arranging the data matrix into a composite transect ordered by elevation. Each attribute was then plotted against elevation using graphically comparable scales. Data synthesis was accomplished using a combination of reciprocal averaging ordination (to identify coimlunity gradients) and cluster analysis (for sampling site classification) applied to hierarchical data sets composed of combinations of physical, chemical, and vegetative sampling site attributes. Habitat at lower elevations of the study area (0.70 m below mean high water) is dominated by tidal factors which decrease steadily as one approaches extreme higher high water (0.52 m above mean high water). Fine textured sediments are saturated near the middle elevations of the study area (-0.25 to 1.00 m above mean high water), with the lower and higher elevations dominated by sand. Hydrologic factors (water table depth and soil moisture tension) dominate the highest elevations of the study area but decrease steadily as one approaches mean high water. The remaining environmental factors (interstitial soil moisture content and salinity, cation exchange capacity, specific ion concentrations, organic matter, and pH) may each be interpreted as variants of one or more of the three primary environmental gradients: tides, sediment texture, and hydrology. Interstitial soil moisture salinity, soil moisture tension, and water table depth all show maxima during months with high daily temperatures and low precipitation (Aug.-Sep.,) and minima during months with low daily temperatures and high precipitation (Dec.-Mar.). Interstitial soil moisture content shows the reverse relationship with minima during Aug.-Sep. and maxima during Dec.- Mar. Plant community structure of the tidal marsh may be best understood as a species continuum beginning at about 0.60 m below mean high water characterized by snecies dominance at low elevation (_0.51) to 0.40 m above mean hiah water) givinG way to soecies diversity at higher elevations. This continuum may be locally qraduated into three or more subdivisions or plant communities by the dynamic reltionshi of intertidal deposition and erosion processes. Community structure of the associated dune upland is distinguishable environmentally and floristically as distinct from the tidal marsh at about 0.90 m above mean hich water although no attempt is made to resolve finer details of urland community structure beyond the marsh interface. Title: Multivariate analysis of a tidal marsh ecosystem at Netarts Spit, Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Liverman, Marc C. Variability of plant species distributions, plant connunities, soil and hydrological factors in an area of the Netarts Spit tidal marsh are examined. The purpose is to advance general understanding of Oregon's tidal marsh ecosystems in terms of plant coninunities and functio'nal habitat conditions and make a contribution to the conceptual and technical framework used by regulatory agencies to manage wetlands. Vegetation, soil and hydrological attributes were measured periodically from May, 1978 to March, 1979 along three transects extending parallel to the elevation gradient. Each transect began at point bayward of the lower limit of marsh vegetation and continued to a point shoreward of the perceived upper limit of the marsh on the narrow, stabilized dune ridge separating Netarts Spit from the ocean. Plant species distribution and abundance by cover class was recorded in microplots located at increments of five meters or less along each transect. Soil and hydrological observations at intervals of approximately six weeks were made at 29 primary sampling sites located at increments of 15 meters or less along the transects. Water table fluctuations and soil moisture tension were examined in situ. Soil cores were extracted from the marsh for analysis of interstitial soil moisture content and salinity, soil texture, pH, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium content. Data on tidal inundation frequency and duration were provided by the National Ocean Survey from a tide gauge located at Netarts public boat dock. Weather data were obtained from continuously recording hygrothermographs and an accumulating rain gauge located in the ecotone between marsh and upland. Comparative climatic data were obtained from published National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Data Center Bulletins. Analysis of individual environmental gradients was initiated by arranging the data matrix into a composite transect ordered by elevation. Each attribute was then plotted against elevation using graphically comparable scales. Data synthesis was accomplished using a combination of reciprocal averaging ordination (to identify coimlunity gradients) and cluster analysis (for sampling site classification) applied to hierarchical data sets composed of combinations of physical, chemical, and vegetative sampling site attributes. Habitat at lower elevations of the study area (0.70 m below mean high water) is dominated by tidal factors which decrease steadily as one approaches extreme higher high water (0.52 m above mean high water). Fine textured sediments are saturated near the middle elevations of the study area (-0.25 to 1.00 m above mean high water), with the lower and higher elevations dominated by sand. Hydrologic factors (water table depth and soil moisture tension) dominate the highest elevations of the study area but decrease steadily as one approaches mean high water. The remaining environmental factors (interstitial soil moisture content and salinity, cation exchange capacity, specific ion concentrations, organic matter, and pH) may each be interpreted as variants of one or more of the three primary environmental gradients: tides, sediment texture, and hydrology. Interstitial soil moisture salinity, soil moisture tension, and water table depth all show maxima during months with high daily temperatures and low precipitation (Aug.-Sep.,) and minima during months with low daily temperatures and high precipitation (Dec.-Mar.). Interstitial soil moisture content shows the reverse relationship with minima during Aug.-Sep. and maxima during Dec.- Mar. Plant community structure of the tidal marsh may be best understood as a species continuum beginning at about 0.60 m below mean high water characterized by snecies dominance at low elevation (_0.51) to 0.40 m above mean hiah water) givinG way to soecies diversity at higher elevations. This continuum may be locally qraduated into three or more subdivisions or plant communities by the dynamic reltionshi of intertidal deposition and erosion processes. Community structure of the associated dune upland is distinguishable environmentally and floristically as distinct from the tidal marsh at about 0.90 m above mean hich water although no attempt is made to resolve finer details of urland community structure beyond the marsh interface. Close

• 226. [Article] Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) Population and Habitat Survey in the McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette Basins, 2001

  Our study area includes the three McKenzie populations, and a reintroduced population in the Middle Fork Willamette and tributaries above Hills Creek Reservoir. We monitored bull trout populations in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) Population and Habitat Survey in the McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette Basins, 2001 Author: Taylor, Greg Our study area includes the three McKenzie populations, and a reintroduced population in the Middle Fork Willamette and tributaries above Hills Creek Reservoir. We monitored bull trout populations in the McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette basins using a combination of sampling techniques that include spawning surveys, juvenile trapping, electronic fish counters, and night snorkeling. We continued to reintroduce bull trout fry from Anderson Creek (McKenzie Basin) to the Middle Fork Willamette above Hills Creek Reservoir in an attempt to rehabilitate the bull trout population in the Middle Fork Willamette Basin. By monitoring population trends and determining life history characteristics of bull trout in McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette basins, we can make informed management decisions that will help maintain long term and sustainable bull trout populations in the upper Willamette Basin. Title: Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) Population and Habitat Survey in the McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette Basins, 2001 Author: Taylor, Greg Our study area includes the three McKenzie populations, and a reintroduced population in the Middle Fork Willamette and tributaries above Hills Creek Reservoir. We monitored bull trout populations in the McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette basins using a combination of sampling techniques that include spawning surveys, juvenile trapping, electronic fish counters, and night snorkeling. We continued to reintroduce bull trout fry from Anderson Creek (McKenzie Basin) to the Middle Fork Willamette above Hills Creek Reservoir in an attempt to rehabilitate the bull trout population in the Middle Fork Willamette Basin. By monitoring population trends and determining life history characteristics of bull trout in McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette basins, we can make informed management decisions that will help maintain long term and sustainable bull trout populations in the upper Willamette Basin. Close

• 227. [Article] A conservation assessment of West Coast (USA) estuaries

  A hierarchical classification system was developed for West Coast estuaries that identified three regions (based on climate, latitude, and oceanography) and four estuary types distinguished by the relative ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A conservation assessment of West Coast (USA) estuaries Author: Newkirk, Sarah, Dye, Paul, Webb, Megan, Beck, Michael W., Carter, Jena, Cox, Robin, Howard, Jeanette, Taylor, Bethany, Vander Schaaf, Dick, Merrifield, Matthew S., Fuller, Roger, Gleason, Mary G., Stranko, Brian, Koepcke, Jennifer A hierarchical classification system was developed for West Coast estuaries that identified three regions (based on climate, latitude, and oceanography) and four estuary types distinguished by the relative degree of influence of the hydrodynamic forcing mechanisms of waves, tides, and rivers. Title: A conservation assessment of West Coast (USA) estuaries Author: Newkirk, Sarah, Dye, Paul, Webb, Megan, Beck, Michael W., Carter, Jena, Cox, Robin, Howard, Jeanette, Taylor, Bethany, Vander Schaaf, Dick, Merrifield, Matthew S., Fuller, Roger, Gleason, Mary G., Stranko, Brian, Koepcke, Jennifer A hierarchical classification system was developed for West Coast estuaries that identified three regions (based on climate, latitude, and oceanography) and four estuary types distinguished by the relative degree of influence of the hydrodynamic forcing mechanisms of waves, tides, and rivers. Close

• 228. [Article] Waterbird records for West and East Ponds, South Beach Peninsula, Lincoln County

  In 1984-1986, Bayer made 171 and 67 waterbird censuses at West Pond and East Pond, respectively. From 1974 through June 1992, Bayer and others also made an additional 138 and 110 observations at West Pond ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Waterbird records for West and East Ponds, South Beach Peninsula, Lincoln County Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947- In 1984-1986, Bayer made 171 and 67 waterbird censuses at West Pond and East Pond, respectively. From 1974 through June 1992, Bayer and others also made an additional 138 and 110 observations at West Pond and East Pond, respectively. A total of 48 waterbird taxa were reported at West Pond, and 23 waterbird taxa were discovered at East Pond. At both Ponds, Great Blue Herons and Belted Kingfishers were common, but no waterbirds were observed nesting. The records for each census or observation are given, as well as each taxon's monthly maximal abundance. Title: Waterbird records for West and East Ponds, South Beach Peninsula, Lincoln County Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947- In 1984-1986, Bayer made 171 and 67 waterbird censuses at West Pond and East Pond, respectively. From 1974 through June 1992, Bayer and others also made an additional 138 and 110 observations at West Pond and East Pond, respectively. A total of 48 waterbird taxa were reported at West Pond, and 23 waterbird taxa were discovered at East Pond. At both Ponds, Great Blue Herons and Belted Kingfishers were common, but no waterbirds were observed nesting. The records for each census or observation are given, as well as each taxon's monthly maximal abundance. Close

• 229. [Article] Status of Oregon's Bull Trout. Distribution, Life History, Limiting Factors, Management Considerations, and Status

  The purpose of this document is to summarize the best scientific information presently available for bull trout (Salvelimus confluentus) throughout Oregon and to review their historical and current status. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Status of Oregon's Bull Trout. Distribution, Life History, Limiting Factors, Management Considerations, and Status Author: Hooton, Robert M., Buchanan, David V., Hanson, Mary L., Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife The purpose of this document is to summarize the best scientific information presently available for bull trout (Salvelimus confluentus) throughout Oregon and to review their historical and current status. What started out as a relatively simple exercise to review and update the status report by Ratliff and Howell (1992) based on recent data collection efforts, soon mushroomed into a more comprehensive treatment of all available data on bull trout populations in Oregon, Thus the foundation laid in Ratliff and Howell (1992) has been expanded for that section of the bull trout's range that includes Oregon. A draft of this document received extensive review and additions from professionals within Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, U.S. Forest Service, Oregon Chapter of The American Fisheries Society, Portland General Electric Company, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Plum Creek Timber Company, Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation, Idaho, Department of Fish and Game, ,and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. One of the reviewers wanted to see 'more objective and numerical rating criteria' used to assess status. The authors agree that this is a useful 'next' step and that work should begin on developing the necessary quantitative criteria to evaluate status. Title: Status of Oregon's Bull Trout. Distribution, Life History, Limiting Factors, Management Considerations, and Status Author: Hooton, Robert M., Buchanan, David V., Hanson, Mary L., Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife The purpose of this document is to summarize the best scientific information presently available for bull trout (Salvelimus confluentus) throughout Oregon and to review their historical and current status. What started out as a relatively simple exercise to review and update the status report by Ratliff and Howell (1992) based on recent data collection efforts, soon mushroomed into a more comprehensive treatment of all available data on bull trout populations in Oregon, Thus the foundation laid in Ratliff and Howell (1992) has been expanded for that section of the bull trout's range that includes Oregon. A draft of this document received extensive review and additions from professionals within Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, U.S. Forest Service, Oregon Chapter of The American Fisheries Society, Portland General Electric Company, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Plum Creek Timber Company, Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation, Idaho, Department of Fish and Game, ,and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. One of the reviewers wanted to see 'more objective and numerical rating criteria' used to assess status. The authors agree that this is a useful 'next' step and that work should begin on developing the necessary quantitative criteria to evaluate status. Close

• 230. [Article] A Cross-sectional Study of US Rural Adults’ Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables: Do They Consume at Least Five Servings Daily?

  Background: Rural residents are increasingly identified as being at greater risk for health disparities. These inequities may be related to health behaviors such as adequate fruits and vegetable consumption. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Cross-sectional Study of US Rural Adults’ Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables: Do They Consume at Least Five Servings Daily? Author: Lutfiyya, M. Nawal, Chang, Linda F., Lipsky, Martin S. Year: 2012 Background: Rural residents are increasingly identified as being at greater risk for health disparities. These inequities may be related to health behaviors such as adequate fruits and vegetable consumption. There is little national-level population-based research about the prevalence of fruit and vegetable consumption by US rural population adults. The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence differences between US rural and non-rural adults in consuming at least five daily servings of combined fruits and vegetables. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of weighted 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) data using bivariate and multivariate techniques. 52,259,789 US adults were identified as consuming at least five daily servings of fruits and vegetables of which 8,983,840 were identified as living in rural locales. Results: Bivariate analysis revealed that in comparison to non-rural US adults, rural adults were less likely to consume five or more daily servings of fruits and vegetables (OR = 1.161, 95% CI 1.160-1.162). Logistic regression analysis revealed that US rural adults consuming at least five daily servings of fruits and vegetables were more likely to be female, non-Caucasian, married or living with a partner, living in a household without children, living in a household whose annual income was>$35,000, and getting at least moderate physical activity. They were also more likely to have a BMI of Conclusions: This enhanced understanding of fruit and vegetable consumption should prove useful to those seeking to lessen the disparity or inequity between rural and non-rural adults. Additionally, those responsible for health-related planning could benefit from the knowledge of how their state ranks in comparison to others vis-à-vis the consumption of fruits and vegetables by rural adults—a population increasingly being identified as one at risk for health disparities. Title: A Cross-sectional Study of US Rural Adults’ Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables: Do They Consume at Least Five Servings Daily? Author: Lutfiyya, M. Nawal, Chang, Linda F., Lipsky, Martin S. Year: 2012 Background: Rural residents are increasingly identified as being at greater risk for health disparities. These inequities may be related to health behaviors such as adequate fruits and vegetable consumption. There is little national-level population-based research about the prevalence of fruit and vegetable consumption by US rural population adults. The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence differences between US rural and non-rural adults in consuming at least five daily servings of combined fruits and vegetables. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of weighted 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) data using bivariate and multivariate techniques. 52,259,789 US adults were identified as consuming at least five daily servings of fruits and vegetables of which 8,983,840 were identified as living in rural locales. Results: Bivariate analysis revealed that in comparison to non-rural US adults, rural adults were less likely to consume five or more daily servings of fruits and vegetables (OR = 1.161, 95% CI 1.160-1.162). Logistic regression analysis revealed that US rural adults consuming at least five daily servings of fruits and vegetables were more likely to be female, non-Caucasian, married or living with a partner, living in a household without children, living in a household whose annual income was>$35,000, and getting at least moderate physical activity. They were also more likely to have a BMI of Conclusions: This enhanced understanding of fruit and vegetable consumption should prove useful to those seeking to lessen the disparity or inequity between rural and non-rural adults. Additionally, those responsible for health-related planning could benefit from the knowledge of how their state ranks in comparison to others vis-à-vis the consumption of fruits and vegetables by rural adults—a population increasingly being identified as one at risk for health disparities. Close

• 231. [Article] Seasonal comparison of fecal coliform concentrations in the Trask River and a study of the survival of Escherichia coli in Tillamook Bay water : final report to the Tillamook Bay National Estuary Project, Garibaldi, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal comparison of fecal coliform concentrations in the Trask River and a study of the survival of Escherichia coli in Tillamook Bay water : final report to the Tillamook Bay National Estuary Project, Garibaldi, Oregon Author: Alexander, David B., Koretsky, Tara J. Title: Seasonal comparison of fecal coliform concentrations in the Trask River and a study of the survival of Escherichia coli in Tillamook Bay water : final report to the Tillamook Bay National Estuary Project, Garibaldi, Oregon Author: Alexander, David B., Koretsky, Tara J. Close

• 232. [Article] East Maury fuels and vegetation management project record of decision

  19 pp. Tables, appendix. Township 17 South, Ranges 20 and 21 East, and Township 18 South, Ranges 20 and 21 East. Captured August 12, 2008.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: East Maury fuels and vegetation management project record of decision Author: Lookout Mountain Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008 19 pp. Tables, appendix. Township 17 South, Ranges 20 and 21 East, and Township 18 South, Ranges 20 and 21 East. Captured August 12, 2008. Title: East Maury fuels and vegetation management project record of decision Author: Lookout Mountain Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008 19 pp. Tables, appendix. Township 17 South, Ranges 20 and 21 East, and Township 18 South, Ranges 20 and 21 East. Captured August 12, 2008. Close

• 233. [Article] Spatial and temporal distributions of western juniper in John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon

  Post-settlement juniper expansion in the western states has been reported for decades, including western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook ssp. occidentalis) woodlands in the northwestern states. A ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial and temporal distributions of western juniper in John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon Author: Chen, Ya-Chian Post-settlement juniper expansion in the western states has been reported for decades, including western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook ssp. occidentalis) woodlands in the northwestern states. A 15 km2 study area in the Sheep Rock Unit of John Day Fossil Beds National Monument in eastern Oregon was selected to study spatial and temporal distribution patterns of western junipers, and build statistical models for the patterns. Environmental characteristic data are from soil, vegetation and contour maps. Western juniper data are from aerial photos. Image processing techniques and geographical information system (GIS) were used to process data. Nonparametric statistical methods, including Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks, Spearman rank correlation coefficient, chi-square test and chi-square partitioning, and classification and regression tree (CART) were used for data analysis and building statistical models. The results show a clustering spatial distribution pattern. Western juniper is more abundant above elevations of about 900 to 1,000 meters MSL, on sites with soil type 15f- Gwin-Rock outcrop complex or 43f- Simas-Badlanci association, and on medium slopes, but probabilities of juniper occurrence on less steep slopes are higher at lower elevations. Northeastern aspects have significantly lower juniper abundances than other aspects. Junipers prefer sites with higher surface flow accumulation, except extremely high flow accumulation supporting only low juniper abundances. The CART spatial model shows three density classes classified by four out of five environmental characteristics with a misclassification rate of 0.27. Temporally, juniper density in the study area has increased from 37 junipers/ km2 to 1,404 junipers/ km2 during the last century. However, relationships of this expanding pattern to environmental characteristics are obscure. There is no conspicuous difference between habitats of young and old jumpers, except perhaps soil types. The likelihood for finding mature or old junipers is higher in sites with soil type 41e- Simas very stony clay loani, 43f- Simas-Badland association or 46f- Snell-Anatone complex. The spatioteniporal distribution pattern of western juniper in the study area could be described as a clustering pattern with chronologically increased abundances. Juniper may continue to increase its abundance and expand from high density areas to low density or non-juniper areas. Unless juniper density is controlled, it seems likely that junipers will dominate most of the monument's landscape in the future. Title: Spatial and temporal distributions of western juniper in John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon Author: Chen, Ya-Chian Post-settlement juniper expansion in the western states has been reported for decades, including western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook ssp. occidentalis) woodlands in the northwestern states. A 15 km2 study area in the Sheep Rock Unit of John Day Fossil Beds National Monument in eastern Oregon was selected to study spatial and temporal distribution patterns of western junipers, and build statistical models for the patterns. Environmental characteristic data are from soil, vegetation and contour maps. Western juniper data are from aerial photos. Image processing techniques and geographical information system (GIS) were used to process data. Nonparametric statistical methods, including Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks, Spearman rank correlation coefficient, chi-square test and chi-square partitioning, and classification and regression tree (CART) were used for data analysis and building statistical models. The results show a clustering spatial distribution pattern. Western juniper is more abundant above elevations of about 900 to 1,000 meters MSL, on sites with soil type 15f- Gwin-Rock outcrop complex or 43f- Simas-Badlanci association, and on medium slopes, but probabilities of juniper occurrence on less steep slopes are higher at lower elevations. Northeastern aspects have significantly lower juniper abundances than other aspects. Junipers prefer sites with higher surface flow accumulation, except extremely high flow accumulation supporting only low juniper abundances. The CART spatial model shows three density classes classified by four out of five environmental characteristics with a misclassification rate of 0.27. Temporally, juniper density in the study area has increased from 37 junipers/ km2 to 1,404 junipers/ km2 during the last century. However, relationships of this expanding pattern to environmental characteristics are obscure. There is no conspicuous difference between habitats of young and old jumpers, except perhaps soil types. The likelihood for finding mature or old junipers is higher in sites with soil type 41e- Simas very stony clay loani, 43f- Simas-Badland association or 46f- Snell-Anatone complex. The spatioteniporal distribution pattern of western juniper in the study area could be described as a clustering pattern with chronologically increased abundances. Juniper may continue to increase its abundance and expand from high density areas to low density or non-juniper areas. Unless juniper density is controlled, it seems likely that junipers will dominate most of the monument's landscape in the future. Close

• 234. [Image] Report on the vegetation type survey of Crater Lake National Park

  	ill.; "Field work was completed on August 15, 1936, and the office work connected with the survey done at the Berkeley office of the Branch of Forestry during the winter months." - P. 1.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Report on the vegetation type survey of Crater Lake National Park Author: Crater Lake National Park (Agency: U.S.) Year: 2009 ill.; "Field work was completed on August 15, 1936, and the office work connected with the survey done at the Berkeley office of the Branch of Forestry during the winter months." - P. 1. Title: Report on the vegetation type survey of Crater Lake National Park Author: Crater Lake National Park (Agency: U.S.) Year: 2009 ill.; "Field work was completed on August 15, 1936, and the office work connected with the survey done at the Berkeley office of the Branch of Forestry during the winter months." - P. 1. Close

• 235. [Article] H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest reference stand system : establishment and use history

  Nineteen l/4-hectare reference stands have been established in the central western Cascade Mountains of Oregon to represent widespread and important portions of the vegetation continuum. Their species ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest reference stand system : establishment and use history Author: Hawk, Glenn M., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome Nineteen l/4-hectare reference stands have been established in the central western Cascade Mountains of Oregon to represent widespread and important portions of the vegetation continuum. Their species diversity, cover, and structure are described here. The stands provide points of reference for visiting scientists and researchers who wish to design experiments around the natural stratification of vegetation provided by the differing habitat types. Several studies have tested theory about certain plant community-environment relations and given credence to the classification of habitat types in use in many northwest forests. This work reviews the methods for establishment, mapping, and collection of data on vegetation and the six-year history of use of the reference stands for 1972-1977. Title: H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest reference stand system : establishment and use history Author: Hawk, Glenn M., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome Nineteen l/4-hectare reference stands have been established in the central western Cascade Mountains of Oregon to represent widespread and important portions of the vegetation continuum. Their species diversity, cover, and structure are described here. The stands provide points of reference for visiting scientists and researchers who wish to design experiments around the natural stratification of vegetation provided by the differing habitat types. Several studies have tested theory about certain plant community-environment relations and given credence to the classification of habitat types in use in many northwest forests. This work reviews the methods for establishment, mapping, and collection of data on vegetation and the six-year history of use of the reference stands for 1972-1977. Close

• 236. [Article] Aspen planning area vegetation management environmental assessment

  105 pp. Tables, maps, appendices, glossary, bibliography. Township 22 South, Range 16 East, Sections 26-28,33-35; Township 23 South, Range 15, Sections 12,13,24,25,36; and Township 23 South, Range 16 East, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aspen planning area vegetation management environmental assessment Author: Bend-Fort Rock Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2004 105 pp. Tables, maps, appendices, glossary, bibliography. Township 22 South, Range 16 East, Sections 26-28,33-35; Township 23 South, Range 15, Sections 12,13,24,25,36; and Township 23 South, Range 16 East, Sections 2-4,7-11,14-23,28-33. Captured May 17, 2007. Title: Aspen planning area vegetation management environmental assessment Author: Bend-Fort Rock Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2004 105 pp. Tables, maps, appendices, glossary, bibliography. Township 22 South, Range 16 East, Sections 26-28,33-35; Township 23 South, Range 15, Sections 12,13,24,25,36; and Township 23 South, Range 16 East, Sections 2-4,7-11,14-23,28-33. Captured May 17, 2007. Close

• 237. [Article] Aspen planning area vegetation management decision notice and finding of no significant impact

  9 pp. T. 22 S., R. 16 E., Sections 26-28,33-35; T. 23 S., R. 15, Sections 12,13,24,25,36; and T. 23 S., R. 16 East, Sections 2-4,7-11,14-23,28-33. Captured May 18, 2007.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aspen planning area vegetation management decision notice and finding of no significant impact Author: Bend-Fort Rock Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2005 9 pp. T. 22 S., R. 16 E., Sections 26-28,33-35; T. 23 S., R. 15, Sections 12,13,24,25,36; and T. 23 S., R. 16 East, Sections 2-4,7-11,14-23,28-33. Captured May 18, 2007. Title: Aspen planning area vegetation management decision notice and finding of no significant impact Author: Bend-Fort Rock Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2005 9 pp. T. 22 S., R. 16 E., Sections 26-28,33-35; T. 23 S., R. 15, Sections 12,13,24,25,36; and T. 23 S., R. 16 East, Sections 2-4,7-11,14-23,28-33. Captured May 18, 2007. Close

• 238. [Article] Bear Wallow Creek culvert

  This pipe was installed in 2005 by Johnson Rock Products. The culvert has aluminized weir plates welded to the inside of the pipe at 10-foot intervals. The tributary on which this culvert was installed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bear Wallow Creek culvert Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers This pipe was installed in 2005 by Johnson Rock Products. The culvert has aluminized weir plates welded to the inside of the pipe at 10-foot intervals. The tributary on which this culvert was installed flows into Paradise Creek, a tributary to the main Umpqua west of Drain. Title: Bear Wallow Creek culvert Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers This pipe was installed in 2005 by Johnson Rock Products. The culvert has aluminized weir plates welded to the inside of the pipe at 10-foot intervals. The tributary on which this culvert was installed flows into Paradise Creek, a tributary to the main Umpqua west of Drain. Close

• 239. [Article] Jack Creek culvert replacement

  Two Rapid-Span bridges were installed on property owned by Donna Woolley. The total project cost was $130,000. The bridges have concrete running surfaces over two large I-beams.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Jack Creek culvert replacement Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Two Rapid-Span bridges were installed on property owned by Donna Woolley. The total project cost was $130,000. The bridges have concrete running surfaces over two large I-beams. Title: Jack Creek culvert replacement Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Two Rapid-Span bridges were installed on property owned by Donna Woolley. The total project cost was $130,000. The bridges have concrete running surfaces over two large I-beams. Close

• 240. [Article] Comparative effects of precommercial thinning, urea fertilizer, and red alder in a site 11, coast Douglas-fir plantation

  The authors varied the number of red alder retained with 300 Douglas-fir per acre on a high-quality site in coastal Oregon. Alder densities of 0, 20, 40, and 80 per acre were tested. The authors' fifth ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative effects of precommercial thinning, urea fertilizer, and red alder in a site 11, coast Douglas-fir plantation Author: Obermeyer, Edmund L., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Anderson, Harry William, Miller, Richard E. The authors varied the number of red alder retained with 300 Douglas-fir per acre on a high-quality site in coastal Oregon. Alder densities of 0, 20, 40, and 80 per acre were tested. The authors' fifth treatment eliminated nitrogen-fixing alder, but substantial nitrogen fertilizer. Treatment 6 had neither thinning nor alder control. Treatments were randomly assigned within each of three blocks in a 9-year-old plantation. Stand density was reduced within 15 of these 18 experimental units. Surplus conifers were cut, but surplus red alder were controlled by the 'hack-and-squirt' method. Because numerous trees of other species regenerated naturally, combined density of all species before thinning ranged from 1,400 to 5,700 trees per acre. Subsequent 17-year change in number, average height, basal area, and volume of Douglas-fir were compared. Retaining 20, 40, or 80 alder per acre reduced numbers of associated Douglas-fir by about 10, 17, and 23 percent, respectively. In pur Douglas-fir plots, gross volume growth was similar for nonfertilized and fertilized plots, indicating no measureable benefits of additional nitrogen. in mixed stands, red alder reduced yield of associated Douglas-fir, but not yield of combined species. Similar comparisons are needed at other locations, especially those with known nitrogen deficiency. Title: Comparative effects of precommercial thinning, urea fertilizer, and red alder in a site 11, coast Douglas-fir plantation Author: Obermeyer, Edmund L., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Anderson, Harry William, Miller, Richard E. The authors varied the number of red alder retained with 300 Douglas-fir per acre on a high-quality site in coastal Oregon. Alder densities of 0, 20, 40, and 80 per acre were tested. The authors' fifth treatment eliminated nitrogen-fixing alder, but substantial nitrogen fertilizer. Treatment 6 had neither thinning nor alder control. Treatments were randomly assigned within each of three blocks in a 9-year-old plantation. Stand density was reduced within 15 of these 18 experimental units. Surplus conifers were cut, but surplus red alder were controlled by the 'hack-and-squirt' method. Because numerous trees of other species regenerated naturally, combined density of all species before thinning ranged from 1,400 to 5,700 trees per acre. Subsequent 17-year change in number, average height, basal area, and volume of Douglas-fir were compared. Retaining 20, 40, or 80 alder per acre reduced numbers of associated Douglas-fir by about 10, 17, and 23 percent, respectively. In pur Douglas-fir plots, gross volume growth was similar for nonfertilized and fertilized plots, indicating no measureable benefits of additional nitrogen. in mixed stands, red alder reduced yield of associated Douglas-fir, but not yield of combined species. Similar comparisons are needed at other locations, especially those with known nitrogen deficiency. Close

• 241. [Article] Measurement, modeling, and remote sensing of snow cover in areas of heterogeneous vegetation

  Numerous studies have demonstrated that vegetation canopies affect snow accumulation and ablation processes. In addition, estimates of remotely sensed snow covered area can be biased by the presence of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Measurement, modeling, and remote sensing of snow cover in areas of heterogeneous vegetation Author: Selkowitz, David Numerous studies have demonstrated that vegetation canopies affect snow accumulation and ablation processes. In addition, estimates of remotely sensed snow covered area can be biased by the presence of an overlying vegetation canopy. Consequently, any attempts to measure, model, or map the distribution of snow in a region with heterogeneous vegetation cover would benefit from a more complete understanding of both the relationship between vegetation density and snow cover on the ground as well as the relationship between remotely sensed snow covered area and actual snow covered area under various vegetation densities. The research presented here explores both of these relationships. Chapter 2 describes, qualitatively and quantitatively, the relationship between canopy gap fraction (the inverse of canopy density) and snow accumulation at fine spatial scales in Glacier National Park, Montana. Gap fraction and snow cover data from two winters were compared along eight vegetation-snow transects representing a range of landscape types, including dense forest, variable density forests with openings, forest-grassland mosaics, and burned-unburned forest mosaics. The data suggest that the relationship between gap fraction and snow accumulation depends on the range of gap fraction values considered. For gap fraction values less than 40%, a significant positive linear relationship exists between gap fraction and snow accumulation. For gap fraction values between 40% and 90%, the relationship is poorly defined, most likely due to the influence of the spatial patterning of vegetation on wind scouring/deposition of snow which cannot be captured by a simple metric such as gap fraction. When gap fraction exceeds - 90%, snow cover is almost always shallow or nonexistent due to wind scouring and high solar radiation loads. The poorly defined relationship between gap fraction and snow accumulation in the range of 40-90% gap fraction is not highly problematic because this gap fraction range represents only 24% of the landscape, and the 60-90% range of gap fraction where the gap fraction-snow accumulation relationship is least pronounced represents only 5% of the landscape. The results from these vegetation-snow surveys indicate that at fine spatial scales where topographic variability is minimal, canopy density can explain a substantial portion of the variability in snow accumulation that would otherwise remain unexplained. The high variance in snow accumulation in the 60-90% gap fraction range and the relatively small sample size presented here make it unrealistic, however, to infer an optimum gap fraction for snow accumulation in Glacier National Park or anywhere else. Chapter 3 provides an assessment of methods for modeling and mapping spatiotemporal variability in snow cover in Glacier National Park. SnowModel, a relatively new physically-based snow evolution model that accounts for the influence of vegetation on snow processes, was used to simulate the spatial distribution of snow water equivalent at hourly time steps for an 850 km2 model domain in eastern Glacier National Park. The standard implementation of SnowModel uses an image of land cover type to adjust snow accumulation and ablation for the effects of vegetation. In this non-standard implementation, the model was parameterized using a weighting scheme that allowed the model to utilize a Landsat-derived image of gap fraction to adjust snow accumulation and ablation in a more precise manner than would have been possible if only land cover type information was available. In situ measurements suggest the model did a reasonable job simulating snow evolution patterns and the differences in snow evolution associated with different vegetation densities. Weaknesses in this implementation of SnowModel appear to be its tendency to overestimate snow in the easternmost portion of the model domain (where a significant rain shadow effect exists) and overestimate snow in exposed areas. Due to a lack of in situ measurements at the scale of the model output, it was not possible to conclusively determine if the incorporation of fine scale (28.5 m pixel) information on forest canopy density improved model accuracy. MODIS-derived images of binary and fractional snow covered area were also evaluated. The binary product consistently mapped a higher percentage of the study area as snow covered than the fractional product. Spatial patterns of snow covered area were similar for the MODIS-derived products and the results from the implementation of SnowModel. Unfortunately, the remotely sensed snow covered area products could not be used to evaluate the model's treatment of snow evolution under different vegetation conditions because gap fraction influences the mapping of snow covered area for the remotely sensed products. Understanding how remotely sensed estimates of snow covered area are influenced by gap fraction density will hopefully allow for these products to be used as a validation tool for spatially distributed model results in areas of heterogeneous vegetation in the future. Title: Measurement, modeling, and remote sensing of snow cover in areas of heterogeneous vegetation Author: Selkowitz, David Numerous studies have demonstrated that vegetation canopies affect snow accumulation and ablation processes. In addition, estimates of remotely sensed snow covered area can be biased by the presence of an overlying vegetation canopy. Consequently, any attempts to measure, model, or map the distribution of snow in a region with heterogeneous vegetation cover would benefit from a more complete understanding of both the relationship between vegetation density and snow cover on the ground as well as the relationship between remotely sensed snow covered area and actual snow covered area under various vegetation densities. The research presented here explores both of these relationships. Chapter 2 describes, qualitatively and quantitatively, the relationship between canopy gap fraction (the inverse of canopy density) and snow accumulation at fine spatial scales in Glacier National Park, Montana. Gap fraction and snow cover data from two winters were compared along eight vegetation-snow transects representing a range of landscape types, including dense forest, variable density forests with openings, forest-grassland mosaics, and burned-unburned forest mosaics. The data suggest that the relationship between gap fraction and snow accumulation depends on the range of gap fraction values considered. For gap fraction values less than 40%, a significant positive linear relationship exists between gap fraction and snow accumulation. For gap fraction values between 40% and 90%, the relationship is poorly defined, most likely due to the influence of the spatial patterning of vegetation on wind scouring/deposition of snow which cannot be captured by a simple metric such as gap fraction. When gap fraction exceeds - 90%, snow cover is almost always shallow or nonexistent due to wind scouring and high solar radiation loads. The poorly defined relationship between gap fraction and snow accumulation in the range of 40-90% gap fraction is not highly problematic because this gap fraction range represents only 24% of the landscape, and the 60-90% range of gap fraction where the gap fraction-snow accumulation relationship is least pronounced represents only 5% of the landscape. The results from these vegetation-snow surveys indicate that at fine spatial scales where topographic variability is minimal, canopy density can explain a substantial portion of the variability in snow accumulation that would otherwise remain unexplained. The high variance in snow accumulation in the 60-90% gap fraction range and the relatively small sample size presented here make it unrealistic, however, to infer an optimum gap fraction for snow accumulation in Glacier National Park or anywhere else. Chapter 3 provides an assessment of methods for modeling and mapping spatiotemporal variability in snow cover in Glacier National Park. SnowModel, a relatively new physically-based snow evolution model that accounts for the influence of vegetation on snow processes, was used to simulate the spatial distribution of snow water equivalent at hourly time steps for an 850 km2 model domain in eastern Glacier National Park. The standard implementation of SnowModel uses an image of land cover type to adjust snow accumulation and ablation for the effects of vegetation. In this non-standard implementation, the model was parameterized using a weighting scheme that allowed the model to utilize a Landsat-derived image of gap fraction to adjust snow accumulation and ablation in a more precise manner than would have been possible if only land cover type information was available. In situ measurements suggest the model did a reasonable job simulating snow evolution patterns and the differences in snow evolution associated with different vegetation densities. Weaknesses in this implementation of SnowModel appear to be its tendency to overestimate snow in the easternmost portion of the model domain (where a significant rain shadow effect exists) and overestimate snow in exposed areas. Due to a lack of in situ measurements at the scale of the model output, it was not possible to conclusively determine if the incorporation of fine scale (28.5 m pixel) information on forest canopy density improved model accuracy. MODIS-derived images of binary and fractional snow covered area were also evaluated. The binary product consistently mapped a higher percentage of the study area as snow covered than the fractional product. Spatial patterns of snow covered area were similar for the MODIS-derived products and the results from the implementation of SnowModel. Unfortunately, the remotely sensed snow covered area products could not be used to evaluate the model's treatment of snow evolution under different vegetation conditions because gap fraction influences the mapping of snow covered area for the remotely sensed products. Understanding how remotely sensed estimates of snow covered area are influenced by gap fraction density will hopefully allow for these products to be used as a validation tool for spatially distributed model results in areas of heterogeneous vegetation in the future. Close

• 242. [Article] Analyzing fire mosaics in temperate coniferous forests with GIS and remote sensing

  This investigation on fire mosaics addressed several aspects: (1) quantifying the role of terrain variables in fire-related mortality and historical mean fire return interval (MFRI), (2) comparing post-burn ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analyzing fire mosaics in temperate coniferous forests with GIS and remote sensing Author: Kushla, John D. This investigation on fire mosaics addressed several aspects: (1) quantifying the role of terrain variables in fire-related mortality and historical mean fire return interval (MFRI), (2) comparing post-burn Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, TM difference imagery, and aerial photo interpretation to map forest survival after wildfire, and (3) to describe and discuss wildfire effects on successional stage patterns and wildlife habitat. The two study sites were located on the Willamette National Forest in the Oregon Cascades. The Warner Creek burn was the location of a 1991 wildfire covering 3669 ha; the Upper McKenzie site was the location of ecological and historical fire studies. Historical MFRI, terrain, and vegetation data were input into a geographical information system. Random sampling was conducted on all layers, and was also used to ground truth forest survival, primarily with aerial photography. Relationships of terrain to forest survival and historical MFRI were analyzed with regression. Regression was also used to model forest survival with TM data. Error matrices were used to compare classified TM data and aerial photo interpretation in mapping survival. At both sites, terrain variables accounted for more variation in forest survival (12-62%) or historical MFRI (4.8-21.9%) within individual physiographic areas, than across the respective study areas. Moreover, the significant topographic variables differed among individual physiographic areas. Regressions of TM band transformations were used to evaluate forest survival. The TM difference imagery with stratification by pre-f ire tasseled cap (TC) wetness explained 75% of the variation in live canopy ratio, and post-burn TM Structural Index (SI) accounted for 72%. Classification of the TM difference imagery with pre-f ire TC wetness had an overall accuracy of 68%, that of the post-burn SI was 63%, and that from aerial photo interpretation was 56%. Before the burn, landscape matrix was closed mature/old-growth. After the burn, the early seral/rock stage expanded, the open mature/old-growth stage was created, and the closed mature/old-growth was reduced and fragmented. Thus, overall habitat diversity and edge increased, but interior habitat decreased. Also, patches of early seral/rock were more variable in size and complex in shape than staggered setting clearcuts on public lands. Title: Analyzing fire mosaics in temperate coniferous forests with GIS and remote sensing Author: Kushla, John D. This investigation on fire mosaics addressed several aspects: (1) quantifying the role of terrain variables in fire-related mortality and historical mean fire return interval (MFRI), (2) comparing post-burn Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, TM difference imagery, and aerial photo interpretation to map forest survival after wildfire, and (3) to describe and discuss wildfire effects on successional stage patterns and wildlife habitat. The two study sites were located on the Willamette National Forest in the Oregon Cascades. The Warner Creek burn was the location of a 1991 wildfire covering 3669 ha; the Upper McKenzie site was the location of ecological and historical fire studies. Historical MFRI, terrain, and vegetation data were input into a geographical information system. Random sampling was conducted on all layers, and was also used to ground truth forest survival, primarily with aerial photography. Relationships of terrain to forest survival and historical MFRI were analyzed with regression. Regression was also used to model forest survival with TM data. Error matrices were used to compare classified TM data and aerial photo interpretation in mapping survival. At both sites, terrain variables accounted for more variation in forest survival (12-62%) or historical MFRI (4.8-21.9%) within individual physiographic areas, than across the respective study areas. Moreover, the significant topographic variables differed among individual physiographic areas. Regressions of TM band transformations were used to evaluate forest survival. The TM difference imagery with stratification by pre-f ire tasseled cap (TC) wetness explained 75% of the variation in live canopy ratio, and post-burn TM Structural Index (SI) accounted for 72%. Classification of the TM difference imagery with pre-f ire TC wetness had an overall accuracy of 68%, that of the post-burn SI was 63%, and that from aerial photo interpretation was 56%. Before the burn, landscape matrix was closed mature/old-growth. After the burn, the early seral/rock stage expanded, the open mature/old-growth stage was created, and the closed mature/old-growth was reduced and fragmented. Thus, overall habitat diversity and edge increased, but interior habitat decreased. Also, patches of early seral/rock were more variable in size and complex in shape than staggered setting clearcuts on public lands. Close

• 243. [Article] Physical habitat classification for conservation planning in the Klamath Mountains region

  I classified the environment of the Klamath Mountains region into physical habitat types using climate and soil variables and a geographic information system (GIS). I used principal components analysis ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Physical habitat classification for conservation planning in the Klamath Mountains region Author: Vance-Borland, Kenneth W. I classified the environment of the Klamath Mountains region into physical habitat types using climate and soil variables and a geographic information system (GIS). I used principal components analysis to find four variables representing most regional climate variation: average annual precipitation, the difference between December and July precipitation, average annual temperature, and the difference between July and January average temperatures. I used soil depth and soil water-holding capacity to represent soil quality. I used the four climate variables and two soil variables for cluster analysis to classify the region into 19 physical habitat types. To test the habitat classification, I surveyed woody vegetation in 97 plots throughout the region. I recorded 29 tree species and 53 shrub species. Mantel tests showed significant correlations between woody vegetation and the environmental variables used in the classification. Muitiresponse permutation procedures (MRPP) showed woody plant assemblages differ significantly between physical habitat types. Overlaying Gap Analysis Program (GAP) vegetation types with the physical habitat types showed multiple physical habitats occurring within most vegetation types, a possible indication of the beta diversity within GAP vegetation types. Wilderness areas covered 14% of the study area, but regional physical habitat diversity was poorly represented in the wilderness reserve system. Five of the 19 physical habitat types had at least 25% of their areas in wilderness, and all 5 of those types were in the mountains. Nine physical habitat types had less than 10% of their areas in wilderness, and 3 low interior fertile types had no area in wilderness. Wilderness areas and Late Successional Reserves (LSRs) made up 40% of the study area, but three lowland physical habitat types had less than 25% of their areas in wilderness and LSRs, and three other lowland physical habitat types had less than 10%of their areas in in wilderness and LSRs. I used conservation planning software to select two examples of more fully representative reserve networks based on existing wilderness areas. One represented at least 10% of each physical habitat type and the other at least 25%. Two-thirds of the region is in public ownership, but private lands would be needed to represent lowland warm fertile habitat types in reserves. GIS and newly available environmental data sets allowed cost-effective mapping of physical habitat diversity for conservation planning. Title: Physical habitat classification for conservation planning in the Klamath Mountains region Author: Vance-Borland, Kenneth W. I classified the environment of the Klamath Mountains region into physical habitat types using climate and soil variables and a geographic information system (GIS). I used principal components analysis to find four variables representing most regional climate variation: average annual precipitation, the difference between December and July precipitation, average annual temperature, and the difference between July and January average temperatures. I used soil depth and soil water-holding capacity to represent soil quality. I used the four climate variables and two soil variables for cluster analysis to classify the region into 19 physical habitat types. To test the habitat classification, I surveyed woody vegetation in 97 plots throughout the region. I recorded 29 tree species and 53 shrub species. Mantel tests showed significant correlations between woody vegetation and the environmental variables used in the classification. Muitiresponse permutation procedures (MRPP) showed woody plant assemblages differ significantly between physical habitat types. Overlaying Gap Analysis Program (GAP) vegetation types with the physical habitat types showed multiple physical habitats occurring within most vegetation types, a possible indication of the beta diversity within GAP vegetation types. Wilderness areas covered 14% of the study area, but regional physical habitat diversity was poorly represented in the wilderness reserve system. Five of the 19 physical habitat types had at least 25% of their areas in wilderness, and all 5 of those types were in the mountains. Nine physical habitat types had less than 10% of their areas in wilderness, and 3 low interior fertile types had no area in wilderness. Wilderness areas and Late Successional Reserves (LSRs) made up 40% of the study area, but three lowland physical habitat types had less than 25% of their areas in wilderness and LSRs, and three other lowland physical habitat types had less than 10%of their areas in in wilderness and LSRs. I used conservation planning software to select two examples of more fully representative reserve networks based on existing wilderness areas. One represented at least 10% of each physical habitat type and the other at least 25%. Two-thirds of the region is in public ownership, but private lands would be needed to represent lowland warm fertile habitat types in reserves. GIS and newly available environmental data sets allowed cost-effective mapping of physical habitat diversity for conservation planning. Close

• 244. [Article] Bald Angel vegetation management project environmental assessment

  273 pp. Tables, appendices, maps, illus. T 6 S, R 41-43 E; T 7 S, R 42-43 E. Captured May 29, 2008.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bald Angel vegetation management project environmental assessment Author: La Grande Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2006 273 pp. Tables, appendices, maps, illus. T 6 S, R 41-43 E; T 7 S, R 42-43 E. Captured May 29, 2008. Title: Bald Angel vegetation management project environmental assessment Author: La Grande Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2006 273 pp. Tables, appendices, maps, illus. T 6 S, R 41-43 E; T 7 S, R 42-43 E. Captured May 29, 2008. Close

• 245. [Article] Bald Angel vegetation management decision notice/FONSI

  19 pp. Tables. T 6 S, R 41-43E; T 7 S, R42-43E. Captured May 29, 2008.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bald Angel vegetation management decision notice/FONSI Author: La Grande Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2007 19 pp. Tables. T 6 S, R 41-43E; T 7 S, R42-43E. Captured May 29, 2008. Title: Bald Angel vegetation management decision notice/FONSI Author: La Grande Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2007 19 pp. Tables. T 6 S, R 41-43E; T 7 S, R42-43E. Captured May 29, 2008. Close

• 246. [Article] Bald Angel vegetation management decision notice/FONSI

  19 pp. Tables. T 6 S, R 41-43E; T 7 S, R42-43E. Captured May 29, 2008.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bald Angel vegetation management decision notice/FONSI Author: La Grande Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2007 19 pp. Tables. T 6 S, R 41-43E; T 7 S, R42-43E. Captured May 29, 2008. Title: Bald Angel vegetation management decision notice/FONSI Author: La Grande Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2007 19 pp. Tables. T 6 S, R 41-43E; T 7 S, R42-43E. Captured May 29, 2008. Close

• 247. [Article] Bald Angel vegetation management project environmental assessment

  273 pp. Tables, appendices, maps, illus. T 6 S, R 41-43 E; T 7 S, R 42-43 E. Captured May 29, 2008.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bald Angel vegetation management project environmental assessment Author: La Grande Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2006 273 pp. Tables, appendices, maps, illus. T 6 S, R 41-43 E; T 7 S, R 42-43 E. Captured May 29, 2008. Title: Bald Angel vegetation management project environmental assessment Author: La Grande Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2006 273 pp. Tables, appendices, maps, illus. T 6 S, R 41-43 E; T 7 S, R 42-43 E. Captured May 29, 2008. Close

• 248. [Article] Reduction in growth of pole-sized Ponderosa pine related to a Pandora moth outbreak in central Oregon

  A pandora moth (Coloradia pandora Blake) outbreak began in 1991 in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws) spacing study area that also included scattered sugar pine (P. lambertiana Dougl). ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reduction in growth of pole-sized Ponderosa pine related to a Pandora moth outbreak in central Oregon Author: Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Cochran, P.H. A pandora moth (Coloradia pandora Blake) outbreak began in 1991 in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws) spacing study area that also included scattered sugar pine (P. lambertiana Dougl). The relation of defoliation to five tree spacings (with and without understory vegetation) was examined, and stand growth reduction due to defoliation was estimated. Defoliation generally increased as spacing varied from 2 to 5.7 meters and then decreased as spacing increased to 8 meters. Partial defoliation in 1992 reduced stand volume growth, while partial defoliation in 1994 reduced height growth during 1990-94. Basal area growth of nonefoliated sugar pine and partially defoliated ponderosa pine trees outside the outbreak area. Ratios of annual basal area increments for nondefoliated trees to annual increments of partially defoliated ponderosa pine sharply increased after the outbreak. Basal area annual increments of sample trees were reduced by 25 prcent in the first growing season after defoliation (1992), 30 percent the second year after defoliation (1993), and 63 percent after the second defoliation (1994). Title: Reduction in growth of pole-sized Ponderosa pine related to a Pandora moth outbreak in central Oregon Author: Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Cochran, P.H. A pandora moth (Coloradia pandora Blake) outbreak began in 1991 in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws) spacing study area that also included scattered sugar pine (P. lambertiana Dougl). The relation of defoliation to five tree spacings (with and without understory vegetation) was examined, and stand growth reduction due to defoliation was estimated. Defoliation generally increased as spacing varied from 2 to 5.7 meters and then decreased as spacing increased to 8 meters. Partial defoliation in 1992 reduced stand volume growth, while partial defoliation in 1994 reduced height growth during 1990-94. Basal area growth of nonefoliated sugar pine and partially defoliated ponderosa pine trees outside the outbreak area. Ratios of annual basal area increments for nondefoliated trees to annual increments of partially defoliated ponderosa pine sharply increased after the outbreak. Basal area annual increments of sample trees were reduced by 25 prcent in the first growing season after defoliation (1992), 30 percent the second year after defoliation (1993), and 63 percent after the second defoliation (1994). Close

• 249. [Image] E.A. Sherman observing dunes, vegetation and trees.

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: E.A. Sherman observing dunes, vegetation and trees. Year: 2013 Title: E.A. Sherman observing dunes, vegetation and trees. Year: 2013 Close

• 250. [Image] Forest vegetation

  	Typical vegetation of Columbia National Forest along Lower Cispus River, near Randle, Washington. Sword ferns, Oxalis, and trillium carpeting Columbia National Forest along lower Cispus River
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forest vegetation Year: 1941 Typical vegetation of Columbia National Forest along Lower Cispus River, near Randle, Washington. Sword ferns, Oxalis, and trillium carpeting Columbia National Forest along lower Cispus River Title: Forest vegetation Year: 1941 Typical vegetation of Columbia National Forest along Lower Cispus River, near Randle, Washington. Sword ferns, Oxalis, and trillium carpeting Columbia National Forest along lower Cispus River Close

• 251. [Article] McCache vegetation management project decision notice, Forest Plan amendment, and finding of no significant impact

  15 pp. Table. The project area is within Deschutes County, in townships 14 and 15 south, and ranges 8 and 9 east. Captured May 25, 2007.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: McCache vegetation management project decision notice, Forest Plan amendment, and finding of no significant impact Author: Sisters Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2001 15 pp. Table. The project area is within Deschutes County, in townships 14 and 15 south, and ranges 8 and 9 east. Captured May 25, 2007. Title: McCache vegetation management project decision notice, Forest Plan amendment, and finding of no significant impact Author: Sisters Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2001 15 pp. Table. The project area is within Deschutes County, in townships 14 and 15 south, and ranges 8 and 9 east. Captured May 25, 2007. Close

• 252. [Article] The influences of habitat structure and landscape heterogeneity on African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) group size in Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa

  This study aimed to connect habitat and landscape scale variation, through time and space, to wildlife population dynamics. I studied African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) group size according to habitat structure, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influences of habitat structure and landscape heterogeneity on African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) group size in Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa Author: Dora, Cathleen Anna This study aimed to connect habitat and landscape scale variation, through time and space, to wildlife population dynamics. I studied African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) group size according to habitat structure, landscape heterogeneity, forage quality, and water availability in Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa. I used two approaches to study grouping behavior of buffalo-daily field observations and digital vegetation classification and mapping home range areas to quantify seasonal and geographic changes. Daily buffalo observations included a record of tree and shrub density within habitat patches and buffalo group counts. I concluded that buffalo occurred in smaller groups during the dry season. During both seasons, buffalo maintained larger groups in more open habitat and in the dry season, group size also depended on grass quality. To examine landscape heterogeneity, a Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) satellite image was classified into structural vegetation types and radio tracking data from ten herds were used to calculate and delineate home range area. Vegetation structure and water availability were summarized in each home range area and an average buffalo group size was calculated for each herd in each season. During the dry season, average vegetation density was the only significant influence on group size. Again, buffalo maintained larger groups in more open areas. During the wet season, vegetation density did not affect group size, but the heterogeneity of vegetation types within the home range did. Buffalo were found in larger groups in more heterogeneous home range areas. The total size of the herd was also a significant influence in the wet season. Larger herds maintained larger average groups. I also determined the influence of vegetation structure and landscape heterogeneity on group size variability within herds. During the dry season, variability was affected by home range heterogeneity, total herd size, and, marginally, by water availability. In the dry season, more variability was observed in heterogeneous areas and areas with more permanent water. Larger herds also had more group size variability than small herds. In the wet season variability was determined by total herd size only. Larger herds had more variability than small herds. This study has important implications in terms of wildlife management. I have shown that habitat structure, forage availability, and landscape heterogeneity significantly affect buffalo population dynamics. I have also presented a method to quantify vegetation factors on a landscape scale and determine how those factors can influence wildlife populations. The map of structural vegetation can also be used to examine the effects of landscape change, yearly burning regimes, and large herbivores on the reserve's ecosystem. Title: The influences of habitat structure and landscape heterogeneity on African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) group size in Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa Author: Dora, Cathleen Anna This study aimed to connect habitat and landscape scale variation, through time and space, to wildlife population dynamics. I studied African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) group size according to habitat structure, landscape heterogeneity, forage quality, and water availability in Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa. I used two approaches to study grouping behavior of buffalo-daily field observations and digital vegetation classification and mapping home range areas to quantify seasonal and geographic changes. Daily buffalo observations included a record of tree and shrub density within habitat patches and buffalo group counts. I concluded that buffalo occurred in smaller groups during the dry season. During both seasons, buffalo maintained larger groups in more open habitat and in the dry season, group size also depended on grass quality. To examine landscape heterogeneity, a Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) satellite image was classified into structural vegetation types and radio tracking data from ten herds were used to calculate and delineate home range area. Vegetation structure and water availability were summarized in each home range area and an average buffalo group size was calculated for each herd in each season. During the dry season, average vegetation density was the only significant influence on group size. Again, buffalo maintained larger groups in more open areas. During the wet season, vegetation density did not affect group size, but the heterogeneity of vegetation types within the home range did. Buffalo were found in larger groups in more heterogeneous home range areas. The total size of the herd was also a significant influence in the wet season. Larger herds maintained larger average groups. I also determined the influence of vegetation structure and landscape heterogeneity on group size variability within herds. During the dry season, variability was affected by home range heterogeneity, total herd size, and, marginally, by water availability. In the dry season, more variability was observed in heterogeneous areas and areas with more permanent water. Larger herds also had more group size variability than small herds. In the wet season variability was determined by total herd size only. Larger herds had more variability than small herds. This study has important implications in terms of wildlife management. I have shown that habitat structure, forage availability, and landscape heterogeneity significantly affect buffalo population dynamics. I have also presented a method to quantify vegetation factors on a landscape scale and determine how those factors can influence wildlife populations. The map of structural vegetation can also be used to examine the effects of landscape change, yearly burning regimes, and large herbivores on the reserve's ecosystem. Close

• 253. [Article] Tower Fire ecosystem analysis forest vegetation report and forest vegetation BAER report

  72 pp. Tables, figures, maps, references, appendix, illus. "Pre-fire forest types were very diverse, largely in response to a relatively steep elevational gradient ranging from 3,000 feet near the North ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tower Fire ecosystem analysis forest vegetation report and forest vegetation BAER report Author: North Fork John Day Ranger District (Or.), Powell, David C., Erickson, Vicky Year: 2008, 1997 72 pp. Tables, figures, maps, references, appendix, illus. "Pre-fire forest types were very diverse, largely in response to a relatively steep elevational gradient ranging from 3,000 feet near the North Fork of the John Day River at the southwestern corner of the fire perimeter to 6,850 feet at Tower Mountain lookout on the extreme eastern edge of the analysis area." Date of BAER report is September 1996. Captured June 18, 2008. Title: Tower Fire ecosystem analysis forest vegetation report and forest vegetation BAER report Author: North Fork John Day Ranger District (Or.), Powell, David C., Erickson, Vicky Year: 2008, 1997 72 pp. Tables, figures, maps, references, appendix, illus. "Pre-fire forest types were very diverse, largely in response to a relatively steep elevational gradient ranging from 3,000 feet near the North Fork of the John Day River at the southwestern corner of the fire perimeter to 6,850 feet at Tower Mountain lookout on the extreme eastern edge of the analysis area." Date of BAER report is September 1996. Captured June 18, 2008. Close

• 254. [Article] A fluid-mechanics based classification scheme for surface transient storage in riverine environments: quantitatively separating surface from hyporheic transient storage

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Copernicus Publications and can be found at: [http://publications.copernicus.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A fluid-mechanics based classification scheme for surface transient storage in riverine environments: quantitatively separating surface from hyporheic transient storage Author: Jackson, T. R., Haggerty, R., Apte, Sourabh V. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Copernicus Publications and can be found at: [http://publications.copernicus.org/. Title: A fluid-mechanics based classification scheme for surface transient storage in riverine environments: quantitatively separating surface from hyporheic transient storage Author: Jackson, T. R., Haggerty, R., Apte, Sourabh V. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Copernicus Publications and can be found at: [http://publications.copernicus.org/. Close

• 255. [Article] Field checking the National Wetlands Inventory at South Slough, Oregon

  The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) was developed to map U.S. wetlands comprehensively, following the Cowardin classification system. Wetlands are mapped by the NWI using ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Field checking the National Wetlands Inventory at South Slough, Oregon Author: Graves, Jonathan K. Year: 1991 The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) was developed to map U.S. wetlands comprehensively, following the Cowardin classification system. Wetlands are mapped by the NWI using small scale aerial photographs, but the inventory is not field checked in detail. The accuracy of this inventory has been questioned. During the summer of 1990, I field checked the portion of the NWI map of Charleston, OR Quadrangle containing the South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. Using the Cowardin classification, I delineated fresh and saltwater wetlands in the South Slough Reserve and identified wetland plant communities as Cowardin wetland types by field reconnaissance methods. I hypothesized that the NWI would have two kinds of errors: classification errors and delineation errors. A classification error occurs when the Cowardin wetland type is incorrectly designated on the NWI map. A delineation error occurs when the wetland is incorrectly placed on the NWI map, omitted, or included when it was not a wetland. Of the 402.3 ha of wetlands I field checked, 52.4 ha were classified incorrectly and 16.2 ha were delineated incorrectly. On an area-basis the NWI is about 83% accurate in this test case. Given the small scale of air photo interpretation, I judged the NWI to be quite accurate in the South Slough area. Title: Field checking the National Wetlands Inventory at South Slough, Oregon Author: Graves, Jonathan K. Year: 1991 The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) was developed to map U.S. wetlands comprehensively, following the Cowardin classification system. Wetlands are mapped by the NWI using small scale aerial photographs, but the inventory is not field checked in detail. The accuracy of this inventory has been questioned. During the summer of 1990, I field checked the portion of the NWI map of Charleston, OR Quadrangle containing the South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. Using the Cowardin classification, I delineated fresh and saltwater wetlands in the South Slough Reserve and identified wetland plant communities as Cowardin wetland types by field reconnaissance methods. I hypothesized that the NWI would have two kinds of errors: classification errors and delineation errors. A classification error occurs when the Cowardin wetland type is incorrectly designated on the NWI map. A delineation error occurs when the wetland is incorrectly placed on the NWI map, omitted, or included when it was not a wetland. Of the 402.3 ha of wetlands I field checked, 52.4 ha were classified incorrectly and 16.2 ha were delineated incorrectly. On an area-basis the NWI is about 83% accurate in this test case. Given the small scale of air photo interpretation, I judged the NWI to be quite accurate in the South Slough area. Close

• 256. [Article] Woody riparian species patterns along northeast Oregon mountainous streams and the relationship to riparian capability

  Woody riparian vegetation is an essential component of riparian ecosystems, responsible in part for the maintenance of functional ecological processes. The plant community composition and distribution ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Woody riparian species patterns along northeast Oregon mountainous streams and the relationship to riparian capability Author: Yancey, Jennifer M. Woody riparian vegetation is an essential component of riparian ecosystems, responsible in part for the maintenance of functional ecological processes. The plant community composition and distribution provide an indication of the underlying mosaic of environmental attributes and processes. Restoration and management of riparian communities have been hindered by the lack of measurable criteria for the assessment of a riparian systems modified by human imposed infrastructures. The woody vegetation community offered a quantifiable indicator of the underlying mosaic of environmental, physical, and hydrological attributes, while allowing the investigation of the concept of riparian potential versus riparian capability. The examination of riparian condition was measured through the determination of species-environmental relationships along three mountainous channels in northeast Oregon. The physical and environmental attributes of channel morphology, hydrology, understory community composition, surface particle characteristics, and microclimate variables were quantified and analyzed in relation to the woody vegetation composition and distribution across the three separate streams and within flood-frequency elevation zones. The second component of the study evaluated and described methods for quantifying the concept of riparian capability, based on the measured species-environmental relationships and channel morphology. The evaluation of condition was measured against the reference baseline of Rosgen hierarchical classification and regional hydraulic geometry curves. Multivariate analyses indicated that vegetation transects grouped by stream and vegetation belt transects weakly grouped by flood zone, based on the species composition quantified within the vegetation transects and flood zones. Secondly, channel geometry, canopy cover, air temperature, channel particle size, understory composition attributes, and flood zone distance were found to be overall gradients, which described the variation in species composition across the three streams in northeast Oregon. Direct individual species-environmental relationship conclusions were weak due to the close clustering of species and multiple physical and environmental gradients. Riparian condition at the Grande Ronde River and North Fork Catherine Creek was determined to be functioning at riparian capability. Channel geometry measurements at the two stream reaches aligned with Rosgen stream type criteria and regional hydrologic curves, while species composition represented characteristics of potential natural communities. Meadow Creek was concluded to have departed from the highest attainable condition, thus riparian condition was less than capability. The results suggested that woody riparian vegetation response was a function the physical sttributes: channel morphological widths, bankfull, floodprone, 25-year flood width, valley width, channel sinuosity, and channel slope. Environmental attributes, floodplain canopy cover, air temperature, and understory composition, were further factors that influenced the woody riparian vegetation community variation. The results also suggested species richness and diversity were associated with specific physical and environmental attributes. Finally, the results provided the determination of riparian capability along montane streams in northeast Oregon and criteria acceptable for the determination of riparian capability. These criteria included the physical channel measurements assessed against Rosgen hierarchiecal classification and regional channel geometry curves; and woody vegetation presence and distribution assessed against potential natural community plant associations. Further research should be done across a variety of riparian systems to determine both indicator species and reference values for the physical and environmental attributes that could be utilized for the assessment of riparian capability. Title: Woody riparian species patterns along northeast Oregon mountainous streams and the relationship to riparian capability Author: Yancey, Jennifer M. Woody riparian vegetation is an essential component of riparian ecosystems, responsible in part for the maintenance of functional ecological processes. The plant community composition and distribution provide an indication of the underlying mosaic of environmental attributes and processes. Restoration and management of riparian communities have been hindered by the lack of measurable criteria for the assessment of a riparian systems modified by human imposed infrastructures. The woody vegetation community offered a quantifiable indicator of the underlying mosaic of environmental, physical, and hydrological attributes, while allowing the investigation of the concept of riparian potential versus riparian capability. The examination of riparian condition was measured through the determination of species-environmental relationships along three mountainous channels in northeast Oregon. The physical and environmental attributes of channel morphology, hydrology, understory community composition, surface particle characteristics, and microclimate variables were quantified and analyzed in relation to the woody vegetation composition and distribution across the three separate streams and within flood-frequency elevation zones. The second component of the study evaluated and described methods for quantifying the concept of riparian capability, based on the measured species-environmental relationships and channel morphology. The evaluation of condition was measured against the reference baseline of Rosgen hierarchical classification and regional hydraulic geometry curves. Multivariate analyses indicated that vegetation transects grouped by stream and vegetation belt transects weakly grouped by flood zone, based on the species composition quantified within the vegetation transects and flood zones. Secondly, channel geometry, canopy cover, air temperature, channel particle size, understory composition attributes, and flood zone distance were found to be overall gradients, which described the variation in species composition across the three streams in northeast Oregon. Direct individual species-environmental relationship conclusions were weak due to the close clustering of species and multiple physical and environmental gradients. Riparian condition at the Grande Ronde River and North Fork Catherine Creek was determined to be functioning at riparian capability. Channel geometry measurements at the two stream reaches aligned with Rosgen stream type criteria and regional hydrologic curves, while species composition represented characteristics of potential natural communities. Meadow Creek was concluded to have departed from the highest attainable condition, thus riparian condition was less than capability. The results suggested that woody riparian vegetation response was a function the physical sttributes: channel morphological widths, bankfull, floodprone, 25-year flood width, valley width, channel sinuosity, and channel slope. Environmental attributes, floodplain canopy cover, air temperature, and understory composition, were further factors that influenced the woody riparian vegetation community variation. The results also suggested species richness and diversity were associated with specific physical and environmental attributes. Finally, the results provided the determination of riparian capability along montane streams in northeast Oregon and criteria acceptable for the determination of riparian capability. These criteria included the physical channel measurements assessed against Rosgen hierarchiecal classification and regional channel geometry curves; and woody vegetation presence and distribution assessed against potential natural community plant associations. Further research should be done across a variety of riparian systems to determine both indicator species and reference values for the physical and environmental attributes that could be utilized for the assessment of riparian capability. Close

• 257. [Article] A plant association classification for McDonald-Dunn Forest

  The purpose of this study was to develop a plant association classification for the mature coniferous forests of the McDonald and Paul M. Dunn Research Forests. A secondary objective was to quantify diversity ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A plant association classification for McDonald-Dunn Forest Author: Hubbard, Connie J. The purpose of this study was to develop a plant association classification for the mature coniferous forests of the McDonald and Paul M. Dunn Research Forests. A secondary objective was to quantify diversity within the plant associations. This Forest is approximately 11,000 acres and is located 6 miles to the north of Corvallis Oregon. This forest is owned and managed by the College of Forestry at Oregon State University. This study, and a companion study by Leavell (1991), was funded by the Research Forest to broaden their understanding of the plant communities on the Forest. The companion study developed relationships between the plant associations and the environment. Classification was based on 108 plots, using percent cover of trees, shrubs, forbs, and grasses. This sampling density of approximately 1 plot per 100 acres is much greater than most community classifications in the area (Hemstrom & Logan, 1986; Hemstrom et al., 1987; Topik et al., 1988; Juday, 1976). A total of 117 vascular plant species were encountered; 68 of these were used in classification. Stands sampled for this classification were primarily seral, yet the most mature available. Few climax stands were available for sampling. Plant associations were developed using TWINSPAN, a two-way indicator species analysis (Hill, 1979b). Six plant associations were developed and described in this study: Tsuga heterophylla/Acer circinatum-Gaultheria shallon Abies grandis/Acer circinatum-Gaultheria shallon Abies grandis/Disporum hookeri-Thalictrum occidentale Abies grandis/Polystichum munituin Abies qrandis/Rubus ursinus-Rhus diversiloba Abies randis/Brachypodium sylvaticum One plant association, Abies grandis/Acer circinatum- Gaultheria shallon, parallels a previously described plant association described by Juday in the Valley Margin Zone (Juday, 1976). The other 5 plant associations described in this study are original descriptions. The TSHE/ACCI-GASH, ABGR/ACCI-GASH, and the ABGR/RUURRHDI plant associations are shrub-dominated. ABGR/DIHOTHOC and ABGR/POMU are forb-domjnated associations, and ABGR/BRSY is a grass-dominated plant association. Plant associations were shown to have significant differences in species richness, heterogeneity, evenness, and in vertical structure. Average species richness per plot is highest in the ABGR/ACCI-GASH and ABGR/DIHO-THOC plant associations, which also has high relative diversity (Shannon's index) and evenness. Species richness is lowest in the TSHE/ACCI-GASH plant association, probably because it was represented only by seral stands. Structural diversity included an analysis of snags. Snag number, size, and distribution were not related to plant associations. Current snag levels indicate that at most, 30 percent of the maximun populations for six woodpecker species could be supported on this Forest. A description of each plant association is given. The description for each includes: extent, location, characteristic species, species richness and percent cover within four strata (trees, shrubs, forbs, and grasses), heterogeneity (Shannon' s diversity index), and an evenness measure. Title: A plant association classification for McDonald-Dunn Forest Author: Hubbard, Connie J. The purpose of this study was to develop a plant association classification for the mature coniferous forests of the McDonald and Paul M. Dunn Research Forests. A secondary objective was to quantify diversity within the plant associations. This Forest is approximately 11,000 acres and is located 6 miles to the north of Corvallis Oregon. This forest is owned and managed by the College of Forestry at Oregon State University. This study, and a companion study by Leavell (1991), was funded by the Research Forest to broaden their understanding of the plant communities on the Forest. The companion study developed relationships between the plant associations and the environment. Classification was based on 108 plots, using percent cover of trees, shrubs, forbs, and grasses. This sampling density of approximately 1 plot per 100 acres is much greater than most community classifications in the area (Hemstrom & Logan, 1986; Hemstrom et al., 1987; Topik et al., 1988; Juday, 1976). A total of 117 vascular plant species were encountered; 68 of these were used in classification. Stands sampled for this classification were primarily seral, yet the most mature available. Few climax stands were available for sampling. Plant associations were developed using TWINSPAN, a two-way indicator species analysis (Hill, 1979b). Six plant associations were developed and described in this study: Tsuga heterophylla/Acer circinatum-Gaultheria shallon Abies grandis/Acer circinatum-Gaultheria shallon Abies grandis/Disporum hookeri-Thalictrum occidentale Abies grandis/Polystichum munituin Abies qrandis/Rubus ursinus-Rhus diversiloba Abies randis/Brachypodium sylvaticum One plant association, Abies grandis/Acer circinatum- Gaultheria shallon, parallels a previously described plant association described by Juday in the Valley Margin Zone (Juday, 1976). The other 5 plant associations described in this study are original descriptions. The TSHE/ACCI-GASH, ABGR/ACCI-GASH, and the ABGR/RUURRHDI plant associations are shrub-dominated. ABGR/DIHOTHOC and ABGR/POMU are forb-domjnated associations, and ABGR/BRSY is a grass-dominated plant association. Plant associations were shown to have significant differences in species richness, heterogeneity, evenness, and in vertical structure. Average species richness per plot is highest in the ABGR/ACCI-GASH and ABGR/DIHO-THOC plant associations, which also has high relative diversity (Shannon's index) and evenness. Species richness is lowest in the TSHE/ACCI-GASH plant association, probably because it was represented only by seral stands. Structural diversity included an analysis of snags. Snag number, size, and distribution were not related to plant associations. Current snag levels indicate that at most, 30 percent of the maximun populations for six woodpecker species could be supported on this Forest. A description of each plant association is given. The description for each includes: extent, location, characteristic species, species richness and percent cover within four strata (trees, shrubs, forbs, and grasses), heterogeneity (Shannon' s diversity index), and an evenness measure. Close

• 258. [Article] McKenzie River focus watershed coordination : year end report 2000

  This report summarizes accomplishments of the McKenzie River Focus Watershed Council (MWC) in the areas of coordination and administration during Fiscal Year 2000. Coordination and administration consist ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: McKenzie River focus watershed coordination : year end report 2000 Author: Thrailkil, Jim This report summarizes accomplishments of the McKenzie River Focus Watershed Council (MWC) in the areas of coordination and administration during Fiscal Year 2000. Coordination and administration consist of prioritization and planning for projects; project management and implementation; procurement of funding for long-term support of the Council; and watershed education/outreach program for residents and local schools. Key accomplishments in the area of project planning include coordinating: monthly Council and executive committee meetings; staffing the Upper Willamette Spring Chinook Working Group; staffing the water quality technical committee; and guiding education and stewardship projects. Key accomplishments in the area of project management include the completion of the McKenzie-Willamette Confluence Assessment; securing funds for project planning in the confluence area; near completion of the BPA funded McKenzie sub-basin assessment; development of a framework for a McKenzie Watershed Conservation Strategy; an evaluation of Council’s monitoring programs - ambient water quality, storm-event water quality, Tier III water quality, and macroinvertebrate monitoring. The Council, in cooperation with the McKenzie River Cooperative, completed habitat enhancements in the Gate Creek and Deer Creek sub-watersheds. This partnership recently submitted Bring Back the Natives grant for initiation of projects in other McKenzie tributaries. The Council will also be working with a local business to develop a river-side riparian enhancement and native landscaping project on the lodge grounds. This will serve as a demonstration project for blending fish and wildlife habitat concerns with maintaining grounds for business opportunities. Accomplishments in the area of procurement of funding included developing the FY2000 Scope of Work and budget for approval by the Council and BPA; providing quarterly budget and work program progress reports to the Council; and securing additional funding from Council partner organizations and foundations. Highlights in the area of watershed education/outreach include the MWC’s lead role in convening the Watershed Education Network for teachers as part of its educational mission; production of newsletters and brochures; and coordination of media coverage of watershed-related issues. MWC completed all tasks outlined in the FY2000 Scope of Work with the following staff: Watershed Coordinator (1.0 FTE), Project Coordinator (.25 FTE), and Education Coordinator (0.5 FTE). Coordination of these activities by MWC improves resource stewardship and protects fish and wildlife habitat through increased collaboration among Federal, state, and local government agencies, and landowners within the watershed. Increasing awareness and expanding knowledge affects behavior positively and promotes attitudes that encourage watershed stewardship. During Fiscal Year 2001, MWC intends to focus on an Implementation Strategy based on the McKenzie sub-basin assessment results; implementation of projects recommended from the McKenzie-Willamette confluence assessment; and increasing its presence at the local level through contact with watershed residents and groups. Title: McKenzie River focus watershed coordination : year end report 2000 Author: Thrailkil, Jim This report summarizes accomplishments of the McKenzie River Focus Watershed Council (MWC) in the areas of coordination and administration during Fiscal Year 2000. Coordination and administration consist of prioritization and planning for projects; project management and implementation; procurement of funding for long-term support of the Council; and watershed education/outreach program for residents and local schools. Key accomplishments in the area of project planning include coordinating: monthly Council and executive committee meetings; staffing the Upper Willamette Spring Chinook Working Group; staffing the water quality technical committee; and guiding education and stewardship projects. Key accomplishments in the area of project management include the completion of the McKenzie-Willamette Confluence Assessment; securing funds for project planning in the confluence area; near completion of the BPA funded McKenzie sub-basin assessment; development of a framework for a McKenzie Watershed Conservation Strategy; an evaluation of Council’s monitoring programs - ambient water quality, storm-event water quality, Tier III water quality, and macroinvertebrate monitoring. The Council, in cooperation with the McKenzie River Cooperative, completed habitat enhancements in the Gate Creek and Deer Creek sub-watersheds. This partnership recently submitted Bring Back the Natives grant for initiation of projects in other McKenzie tributaries. The Council will also be working with a local business to develop a river-side riparian enhancement and native landscaping project on the lodge grounds. This will serve as a demonstration project for blending fish and wildlife habitat concerns with maintaining grounds for business opportunities. Accomplishments in the area of procurement of funding included developing the FY2000 Scope of Work and budget for approval by the Council and BPA; providing quarterly budget and work program progress reports to the Council; and securing additional funding from Council partner organizations and foundations. Highlights in the area of watershed education/outreach include the MWC’s lead role in convening the Watershed Education Network for teachers as part of its educational mission; production of newsletters and brochures; and coordination of media coverage of watershed-related issues. MWC completed all tasks outlined in the FY2000 Scope of Work with the following staff: Watershed Coordinator (1.0 FTE), Project Coordinator (.25 FTE), and Education Coordinator (0.5 FTE). Coordination of these activities by MWC improves resource stewardship and protects fish and wildlife habitat through increased collaboration among Federal, state, and local government agencies, and landowners within the watershed. Increasing awareness and expanding knowledge affects behavior positively and promotes attitudes that encourage watershed stewardship. During Fiscal Year 2001, MWC intends to focus on an Implementation Strategy based on the McKenzie sub-basin assessment results; implementation of projects recommended from the McKenzie-Willamette confluence assessment; and increasing its presence at the local level through contact with watershed residents and groups. Close

• 259. [Article] A Hydroecology Investigation of Two Incised Riparian Wet Meadows Relating Change in Vegetation Communities with Headcut Incision and Soil Properties, Ochoco Mountains, OR

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Hydroecology Investigation of Two Incised Riparian Wet Meadows Relating Change in Vegetation Communities with Headcut Incision and Soil Properties, Ochoco Mountains, OR Author: Sheahan, Jamie Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: A Hydroecology Investigation of Two Incised Riparian Wet Meadows Relating Change in Vegetation Communities with Headcut Incision and Soil Properties, Ochoco Mountains, OR Author: Sheahan, Jamie Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 260. [Article] Wildcat fuels reduction and vegetation management project environmental assessment

  307 pp. Tables, maps, charts, references, appendices. T.5S., R.27E., Sections 13, 2228, 3336; T.5S., R.28E., Sections 1820, 2832; T.6S., R.27E., Sections 14, 817, 2127, 3536; and T.6S., R.28E., Sections ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wildcat fuels reduction and vegetation management project environmental assessment Author: Umatilla National Forest (Agency : U.S.) Year: 2009 307 pp. Tables, maps, charts, references, appendices. T.5S., R.27E., Sections 13, 2228, 3336; T.5S., R.28E., Sections 1820, 2832; T.6S., R.27E., Sections 14, 817, 2127, 3536; and T.6S., R.28E., Sections 59, 1621. Captured March 16, 2009. Title: Wildcat fuels reduction and vegetation management project environmental assessment Author: Umatilla National Forest (Agency : U.S.) Year: 2009 307 pp. Tables, maps, charts, references, appendices. T.5S., R.27E., Sections 13, 2228, 3336; T.5S., R.28E., Sections 1820, 2832; T.6S., R.27E., Sections 14, 817, 2127, 3536; and T.6S., R.28E., Sections 59, 1621. Captured March 16, 2009. Close

• 261. [Article] Wildcat fuels reduction and vegetation management project decision notice and finding of no significant impact

  20 pp. T 5 S, R 27 E; T 5 S, R 28 E; T 6 S, R 27 E; and T 6 S, R 28 E. Captured March 16, 2009.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wildcat fuels reduction and vegetation management project decision notice and finding of no significant impact Author: Umatilla National Forest (Agency : U.S.) Year: 2009 20 pp. T 5 S, R 27 E; T 5 S, R 28 E; T 6 S, R 27 E; and T 6 S, R 28 E. Captured March 16, 2009. Title: Wildcat fuels reduction and vegetation management project decision notice and finding of no significant impact Author: Umatilla National Forest (Agency : U.S.) Year: 2009 20 pp. T 5 S, R 27 E; T 5 S, R 28 E; T 6 S, R 27 E; and T 6 S, R 28 E. Captured March 16, 2009. Close

• 262. [Article] Spears vegetation management project draft environmental impact statement

  334 pp. Tables, figure, references, index, appendices. Maps included in Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS). Captured January 15, 2008.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spears vegetation management project draft environmental impact statement Author: Lookout Mountain Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2007 334 pp. Tables, figure, references, index, appendices. Maps included in Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS). Captured January 15, 2008. Title: Spears vegetation management project draft environmental impact statement Author: Lookout Mountain Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2007 334 pp. Tables, figure, references, index, appendices. Maps included in Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS). Captured January 15, 2008. Close

• 263. [Article] Sugar Creek campground vegetation management decision memo

  4 pp. T 15 S, R 24 E, Section 35. Captured August 18, 2008.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sugar Creek campground vegetation management decision memo Author: Paulina Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2007 4 pp. T 15 S, R 24 E, Section 35. Captured August 18, 2008. Title: Sugar Creek campground vegetation management decision memo Author: Paulina Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2007 4 pp. T 15 S, R 24 E, Section 35. Captured August 18, 2008. Close

• 264. [Article] Contemporary regional forest dynamics in the Pacific Northwest

  Recent climatic warming trends and increases in the frequency and extent of wildfires have prompted much concern regarding the potential for rapid change in the structure and function of forested ecosystems ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Contemporary regional forest dynamics in the Pacific Northwest Author: Reilly, Matthew J. (Matthew Justin), 1975- Recent climatic warming trends and increases in the frequency and extent of wildfires have prompted much concern regarding the potential for rapid change in the structure and function of forested ecosystems around the world. Episodes of mortality in wildfires and insect outbreaks associated with drought have affected large areas and altered landscapes, but little is known about the cumulative effects of these disturbances at the regional scales. I used data from two different forest inventories in the Pacific Northwest to develop a framework for tracking regional forest dynamics and examine variation in tree mortality rates among vegetation zones that differ in biophysical setting as well as recent and historical disturbance regimes. In the second chapter I developed an empirically based framework for tracking regional forest dynamics using regional inventory data collected from 2001 to 2010. I characterized the major dimensions of forest structure and developed a classification incorporating multiple attributes of forest structure including biomass, size, and density of live trees, the distribution and abundance of dead wood, and the cover of understory vegetation. A single dimension related to live tree biomass accounted for almost half of the variation in a principal components analysis of structural attributes, but dimensions related to density and size of live trees, dead wood, and understory vegetation accounted for as much additional variation. Snags and biomass of dead and downed wood were related to multiple dimensions while understory vegetation acted independent of other dimensions. Results indicated that structural development is more complex than a monotonic accumulation of live biomass and that some components act independently or emerge at multiple stages of structural development. The hierarchical classification reduced the data into three “groups” based on live tree biomass, followed by eleven "classes" that varied in density and size of live trees, and finally twenty-five structural types that differed further in the abundance of dead wood and cover of understory vegetation. Most structural types were geographically widespread but varied in age of dominant trees by vegetation zone indicating that similar structural conditions developed in environments with different biophysical setting, climate, and disturbance/successional histories. Low live biomass structural types (<25 Mg/ha) differed in live tree density and the abundance of live and dead legacies, demonstrating that the variation in early developmental stages depends on the rate of tree establishment and the nature and severity of recent disturbance. Forests in early developmental stages made up less than 20% of most vegetation zones and diverse types with live or dead legacies associated with wildfires were rare. Moderate live biomass structural types (25-99 Mg/ha) represented multiple mid, mature, and late developmental stages, some of which lack analogs in existing conceptual models of structural development such as lower density woodlands with big trees. These structural types included two that have high densities of snags indicative of recent episodes of mortality; together these made up as much as 10% of some dry vegetation zones. Several high live biomass structural types (100->300 Mg/ha) were identified and substantiated the diversity and relative dominance of mature and later developmental stages, particularly in wet vegetation zones. The relative abundance and make up of structural types varied widely by vegetation zone. Most forests in wet vegetation zones had moderate to high live biomass and were in mid and mature developmental stages, while diverse early developmental stage stages were extremely rare. Dry forests had a far greater range of variation in the relative abundance of structural types which is partially attributable to the greater range of climatic conditions they included, but also to the occurrence of recent episodes of mortality associated with wildfires and insects. In the third chapter I examined variation in tree mortality rates using a different regional inventory that occurred from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s. I compared the distribution of rates among stands in different vegetation zones and stages of structural developmental. I developed a simple framework based on changes in live tree density and mean tree size and examined trends in structural change associated with disturbances at different levels of mortality across all stages of structural development. Most plots were within the range of "background" mortality rates reported in other studies (<1.0 %/yr) and extremely high "stand-replacing" levels of mortality (>25%/yr) were rare. Approximately 30% of plot mortality rates occurred at intermediate levels (>1%/yr and <25%/yr) as result of insects and fire, highlighting the importance of conceptualizing mortality as a continuum as opposed to just “background” or “stand-replacement” to fully represent dynamics at a regional scale. The distributions of mortality differed among many vegetation zones. Levels of mortality were primarily <2.5%/yr in western hemlock, silver fir, and mountain hemlock vegetation zones where fires were rare and insects and pathogens occurred predominantly at endemic levels. Rates were highest in subalpine forests and higher elevation grand fir and Douglas-fir forests as a result of fire and insects. Mortality rates in ponderosa pine, the hottest driest forest vegetation zone, were surprisingly low, and there was little to no mortality in plots with no evidence of disturbance. Mortality rates varied among developmental stages in all vegetation zones but few consistent patterns emerged. Levels of mortality were often lowest in early developmental stages but varied in later stages where they were lowest in wet vegetation zones and highest in subalpine and dry vegetation zones. Application of a simple framework indicated that multiple trajectories of structural change were common at levels of mortality <2.5%/yr, but structural change at higher levels was predominantly associated with a “thinning” trajectory defined by decreases in density and increases in mean tree size. Results indicated that the rate and magnitude of mortality related change during the study period varies widely across the region. Rapid change has occurred in subalpine, grand fir/white fir, Douglas-fir, and ponderosa pine vegetation zones where disturbances such as insects and fire were widespread. However, these disturbances have potentially restored some aspects of historical structure by reducing overall density and increasing the dominance of bigger trees. In western hemlock, silver fir, and mountain hemlock vegetation zones where higher levels of mortality related to disturbances were rare, wildfires have increased landscape diversity by creating diverse early successional habitats and most change was more subtle but may be manifest oevr longer periods if current trends continue. This examination of short-period mortality rates and associated structural change across a broad geographic provides context for understanding trends from localized studies and potential ecological consequences of mortality, but there is still a great deal of uncertainty as to how the effects of a changing climate and disturbance regimes will manifest themselves over longer time scales. This dissertation is one of the first field based assessments of recent forest dynamics at a regional scale. The results of both chapters, each based on a different dataset, told a similar story. The abundance of structural types in various vegetation zones estimated during the mid-2000s was consistent with the cumulative effects of tree mortality during the preceding decade. It was evident that wildfire effects and recent mortality were small relative to the regional extent of the study and have contributed to structural diversity and restoration of historic structure in stands where fire exclusion and past logging has increased total stand density and decreased the dominance of big trees. However, the rate of change and cumulative effects of recent forest dynamics varied widely by geographic location and vegetation zone and there was greater variability and uncertainty regarding the effects of mortality at smaller landscape scales where individual events like large wildfires have the potential to rapidly alter the landscape structure and composition. Assessing this variability and the scales at which trade-offs (e.g. losses of old-growth and creation of diverse early developmental stages) occur will be an important next step in understanding the cumulative ecological effects of recent wildfires and tree mortality on Pacific Northwest forests. Title: Contemporary regional forest dynamics in the Pacific Northwest Author: Reilly, Matthew J. (Matthew Justin), 1975- Recent climatic warming trends and increases in the frequency and extent of wildfires have prompted much concern regarding the potential for rapid change in the structure and function of forested ecosystems around the world. Episodes of mortality in wildfires and insect outbreaks associated with drought have affected large areas and altered landscapes, but little is known about the cumulative effects of these disturbances at the regional scales. I used data from two different forest inventories in the Pacific Northwest to develop a framework for tracking regional forest dynamics and examine variation in tree mortality rates among vegetation zones that differ in biophysical setting as well as recent and historical disturbance regimes. In the second chapter I developed an empirically based framework for tracking regional forest dynamics using regional inventory data collected from 2001 to 2010. I characterized the major dimensions of forest structure and developed a classification incorporating multiple attributes of forest structure including biomass, size, and density of live trees, the distribution and abundance of dead wood, and the cover of understory vegetation. A single dimension related to live tree biomass accounted for almost half of the variation in a principal components analysis of structural attributes, but dimensions related to density and size of live trees, dead wood, and understory vegetation accounted for as much additional variation. Snags and biomass of dead and downed wood were related to multiple dimensions while understory vegetation acted independent of other dimensions. Results indicated that structural development is more complex than a monotonic accumulation of live biomass and that some components act independently or emerge at multiple stages of structural development. The hierarchical classification reduced the data into three “groups” based on live tree biomass, followed by eleven "classes" that varied in density and size of live trees, and finally twenty-five structural types that differed further in the abundance of dead wood and cover of understory vegetation. Most structural types were geographically widespread but varied in age of dominant trees by vegetation zone indicating that similar structural conditions developed in environments with different biophysical setting, climate, and disturbance/successional histories. Low live biomass structural types (<25 Mg/ha) differed in live tree density and the abundance of live and dead legacies, demonstrating that the variation in early developmental stages depends on the rate of tree establishment and the nature and severity of recent disturbance. Forests in early developmental stages made up less than 20% of most vegetation zones and diverse types with live or dead legacies associated with wildfires were rare. Moderate live biomass structural types (25-99 Mg/ha) represented multiple mid, mature, and late developmental stages, some of which lack analogs in existing conceptual models of structural development such as lower density woodlands with big trees. These structural types included two that have high densities of snags indicative of recent episodes of mortality; together these made up as much as 10% of some dry vegetation zones. Several high live biomass structural types (100->300 Mg/ha) were identified and substantiated the diversity and relative dominance of mature and later developmental stages, particularly in wet vegetation zones. The relative abundance and make up of structural types varied widely by vegetation zone. Most forests in wet vegetation zones had moderate to high live biomass and were in mid and mature developmental stages, while diverse early developmental stage stages were extremely rare. Dry forests had a far greater range of variation in the relative abundance of structural types which is partially attributable to the greater range of climatic conditions they included, but also to the occurrence of recent episodes of mortality associated with wildfires and insects. In the third chapter I examined variation in tree mortality rates using a different regional inventory that occurred from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s. I compared the distribution of rates among stands in different vegetation zones and stages of structural developmental. I developed a simple framework based on changes in live tree density and mean tree size and examined trends in structural change associated with disturbances at different levels of mortality across all stages of structural development. Most plots were within the range of "background" mortality rates reported in other studies (<1.0 %/yr) and extremely high "stand-replacing" levels of mortality (>25%/yr) were rare. Approximately 30% of plot mortality rates occurred at intermediate levels (>1%/yr and <25%/yr) as result of insects and fire, highlighting the importance of conceptualizing mortality as a continuum as opposed to just “background” or “stand-replacement” to fully represent dynamics at a regional scale. The distributions of mortality differed among many vegetation zones. Levels of mortality were primarily <2.5%/yr in western hemlock, silver fir, and mountain hemlock vegetation zones where fires were rare and insects and pathogens occurred predominantly at endemic levels. Rates were highest in subalpine forests and higher elevation grand fir and Douglas-fir forests as a result of fire and insects. Mortality rates in ponderosa pine, the hottest driest forest vegetation zone, were surprisingly low, and there was little to no mortality in plots with no evidence of disturbance. Mortality rates varied among developmental stages in all vegetation zones but few consistent patterns emerged. Levels of mortality were often lowest in early developmental stages but varied in later stages where they were lowest in wet vegetation zones and highest in subalpine and dry vegetation zones. Application of a simple framework indicated that multiple trajectories of structural change were common at levels of mortality <2.5%/yr, but structural change at higher levels was predominantly associated with a “thinning” trajectory defined by decreases in density and increases in mean tree size. Results indicated that the rate and magnitude of mortality related change during the study period varies widely across the region. Rapid change has occurred in subalpine, grand fir/white fir, Douglas-fir, and ponderosa pine vegetation zones where disturbances such as insects and fire were widespread. However, these disturbances have potentially restored some aspects of historical structure by reducing overall density and increasing the dominance of bigger trees. In western hemlock, silver fir, and mountain hemlock vegetation zones where higher levels of mortality related to disturbances were rare, wildfires have increased landscape diversity by creating diverse early successional habitats and most change was more subtle but may be manifest oevr longer periods if current trends continue. This examination of short-period mortality rates and associated structural change across a broad geographic provides context for understanding trends from localized studies and potential ecological consequences of mortality, but there is still a great deal of uncertainty as to how the effects of a changing climate and disturbance regimes will manifest themselves over longer time scales. This dissertation is one of the first field based assessments of recent forest dynamics at a regional scale. The results of both chapters, each based on a different dataset, told a similar story. The abundance of structural types in various vegetation zones estimated during the mid-2000s was consistent with the cumulative effects of tree mortality during the preceding decade. It was evident that wildfire effects and recent mortality were small relative to the regional extent of the study and have contributed to structural diversity and restoration of historic structure in stands where fire exclusion and past logging has increased total stand density and decreased the dominance of big trees. However, the rate of change and cumulative effects of recent forest dynamics varied widely by geographic location and vegetation zone and there was greater variability and uncertainty regarding the effects of mortality at smaller landscape scales where individual events like large wildfires have the potential to rapidly alter the landscape structure and composition. Assessing this variability and the scales at which trade-offs (e.g. losses of old-growth and creation of diverse early developmental stages) occur will be an important next step in understanding the cumulative ecological effects of recent wildfires and tree mortality on Pacific Northwest forests. Close

• 265. [Article] Modeling Vegetation Mosaics in Sub-Alpine Tasmania Under Various Fire Regimes

  Western Tasmania, Australia contains some of the highest levels of biological endemism of any temperate region in the world, including vegetation types that are conservation priorities: fire-sensitive ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling Vegetation Mosaics in Sub-Alpine Tasmania Under Various Fire Regimes Author: Yospin, Gabriel I., Wood, Samuel W., Holz, Andrés, Bowman, David M.J.S., Keane, Robert E., Whitlock, Cathy Year: 2015 Western Tasmania, Australia contains some of the highest levels of biological endemism of any temperate region in the world, including vegetation types that are conservation priorities: fire-sensitive rainforest dominated by endemic conifer species in the genus Athrotaxis; and fire-tolerant buttongrass moorlands. Current management focuses on fire suppression, but increasingly there are calls for the use of prescribed fire in flammable vegetation types to manage these ecosystems. The long-term effects of climate and alternative management strategies on the vegetated landscape are unknown. To help identify controls over successional trajectories, we parameterized a spatially explicit landscape-scale model of vegetation and fire (FireBGCv2) for a study area in Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park in western Tasmania using new data on fine-scale topography, plant communities, and fuels loads. Our parameterized model displays a high level of agreement with previous empirical and modeling studies for the region. The model was experimentally tested for three different levels of ignition suppression (0, 50, and 90 %); simulations ran for 1000 years and were replicated 10 times. The different scenarios yielded distinct fire return intervals, with cascading effects on successional dynamics and vegetation composition. Model results indicate that fire-sensitive endemic conifer rainforest will be restricted to upland refugia that total far less area than its present distribution, even under maximal ignition suppression. Because the distribution of vegetation types was unstable temporally and across stochastic replicates, present distributions may be a legacy of previous climate, Aboriginal fire management, or both. Title: Modeling Vegetation Mosaics in Sub-Alpine Tasmania Under Various Fire Regimes Author: Yospin, Gabriel I., Wood, Samuel W., Holz, Andrés, Bowman, David M.J.S., Keane, Robert E., Whitlock, Cathy Year: 2015 Western Tasmania, Australia contains some of the highest levels of biological endemism of any temperate region in the world, including vegetation types that are conservation priorities: fire-sensitive rainforest dominated by endemic conifer species in the genus Athrotaxis; and fire-tolerant buttongrass moorlands. Current management focuses on fire suppression, but increasingly there are calls for the use of prescribed fire in flammable vegetation types to manage these ecosystems. The long-term effects of climate and alternative management strategies on the vegetated landscape are unknown. To help identify controls over successional trajectories, we parameterized a spatially explicit landscape-scale model of vegetation and fire (FireBGCv2) for a study area in Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park in western Tasmania using new data on fine-scale topography, plant communities, and fuels loads. Our parameterized model displays a high level of agreement with previous empirical and modeling studies for the region. The model was experimentally tested for three different levels of ignition suppression (0, 50, and 90 %); simulations ran for 1000 years and were replicated 10 times. The different scenarios yielded distinct fire return intervals, with cascading effects on successional dynamics and vegetation composition. Model results indicate that fire-sensitive endemic conifer rainforest will be restricted to upland refugia that total far less area than its present distribution, even under maximal ignition suppression. Because the distribution of vegetation types was unstable temporally and across stochastic replicates, present distributions may be a legacy of previous climate, Aboriginal fire management, or both. Close

• 266. [Article] Composition, distribution and succession of subalpine meadows in Mount Rainier National Park

  In 1970 a phytosociological reconnaissance consisting of 135 plots in the Subalpine Meadow Zone was made. These samples were sorted using an association table and several Alpine Zone and very early seral ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Composition, distribution and succession of subalpine meadows in Mount Rainier National Park Author: Henderson, Jan A. In 1970 a phytosociological reconnaissance consisting of 135 plots in the Subalpine Meadow Zone was made. These samples were sorted using an association table and several Alpine Zone and very early seral communities were set aside, An additional hundred plots taken by M. J. Hamann were incorporated with these and compiled in another association table and combined in a two-dimensional ordination. This analysis yielded 18 major and 16 minor described community types which were clustered into five vegetation types. A key to the vegetation and community types is also presented. Soil moisture and temperature data were taken during 1971 and 1972 and are used to help characterize selected important communities. Soil moistures did not drop much during either season, although differences between communities are apparent. The difference in temperatures (of the top 2 cm of soil) of the same selected communities were more striking. The Festuca dominated communities experienced soil temperatures over 35° C, while maximum temperatures in other communities rarely ranged over 20° C. Low night-time temperatures were relatively similar from community to community, ranging from near freezing to about + 5° C. Several successional patterns were uncovered. In general the communities in the Low-Herbaceous Vegetation Type are early seral and are replaced by members of the Wet-Sedge, Lush-Herbaceous and the Dry-Grass Vegetation Types. Trees appear to be invading all vegetation types variation in pattern and frequency. This variation is attributed to differences in soil moisture and temperature and depth and duration of winter snowpack. Analysis of the ages of invading trees indicates that there was an intensive invasion in the early 1930's and several other minor invasion periods Several factors are discussed which must be favorable for the successful invasion of meadows by trees. The Subalpine Meadow Zone, using vegetation types as map units, is mapped at a scale of about 1:50,000 The total area of the meadow vegetation in the zone is 14,650 acres (6,000 hectares). The entire zone including open subalpine woods covers 24,650 acres (10,000 hectares). Title: Composition, distribution and succession of subalpine meadows in Mount Rainier National Park Author: Henderson, Jan A. In 1970 a phytosociological reconnaissance consisting of 135 plots in the Subalpine Meadow Zone was made. These samples were sorted using an association table and several Alpine Zone and very early seral communities were set aside, An additional hundred plots taken by M. J. Hamann were incorporated with these and compiled in another association table and combined in a two-dimensional ordination. This analysis yielded 18 major and 16 minor described community types which were clustered into five vegetation types. A key to the vegetation and community types is also presented. Soil moisture and temperature data were taken during 1971 and 1972 and are used to help characterize selected important communities. Soil moistures did not drop much during either season, although differences between communities are apparent. The difference in temperatures (of the top 2 cm of soil) of the same selected communities were more striking. The Festuca dominated communities experienced soil temperatures over 35° C, while maximum temperatures in other communities rarely ranged over 20° C. Low night-time temperatures were relatively similar from community to community, ranging from near freezing to about + 5° C. Several successional patterns were uncovered. In general the communities in the Low-Herbaceous Vegetation Type are early seral and are replaced by members of the Wet-Sedge, Lush-Herbaceous and the Dry-Grass Vegetation Types. Trees appear to be invading all vegetation types variation in pattern and frequency. This variation is attributed to differences in soil moisture and temperature and depth and duration of winter snowpack. Analysis of the ages of invading trees indicates that there was an intensive invasion in the early 1930's and several other minor invasion periods Several factors are discussed which must be favorable for the successful invasion of meadows by trees. The Subalpine Meadow Zone, using vegetation types as map units, is mapped at a scale of about 1:50,000 The total area of the meadow vegetation in the zone is 14,650 acres (6,000 hectares). The entire zone including open subalpine woods covers 24,650 acres (10,000 hectares). Close

• 267. [Article] Wildcat fuels reduction and vegetation management project environmental assessment

  301 pp. Maps, tables, bibliography, and appendices. T.5S., R.27E., Sections 13, 22-28, 33-36; T.5S., R.28E., Sections 18- 20, 28-32; T.6S., R.27E., Sections 1-4, 8-17, 21-27, 35-36; and T.6S., R.28E., ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wildcat fuels reduction and vegetation management project environmental assessment Author: Heppner Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008 301 pp. Maps, tables, bibliography, and appendices. T.5S., R.27E., Sections 13, 22-28, 33-36; T.5S., R.28E., Sections 18- 20, 28-32; T.6S., R.27E., Sections 1-4, 8-17, 21-27, 35-36; and T.6S., R.28E., Sections 5-9, 16-21. Captured June 19, 2008. Title: Wildcat fuels reduction and vegetation management project environmental assessment Author: Heppner Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008 301 pp. Maps, tables, bibliography, and appendices. T.5S., R.27E., Sections 13, 22-28, 33-36; T.5S., R.28E., Sections 18- 20, 28-32; T.6S., R.27E., Sections 1-4, 8-17, 21-27, 35-36; and T.6S., R.28E., Sections 5-9, 16-21. Captured June 19, 2008. Close

• 268. [Article] Spears vegetation management project record of decision and final environmental impact statement

  Item includes two files: 1) Spears vegetation management project final environmental impact statement. 435 pp. Abstract, tables, figures, maps, references, index, appendices. Published July, 2007; 2) Spears ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spears vegetation management project record of decision and final environmental impact statement Author: Lookout Mountain Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2007 Item includes two files: 1) Spears vegetation management project final environmental impact statement. 435 pp. Abstract, tables, figures, maps, references, index, appendices. Published July, 2007; 2) Spears vegetation management project record of decision. 16 pp. Published July 16, 2007. The project area lies within portions of T. 12 S., R. 19 and 20 E.; T. 13 S., R. 18, 19, and 20 E.; T. 14 S., R. 18 and 19 E.; Willamette Meridian. Captured January 15, 2008. Title: Spears vegetation management project record of decision and final environmental impact statement Author: Lookout Mountain Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2007 Item includes two files: 1) Spears vegetation management project final environmental impact statement. 435 pp. Abstract, tables, figures, maps, references, index, appendices. Published July, 2007; 2) Spears vegetation management project record of decision. 16 pp. Published July 16, 2007. The project area lies within portions of T. 12 S., R. 19 and 20 E.; T. 13 S., R. 18, 19, and 20 E.; T. 14 S., R. 18 and 19 E.; Willamette Meridian. Captured January 15, 2008. Close

• 269. [Article] Deep vegetation management project final supplementary environmental impact statement summary

  485 pp. Tables, figures, maps, references, glossary, appendices. In Crook County: T.13S., R.22E., Sections 23 through 26, 35 and 36; T.14S., R.22E., Sections 1, 2, 11 through 14, 23 through 27, 35 and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Deep vegetation management project final supplementary environmental impact statement summary Author: Paulina Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2004 485 pp. Tables, figures, maps, references, glossary, appendices. In Crook County: T.13S., R.22E., Sections 23 through 26, 35 and 36; T.14S., R.22E., Sections 1, 2, 11 through 14, 23 through 27, 35 and 36; T.14S., R.23E., Sections 1 through 36; T.15S., R.22E., Sections 1 and 2; T.15S., R.23E., Section 6; Willamette Meridian. In Wheeler County: T.13S., R.22E., Sections 11, 13 and 14; T.13S., R.23E., Sections 7 through 36; T.13S., R.24E., Sections 7, 18, 19, 29 through 32; T.14S., R.24E., Sections 5 through 8, 16 through 21, 28 through 32; Willamette Meridian. Captured May 29, 2007. Title: Deep vegetation management project final supplementary environmental impact statement summary Author: Paulina Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2004 485 pp. Tables, figures, maps, references, glossary, appendices. In Crook County: T.13S., R.22E., Sections 23 through 26, 35 and 36; T.14S., R.22E., Sections 1, 2, 11 through 14, 23 through 27, 35 and 36; T.14S., R.23E., Sections 1 through 36; T.15S., R.22E., Sections 1 and 2; T.15S., R.23E., Section 6; Willamette Meridian. In Wheeler County: T.13S., R.22E., Sections 11, 13 and 14; T.13S., R.23E., Sections 7 through 36; T.13S., R.24E., Sections 7, 18, 19, 29 through 32; T.14S., R.24E., Sections 5 through 8, 16 through 21, 28 through 32; Willamette Meridian. Captured May 29, 2007. Close

• 270. [Article] Deep vegetation management project record of decision

  16 pp. Table. In Crook County: T.13S., R.22E., Sections 23 through 26, 35 and 36; T.14S., R.22E., Sections 1, 2, 11 through 14, 23 through 27, 35 and 36; T.14S., R.23E., Sections 1 through 36; T.15S., ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Deep vegetation management project record of decision Author: Paulina Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2004 16 pp. Table. In Crook County: T.13S., R.22E., Sections 23 through 26, 35 and 36; T.14S., R.22E., Sections 1, 2, 11 through 14, 23 through 27, 35 and 36; T.14S., R.23E., Sections 1 through 36; T.15S., R.22E., Sections 1 and 2; T.15S., R.23E., Section 6; Willamette Meridian. In Wheeler County: T.13S., R.22E., Sections 11, 13 and 14; T.13S., R.23E., Sections 7 through 36; T.13S., R.24E., Sections 7, 18, 19, 29 through 32; T.14S., R.24E., Sections 5 through 8, 16 through 21, 28 through 32; Willamette Meridian. Captured May 29, 2007. Title: Deep vegetation management project record of decision Author: Paulina Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2004 16 pp. Table. In Crook County: T.13S., R.22E., Sections 23 through 26, 35 and 36; T.14S., R.22E., Sections 1, 2, 11 through 14, 23 through 27, 35 and 36; T.14S., R.23E., Sections 1 through 36; T.15S., R.22E., Sections 1 and 2; T.15S., R.23E., Section 6; Willamette Meridian. In Wheeler County: T.13S., R.22E., Sections 11, 13 and 14; T.13S., R.23E., Sections 7 through 36; T.13S., R.24E., Sections 7, 18, 19, 29 through 32; T.14S., R.24E., Sections 5 through 8, 16 through 21, 28 through 32; Willamette Meridian. Captured May 29, 2007. Close

• 271. [Image] Klamath wild and scenic river eligibility report and environmental assessment : Klamath River, Oregon : draft

  	"February 1994." ; "Much of this document was taken directly from, or based on, the Bureau of Land Management's earlier studies of the Klamath River: the Final eligibility and suitability report for the ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath wild and scenic river eligibility report and environmental assessment : Klamath River, Oregon : draft Author: United States. National Park Service. Pacific Northwest Region Year: 1994, 2004 "February 1994." ; "Much of this document was taken directly from, or based on, the Bureau of Land Management's earlier studies of the Klamath River: the Final eligibility and suitability report for the Upper Klamath wild and scenic river study and the Draft Klamath Falls area resource management plan and environmental impact statement. This assessment also borrowed heavily from the Final environmental impact statement for the Salt Caves hydroelectric project prepared by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission."-p.i ; "State of Oregon application, Section 2(a)(ii) National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act." Title: Klamath wild and scenic river eligibility report and environmental assessment : Klamath River, Oregon : draft Author: United States. National Park Service. Pacific Northwest Region Year: 1994, 2004 "February 1994." ; "Much of this document was taken directly from, or based on, the Bureau of Land Management's earlier studies of the Klamath River: the Final eligibility and suitability report for the Upper Klamath wild and scenic river study and the Draft Klamath Falls area resource management plan and environmental impact statement. This assessment also borrowed heavily from the Final environmental impact statement for the Salt Caves hydroelectric project prepared by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission."-p.i ; "State of Oregon application, Section 2(a)(ii) National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act." Close

• 272. [Article] Sampling methods for bats

  Bats represent the second most diverse group of mammals inhabiting the western slopes of the Cascade Range in southern Washington and Oregon Coast Range. Bat populations may well be sensitive to changes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sampling methods for bats Author: West, Stephen D., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Thomas, Donald W. Bats represent the second most diverse group of mammals inhabiting the western slopes of the Cascade Range in southern Washington and Oregon Coast Range. Bat populations may well be sensitive to changes in forest age, structure, or distribution, but their nocturnal habits and high mobility render the study of the habitat requirements of bats problematical. Unlike most other groups of vertebrates, bats are difficult to either observe or capture, and survey methods are poorly known. The paper reviews techniques for surveying bat populations and presents the methodology used in the Old-Growth Forest Wildlife Habitat Program in the Pacific Northwest. Title: Sampling methods for bats Author: West, Stephen D., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Thomas, Donald W. Bats represent the second most diverse group of mammals inhabiting the western slopes of the Cascade Range in southern Washington and Oregon Coast Range. Bat populations may well be sensitive to changes in forest age, structure, or distribution, but their nocturnal habits and high mobility render the study of the habitat requirements of bats problematical. Unlike most other groups of vertebrates, bats are difficult to either observe or capture, and survey methods are poorly known. The paper reviews techniques for surveying bat populations and presents the methodology used in the Old-Growth Forest Wildlife Habitat Program in the Pacific Northwest. Close

• 273. [Article] Some factors influencing the trends of salmon populations in Oregon

  Three factors were found to be significantly correlated with the fluctuations and trends in silver salmon production in Oregon. Logging was found to adversely affect the runs of salmon in later years. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Some factors influencing the trends of salmon populations in Oregon Author: Johnson, Donald R., Oregon. Fish Commission, Hodges, John I., McKernan, Donald L. (Donald Lynn), 1918-1979 Three factors were found to be significantly correlated with the fluctuations and trends in silver salmon production in Oregon. Logging was found to adversely affect the runs of salmon in later years. Exceptional winter floods seem to produce poor resulting runs. Low summer water flows also appear to produce lower than average runs on some rivers, while higher summer flows appear to be followed by an increase in the resultant runs. The intensity of fishing was also found to affect the subsequent productivity of the fisheries. Increases in fishing effort on the rivers studied were followed in succeeding cycles by a lower catch, and when the fishing effort declined the ensuing production of silver salmon generally increased. Other factors studied did not bear a significant relationship to the fluctuations or trends of productivity of silver salmon. Title: Some factors influencing the trends of salmon populations in Oregon Author: Johnson, Donald R., Oregon. Fish Commission, Hodges, John I., McKernan, Donald L. (Donald Lynn), 1918-1979 Three factors were found to be significantly correlated with the fluctuations and trends in silver salmon production in Oregon. Logging was found to adversely affect the runs of salmon in later years. Exceptional winter floods seem to produce poor resulting runs. Low summer water flows also appear to produce lower than average runs on some rivers, while higher summer flows appear to be followed by an increase in the resultant runs. The intensity of fishing was also found to affect the subsequent productivity of the fisheries. Increases in fishing effort on the rivers studied were followed in succeeding cycles by a lower catch, and when the fishing effort declined the ensuing production of silver salmon generally increased. Other factors studied did not bear a significant relationship to the fluctuations or trends of productivity of silver salmon. Close

• 274. [Article] Waterbird records for the Siletz River and some creeks in the Siletz/Logsden area of Lincoln County

  This article is based on a total of 204 observations, many of which were censuses. Between Siletz River Mile (RM) 50.0 and 50.6, Llewellyn made 151 observations of waterbirds during 1981-1993. He noted ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Waterbird records for the Siletz River and some creeks in the Siletz/Logsden area of Lincoln County Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947-, Llewellyn, Bob This article is based on a total of 204 observations, many of which were censuses. Between Siletz River Mile (RM) 50.0 and 50.6, Llewellyn made 151 observations of waterbirds during 1981-1993. He noted a total of 12 species; most were seen during several years. Hooded and Common mergansers and American Dippers nested or were seen with young. Llewellyn and other observers also made 37 other Siletz River observations in the Siletz/Logsden area. Most of the same species were seen as between RM 50.0 and 50.6, but one Bald Eagle was also noted feeding on a salmon carcass. Llewellyn and other observers made 16 observations of creeks in the Siletz/Logsden area. American Dippers were the most common and widespread species, and they also nested. For all sites, the individual observations are given. Title: Waterbird records for the Siletz River and some creeks in the Siletz/Logsden area of Lincoln County Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947-, Llewellyn, Bob This article is based on a total of 204 observations, many of which were censuses. Between Siletz River Mile (RM) 50.0 and 50.6, Llewellyn made 151 observations of waterbirds during 1981-1993. He noted a total of 12 species; most were seen during several years. Hooded and Common mergansers and American Dippers nested or were seen with young. Llewellyn and other observers also made 37 other Siletz River observations in the Siletz/Logsden area. Most of the same species were seen as between RM 50.0 and 50.6, but one Bald Eagle was also noted feeding on a salmon carcass. Llewellyn and other observers made 16 observations of creeks in the Siletz/Logsden area. American Dippers were the most common and widespread species, and they also nested. For all sites, the individual observations are given. Close

• 275. [Article] Bird records for the Saddle Bag Mountain area of Lincoln and Tillamook Counties

  The results of 703 observations are given; most of these were made in the 1930's by James Macnab, Jane Claire Dirks-Edmunds, Dorothy McKey-Fender, and others. These results are the most comprehensive throughout the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bird records for the Saddle Bag Mountain area of Lincoln and Tillamook Counties Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947-, Macnab, James A., McKey-Fender, Dorothy, Dirks-Edmunds, Jane Claire The results of 703 observations are given; most of these were made in the 1930's by James Macnab, Jane Claire Dirks-Edmunds, Dorothy McKey-Fender, and others. These results are the most comprehensive throughout the year for any site above 1,000 ft in Lincoln County and hint that bird communities at sites above 1,400 ft are less diverse than sites nearer sea level. However, many more systematic observations throughout the year are needed to elucidate the significance of elevation on bird diversity. Two marshes on Saddle Bag Mountain are the only locations where Common Snipe appear to nest in Lincoln County. Title: Bird records for the Saddle Bag Mountain area of Lincoln and Tillamook Counties Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947-, Macnab, James A., McKey-Fender, Dorothy, Dirks-Edmunds, Jane Claire The results of 703 observations are given; most of these were made in the 1930's by James Macnab, Jane Claire Dirks-Edmunds, Dorothy McKey-Fender, and others. These results are the most comprehensive throughout the year for any site above 1,000 ft in Lincoln County and hint that bird communities at sites above 1,400 ft are less diverse than sites nearer sea level. However, many more systematic observations throughout the year are needed to elucidate the significance of elevation on bird diversity. Two marshes on Saddle Bag Mountain are the only locations where Common Snipe appear to nest in Lincoln County. Close

• 276. [Article] Oregon Tidal Wetland Reference Sites Pilot Project : Soils Data

  Soils data for additional tidal wetland sites on the OR coast are intended to be added to this site. These data for 2007 may be updated with additional samples.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Tidal Wetland Reference Sites Pilot Project : Soils Data Author: Christy, John A., Brophy, Laura, Tully, Rebecca, Cornu, Craig Soils data for additional tidal wetland sites on the OR coast are intended to be added to this site. These data for 2007 may be updated with additional samples. Title: Oregon Tidal Wetland Reference Sites Pilot Project : Soils Data Author: Christy, John A., Brophy, Laura, Tully, Rebecca, Cornu, Craig Soils data for additional tidal wetland sites on the OR coast are intended to be added to this site. These data for 2007 may be updated with additional samples. Close

• 277. [Article] Oregon Tidal Wetland Reference Sites Pilot Project : Soils Data

  Soils data for additional tidal wetland sites on the OR coast are intended to be added to this site. These data for 2007 may be updated with additional samples.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Tidal Wetland Reference Sites Pilot Project : Soils Data Author: Christy, John A., Brophy, Laura, Cornu, Craig, Tully, Rebecca Soils data for additional tidal wetland sites on the OR coast are intended to be added to this site. These data for 2007 may be updated with additional samples. Title: Oregon Tidal Wetland Reference Sites Pilot Project : Soils Data Author: Christy, John A., Brophy, Laura, Cornu, Craig, Tully, Rebecca Soils data for additional tidal wetland sites on the OR coast are intended to be added to this site. These data for 2007 may be updated with additional samples. Close

• 278. [Image] Map of William L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge vegetation, circa 1980

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Map of William L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge vegetation, circa 1980 Year: 1980 Title: Map of William L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge vegetation, circa 1980 Year: 1980 Close

• 279. [Image] Tree stump, vegetation

  	Tree stump, vegetation. Series 02-280 thru 02-290. Maples Campground.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tree stump, vegetation Year: 1976 Tree stump, vegetation. Series 02-280 thru 02-290. Maples Campground. Title: Tree stump, vegetation Year: 1976 Tree stump, vegetation. Series 02-280 thru 02-290. Maples Campground. Close

• 280. [Article] Kelsey vegetation management environmental assessment

  141 pp. Tables, maps, appendices, references, bibliography. Townships 18, 19, and 20 South, Ranges 11 and 12 East. Captured May 18, 2007.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Kelsey vegetation management environmental assessment Author: Bend-Fort Rock Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2004 141 pp. Tables, maps, appendices, references, bibliography. Townships 18, 19, and 20 South, Ranges 11 and 12 East. Captured May 18, 2007. Title: Kelsey vegetation management environmental assessment Author: Bend-Fort Rock Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2004 141 pp. Tables, maps, appendices, references, bibliography. Townships 18, 19, and 20 South, Ranges 11 and 12 East. Captured May 18, 2007. Close

• 281. [Image] Gerber-Willow Valley Watershed Analysis

  	x, 386 p., ill., maps (some col.); Cover title; "July 2003"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber-Willow Valley Watershed Analysis Author: U.S. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Management; Klamath Falls Resource Area Office; U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service; Fremont-Winema National Forests; Modoc National Forest Year: 2003, 2006, 2005 x, 386 p., ill., maps (some col.); Cover title; "July 2003" Title: Gerber-Willow Valley Watershed Analysis Author: U.S. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Management; Klamath Falls Resource Area Office; U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service; Fremont-Winema National Forests; Modoc National Forest Year: 2003, 2006, 2005 x, 386 p., ill., maps (some col.); Cover title; "July 2003" Close

• 282. [Article] Opine vegetation management environmental analysis 2005 environmental assessment

  155 pp. Tables, maps. T20S, R13E, Sections 12, 13, and 24; T20S, R14E, Sections 6-8, 16- 22, 25-29, and 31-36; T20S, R15E, Sections 19-34; T21S, R14E, Sections 1-16; T21S, R15E, Sections 3- 9, 13-29, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Opine vegetation management environmental analysis 2005 environmental assessment Author: Bend-Fort Rock Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2005 155 pp. Tables, maps. T20S, R13E, Sections 12, 13, and 24; T20S, R14E, Sections 6-8, 16- 22, 25-29, and 31-36; T20S, R15E, Sections 19-34; T21S, R14E, Sections 1-16; T21S, R15E, Sections 3- 9, 13-29, and 32-36; T21S, R16E, Sections 16, 17, 19-21, 27-30, and 31-34; and T21S, R16E, Sections 3- 6, 8-10, 16, 17, 20-22, and 26-28. Captured May 17, 2007. Title: Opine vegetation management environmental analysis 2005 environmental assessment Author: Bend-Fort Rock Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2005 155 pp. Tables, maps. T20S, R13E, Sections 12, 13, and 24; T20S, R14E, Sections 6-8, 16- 22, 25-29, and 31-36; T20S, R15E, Sections 19-34; T21S, R14E, Sections 1-16; T21S, R15E, Sections 3- 9, 13-29, and 32-36; T21S, R16E, Sections 16, 17, 19-21, 27-30, and 31-34; and T21S, R16E, Sections 3- 6, 8-10, 16, 17, 20-22, and 26-28. Captured May 17, 2007. Close

• 283. [Article] Vegetation and fire history of a Ponderosa pine-white fir forest in Crater Lake National Park

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation and fire history of a Ponderosa pine-white fir forest in Crater Lake National Park Author: McNeil, Robert Curlan Title: Vegetation and fire history of a Ponderosa pine-white fir forest in Crater Lake National Park Author: McNeil, Robert Curlan Close

• 284. [Article] Vegetative ecology of a montane mire, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetative ecology of a montane mire, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Seyer, Susan C. Title: Vegetative ecology of a montane mire, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Seyer, Susan C. Close

• 285. [Image] Sutton Creek. Vegetation on both sides, log fallen across creek.

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sutton Creek. Vegetation on both sides, log fallen across creek. Year: 1932 Title: Sutton Creek. Vegetation on both sides, log fallen across creek. Year: 1932 Close

• 286. [Image] Vegetation layer

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation layer Year: 1990 Title: Vegetation layer Year: 1990 Close

• 287. [Image] Man among flowers Camp Chilocote chopping vegetation around seedling to promote growth

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Man among flowers Camp Chilocote chopping vegetation around seedling to promote growth Year: 1987 Title: Man among flowers Camp Chilocote chopping vegetation around seedling to promote growth Year: 1987 Close

• 288. [Article] Revegetation in the 1914-1915 devastated area of Lassen Volcanic National Park

  At the time of the eruptions of Lassen Peak in 1914-1915, an area of vegetation along the east slope of the mountain approximately 1 1/4 miles wide and four miles long was destroyed. Except for a few surviving ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Revegetation in the 1914-1915 devastated area of Lassen Volcanic National Park Author: Bailey, Warren Hutchinson, 1914- At the time of the eruptions of Lassen Peak in 1914-1915, an area of vegetation along the east slope of the mountain approximately 1 1/4 miles wide and four miles long was destroyed. Except for a few surviving trees, all vegetation was destroyed. A study of the revegetation of this rather unique area has been made to determine, if possible, how vegetation re-enters such a sterile area. Since this site is probably the only area in western North America, outside of Alaska and Mexico, to have been devastated by volcanic action in modern times, the results should bear significance. Two principal data-collecting methods were used. First, 29 regions (or stands) were selected throughout the present Devastated Area for observation and description. Such information as presence of species, density, size, edaphic factors and successional stage was recorded for each. To interrelate these regions for showing gradients in relation to each other or in relation to the undisturbed marginal vegetations, a number of belt transects was laid out. Woody vegetation was recorded along these six-foot wide belts. Results of the study show that the predisturbance meadows are being taken over by trees and shrubs, largely because of mud-flow influence. Successional stages occur in most locations where Lodgepole Pine has become established. White Fir and White Pine or Jeffrey Pine appear to be replacing it. Island vegetations are established and appear to be serving as radiation centers for new growth. "Stump sprout" survivor Mountain Hemlock and Red Fir trees comprise part of the high elevation vegetation from which stands may extend. Pits or craterlets caused by hot rocks in the mudflow still exist and now provide protected sites for revegetation on harsh, exposed slopes, A definite zonation pattern now exists along the elevational gradient of the central part of the Devastated Area starting with Lodgepole Pine at an elevation of 6250 feet and terminating with Red Fir and Lodgepole Pine at between 7500-8000 feet. New growth along the north and south margins is variable. At upper levels, invasion by old species is very slow. The greatest width of vigorous marginal growth occurs at an elevation of 7500-7700 feet along the south boundary where White Fir, Red Fir, White Pine and Mountain Hemlock have all penetrated the new area to a width of 400 yards. Downslope "shift" is noted in regard to Mountain Hemlock and Red Fir at higher elevations at the margins. Establishment of montane species by upslope "shift" in the central regions appears to provide necessary cover for establishment of the cold and shade tolerant subalpine species in these central locations. Several zones of soil instability still exist. One is a new mudflow caused by stream action where vegetation penetrates this zone marginally. Pioneer herbaceous forms are appearing rapidly here. Large dark-colored volcanic rocks carried by the mudflow encourage revegetation by (1) absorbing heat from the sun in early spring before the snow is melted and (2) protecting plants from extreme winds and temperatures. Vegetation appears also to be related to the snow-melt pattern along higher slopes. Transitional gradients are common at the margins and in some cases extend across the area. A young Jeffrey Pine climax vegetation is now established across the Devastated Area at the Hot Rock and Log Pile Region adjacent to the lower Lost Creek. Photographs were used for relating former vegetation to that of the present. A total of 121 species of plants was collected and determined from the Devastated Area. Title: Revegetation in the 1914-1915 devastated area of Lassen Volcanic National Park Author: Bailey, Warren Hutchinson, 1914- At the time of the eruptions of Lassen Peak in 1914-1915, an area of vegetation along the east slope of the mountain approximately 1 1/4 miles wide and four miles long was destroyed. Except for a few surviving trees, all vegetation was destroyed. A study of the revegetation of this rather unique area has been made to determine, if possible, how vegetation re-enters such a sterile area. Since this site is probably the only area in western North America, outside of Alaska and Mexico, to have been devastated by volcanic action in modern times, the results should bear significance. Two principal data-collecting methods were used. First, 29 regions (or stands) were selected throughout the present Devastated Area for observation and description. Such information as presence of species, density, size, edaphic factors and successional stage was recorded for each. To interrelate these regions for showing gradients in relation to each other or in relation to the undisturbed marginal vegetations, a number of belt transects was laid out. Woody vegetation was recorded along these six-foot wide belts. Results of the study show that the predisturbance meadows are being taken over by trees and shrubs, largely because of mud-flow influence. Successional stages occur in most locations where Lodgepole Pine has become established. White Fir and White Pine or Jeffrey Pine appear to be replacing it. Island vegetations are established and appear to be serving as radiation centers for new growth. "Stump sprout" survivor Mountain Hemlock and Red Fir trees comprise part of the high elevation vegetation from which stands may extend. Pits or craterlets caused by hot rocks in the mudflow still exist and now provide protected sites for revegetation on harsh, exposed slopes, A definite zonation pattern now exists along the elevational gradient of the central part of the Devastated Area starting with Lodgepole Pine at an elevation of 6250 feet and terminating with Red Fir and Lodgepole Pine at between 7500-8000 feet. New growth along the north and south margins is variable. At upper levels, invasion by old species is very slow. The greatest width of vigorous marginal growth occurs at an elevation of 7500-7700 feet along the south boundary where White Fir, Red Fir, White Pine and Mountain Hemlock have all penetrated the new area to a width of 400 yards. Downslope "shift" is noted in regard to Mountain Hemlock and Red Fir at higher elevations at the margins. Establishment of montane species by upslope "shift" in the central regions appears to provide necessary cover for establishment of the cold and shade tolerant subalpine species in these central locations. Several zones of soil instability still exist. One is a new mudflow caused by stream action where vegetation penetrates this zone marginally. Pioneer herbaceous forms are appearing rapidly here. Large dark-colored volcanic rocks carried by the mudflow encourage revegetation by (1) absorbing heat from the sun in early spring before the snow is melted and (2) protecting plants from extreme winds and temperatures. Vegetation appears also to be related to the snow-melt pattern along higher slopes. Transitional gradients are common at the margins and in some cases extend across the area. A young Jeffrey Pine climax vegetation is now established across the Devastated Area at the Hot Rock and Log Pile Region adjacent to the lower Lost Creek. Photographs were used for relating former vegetation to that of the present. A total of 121 species of plants was collected and determined from the Devastated Area. Close

• 289. [Article] Breeding bird community composition in relation to riparian vegetation structure in grazed habitats

  Riparian zones provide habitat for breeding birds in the semiarid western United States; however, there are few data available that address the effects of livestock grazing strategies on riparian habitats ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Breeding bird community composition in relation to riparian vegetation structure in grazed habitats Author: Sanders, Todd Alan Riparian zones provide habitat for breeding birds in the semiarid western United States; however, there are few data available that address the effects of livestock grazing strategies on riparian habitats and avian communities. Documenting avian community composition in different riparian vegetation communities and relating vegetation communities to livestock grazing strategies may identify management alternatives that are sustainable from a wildlife habitat perspective, and may permit constructive coalitions between agricultural industry and environmental groups. I compared diurnal breeding bird abundance, individual species abundance, and species richness, and vegetation composition and structure among 12 streamside riparian areas of Bear and Silvies valleys in eastern Oregon during 1993 and 1994. Bird and vegetation data were collected along four replicate transects within each of three riparian vegetation communities characterized by vegetation structure: herbaceous, discontinuous willow (Salix spp.), and continuous willow. These riparian vegetation communities were grazed under summer season-long, summer short-duration, and fall short-duration livestock grazing strategies, respectively, >5 years before the study. Differences in riparian vegetation among communities were primarily related to shrub structure by experimental design. The continuous willow community had more shrub cover overall (P<0.001) and within each 1-m height interval from 0-4 m (P<0.013) than the herbaceous and discontinuous willow communities. The herbaceous community had no shrub cover >1 m in height. Willows extended farther (P=0.031) from the steam edge in the continuous willow community than in the discontinuous willow community. No willows were detected in the herbaceous community. I detected 4,016 birds representing 56 species along the transects. Total bird abundance was greater (P<0.001) in the continuous willow community than in the herbaceous and discontinuous willow communities. Species richness was inconsistent (P=0.034) between years within communities; it was greatest (P<0.037) in the continuous and discontinuous willow communities in 1993, and greatest (P<0.003) in the continuous willow community in 1994. Total bird abundance and species richness in 1994 increased with willow volume (r²>0.707, P<0.001). Of 23 bird species with >20 individual detections over both years, 13 species were most abundant in one or two vegetation communities (P<0.088). Seven species (yellow warbler [Dendroica petechia], song sparrow [Melospiza melodia], willow flycatcher [Empidonax traillii], American robin [Turdus migratorius], common snipe [Gallinago gallinago], bobolink [Dolichonyx oryzivorus], and Vaux's swift [Chaetura vauxi]) were most abundant in the continuous willow community. Three species (savannah sparrow [Passerculus sandwichensis], black tern [Chlidonias niger], and American wigeon [Anas americana]) were most abundant in the herbaceous community. Willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) were most abundant in the herbaceous and discontinuous willow communities whereas cinnamon teal (A. cyanoptera) were most abundant in the herbaceous and continuous willow communities. Red-winged blackbirds (Ageliaus phoeniceus) were inconsistent (P=0.032) between years within communities: they were most abundant in the continuous willow community in 1993, and most abundant in the continuous willow and herbaceous communities in 1994. Hydrophytic woody vegetation within semiarid rangeland environments increases structural complexity and is associated with avian abundance and diversity. Yellow warblers, willow flycatchers, and song sparrows, which depend on hydrophytic shrubs for nesting almost exclusively in the semiarid West, are especially threatened by the elimination or simplification of woody riparian vegetation. I suggest that riparian vegetation structure and composition, which is associated with avian abundance, species richness, riparian associate bird species, and landscape-level biological diversity, be maintained where possible. Seasonal light (<30% use) fall short-duration grazing seemed to be compatible with the maintenance of woody riparian vegetation whereas summer season-long and summer short-duration grazing is likely incompatible. Title: Breeding bird community composition in relation to riparian vegetation structure in grazed habitats Author: Sanders, Todd Alan Riparian zones provide habitat for breeding birds in the semiarid western United States; however, there are few data available that address the effects of livestock grazing strategies on riparian habitats and avian communities. Documenting avian community composition in different riparian vegetation communities and relating vegetation communities to livestock grazing strategies may identify management alternatives that are sustainable from a wildlife habitat perspective, and may permit constructive coalitions between agricultural industry and environmental groups. I compared diurnal breeding bird abundance, individual species abundance, and species richness, and vegetation composition and structure among 12 streamside riparian areas of Bear and Silvies valleys in eastern Oregon during 1993 and 1994. Bird and vegetation data were collected along four replicate transects within each of three riparian vegetation communities characterized by vegetation structure: herbaceous, discontinuous willow (Salix spp.), and continuous willow. These riparian vegetation communities were grazed under summer season-long, summer short-duration, and fall short-duration livestock grazing strategies, respectively, >5 years before the study. Differences in riparian vegetation among communities were primarily related to shrub structure by experimental design. The continuous willow community had more shrub cover overall (P<0.001) and within each 1-m height interval from 0-4 m (P<0.013) than the herbaceous and discontinuous willow communities. The herbaceous community had no shrub cover >1 m in height. Willows extended farther (P=0.031) from the steam edge in the continuous willow community than in the discontinuous willow community. No willows were detected in the herbaceous community. I detected 4,016 birds representing 56 species along the transects. Total bird abundance was greater (P<0.001) in the continuous willow community than in the herbaceous and discontinuous willow communities. Species richness was inconsistent (P=0.034) between years within communities; it was greatest (P<0.037) in the continuous and discontinuous willow communities in 1993, and greatest (P<0.003) in the continuous willow community in 1994. Total bird abundance and species richness in 1994 increased with willow volume (r²>0.707, P<0.001). Of 23 bird species with >20 individual detections over both years, 13 species were most abundant in one or two vegetation communities (P<0.088). Seven species (yellow warbler [Dendroica petechia], song sparrow [Melospiza melodia], willow flycatcher [Empidonax traillii], American robin [Turdus migratorius], common snipe [Gallinago gallinago], bobolink [Dolichonyx oryzivorus], and Vaux's swift [Chaetura vauxi]) were most abundant in the continuous willow community. Three species (savannah sparrow [Passerculus sandwichensis], black tern [Chlidonias niger], and American wigeon [Anas americana]) were most abundant in the herbaceous community. Willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) were most abundant in the herbaceous and discontinuous willow communities whereas cinnamon teal (A. cyanoptera) were most abundant in the herbaceous and continuous willow communities. Red-winged blackbirds (Ageliaus phoeniceus) were inconsistent (P=0.032) between years within communities: they were most abundant in the continuous willow community in 1993, and most abundant in the continuous willow and herbaceous communities in 1994. Hydrophytic woody vegetation within semiarid rangeland environments increases structural complexity and is associated with avian abundance and diversity. Yellow warblers, willow flycatchers, and song sparrows, which depend on hydrophytic shrubs for nesting almost exclusively in the semiarid West, are especially threatened by the elimination or simplification of woody riparian vegetation. I suggest that riparian vegetation structure and composition, which is associated with avian abundance, species richness, riparian associate bird species, and landscape-level biological diversity, be maintained where possible. Seasonal light (<30% use) fall short-duration grazing seemed to be compatible with the maintenance of woody riparian vegetation whereas summer season-long and summer short-duration grazing is likely incompatible. Close

• 290. [Article] Monitoring fluoride pollution in Flathead National Forest and Glacier National Park, 1972

  During August 1972, 15 vegetation plots monitered for foliar fluoride concentrations in 1971 were resampled near the Anaconda aluminum plant at Columbia Falls, Montana. Statistical analysis of the data ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring fluoride pollution in Flathead National Forest and Glacier National Park, 1972 Author: Carlson, Clinton E., United States. Forest Service. Division of State and Private Forestry During August 1972, 15 vegetation plots monitered for foliar fluoride concentrations in 1971 were resampled near the Anaconda aluminum plant at Columbia Falls, Montana. Statistical analysis of the data showed that essentially the same amount of fluoride was taken in by conifers, shrubs, and grasses in 1972 as in 1971. It is concluded that the area over which plants accumulated fluoride and resultant damage occurred remained unchanged from 1971 at 179,000 acres and 15,000 acres, respectively. Vegetation in Glacier National Park continued to show some fluoride injury and to accumulate abnormally high amounts of fluoride. Title: Monitoring fluoride pollution in Flathead National Forest and Glacier National Park, 1972 Author: Carlson, Clinton E., United States. Forest Service. Division of State and Private Forestry During August 1972, 15 vegetation plots monitered for foliar fluoride concentrations in 1971 were resampled near the Anaconda aluminum plant at Columbia Falls, Montana. Statistical analysis of the data showed that essentially the same amount of fluoride was taken in by conifers, shrubs, and grasses in 1972 as in 1971. It is concluded that the area over which plants accumulated fluoride and resultant damage occurred remained unchanged from 1971 at 179,000 acres and 15,000 acres, respectively. Vegetation in Glacier National Park continued to show some fluoride injury and to accumulate abnormally high amounts of fluoride. Close

• 291. [Article] Regional variation in stand structure and development in forests of Oregon, Washington, and inland Northern California

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Regional variation in stand structure and development in forests of Oregon, Washington, and inland Northern California Author: Spies, Thomas A., Reilly, Matthew J. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecsp Title: Regional variation in stand structure and development in forests of Oregon, Washington, and inland Northern California Author: Spies, Thomas A., Reilly, Matthew J. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecsp Close

• 292. [Article] Urbanizing Flora of Portland, Oregon, 1806-2008.

  Second printing with corrections and additions, December 2009.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Urbanizing Flora of Portland, Oregon, 1806-2008. Author: Kimpo, Angela, Christy, Nancy L., Marttala, Vernon, Christy, John A., Gaddis, Philip K. Second printing with corrections and additions, December 2009. Title: Urbanizing Flora of Portland, Oregon, 1806-2008. Author: Kimpo, Angela, Christy, Nancy L., Marttala, Vernon, Christy, John A., Gaddis, Philip K. Second printing with corrections and additions, December 2009. Close

• 293. [Article] Softwood lumber prices for evaluation of small-diameter timber stands in the Intermountain West

  This paper reports prices for aggregations of lumber grades that are representative of the quality and volume of lumber produced from small-diameter timber stands in the Intermountain West area encompassing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Softwood lumber prices for evaluation of small-diameter timber stands in the Intermountain West Author: Barbour, R. James, Fight, Roger D., Chmelik, John T., Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.) This paper reports prices for aggregations of lumber grades that are representative of the quality and volume of lumber produced from small-diameter timber stands in the Intermountain West area encompassing Idaho and Montana and land east of the Cascade Mountain range in Oregon and Washington. Price data are reported for Douglas Fir-Larch, Hem-Fir, ponderosa pine, and lodgepole pine. Forest managers can use the grade aggregates in conjunction with the Financial Evaluation of Ecosystem Management Activities (FEEMA) software to evaluate silvicultural treatment for small-diamter timber stands. Title: Softwood lumber prices for evaluation of small-diameter timber stands in the Intermountain West Author: Barbour, R. James, Fight, Roger D., Chmelik, John T., Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.) This paper reports prices for aggregations of lumber grades that are representative of the quality and volume of lumber produced from small-diameter timber stands in the Intermountain West area encompassing Idaho and Montana and land east of the Cascade Mountain range in Oregon and Washington. Price data are reported for Douglas Fir-Larch, Hem-Fir, ponderosa pine, and lodgepole pine. Forest managers can use the grade aggregates in conjunction with the Financial Evaluation of Ecosystem Management Activities (FEEMA) software to evaluate silvicultural treatment for small-diamter timber stands. Close

• 294. [Article] Reducing stand densities in immature and mature stands, Applegate Watershed, Southwest Oregon

  In the study the authors examined conditions following density management treatments in two adjacent but dissimilar stands in Applegate Watershed, Oregon. An immature stand received a unique density reduction ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reducing stand densities in immature and mature stands, Applegate Watershed, Southwest Oregon Author: Amaranthus, Michael P., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Main, Marty L. In the study the authors examined conditions following density management treatments in two adjacent but dissimilar stands in Applegate Watershed, Oregon. An immature stand received a unique density reduction treatment retaining both hardwoods and conifers to encourage long-term survival and growth of its coniferous component. The mature stand density reduction treatment focused on removal of the competitive influence from overstocked, surpressed understory trees and maintaining existing large-diameter conifers. Precommercial thinning greatly reduced stand density and increased quadratic mean diameters in the immature stand. In the immature stand the combination of commercial and precommercial thinnings produced a reduced stand density designed to improve overall stand vigor. Title: Reducing stand densities in immature and mature stands, Applegate Watershed, Southwest Oregon Author: Amaranthus, Michael P., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Main, Marty L. In the study the authors examined conditions following density management treatments in two adjacent but dissimilar stands in Applegate Watershed, Oregon. An immature stand received a unique density reduction treatment retaining both hardwoods and conifers to encourage long-term survival and growth of its coniferous component. The mature stand density reduction treatment focused on removal of the competitive influence from overstocked, surpressed understory trees and maintaining existing large-diameter conifers. Precommercial thinning greatly reduced stand density and increased quadratic mean diameters in the immature stand. In the immature stand the combination of commercial and precommercial thinnings produced a reduced stand density designed to improve overall stand vigor. Close

• 295. [Article] Timber harvesting, processing, and employment in the northwest economic adjustment initiative region : changes and economic assistance

  The Northwest economic adjustment initiative (NWEAI) provides economic assistance to a region including western Washington, western Oregon, and northern California. Timber harvests have fallen markedly ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Timber harvesting, processing, and employment in the northwest economic adjustment initiative region : changes and economic assistance Author: Christensen, Harriet H., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Raettig, Terry L. The Northwest economic adjustment initiative (NWEAI) provides economic assistance to a region including western Washington, western Oregon, and northern California. Timber harvests have fallen markedly in this region since 1990. The forest products industry is the largest manufacturing sector in the region, and employment has followed the downward trend in timber harvest. There are important differences in the declines in timber harvest, employment, and the importance of the forest products industry at the county level. The NWEAI is a significant initiative designed to coordinate and manage Federal economic assistance efforts in the region. Title: Timber harvesting, processing, and employment in the northwest economic adjustment initiative region : changes and economic assistance Author: Christensen, Harriet H., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Raettig, Terry L. The Northwest economic adjustment initiative (NWEAI) provides economic assistance to a region including western Washington, western Oregon, and northern California. Timber harvests have fallen markedly in this region since 1990. The forest products industry is the largest manufacturing sector in the region, and employment has followed the downward trend in timber harvest. There are important differences in the declines in timber harvest, employment, and the importance of the forest products industry at the county level. The NWEAI is a significant initiative designed to coordinate and manage Federal economic assistance efforts in the region. Close

• 296. [Article] Composition, volume, and prices for major softwood lumber types in western Oregon and Washington, 1971-2020

  An analysis of lumber prices provided regressions for price trends during the period 1971-95 for composite lumber grades of major timber species found in the Pacific Northwest west of the crest of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Composition, volume, and prices for major softwood lumber types in western Oregon and Washington, 1971-2020 Author: Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Weigand, James F. An analysis of lumber prices provided regressions for price trends during the period 1971-95 for composite lumber grades of major timber species found in the Pacific Northwest west of the crest of the Cascade Range. The analysis included data for coastal Douglas-fir and hem-fir lumber; coastal and inland Pacific Northwest ponderosa, sugar, and western white pines; and inland Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine. Future prices of grades by species group are based on these price trends and the latest average regional lumber values established in the Timber Assessment Market Model (TAMM). Land managers can use the price projections in financial analyses of management practices that are designed to affect the quality of timber resources. Title: Composition, volume, and prices for major softwood lumber types in western Oregon and Washington, 1971-2020 Author: Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Weigand, James F. An analysis of lumber prices provided regressions for price trends during the period 1971-95 for composite lumber grades of major timber species found in the Pacific Northwest west of the crest of the Cascade Range. The analysis included data for coastal Douglas-fir and hem-fir lumber; coastal and inland Pacific Northwest ponderosa, sugar, and western white pines; and inland Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine. Future prices of grades by species group are based on these price trends and the latest average regional lumber values established in the Timber Assessment Market Model (TAMM). Land managers can use the price projections in financial analyses of management practices that are designed to affect the quality of timber resources. Close

• 297. [Article] Monitoring and evaluating citizen-agency interactions: a framework developed for adaptive management

  As the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management turn toward ecosystem and adaptive models of forest stewardship, they are being called on to develop meaningful and lasting relations with citizens. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring and evaluating citizen-agency interactions: a framework developed for adaptive management Author: Cheek, Kristin Aldred, Shindler, Bruce, Stankey, George H. As the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management turn toward ecosystem and adaptive models of forest stewardship, they are being called on to develop meaningful and lasting relations with citizens. These new management styles require not only improved strategies for public involvement but also methods to examine the interactions between citizens and agencies in orders to learn from such experiences. Using the general principles of adaptive management--which stress monitoring, evaluation, and adjustment--this report provides a comprehensive framework to help agency personnel and citizens to work together. This report describes the adaptive management concept, summarizes research about the goals and characteristics of successful public involvement, and lays out a framework for monitoring and evaluating citizen-agency interactions. Although designed for adaptive management settings, the framework is well suited to other situations where improving these interactions is a priority. Title: Monitoring and evaluating citizen-agency interactions: a framework developed for adaptive management Author: Cheek, Kristin Aldred, Shindler, Bruce, Stankey, George H. As the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management turn toward ecosystem and adaptive models of forest stewardship, they are being called on to develop meaningful and lasting relations with citizens. These new management styles require not only improved strategies for public involvement but also methods to examine the interactions between citizens and agencies in orders to learn from such experiences. Using the general principles of adaptive management--which stress monitoring, evaluation, and adjustment--this report provides a comprehensive framework to help agency personnel and citizens to work together. This report describes the adaptive management concept, summarizes research about the goals and characteristics of successful public involvement, and lays out a framework for monitoring and evaluating citizen-agency interactions. Although designed for adaptive management settings, the framework is well suited to other situations where improving these interactions is a priority. Close

• 298. [Article] Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) population and habitat surveys in the McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette Basins, 2000

  DOE/BP-00004093-1

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) population and habitat surveys in the McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette Basins, 2000 Author: Taylor, Greg DOE/BP-00004093-1 Title: Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) population and habitat surveys in the McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette Basins, 2000 Author: Taylor, Greg DOE/BP-00004093-1 Close

• 299. [Article] Habitat use and activity patterns of the Columbian white-tailed deer along the lower Columbia River

  A study of the life history, population dynamics, and ecological relationships of the Columbian white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginiarius leucurus) was conducted on the Washington mainland, Columbian ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat use and activity patterns of the Columbian white-tailed deer along the lower Columbia River Author: Suring, Lowell Howard A study of the life history, population dynamics, and ecological relationships of the Columbian white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginiarius leucurus) was conducted on the Washington mainland, Columbian White-tailed Deer National Wildlife Refuge during 1972-1973 to provide information for management of this endangered subspecies. A total of 18,077 observations of deer recorded during 213 morning and evening periods along two observation routes provided information concerning use of plant communities, activity, group composition, and sex and age structure. Detailed behavior observations were recorded during 25 morning and evening periods. Vegetation on the study area was categorized into five major community groupings of rush, thistle, grass, horsetail, and forest Deer were observed most often in those communities that provided both cover and forage. Communities providing forage without cover were most used where cover was adjacent. The population on the study area during the winter was estimated between 200 and 230 deer or one, deer per 3.4-3.9 hectares (one deer per 8.5-9.8 acres). A buck:doe:fawn ratio of 34:100:35 was calculated for November. Average group size of deer while grazing was 2.2 animals The major classification of group size throughout, the year was of single deer. Numbers of individuals within groups were highest during winter. Overt aggression between individuals was observed infrequently. Frequency of aggressive behavior was greatest during cold weather. Bucks were always dominant over does and fawns, and does were always dominant over fawns. Grazing was numerically the major activity observed. Deer grazed more and rested less in summer than during winter. Copulations may occur primarily at night. Home ranges of bucks were 1arger than those of does, and home ranges of yearlings were larger than those of adults. Average home range size of the Columbian white-tailed deer was smaller than that reported for other subspecies. Deer avoided close association with cattle and used those areas where cattle densities were lowest or where cattle were not present. Deer showed preference for improved pasture prior to introduction of cattle for seasonal grazing. Title: Habitat use and activity patterns of the Columbian white-tailed deer along the lower Columbia River Author: Suring, Lowell Howard A study of the life history, population dynamics, and ecological relationships of the Columbian white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginiarius leucurus) was conducted on the Washington mainland, Columbian White-tailed Deer National Wildlife Refuge during 1972-1973 to provide information for management of this endangered subspecies. A total of 18,077 observations of deer recorded during 213 morning and evening periods along two observation routes provided information concerning use of plant communities, activity, group composition, and sex and age structure. Detailed behavior observations were recorded during 25 morning and evening periods. Vegetation on the study area was categorized into five major community groupings of rush, thistle, grass, horsetail, and forest Deer were observed most often in those communities that provided both cover and forage. Communities providing forage without cover were most used where cover was adjacent. The population on the study area during the winter was estimated between 200 and 230 deer or one, deer per 3.4-3.9 hectares (one deer per 8.5-9.8 acres). A buck:doe:fawn ratio of 34:100:35 was calculated for November. Average group size of deer while grazing was 2.2 animals The major classification of group size throughout, the year was of single deer. Numbers of individuals within groups were highest during winter. Overt aggression between individuals was observed infrequently. Frequency of aggressive behavior was greatest during cold weather. Bucks were always dominant over does and fawns, and does were always dominant over fawns. Grazing was numerically the major activity observed. Deer grazed more and rested less in summer than during winter. Copulations may occur primarily at night. Home ranges of bucks were 1arger than those of does, and home ranges of yearlings were larger than those of adults. Average home range size of the Columbian white-tailed deer was smaller than that reported for other subspecies. Deer avoided close association with cattle and used those areas where cattle densities were lowest or where cattle were not present. Deer showed preference for improved pasture prior to introduction of cattle for seasonal grazing. Close

• 300. [Article] Multi-spatial scale representation of landscape transitions using landsat thematic mapper data and scale-space filters

  This thesis considered current approaches to describing landscape pattern, identified scale issues associated with defining objects, and explored techniques to reliably group elements based on land cover ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multi-spatial scale representation of landscape transitions using landsat thematic mapper data and scale-space filters Author: Lindeman, Dale R. This thesis considered current approaches to describing landscape pattern, identified scale issues associated with defining objects, and explored techniques to reliably group elements based on land cover as represented by satellite imagery. It was recognized that there is an important need to develop tools that can be applied using remotely sensed data to objectively identify landscape features at multiple spatial scales. The thesis focused on the potential for the use of specific digital image processing techniques to objectively generate multi-scale landscape heterogeneity models from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery. An approach using Difference-of-Gaussian (DoG) scale-space filters was used to process TM satellite data, transformed into the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), to define discrete landscape units across a range of scales. A series of Difference-of-Gaussian filters, with standard deviation (a) pairs of 0.9 and 1.1, 0.8 and 1.2, and 0.7 and 1.3, was applied to TM data. Results were compared against published ecoregion classifications and aerial orthophotography. These comparisons showed that the applied filters failed to accurately define landscape elements at a range of spatial scales. Filter size was found to be highly sensitive to the resolution of the image and object boundaries were maldelineated when complex boundary combinations were encountered. A modified approach using Gaussian/Difference-of-Gaussian or GaussianlLaplacian filter combinations and an alternate approach of watershed segmentation were recommended as potential techniques to test in further study. Future study should also include statistical approaches to aggregate zones and relate delineated zones to an actual, on-the-ground physiognomic classification scheme. Title: Multi-spatial scale representation of landscape transitions using landsat thematic mapper data and scale-space filters Author: Lindeman, Dale R. This thesis considered current approaches to describing landscape pattern, identified scale issues associated with defining objects, and explored techniques to reliably group elements based on land cover as represented by satellite imagery. It was recognized that there is an important need to develop tools that can be applied using remotely sensed data to objectively identify landscape features at multiple spatial scales. The thesis focused on the potential for the use of specific digital image processing techniques to objectively generate multi-scale landscape heterogeneity models from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery. An approach using Difference-of-Gaussian (DoG) scale-space filters was used to process TM satellite data, transformed into the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), to define discrete landscape units across a range of scales. A series of Difference-of-Gaussian filters, with standard deviation (a) pairs of 0.9 and 1.1, 0.8 and 1.2, and 0.7 and 1.3, was applied to TM data. Results were compared against published ecoregion classifications and aerial orthophotography. These comparisons showed that the applied filters failed to accurately define landscape elements at a range of spatial scales. Filter size was found to be highly sensitive to the resolution of the image and object boundaries were maldelineated when complex boundary combinations were encountered. A modified approach using Gaussian/Difference-of-Gaussian or GaussianlLaplacian filter combinations and an alternate approach of watershed segmentation were recommended as potential techniques to test in further study. Future study should also include statistical approaches to aggregate zones and relate delineated zones to an actual, on-the-ground physiognomic classification scheme. Close