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• 1301. [Image] Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)

  	The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Close

• 1302. [Image] Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)

  	The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Close

• 1303. [Image] Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)

  	The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Close

• 1304. [Image] Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)

  	The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Close

• 1305. [Image] Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)

  	The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Close

• 1306. [Image] Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)

  	The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Close

• 1307. [Image] Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)

  	The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Close

• 1308. [Image] Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)

  	The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Close

• 1309. [Image] Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)

  	The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Close

• 1310. [Image] Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)

  	The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Close

• 1311. [Image] Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)

  	The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Close

• 1312. [Image] Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)

  	The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Close

• 1313. [Image] Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)

  	The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Close

• 1314. [Article] Indians and Criminal Justice in Early Oregon, 1842-1859

  Indian-white relations in early Oregon are often viewed in terms of warfare and treatymaking, but these are only the most obvious aspects of a larger struggle to resolve cultural conflicts, settle land ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Indians and Criminal Justice in Early Oregon, 1842-1859 Author: Ferrell, John Samuel Year: 1973 Indian-white relations in early Oregon are often viewed in terms of warfare and treatymaking, but these are only the most obvious aspects of a larger struggle to resolve cultural conflicts, settle land disputes, and establish order in a new territory. Additional understanding of both white attitudes toward Indians and of Indian exasperation with the settlers may be gained from a study of how criminal justice applied to the red man during the turbulent pre-reservation era. Prior to the coming of America settlers, Oregon Indians knew the justice of the Hudson's Bay Company. In dealing with personas accused of harming HBC personnel or property, Dr. John McLoughlin acted with firmness and persistence while taking cognizance of the Indian's own ideas of just treatment, The American leaders of later years sometimes imitated McLoughlin's firmness but failed to recognize the importance of Indian tradition. Dr. Elijah White, after bring appointed the first U.S. Indian agent for Oregon in 1842, presented the natives with a law code which largely ignored their own traditions and confused them by making major offenses of what had formerly been viewed as minor infractions. Dr. White assured his charges that the new law code came from God and was recognized by all civilized nations. A similar smugness was apparent in later leaders who were convinced that the court proceedings against Indian troublemakers could not help but make a deep and beneficial impression on the defendants' fellow tribesman. Such assurance sometimes blinded the whites to inequities in their application of justice to Indian-white disputes and this blindness contributed to friction between the races. Criminal justice for Indians was a more complex matter during Oregon's territorial period than it had been during the HBC era. To the Indians, the British had been trading partners, but the Americans were dispossessors. A sizable influx of settlers preceded the signing of the Indian treaties, and the presence of two divergent cultures on the same disputed ground made necessary some means of dealing with the disagreements which inevitably arose. But civil officials, army officers, judges, and Indian agents were still working out their respective spheres of influence while new settlers might be many miles away from any hands. The belief expressed by leading figures in the army and the Indian Bureau that whites were to blame for outbreaks of violence did not encourage irate settlers or miners to rely on these agencies to settle disputes with Indians, and citizens' courts, minors' committees, or indiscriminate reprisals were often only forms of "justice" employed. Indians noted the infrequencies of prosecution for whites who committed crimes against them and complained that the whites had one set of laws for themselves and another for the red man, Adverse public opinion worked against the efforts of Indian superintendent Joel Palmer to correct this grievance, and lawyers sometimes questioned whether Indian were, in fact, "persons" or whether their mistreatment could constitute a crime. Even Dick Johnson, a successful Indian farmer who abandoned his native culture and won the support of Palmer and of Jesse Applegate in his efforts to model his life on white men's ideals, had so little legal identity that his suspected murderers were not tried and one of them was allowed to take his farm. Segregation of land and of peoples was the distraction in which both the law and public opinion pointed in Oregon Territory. Consciously and unconsciously, whites encouraged Indians to accept a reservation solution to the problems generated by land-hunger and culture clash, and among these problems legal discrimination and vigilante justice figured prominently. Hatred of the Indians among many of the settlers contributed substantially to distortion and non-application of criminal justice, but even with favorable public opinion, as in the case of Dick Johnson, the law itself was insufficient for an Indian who did not remove himself from white society and accept the treaty protections of the reservation. Title: Indians and Criminal Justice in Early Oregon, 1842-1859 Author: Ferrell, John Samuel Year: 1973 Indian-white relations in early Oregon are often viewed in terms of warfare and treatymaking, but these are only the most obvious aspects of a larger struggle to resolve cultural conflicts, settle land disputes, and establish order in a new territory. Additional understanding of both white attitudes toward Indians and of Indian exasperation with the settlers may be gained from a study of how criminal justice applied to the red man during the turbulent pre-reservation era. Prior to the coming of America settlers, Oregon Indians knew the justice of the Hudson's Bay Company. In dealing with personas accused of harming HBC personnel or property, Dr. John McLoughlin acted with firmness and persistence while taking cognizance of the Indian's own ideas of just treatment, The American leaders of later years sometimes imitated McLoughlin's firmness but failed to recognize the importance of Indian tradition. Dr. Elijah White, after bring appointed the first U.S. Indian agent for Oregon in 1842, presented the natives with a law code which largely ignored their own traditions and confused them by making major offenses of what had formerly been viewed as minor infractions. Dr. White assured his charges that the new law code came from God and was recognized by all civilized nations. A similar smugness was apparent in later leaders who were convinced that the court proceedings against Indian troublemakers could not help but make a deep and beneficial impression on the defendants' fellow tribesman. Such assurance sometimes blinded the whites to inequities in their application of justice to Indian-white disputes and this blindness contributed to friction between the races. Criminal justice for Indians was a more complex matter during Oregon's territorial period than it had been during the HBC era. To the Indians, the British had been trading partners, but the Americans were dispossessors. A sizable influx of settlers preceded the signing of the Indian treaties, and the presence of two divergent cultures on the same disputed ground made necessary some means of dealing with the disagreements which inevitably arose. But civil officials, army officers, judges, and Indian agents were still working out their respective spheres of influence while new settlers might be many miles away from any hands. The belief expressed by leading figures in the army and the Indian Bureau that whites were to blame for outbreaks of violence did not encourage irate settlers or miners to rely on these agencies to settle disputes with Indians, and citizens' courts, minors' committees, or indiscriminate reprisals were often only forms of "justice" employed. Indians noted the infrequencies of prosecution for whites who committed crimes against them and complained that the whites had one set of laws for themselves and another for the red man, Adverse public opinion worked against the efforts of Indian superintendent Joel Palmer to correct this grievance, and lawyers sometimes questioned whether Indian were, in fact, "persons" or whether their mistreatment could constitute a crime. Even Dick Johnson, a successful Indian farmer who abandoned his native culture and won the support of Palmer and of Jesse Applegate in his efforts to model his life on white men's ideals, had so little legal identity that his suspected murderers were not tried and one of them was allowed to take his farm. Segregation of land and of peoples was the distraction in which both the law and public opinion pointed in Oregon Territory. Consciously and unconsciously, whites encouraged Indians to accept a reservation solution to the problems generated by land-hunger and culture clash, and among these problems legal discrimination and vigilante justice figured prominently. Hatred of the Indians among many of the settlers contributed substantially to distortion and non-application of criminal justice, but even with favorable public opinion, as in the case of Dick Johnson, the law itself was insufficient for an Indian who did not remove himself from white society and accept the treaty protections of the reservation. Close

• 1315. [Article] Disease resistance and spring phenological characteristics of Ribes L. germplasm

  North American cultivation of Ribes L. may expand as small fruit growers seek species to diversify horticultural crops. The Ribes industry was suppressed for decades out of fear that cultivated black currants ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Disease resistance and spring phenological characteristics of Ribes L. germplasm Author: Dalton, Daniel T. North American cultivation of Ribes L. may expand as small fruit growers seek species to diversify horticultural crops. The Ribes industry was suppressed for decades out of fear that cultivated black currants and gooseberries would intensify the fungal disease white pine blister rust (WPBR) on five-needle pine (Pinus L. section Quinquefoliae) species. These pines were historically vital to the timber industry. Today, plant breeders seek to strengthen the Ribes small fruit industry through production of material suitable for North American conditions. Paramount to this effort is the development of resistance against major pests and diseases. Growers must be able to recognize the attributes of available genotypes prior to field establishment. The objectives of this research were to determine disease resistance and phenological characteristics of Ribes selections at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis, Oregon. Since the early 1930's, plant breeders have used immune black currant (R. nigrum L.) germplasm as a control tactic against the exotic WPBR, caused by the basidiomycete fungus Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fischer. In 1999, a seedling population was generated at the NCGR from a cross involving susceptible pistillate R. nigrum 'Ben Lomond' and immune staminate parent R. ussuriense Jancz. x R. nigrum 'Consort.' To test the inheritance of resistance in the F₁ population, aeciospore and urediniospore treatments were applied in 2008 to single-leaf softwood cuttings under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. Resistant F₁ phenotypes segregated in a 1:1 ratio consistent with the pattern of simple dominant inheritance of a single gene. Artificial inoculations testing aeciospore and urediniospore infectivity produced equivalent disease severity in the experimental Ribes genotypes. Resistance to the native powdery mildew fungus, Podosphaera mors-uvae (Schwein.) U. Brown and S. Takamatsu, was also evaluated in the F₁ population. Individuals segregated for resistance in a 1:3 ratio after exposure to elevated disease pressure in the greenhouse. Fifteen F₁ genotypes were resistant to both fungal pathogens and are candidates for further breeding trials. In a second study, five years of spring phenological survey data were analyzed using a growing degree-day (GDD) model, with the objective to identify cultivars adapted to North American conditions. Ribes section Calobotrya was the earliest group to reach "first bloom," followed sequentially by R. [superscript]xnidigrolaria Bauer hybrid species, section Symphocalyx, section Grossularia, section Ribes, and lastly, section Botrycarpum. Early and late-flowering accessions were identified for each taxon. Title: Disease resistance and spring phenological characteristics of Ribes L. germplasm Author: Dalton, Daniel T. North American cultivation of Ribes L. may expand as small fruit growers seek species to diversify horticultural crops. The Ribes industry was suppressed for decades out of fear that cultivated black currants and gooseberries would intensify the fungal disease white pine blister rust (WPBR) on five-needle pine (Pinus L. section Quinquefoliae) species. These pines were historically vital to the timber industry. Today, plant breeders seek to strengthen the Ribes small fruit industry through production of material suitable for North American conditions. Paramount to this effort is the development of resistance against major pests and diseases. Growers must be able to recognize the attributes of available genotypes prior to field establishment. The objectives of this research were to determine disease resistance and phenological characteristics of Ribes selections at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis, Oregon. Since the early 1930's, plant breeders have used immune black currant (R. nigrum L.) germplasm as a control tactic against the exotic WPBR, caused by the basidiomycete fungus Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fischer. In 1999, a seedling population was generated at the NCGR from a cross involving susceptible pistillate R. nigrum 'Ben Lomond' and immune staminate parent R. ussuriense Jancz. x R. nigrum 'Consort.' To test the inheritance of resistance in the F₁ population, aeciospore and urediniospore treatments were applied in 2008 to single-leaf softwood cuttings under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. Resistant F₁ phenotypes segregated in a 1:1 ratio consistent with the pattern of simple dominant inheritance of a single gene. Artificial inoculations testing aeciospore and urediniospore infectivity produced equivalent disease severity in the experimental Ribes genotypes. Resistance to the native powdery mildew fungus, Podosphaera mors-uvae (Schwein.) U. Brown and S. Takamatsu, was also evaluated in the F₁ population. Individuals segregated for resistance in a 1:3 ratio after exposure to elevated disease pressure in the greenhouse. Fifteen F₁ genotypes were resistant to both fungal pathogens and are candidates for further breeding trials. In a second study, five years of spring phenological survey data were analyzed using a growing degree-day (GDD) model, with the objective to identify cultivars adapted to North American conditions. Ribes section Calobotrya was the earliest group to reach "first bloom," followed sequentially by R. [superscript]xnidigrolaria Bauer hybrid species, section Symphocalyx, section Grossularia, section Ribes, and lastly, section Botrycarpum. Early and late-flowering accessions were identified for each taxon. Close

• 1316. [Article] Fort Ross, Russian Colony in California, 1811-1841

  The essential objective of this study was to fill a bibliographic void of secondary source material concerning Russian California. This was accomplished by combining available translations and more specific ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fort Ross, Russian Colony in California, 1811-1841 Author: Mitchell, Kathryn E. Year: 1984 The essential objective of this study was to fill a bibliographic void of secondary source material concerning Russian California. This was accomplished by combining available translations and more specific studies on the subject into one extensive work. Introductory chapters provide: (1) a brief statement regarding Russia's massive eastward expansion through Siberia, to Kamchatka and Alaska; (2) an examination of the nature of the Russian-American Company; and (3) a detailed look at the programs instituted by the Company to provision Alaska and Kamchatka. The establishment of Fort Ross in 1811 is viewed as one of those programs. The settlement's primary function throughout its existence was to send foodstuffs to Russia's northern colonies. The main body of the paper describes fully the structure of the settlement and analyzes the various activities, undertaken by the Russians at Fort Ross, in order to provide grain to the Company. Those activities were sea otter hunting, manufacturing, and agriculture and animal husbandry. In closing, the paper focuses on the Native Californians of Fort Ross, detailing their culture and their relationship with imperialist powers in nineteenth-century California. The industries of Fort Ross--hunting, manufacturing, and husbandry--met with failure. Each endeavor proved to be either inadequate or untimely: The harvesting of pelts was quickly curtailed by the depletion of animal populations; a successful manufacturing enterprise was interrupted by foreign competition; and lack of labor and expertise hindered the Russians' effort to transform the Ross Counter into the Company’s “granary.” The research conducted for this study led to the conclusion that the Russians' decision to abandon their California settlement was finalized when another means to provision the northern colonies became available. A Study of Fort Ross necessarily demands an international historical perspective. A consideration of the Spanish colonial enterprise in Mexico and California, the British activities in the Pacific Northwest, and the increasing strength of the United States on the western coast of North America are essential in understanding the failure of the Russians at Fort Ross and in Alaska. A number of published, primary source materials were used exhaustively to complete this study. A complete selected bibliography is included. Several categories of material were of prime importance. Briefly, they are: (1) correspondence between the Chief Manager of the Russian-American Company colonies in Alaska and the Company’s Main Office in St. Petersburg. These documents are available on microfilm in the National Archives and in Vneshniaia Politika Rossii, Series I and II, edited by N. N. Bolkhovitinov. (2) Journals, kept by navigators who participated in Russian circumnavigations which made calls in the Russian America, are invaluable sources of information on the circumstances of the colonies. (3) Reports of Company employees, such as Kirill T. Klebnikov and Ferdinand P. Wrangell provide important statistical information on agricultural production, otter hunting, manufacturing, and the population of Russian California. As mentioned, secondary sources on Russian California are scarce. However, James R. Gibson's work, Imperial Russia in Frontier America, does offer a thorough treatment of Russian trade and husbandry in California. Title: Fort Ross, Russian Colony in California, 1811-1841 Author: Mitchell, Kathryn E. Year: 1984 The essential objective of this study was to fill a bibliographic void of secondary source material concerning Russian California. This was accomplished by combining available translations and more specific studies on the subject into one extensive work. Introductory chapters provide: (1) a brief statement regarding Russia's massive eastward expansion through Siberia, to Kamchatka and Alaska; (2) an examination of the nature of the Russian-American Company; and (3) a detailed look at the programs instituted by the Company to provision Alaska and Kamchatka. The establishment of Fort Ross in 1811 is viewed as one of those programs. The settlement's primary function throughout its existence was to send foodstuffs to Russia's northern colonies. The main body of the paper describes fully the structure of the settlement and analyzes the various activities, undertaken by the Russians at Fort Ross, in order to provide grain to the Company. Those activities were sea otter hunting, manufacturing, and agriculture and animal husbandry. In closing, the paper focuses on the Native Californians of Fort Ross, detailing their culture and their relationship with imperialist powers in nineteenth-century California. The industries of Fort Ross--hunting, manufacturing, and husbandry--met with failure. Each endeavor proved to be either inadequate or untimely: The harvesting of pelts was quickly curtailed by the depletion of animal populations; a successful manufacturing enterprise was interrupted by foreign competition; and lack of labor and expertise hindered the Russians' effort to transform the Ross Counter into the Company’s “granary.” The research conducted for this study led to the conclusion that the Russians' decision to abandon their California settlement was finalized when another means to provision the northern colonies became available. A Study of Fort Ross necessarily demands an international historical perspective. A consideration of the Spanish colonial enterprise in Mexico and California, the British activities in the Pacific Northwest, and the increasing strength of the United States on the western coast of North America are essential in understanding the failure of the Russians at Fort Ross and in Alaska. A number of published, primary source materials were used exhaustively to complete this study. A complete selected bibliography is included. Several categories of material were of prime importance. Briefly, they are: (1) correspondence between the Chief Manager of the Russian-American Company colonies in Alaska and the Company’s Main Office in St. Petersburg. These documents are available on microfilm in the National Archives and in Vneshniaia Politika Rossii, Series I and II, edited by N. N. Bolkhovitinov. (2) Journals, kept by navigators who participated in Russian circumnavigations which made calls in the Russian America, are invaluable sources of information on the circumstances of the colonies. (3) Reports of Company employees, such as Kirill T. Klebnikov and Ferdinand P. Wrangell provide important statistical information on agricultural production, otter hunting, manufacturing, and the population of Russian California. As mentioned, secondary sources on Russian California are scarce. However, James R. Gibson's work, Imperial Russia in Frontier America, does offer a thorough treatment of Russian trade and husbandry in California. Close

• 1317. [Article] First Report of Cocksfoot mottle virus Infecting Dactylis glomerata in Oregon and the United States

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: First Report of Cocksfoot mottle virus Infecting Dactylis glomerata in Oregon and the United States Author: Martin, R. R., Hoffman, G. D., Sullivan, C. S., Anderson, N. P., Gilmore, B. S., Martin, R. C., Alderman, S. C. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Phytopathological Society and can be found at: http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis Title: First Report of Cocksfoot mottle virus Infecting Dactylis glomerata in Oregon and the United States Author: Martin, R. R., Hoffman, G. D., Sullivan, C. S., Anderson, N. P., Gilmore, B. S., Martin, R. C., Alderman, S. C. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Phytopathological Society and can be found at: http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis Close

• 1318. [Article] Adjustments and challenges experienced by adult Hispanic students in a public technical college

  Little research has been done in the area of adult Hispanics' transition to college, a complex and challenging process which marks a critical period in their lives. Research suggests adaptation difficulty ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Adjustments and challenges experienced by adult Hispanic students in a public technical college Author: Suchite, Jose M. Little research has been done in the area of adult Hispanics' transition to college, a complex and challenging process which marks a critical period in their lives. Research suggests adaptation difficulty may cause them to drop out of school usually before completion of the first terms. There is a lack of information in the technical college context, as most studies found are related to community colleges and four-year universities. There is a scarcity of information concerning the most effective practices to serve Hispanics in school, who now represent the second largest school-aged population in the United States. The purpose of this study was to analyze the crucial transition and more specifically, the challenges of adult Hispanic students in technical colleges by listening to adult Hispanic students' voices while they identify the challenges and the success strategies they employ in technical colleges. The following questions guided this research: (1) What are the main challenges an adult Hispanic student experience during the first terms of technical college? (2) What strategies do adult Hispanic students employ during their college adjustment process to support their academic achievement in technical colleges during the first terms? (3) What programs or processes employed during enrollment and the first terms in a technical college seem to aid in improving college retention? This qualitative case study was conducted at one public technical college with six participants through a total of 28 interviews, including photo-elicitation. A cross-case analysis was conducted using the narrative of each participant. This study found that adult Hispanics students experienced a process of adjustments and challenges upon enrollment. Their success strategies were to persevere, work hard, seek help and collaborate with others, self-motivate themselves, and manage their time carefully. The salient challenges were: (1) academic, (2) work responsibilities, (3) family responsibilities, (4) lack of self-confidence, and (5) lack of support, both financial and familial. Other findings were that students who came from a family with parents who had not completed high school or attended college had less success in college. English language learners had basic interpersonal communications skills but had not mastered academic language, while even native English speakers encountered academic language difficulties. Although help was provided during the enrollment process, participants who had the longest absence from school experienced problems of not understanding the process. Title: Adjustments and challenges experienced by adult Hispanic students in a public technical college Author: Suchite, Jose M. Little research has been done in the area of adult Hispanics' transition to college, a complex and challenging process which marks a critical period in their lives. Research suggests adaptation difficulty may cause them to drop out of school usually before completion of the first terms. There is a lack of information in the technical college context, as most studies found are related to community colleges and four-year universities. There is a scarcity of information concerning the most effective practices to serve Hispanics in school, who now represent the second largest school-aged population in the United States. The purpose of this study was to analyze the crucial transition and more specifically, the challenges of adult Hispanic students in technical colleges by listening to adult Hispanic students' voices while they identify the challenges and the success strategies they employ in technical colleges. The following questions guided this research: (1) What are the main challenges an adult Hispanic student experience during the first terms of technical college? (2) What strategies do adult Hispanic students employ during their college adjustment process to support their academic achievement in technical colleges during the first terms? (3) What programs or processes employed during enrollment and the first terms in a technical college seem to aid in improving college retention? This qualitative case study was conducted at one public technical college with six participants through a total of 28 interviews, including photo-elicitation. A cross-case analysis was conducted using the narrative of each participant. This study found that adult Hispanics students experienced a process of adjustments and challenges upon enrollment. Their success strategies were to persevere, work hard, seek help and collaborate with others, self-motivate themselves, and manage their time carefully. The salient challenges were: (1) academic, (2) work responsibilities, (3) family responsibilities, (4) lack of self-confidence, and (5) lack of support, both financial and familial. Other findings were that students who came from a family with parents who had not completed high school or attended college had less success in college. English language learners had basic interpersonal communications skills but had not mastered academic language, while even native English speakers encountered academic language difficulties. Although help was provided during the enrollment process, participants who had the longest absence from school experienced problems of not understanding the process. Close

• 1319. [Article] Impacts of ponderosa pine forest restoration treatments on the ectomycorrhizal fungal community and fine root biomass in the Blue Mountains of Oregon

  Before the arrival of Euro-Americans, the inland Pacific Northwest was settled by native people whose frequent intentional burning of the landscape promoted open stands dominated by large fire-resistant ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impacts of ponderosa pine forest restoration treatments on the ectomycorrhizal fungal community and fine root biomass in the Blue Mountains of Oregon Author: Smith, Jane E. (Jane Elizabeth) Before the arrival of Euro-Americans, the inland Pacific Northwest was settled by native people whose frequent intentional burning of the landscape promoted open stands dominated by large fire-resistant ponderosa pine. Fire suppression for nearly a century, livestock grazing, and logging of the largest trees has resulted in forests characterized by increased densities of small trees with closed canopies and unusually high fuel loads. Such structural changes to the forest ecosystem are particularly evident in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington where forest managers are applying prescribed fire and thinning to reduce the risk of stand-replacing wildfire and reestablish stand structure characteristics seen prior to Euro-American settlement. Aboveground ecosystem recovery after disturbance is directly linked to the survival of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) that form an obligate symbiosis with roots of tree species in the Pinaceae. EMF are critical for the uptake of nutrients by the tree host. The research comprising this dissertation explores the response of the EMF community structure and composition, live fine root biomass, and duff (decaying material) levels to (i) seasonal burning (fall vs. spring) and (ii) alternative fuel reducing restoration treatments (thinned only, prescribed burned only, thinned and prescribed burned). In both studies, treatments significantly reducing duff depth (e.g. fall burning and both restoration burning treatments) negatively impacted EMF species richness and live fine root biomass. The EMF community is characterized by a large number of species scattered at low frequencies across the sites. The frequent occurrence of a few species (e.g. Rhizopogon salebrosus and Wilcoxina rehmii), in both studies before and after treatment applications, demonstrates that some EMF species survive or rapidly reestablish after disturbance. The initial reduction of EMF species richness, fine root biomass, and duff levels after prescribed fire has important implications for whether managers can achieve the desired future condition of stands with large-tree retention and low fuel loads. The impacts of prescribed fire on the soil microbial community, along with the recovery potential of a site and the impending risk of stand-replacing wildfire in stands differing in structure from historic conditions, bear consideration when developing restoration prescriptions. Title: Impacts of ponderosa pine forest restoration treatments on the ectomycorrhizal fungal community and fine root biomass in the Blue Mountains of Oregon Author: Smith, Jane E. (Jane Elizabeth) Before the arrival of Euro-Americans, the inland Pacific Northwest was settled by native people whose frequent intentional burning of the landscape promoted open stands dominated by large fire-resistant ponderosa pine. Fire suppression for nearly a century, livestock grazing, and logging of the largest trees has resulted in forests characterized by increased densities of small trees with closed canopies and unusually high fuel loads. Such structural changes to the forest ecosystem are particularly evident in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington where forest managers are applying prescribed fire and thinning to reduce the risk of stand-replacing wildfire and reestablish stand structure characteristics seen prior to Euro-American settlement. Aboveground ecosystem recovery after disturbance is directly linked to the survival of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) that form an obligate symbiosis with roots of tree species in the Pinaceae. EMF are critical for the uptake of nutrients by the tree host. The research comprising this dissertation explores the response of the EMF community structure and composition, live fine root biomass, and duff (decaying material) levels to (i) seasonal burning (fall vs. spring) and (ii) alternative fuel reducing restoration treatments (thinned only, prescribed burned only, thinned and prescribed burned). In both studies, treatments significantly reducing duff depth (e.g. fall burning and both restoration burning treatments) negatively impacted EMF species richness and live fine root biomass. The EMF community is characterized by a large number of species scattered at low frequencies across the sites. The frequent occurrence of a few species (e.g. Rhizopogon salebrosus and Wilcoxina rehmii), in both studies before and after treatment applications, demonstrates that some EMF species survive or rapidly reestablish after disturbance. The initial reduction of EMF species richness, fine root biomass, and duff levels after prescribed fire has important implications for whether managers can achieve the desired future condition of stands with large-tree retention and low fuel loads. The impacts of prescribed fire on the soil microbial community, along with the recovery potential of a site and the impending risk of stand-replacing wildfire in stands differing in structure from historic conditions, bear consideration when developing restoration prescriptions. Close

• 1320. [Article] Retention of adult second language learners : Hispanic learners in Washington State communicty and technical colleges

  This study was designed to investigate a phenomenon, retention of Hispanic adult second language learners in Washington State's community colleges, from a qualitative paradigm and phenomenological approach. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Retention of adult second language learners : Hispanic learners in Washington State communicty and technical colleges Author: Jones, Gary E. This study was designed to investigate a phenomenon, retention of Hispanic adult second language learners in Washington State's community colleges, from a qualitative paradigm and phenomenological approach. The focus of this study was to capture eight foreign-born Hispanic ESL non-continuators' voices and experiences, in their native language of Spanish, who dropped out of Washington State's community colleges and unveil the phenomenon behind the factors leading to their retention barriers. The following questions guided the research: (1) What are the retention barriers of Hispanic English as a Second Language population in Washington State Community Colleges? (2) What is the profile of the foreign-born Hispanic ESL learner in Washington State's Community Colleges? (3) Why do Hispanic ESL participants drop out? (4) What services are needed and provided to increase retention patterns of Hispanic ESL learners? (5) What services could make a difference in retention of Hispanic's English as a Second Language participants? A qualitative methodology and phenomenological approach of in-depth interviews was the research paradigm utilized for data collection. Participants were recruited from a survey implemented at various community colleges' and communitybased organizations' ESL programs in Washington State. Criteria for inclusion as a potential participant in this research required adult participants to be: (1) foreign-born Hispanic, (2) a resident of Washington state, (3) in the age range of eighteen to thirty years of age, (4) a prior drop out student from one of Washington State's community colleges adult basic education ESL programs, and (5) a volunteer to participate in the study. This study unveiled factors that caused retention barriers for eight foreign-born Hispanic ESL adult learners that dropped out of Washington State's community colleges Adult Basic Education ESL programs. In many Adult Basic Education ESL programs in Washington State, foreign-born Hispanic adults are largely voluntary candidates, and the role of student is just one of the countless roles competing for their time and attention. From the eight foreign-born Hispanic non-continuators' voices and experiences, the findings indicate that retention is a complex phenomenon involving various institutional, situational, and dispositional factors. This study's findings also unveiled structural issues for the eight foreign-born Hispanic participants, creating systemic structural barriers to their socioeconomic and education development in the United States. This means no one factor could provide an explanation for the retention phenomenon. The eight foreign-born Hispanic adult non-continuators' situational and dispositional factors overwhelmed their zeal for ESL instruction, ESL level completion, and/or ESL program completion. The interview question guide unveiled reasons often voiced as the causes for non-continuation: (1) family struggles and hardships, (2) lack of childcare, healthcare, and transportation, and (3) long work hours. At the same time, the eight foreign-born Hispanics adult non-continuators had pragmatic reasons for engaging in ESL, and felt that the programs would provide meaningful contextual learning for immediate or long-term goals for the home, workplace, or community. Title: Retention of adult second language learners : Hispanic learners in Washington State communicty and technical colleges Author: Jones, Gary E. This study was designed to investigate a phenomenon, retention of Hispanic adult second language learners in Washington State's community colleges, from a qualitative paradigm and phenomenological approach. The focus of this study was to capture eight foreign-born Hispanic ESL non-continuators' voices and experiences, in their native language of Spanish, who dropped out of Washington State's community colleges and unveil the phenomenon behind the factors leading to their retention barriers. The following questions guided the research: (1) What are the retention barriers of Hispanic English as a Second Language population in Washington State Community Colleges? (2) What is the profile of the foreign-born Hispanic ESL learner in Washington State's Community Colleges? (3) Why do Hispanic ESL participants drop out? (4) What services are needed and provided to increase retention patterns of Hispanic ESL learners? (5) What services could make a difference in retention of Hispanic's English as a Second Language participants? A qualitative methodology and phenomenological approach of in-depth interviews was the research paradigm utilized for data collection. Participants were recruited from a survey implemented at various community colleges' and communitybased organizations' ESL programs in Washington State. Criteria for inclusion as a potential participant in this research required adult participants to be: (1) foreign-born Hispanic, (2) a resident of Washington state, (3) in the age range of eighteen to thirty years of age, (4) a prior drop out student from one of Washington State's community colleges adult basic education ESL programs, and (5) a volunteer to participate in the study. This study unveiled factors that caused retention barriers for eight foreign-born Hispanic ESL adult learners that dropped out of Washington State's community colleges Adult Basic Education ESL programs. In many Adult Basic Education ESL programs in Washington State, foreign-born Hispanic adults are largely voluntary candidates, and the role of student is just one of the countless roles competing for their time and attention. From the eight foreign-born Hispanic non-continuators' voices and experiences, the findings indicate that retention is a complex phenomenon involving various institutional, situational, and dispositional factors. This study's findings also unveiled structural issues for the eight foreign-born Hispanic participants, creating systemic structural barriers to their socioeconomic and education development in the United States. This means no one factor could provide an explanation for the retention phenomenon. The eight foreign-born Hispanic adult non-continuators' situational and dispositional factors overwhelmed their zeal for ESL instruction, ESL level completion, and/or ESL program completion. The interview question guide unveiled reasons often voiced as the causes for non-continuation: (1) family struggles and hardships, (2) lack of childcare, healthcare, and transportation, and (3) long work hours. At the same time, the eight foreign-born Hispanics adult non-continuators had pragmatic reasons for engaging in ESL, and felt that the programs would provide meaningful contextual learning for immediate or long-term goals for the home, workplace, or community. Close

• 1321. [Article] Agroforestry farming in American Samoa : a classification and assessment

  Agroforestry is a traditional farming practice in American Samoa that has helped to sustain the livelihood of the native population for centuries. These once self-sufficient islands have become economically ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agroforestry farming in American Samoa : a classification and assessment Author: Tuitele-Lewis, Jeannette D. Agroforestry is a traditional farming practice in American Samoa that has helped to sustain the livelihood of the native population for centuries. These once self-sufficient islands have become economically dependent on U.S monies and other external resources during the past century. Dependency has caused a shift in the carrying capacity of the islands and has changed cultural attitudes regarding land use. This attitude is expressed on the landscape of changing agricultural and communal lands. Preserving traditional agroforestry practices and improving these systems may be important factors contributing to the future ecological, economic, and cultural sustainability of the territory. The goal of this study was to document and describe agroforestry farming in American Samoa in order to provide base-line information regarding the utilization of agroforestry species, agroforestry farming incentives and constraints, and current practices and systems. Thirty-eight farmers were randomly selected and farmer interviews and field surveys were conducted between the months of May-August 2003. Formal survey questions for the interview were divided into five major sections: woody species usage, livestock, inputs and soil, land tenure, and farmer demographics. Site selection corresponded with the participant farmers. Basic topographical information was collected for each site. Agroforestry practices mentioned during the interview process that were observed on site were documented. Each agroforestry site was placed into an initial classification type based on a visual assessment of plot size, species diversity, and vertical vegetative structure. Subplot data regarding species composition and vertical canopy structure was measured for each site. Data collection was divided into five vertical layers primarily by height: 1) low crop (<1.5m), 2) shrub/sapling (1.5-4m), 3) small tree (4-l0m), 4) large tree (10+m) and 5) climbing vines. For each subplot all ethnobotanically useful plant species were identified. Percent cover of useful species in each stratum layer was estimated and assigned one of seven percent cover classes. Subplot cover classes were averaged to obtain a single site estimate for each species in each stratum. Results from the farmer interviews suggest that agroforestry systems continue to be an important cultural and product resource in American Samoa. Although there is no longer the same level of dependency on these systems for meeting basic needs, agroforestry products continue to supplement household diets and are utilized for a variety of non-timber forest products and ecological services. Several agroforestry practices were observed among the farms in the study. However, the effectiveness of some of the practices including windbreaks, fallow, and erosion control was not optimal. This indicated that farmers could greatly benefit from institutionalized agroforestry practices such as appropriate spacing for wind filtration, improved fallow, and contour farming. Incentives and constraints for practicing agroforestry farming were identified. Some incentives included product variety, tradition, and a growing need for land-use efficiency. Identified constraints included time investment for production and poor labor resources, decreased profit when compared to mono-cultural farming, and the lack of planning prior to agroforestry implementation. The communal land tenure system acted as both an incentive and a disincentive for practicing agroforestry. The initial classification of agroforestry systems included home tree gardens, mixed crop plantations, transitional systems, and open canopy with dispersed tree systems. Agroforestry systems existed along an ecological complexity continuum, where complexity was measured by species diversity and vertical structure. A quantitative assessment of species composition and structure was used as a more objective approach to classifying local agroforestry systems. Non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to ordinate sites along a gradient based on species composition and structure. Several environmental and socio-economic variables were investigated to determine whether any of them demonstrated relationships with vegetative patterns. Species diversity, average number of canopy stratum layers, and elevation were three variables correlated with vegetative patterns. Sites that had high species diversity and were multi-structured were placed at the upper end of the gradient, while sites that had lower diversity with simple structure were generally placed at the lower end of the gradient. This supported the ecological complexity continuum. Less complex sites were associated with high elevations indicating that systems on the heavily populated lowland regions were more species rich and structurally diverse. The classification based on the cluster analysis indicated that distinct groups did not exist, as there was significant overlap. In general, groups derived from the cluster analysis were similar to those based on the visual assessment. One difference was that in the cluster analysis taro and gatae (Erythrina spp.) dominated sites emerged as a separate group. In addition, the cluster analysis was able to distinguish several subgroups within the mixed crop plantation type. No single socio-economic variable was correlated with vegetative patterns. This suggests that socio-economic variables do not determine vegetation in agroforestry systems and that human preference may be more of a driving factor than initially expected. It is likely that the availability of external resources allows for the selection of species within agroforestry systems to be based on choice rather than need. This trend is likely to increase as people become less dependent upon agroforestry systems to supplement needs. Traditional and institutionalized agroforestry systems have the potential to contribute to increasing self-sufficiency among American Samoan households. Because the importance of these systems is often not realized, the active promotion and education of agroforestry practices is essential. The classification of agroforestry systems provides an organizational framework for future research to build upon. The concept of the ecological complexity continuum where agroforestry systems fall along major points may be useful for answering socio-economic and ecological questions related to local agroforestry production. Title: Agroforestry farming in American Samoa : a classification and assessment Author: Tuitele-Lewis, Jeannette D. Agroforestry is a traditional farming practice in American Samoa that has helped to sustain the livelihood of the native population for centuries. These once self-sufficient islands have become economically dependent on U.S monies and other external resources during the past century. Dependency has caused a shift in the carrying capacity of the islands and has changed cultural attitudes regarding land use. This attitude is expressed on the landscape of changing agricultural and communal lands. Preserving traditional agroforestry practices and improving these systems may be important factors contributing to the future ecological, economic, and cultural sustainability of the territory. The goal of this study was to document and describe agroforestry farming in American Samoa in order to provide base-line information regarding the utilization of agroforestry species, agroforestry farming incentives and constraints, and current practices and systems. Thirty-eight farmers were randomly selected and farmer interviews and field surveys were conducted between the months of May-August 2003. Formal survey questions for the interview were divided into five major sections: woody species usage, livestock, inputs and soil, land tenure, and farmer demographics. Site selection corresponded with the participant farmers. Basic topographical information was collected for each site. Agroforestry practices mentioned during the interview process that were observed on site were documented. Each agroforestry site was placed into an initial classification type based on a visual assessment of plot size, species diversity, and vertical vegetative structure. Subplot data regarding species composition and vertical canopy structure was measured for each site. Data collection was divided into five vertical layers primarily by height: 1) low crop (<1.5m), 2) shrub/sapling (1.5-4m), 3) small tree (4-l0m), 4) large tree (10+m) and 5) climbing vines. For each subplot all ethnobotanically useful plant species were identified. Percent cover of useful species in each stratum layer was estimated and assigned one of seven percent cover classes. Subplot cover classes were averaged to obtain a single site estimate for each species in each stratum. Results from the farmer interviews suggest that agroforestry systems continue to be an important cultural and product resource in American Samoa. Although there is no longer the same level of dependency on these systems for meeting basic needs, agroforestry products continue to supplement household diets and are utilized for a variety of non-timber forest products and ecological services. Several agroforestry practices were observed among the farms in the study. However, the effectiveness of some of the practices including windbreaks, fallow, and erosion control was not optimal. This indicated that farmers could greatly benefit from institutionalized agroforestry practices such as appropriate spacing for wind filtration, improved fallow, and contour farming. Incentives and constraints for practicing agroforestry farming were identified. Some incentives included product variety, tradition, and a growing need for land-use efficiency. Identified constraints included time investment for production and poor labor resources, decreased profit when compared to mono-cultural farming, and the lack of planning prior to agroforestry implementation. The communal land tenure system acted as both an incentive and a disincentive for practicing agroforestry. The initial classification of agroforestry systems included home tree gardens, mixed crop plantations, transitional systems, and open canopy with dispersed tree systems. Agroforestry systems existed along an ecological complexity continuum, where complexity was measured by species diversity and vertical structure. A quantitative assessment of species composition and structure was used as a more objective approach to classifying local agroforestry systems. Non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to ordinate sites along a gradient based on species composition and structure. Several environmental and socio-economic variables were investigated to determine whether any of them demonstrated relationships with vegetative patterns. Species diversity, average number of canopy stratum layers, and elevation were three variables correlated with vegetative patterns. Sites that had high species diversity and were multi-structured were placed at the upper end of the gradient, while sites that had lower diversity with simple structure were generally placed at the lower end of the gradient. This supported the ecological complexity continuum. Less complex sites were associated with high elevations indicating that systems on the heavily populated lowland regions were more species rich and structurally diverse. The classification based on the cluster analysis indicated that distinct groups did not exist, as there was significant overlap. In general, groups derived from the cluster analysis were similar to those based on the visual assessment. One difference was that in the cluster analysis taro and gatae (Erythrina spp.) dominated sites emerged as a separate group. In addition, the cluster analysis was able to distinguish several subgroups within the mixed crop plantation type. No single socio-economic variable was correlated with vegetative patterns. This suggests that socio-economic variables do not determine vegetation in agroforestry systems and that human preference may be more of a driving factor than initially expected. It is likely that the availability of external resources allows for the selection of species within agroforestry systems to be based on choice rather than need. This trend is likely to increase as people become less dependent upon agroforestry systems to supplement needs. Traditional and institutionalized agroforestry systems have the potential to contribute to increasing self-sufficiency among American Samoan households. Because the importance of these systems is often not realized, the active promotion and education of agroforestry practices is essential. The classification of agroforestry systems provides an organizational framework for future research to build upon. The concept of the ecological complexity continuum where agroforestry systems fall along major points may be useful for answering socio-economic and ecological questions related to local agroforestry production. Close

• 1322. [Image] Recovery plan for the native fishes of the Warner Basin and Alkali Subbasin : Warner sucker (threatened) Catostomus warnerensis, Hutton tui chub (threatened) Gila bicolor ssp. Foskett speckled dace (threatened) Rhinichthys osculus ssp

  	"April 1998"--P. [4] of cover; Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-66)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recovery plan for the native fishes of the Warner Basin and Alkali Subbasin : Warner sucker (threatened) Catostomus warnerensis, Hutton tui chub (threatened) Gila bicolor ssp. Foskett speckled dace (threatened) Rhinichthys osculus ssp Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Oregon State Office Year: 1998, 2004 "April 1998"--P. [4] of cover; Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-66) Title: Recovery plan for the native fishes of the Warner Basin and Alkali Subbasin : Warner sucker (threatened) Catostomus warnerensis, Hutton tui chub (threatened) Gila bicolor ssp. Foskett speckled dace (threatened) Rhinichthys osculus ssp Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Oregon State Office Year: 1998, 2004 "April 1998"--P. [4] of cover; Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-66) Close

• 1323. [Article] Cross-cultural comparison of college students' physical activity behaviors in the US and ROC using transtheoretical model constructs

  This was a cross-cultural comparative study that examined college students' physical activity behavior in both the United States and the Republic of China on the basis of the full Transtheoretical Model ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cross-cultural comparison of college students' physical activity behaviors in the US and ROC using transtheoretical model constructs Author: Flath, Sharon Chai This was a cross-cultural comparative study that examined college students' physical activity behavior in both the United States and the Republic of China on the basis of the full Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change. Although current investigations do support TTM as a powerful model of physical activity behavior change, there remains a need for examining other variables and constructs relative to those proposed in TTM. From a health promotion planning or intervention perspective, the integration of some of the PRECEDE and PROCEED (PRE) constructs might provide unique insight into physical activity behavior. A total of 1,132 participants were recruited into this study, with 531 coming from Taiwan and 601 coming from the U.S. In spite of similar recruitment techniques, demographical data indicated that the participants from Taiwan were older and had lower BMIs than those in the United States. They also spent more time sifting in comparison to their American counterparts. The scales and subscales used in this study were completed in the participants' native language (i.e., Chinese or English). Prior to their use in this study, all of the questionnaires were translated into Chinese using a multiple-step methodology, including back translation, and they were found to have reasonable internal consistency. Results showed that the best predictive model for the stages of physical activity behavior change was based on concomitants coming from both TTM and PRE together. Specifically, the variables that contributed the most to the participants' stage of change for physical activity classification in a stepwise analysis, in order of entry, were the behavioral processes of change, predisposing, nationality, cognitive processes of change, and gender. The overall classification accuracy was 49%. Other than the maintenance stage (66%-68% classification accuracy), this study found that the preparation stage (65.5%- 70.4% classification accuracy) was especially reliably predicted, which suggests that preparation stage might be less transitory than previous thought. Furthermore, the concurrent validity of the stage of change measure used in this study was significantly related to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). This is the first application of IPAQ in Taiwan and the results of the present study support its continued use as a physical activity measure within a new country. As nationality was a key concomitant of stage of change classification, the present study suggests there may be a need for more non-Eurocentric research with TTM before concluding that behavior change strategies and techniques hypothesized in the model (e.g., behavioral and cognitive processes of change decisional balance, and self-efficacy) are fully generalizable in physical activity behavior change interventions using mixed culture samples. Likewise, there may be some unique contributions to such interventions by incorporating constructs from a broader health promotion planning or intervention model. Title: Cross-cultural comparison of college students' physical activity behaviors in the US and ROC using transtheoretical model constructs Author: Flath, Sharon Chai This was a cross-cultural comparative study that examined college students' physical activity behavior in both the United States and the Republic of China on the basis of the full Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change. Although current investigations do support TTM as a powerful model of physical activity behavior change, there remains a need for examining other variables and constructs relative to those proposed in TTM. From a health promotion planning or intervention perspective, the integration of some of the PRECEDE and PROCEED (PRE) constructs might provide unique insight into physical activity behavior. A total of 1,132 participants were recruited into this study, with 531 coming from Taiwan and 601 coming from the U.S. In spite of similar recruitment techniques, demographical data indicated that the participants from Taiwan were older and had lower BMIs than those in the United States. They also spent more time sifting in comparison to their American counterparts. The scales and subscales used in this study were completed in the participants' native language (i.e., Chinese or English). Prior to their use in this study, all of the questionnaires were translated into Chinese using a multiple-step methodology, including back translation, and they were found to have reasonable internal consistency. Results showed that the best predictive model for the stages of physical activity behavior change was based on concomitants coming from both TTM and PRE together. Specifically, the variables that contributed the most to the participants' stage of change for physical activity classification in a stepwise analysis, in order of entry, were the behavioral processes of change, predisposing, nationality, cognitive processes of change, and gender. The overall classification accuracy was 49%. Other than the maintenance stage (66%-68% classification accuracy), this study found that the preparation stage (65.5%- 70.4% classification accuracy) was especially reliably predicted, which suggests that preparation stage might be less transitory than previous thought. Furthermore, the concurrent validity of the stage of change measure used in this study was significantly related to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). This is the first application of IPAQ in Taiwan and the results of the present study support its continued use as a physical activity measure within a new country. As nationality was a key concomitant of stage of change classification, the present study suggests there may be a need for more non-Eurocentric research with TTM before concluding that behavior change strategies and techniques hypothesized in the model (e.g., behavioral and cognitive processes of change decisional balance, and self-efficacy) are fully generalizable in physical activity behavior change interventions using mixed culture samples. Likewise, there may be some unique contributions to such interventions by incorporating constructs from a broader health promotion planning or intervention model. Close

• 1324. [Article] An environmental history of the salmon management philosophies of the North Pacific : Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest United States

  Salmon management philosophies of the five salmon jurisdictions of the North Pacific (Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the American Northwest) are examined in a historical and geographic context. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An environmental history of the salmon management philosophies of the North Pacific : Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest United States Author: Augerot, Xanthippe Salmon management philosophies of the five salmon jurisdictions of the North Pacific (Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the American Northwest) are examined in a historical and geographic context. The first objective is to provide a synthesis of salmon management experience across the North Pacific, to serve as a context for the professionals and private citizens involved in day-to-day salmon management. The second objective is to elucidate the relative role of geography versus deliberate management action in shaping contemporary salmon management philosophies, on the basis of salmon management experience. Harvest trends, species composition, regulatory actions, property rights, technological innovation, climate variability, habitat alteration, markets, international agreements, and science are reviewed for each jurisdiction over time. The source material is drawn from a variety of scholarly and popular published sources, in Russian and English. The inferred salmon management philosophies of the five jurisdictions vary in their emphasis on three primary salmon management objectives: maximizing biomass production, preserving salmon harvest communities, and conserving salmonid genetic and life history diversity. All initially heavily emphasized biomass production, except for Canada. Only Japan, and Alaska after statehood, have given moderate or great emphasis to community preservation. Among the five jurisdictions, the only two to emphasize biodiversity conservation are the Pacific Northwest United States and British Columbia, Canada. The initial species endowment of each jurisdiction, the landscape, climate variability and the cultural heritage of the dominant salmon harvesters are more critical at shaping salmon management philosophies than are incremental regulatory decisions over time. For instance, Japan's salmon ranching philosophy accrued from the availability of species without freshwater life history stages and the need to support a large human population. Favorable climate conditions in the 1970s facilitated the Japanese emphasis on hatchery chums and an engineering approach to contend with flooding and the demand for energy and water supplies. Change in salmon management philosophies, such as the shift to an emphasis on biodiversity conservation in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest, occurs when the legal harvest rights of salmon harvester subgroups changes during a period of harvest decline. In the case of the latter two jurisdictions, the increased legal rights of native peoples have catalyzed a shift from an emphasis on biomass production to biodiversity conservation. Title: An environmental history of the salmon management philosophies of the North Pacific : Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest United States Author: Augerot, Xanthippe Salmon management philosophies of the five salmon jurisdictions of the North Pacific (Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the American Northwest) are examined in a historical and geographic context. The first objective is to provide a synthesis of salmon management experience across the North Pacific, to serve as a context for the professionals and private citizens involved in day-to-day salmon management. The second objective is to elucidate the relative role of geography versus deliberate management action in shaping contemporary salmon management philosophies, on the basis of salmon management experience. Harvest trends, species composition, regulatory actions, property rights, technological innovation, climate variability, habitat alteration, markets, international agreements, and science are reviewed for each jurisdiction over time. The source material is drawn from a variety of scholarly and popular published sources, in Russian and English. The inferred salmon management philosophies of the five jurisdictions vary in their emphasis on three primary salmon management objectives: maximizing biomass production, preserving salmon harvest communities, and conserving salmonid genetic and life history diversity. All initially heavily emphasized biomass production, except for Canada. Only Japan, and Alaska after statehood, have given moderate or great emphasis to community preservation. Among the five jurisdictions, the only two to emphasize biodiversity conservation are the Pacific Northwest United States and British Columbia, Canada. The initial species endowment of each jurisdiction, the landscape, climate variability and the cultural heritage of the dominant salmon harvesters are more critical at shaping salmon management philosophies than are incremental regulatory decisions over time. For instance, Japan's salmon ranching philosophy accrued from the availability of species without freshwater life history stages and the need to support a large human population. Favorable climate conditions in the 1970s facilitated the Japanese emphasis on hatchery chums and an engineering approach to contend with flooding and the demand for energy and water supplies. Change in salmon management philosophies, such as the shift to an emphasis on biodiversity conservation in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest, occurs when the legal harvest rights of salmon harvester subgroups changes during a period of harvest decline. In the case of the latter two jurisdictions, the increased legal rights of native peoples have catalyzed a shift from an emphasis on biomass production to biodiversity conservation. Close

• 1325. [Article] Assessing biological values of Wetland Reserve Program wetlands for wintering waterfowl

  The Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) is one conservation tool that mitigates national wetland loss and a primary goal for the program includes optimizing wildlife habitat by restoring wetland functions and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing biological values of Wetland Reserve Program wetlands for wintering waterfowl Author: Evans-Peters, Graham, R. The Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) is one conservation tool that mitigates national wetland loss and a primary goal for the program includes optimizing wildlife habitat by restoring wetland functions and values. Few studies have evaluated the WRP, which limits our understanding of its impact on wildlife populations. I assessed the biological value of seasonal wetlands on WRP easements in the Willamette Valley (WV) and Lower Columbia River Valley (LCRV) of western Oregon and southwest Washington by comparing plant communities and waterfowl food production (i.e. seed biomass) to publicly managed wetlands that served as reference conditions. Estimating waterfowl food resources is used to evaluate habitat quality, restoration, management, and developing habitat specific conservation plans for wintering waterfowl. The most common technique to estimate the portion of seed in wetland soils is to collect and process soil cores, yet there is variability in the depth of cores collected because it is unknown how deep dabbling ducks can extract food from the substrate. Furthermore, recent food abundance studies have not partitioned food estimates by location within wetlands (i.e. above or below ground), which has implications for understanding food availability for ducks. I sampled 23 wetlands for each wetland type in fall 2008 and 2009. I determined the proportion of seeds above versus below ground and the vertical distribution of seed biomass within the soil profile by partitioning samples in 26 wetlands in 2008. There was significantly more seed biomass above ground (72%, 362 ± 50.8 kg/ha) than below (28%, 141 ± 18.5 kg/ha). Seed biomass also varied by soil depth layer with greater biomass in 0-2 cm than both 2-5 and 5-10 cm layers. The majority of seed biomass within the soil was in was in the top 5 cm of the soil profile (75%). I detected 113 plant genera/species and the total mean percent cover of all plant species was 49% native, 38% introduced, 13% bare ground, and 3% unknown. Plant communities differed between study regions but not by wetland type. Twenty-nine species differed by region with more annuals being indicative of the WV and perennial species in the LCRV. Overall, the mean seed biomass estimate was 505 ± 59 kg/ha. Seed biomass was similar between wetland type and study region; however, WRP wetlands in the WV produced more seed (560 ± 114 kg/ha) than those in the LCRV (188 ± 43 kg/ha). Lower seed production in the LCRV WRP sites was attributed to a dominance of perennial species, predominantly Phalaris arundinacea that produced low seed yields relative to annual plants. My results indicate most seed was near the soil surface with only 36 kg/ha in the 5-10 cm layer, providing evidence that most seed is available to foraging dabbling ducks. Reference sites and WV WRP seasonal wetlands produced seed biomass that was similar to managed wetlands in other major waterfowl wintering areas in the United States. Therefore, WRP is capable of mitigating wetland loss and contributing to the regional goals of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan. However, WRP and reference seasonal wetlands are only providing 10% and 3.5% of dabbling ducks energetic demands in the WV and LCRV respectively due to a lack of habitat. Depending on whether the current landscape is meeting current dabbling duck energetic demands, this suggests either a need for more habitat, which is most feasible through restoration on private lands, or protecting other existing wetland habitats. Title: Assessing biological values of Wetland Reserve Program wetlands for wintering waterfowl Author: Evans-Peters, Graham, R. The Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) is one conservation tool that mitigates national wetland loss and a primary goal for the program includes optimizing wildlife habitat by restoring wetland functions and values. Few studies have evaluated the WRP, which limits our understanding of its impact on wildlife populations. I assessed the biological value of seasonal wetlands on WRP easements in the Willamette Valley (WV) and Lower Columbia River Valley (LCRV) of western Oregon and southwest Washington by comparing plant communities and waterfowl food production (i.e. seed biomass) to publicly managed wetlands that served as reference conditions. Estimating waterfowl food resources is used to evaluate habitat quality, restoration, management, and developing habitat specific conservation plans for wintering waterfowl. The most common technique to estimate the portion of seed in wetland soils is to collect and process soil cores, yet there is variability in the depth of cores collected because it is unknown how deep dabbling ducks can extract food from the substrate. Furthermore, recent food abundance studies have not partitioned food estimates by location within wetlands (i.e. above or below ground), which has implications for understanding food availability for ducks. I sampled 23 wetlands for each wetland type in fall 2008 and 2009. I determined the proportion of seeds above versus below ground and the vertical distribution of seed biomass within the soil profile by partitioning samples in 26 wetlands in 2008. There was significantly more seed biomass above ground (72%, 362 ± 50.8 kg/ha) than below (28%, 141 ± 18.5 kg/ha). Seed biomass also varied by soil depth layer with greater biomass in 0-2 cm than both 2-5 and 5-10 cm layers. The majority of seed biomass within the soil was in was in the top 5 cm of the soil profile (75%). I detected 113 plant genera/species and the total mean percent cover of all plant species was 49% native, 38% introduced, 13% bare ground, and 3% unknown. Plant communities differed between study regions but not by wetland type. Twenty-nine species differed by region with more annuals being indicative of the WV and perennial species in the LCRV. Overall, the mean seed biomass estimate was 505 ± 59 kg/ha. Seed biomass was similar between wetland type and study region; however, WRP wetlands in the WV produced more seed (560 ± 114 kg/ha) than those in the LCRV (188 ± 43 kg/ha). Lower seed production in the LCRV WRP sites was attributed to a dominance of perennial species, predominantly Phalaris arundinacea that produced low seed yields relative to annual plants. My results indicate most seed was near the soil surface with only 36 kg/ha in the 5-10 cm layer, providing evidence that most seed is available to foraging dabbling ducks. Reference sites and WV WRP seasonal wetlands produced seed biomass that was similar to managed wetlands in other major waterfowl wintering areas in the United States. Therefore, WRP is capable of mitigating wetland loss and contributing to the regional goals of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan. However, WRP and reference seasonal wetlands are only providing 10% and 3.5% of dabbling ducks energetic demands in the WV and LCRV respectively due to a lack of habitat. Depending on whether the current landscape is meeting current dabbling duck energetic demands, this suggests either a need for more habitat, which is most feasible through restoration on private lands, or protecting other existing wetland habitats. Close

• 1326. [Article] Biosystematic studies of Phacelia capitata (Hydrophyllaceae), a species endemic to serpentine soils in southwestern Oregon

  Phacelia capitata Rruckeberg is a member of the Phacelia magellanica polyploid complex (species group Magellanicae), a group of wide-ranging, polymorphic perennials in western North America related to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biosystematic studies of Phacelia capitata (Hydrophyllaceae), a species endemic to serpentine soils in southwestern Oregon Author: Shelly, J. Stephen Phacelia capitata Rruckeberg is a member of the Phacelia magellanica polyploid complex (species group Magellanicae), a group of wide-ranging, polymorphic perennials in western North America related to the South American P. secunda (= P. magellanica). The purpose of this project was to determine, to the extent possible, the interrelationships of P. capitata within the Magellanicae, using studies of its distribution, cytology, morphology, reproductive biology, and population ecology. Phacelia capitata is endemic to ultramafic (serpentine and peridotite) outcrops, or similar metamorphic substrates, in Coos, Douglas, and Jackson Counties, southwestern Oregon. Field surveys revealed 22 extant populations. The species occurs on open serpentine slopes, outcrops, and roadbanks or similarly disturbed sites, generally in areas with a south to southeast exposure. The native plant community with which P. capitata is frequently associated is a Pinus ieffreyi/grass savanna. Soils from five P. capitata sites and two E. corvmbosa sites were chemically analyzed. At six of these locations the soils were derived from fully serpentinized parent materials, and were found to possess low levels of phosphorus and very low calcium/magnesium ratios when compared to an eighth sample from a non-serpentine soil. A soil sample from one P. capitata site, derived from a metamorphic rock similar in appearance to serpentine, had chemical characteristics intermediate between those of serpentine and non-serpentine soils. Chromosome counts from 20 P. capitata populations revealed the existence of diploids (n=11) at 19 of them; tetraploid (n=22) counts were obtained from two populations, one of these populations also containing diploids. Taximetric studies of living plants from 26 Phacelia populations verify the morphological distinctiveness of P. capitata when compared to P. corvmbosa, P. hastata, and P. heterophylla ssp. virgata. Phacelia capitata is most readily distinguished from the other species by its narrow, mostly entire, silvery-pubescent rosette leaves, its often capitate or sub-capitate cyme branches, and its sparse, obscure glandulosity. Significant seed set in P. capitata does not occur in the absence of insect visitors. When natural pollinators collect nectar from the congested flowers, it is likely that self-pollination between adjacent flowers of an inflorescence is predominant (geitonogamy). However, cross-pollination occurs to some extent in members of the Magellanicae, as evidenced by hybridization and introgression at the tetraploid level. The origin of the polyploids of P. capitata is problematic. It is possible that P. capitata may have interbred in the past with P. Jeterophvlla ssp. virciata, or with a more southerly member of the complex, P. egena. There is also some morphological evidence that P. capitata may have occasionally hybridized with P. hastata. However, no plants have been found that suggest any hybrid contact between E. capitata and Z. corymbosa. At many locations there has been an increase in numbers of P. capitata following habitat disturbance, and this appears to have "released" the species from any paucity that formerly characterized its populations. The species evidently possesses poor competitive ability in the more closed vegetation which exists on non-serpentine soils, and also appears to be a poor competitor even in some undisturbed serpentine communities. Owing to its favorable response to disturbance, P. capitata is not endangered with extinction. However, it should be maintained on a monitoring list, because of its very narrow geographic distribution and restriction to serpentine or sub-serpentine soils. Title: Biosystematic studies of Phacelia capitata (Hydrophyllaceae), a species endemic to serpentine soils in southwestern Oregon Author: Shelly, J. Stephen Phacelia capitata Rruckeberg is a member of the Phacelia magellanica polyploid complex (species group Magellanicae), a group of wide-ranging, polymorphic perennials in western North America related to the South American P. secunda (= P. magellanica). The purpose of this project was to determine, to the extent possible, the interrelationships of P. capitata within the Magellanicae, using studies of its distribution, cytology, morphology, reproductive biology, and population ecology. Phacelia capitata is endemic to ultramafic (serpentine and peridotite) outcrops, or similar metamorphic substrates, in Coos, Douglas, and Jackson Counties, southwestern Oregon. Field surveys revealed 22 extant populations. The species occurs on open serpentine slopes, outcrops, and roadbanks or similarly disturbed sites, generally in areas with a south to southeast exposure. The native plant community with which P. capitata is frequently associated is a Pinus ieffreyi/grass savanna. Soils from five P. capitata sites and two E. corvmbosa sites were chemically analyzed. At six of these locations the soils were derived from fully serpentinized parent materials, and were found to possess low levels of phosphorus and very low calcium/magnesium ratios when compared to an eighth sample from a non-serpentine soil. A soil sample from one P. capitata site, derived from a metamorphic rock similar in appearance to serpentine, had chemical characteristics intermediate between those of serpentine and non-serpentine soils. Chromosome counts from 20 P. capitata populations revealed the existence of diploids (n=11) at 19 of them; tetraploid (n=22) counts were obtained from two populations, one of these populations also containing diploids. Taximetric studies of living plants from 26 Phacelia populations verify the morphological distinctiveness of P. capitata when compared to P. corvmbosa, P. hastata, and P. heterophylla ssp. virgata. Phacelia capitata is most readily distinguished from the other species by its narrow, mostly entire, silvery-pubescent rosette leaves, its often capitate or sub-capitate cyme branches, and its sparse, obscure glandulosity. Significant seed set in P. capitata does not occur in the absence of insect visitors. When natural pollinators collect nectar from the congested flowers, it is likely that self-pollination between adjacent flowers of an inflorescence is predominant (geitonogamy). However, cross-pollination occurs to some extent in members of the Magellanicae, as evidenced by hybridization and introgression at the tetraploid level. The origin of the polyploids of P. capitata is problematic. It is possible that P. capitata may have interbred in the past with P. Jeterophvlla ssp. virciata, or with a more southerly member of the complex, P. egena. There is also some morphological evidence that P. capitata may have occasionally hybridized with P. hastata. However, no plants have been found that suggest any hybrid contact between E. capitata and Z. corymbosa. At many locations there has been an increase in numbers of P. capitata following habitat disturbance, and this appears to have "released" the species from any paucity that formerly characterized its populations. The species evidently possesses poor competitive ability in the more closed vegetation which exists on non-serpentine soils, and also appears to be a poor competitor even in some undisturbed serpentine communities. Owing to its favorable response to disturbance, P. capitata is not endangered with extinction. However, it should be maintained on a monitoring list, because of its very narrow geographic distribution and restriction to serpentine or sub-serpentine soils. Close

• 1327. [Article] Use of decision trees in analysis of the potential gain from approved zone status under the ETJ shellfish health regime

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Use of decision trees in analysis of the potential gain from approved zone status under the ETJ shellfish health regime Author: Sutherland, Roy, Revell, Brian Research Paper Title: Use of decision trees in analysis of the potential gain from approved zone status under the ETJ shellfish health regime Author: Sutherland, Roy, Revell, Brian Research Paper Close

• 1328. [Article] A comparative study of work values between selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai, Thailand

  Purpose This study was designed to determine and compare the work values held by tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai, Thailand, in order to lay the groundwork for a more systematic approach ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparative study of work values between selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai, Thailand Author: Sitthiphong, Bularat Suvarnabriksha Purpose This study was designed to determine and compare the work values held by tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai, Thailand, in order to lay the groundwork for a more systematic approach to career counseling and curriculum planning in the Thai school system. Procedures D. E. Super's work values inventory (WVI) was selected as the research instrument and was translated into Thai for this study. A personal questionnaire was designed and developed by the investigator. During January and February 1980, the WVI and the personal questionnaire were administered to 381 selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok, and to 390 selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Chiangmai. The demographic data was analyzed and one-way analysis of variance was used in testing null hypotheses in the items of the WVI. The F statistic and t-test, with a 0.05 level of significance, were used to examine differences among the mean scores and to determine the confidence intervals. Findings The following findings were drawn from this study: 1. There were statistically significant differences in the work values identified as "management", "achievement", "altruism", and "intellectual stimulation" between the selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and those in Chiangmai. 2. The comparative demographic data showed the following similarities in total sample of the selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai: 97.41% were Buddhists, 86.25% were native Thai, and 75.10% were from families whose income was higher than the average per capita income in Thailand. 3. The range of estimated work value mean scores of all tenth-grade Thai girls in Chiangmai for the scale "security" had the highest variation, whereas the range of estimated work value mean scores of all tenth-grade Thai girls in Chiangmai for scale "independence" had the lowest variation, among the 15 scales in the WVI. Recommendations 1. A questionnaire designed to test work values of Thai students should be developed in Thai for Thai students. A questionnaire designed for American students which is translated from English into the Thai language may not adequately test the work values of Thai students. 2. A follow-up study to determine the influences of age, sex, family socioeconomic background, scholastic ability, race or ethnic background, and religion on work values among Thai students should be conducted. 3. The work values of each student should be considered by the high school counselors in order to better help the student plan future study and career possibilities. 4. An examination of differences in career development and career decision-making should be made between those students tested for work values and those students who are not tested. 5. A longitudinal study should be conducted to determine the stability of work values of students between elementary school and college. 6. Additional research should be developed to compare and determine work values of students in other parts of Thailand, including the South and Northeast. 7. Replication of this study with other grade levels of students should be conducted. 8. Further studies about the change which occurs among Thai women, such as the change in values, attitudes, lifestyle and employment status, should be done. 9. Additional investigation also should be conducted to determine reasons why the result of the work value "management" conflicts with the result of the work value "intellectual stimulation" between the selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai in the present study. 10. Further investigation should be conducted to determine how and why Bangkok tenth-grade girls are more intangible in orientation to work than are Chiangmai's girls. Title: A comparative study of work values between selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai, Thailand Author: Sitthiphong, Bularat Suvarnabriksha Purpose This study was designed to determine and compare the work values held by tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai, Thailand, in order to lay the groundwork for a more systematic approach to career counseling and curriculum planning in the Thai school system. Procedures D. E. Super's work values inventory (WVI) was selected as the research instrument and was translated into Thai for this study. A personal questionnaire was designed and developed by the investigator. During January and February 1980, the WVI and the personal questionnaire were administered to 381 selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok, and to 390 selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Chiangmai. The demographic data was analyzed and one-way analysis of variance was used in testing null hypotheses in the items of the WVI. The F statistic and t-test, with a 0.05 level of significance, were used to examine differences among the mean scores and to determine the confidence intervals. Findings The following findings were drawn from this study: 1. There were statistically significant differences in the work values identified as "management", "achievement", "altruism", and "intellectual stimulation" between the selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and those in Chiangmai. 2. The comparative demographic data showed the following similarities in total sample of the selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai: 97.41% were Buddhists, 86.25% were native Thai, and 75.10% were from families whose income was higher than the average per capita income in Thailand. 3. The range of estimated work value mean scores of all tenth-grade Thai girls in Chiangmai for the scale "security" had the highest variation, whereas the range of estimated work value mean scores of all tenth-grade Thai girls in Chiangmai for scale "independence" had the lowest variation, among the 15 scales in the WVI. Recommendations 1. A questionnaire designed to test work values of Thai students should be developed in Thai for Thai students. A questionnaire designed for American students which is translated from English into the Thai language may not adequately test the work values of Thai students. 2. A follow-up study to determine the influences of age, sex, family socioeconomic background, scholastic ability, race or ethnic background, and religion on work values among Thai students should be conducted. 3. The work values of each student should be considered by the high school counselors in order to better help the student plan future study and career possibilities. 4. An examination of differences in career development and career decision-making should be made between those students tested for work values and those students who are not tested. 5. A longitudinal study should be conducted to determine the stability of work values of students between elementary school and college. 6. Additional research should be developed to compare and determine work values of students in other parts of Thailand, including the South and Northeast. 7. Replication of this study with other grade levels of students should be conducted. 8. Further studies about the change which occurs among Thai women, such as the change in values, attitudes, lifestyle and employment status, should be done. 9. Additional investigation also should be conducted to determine reasons why the result of the work value "management" conflicts with the result of the work value "intellectual stimulation" between the selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai in the present study. 10. Further investigation should be conducted to determine how and why Bangkok tenth-grade girls are more intangible in orientation to work than are Chiangmai's girls. Close

• 1329. [Article] The Relationship Between Immigrant Status and Secondary and Postsecondary Attainment in Secondary Students

  The American School Counseling Association’s Code of Ethics states that counselors and counselor trainees must be competent providers of multicultural counseling, able to practice effectively with clients ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Relationship Between Immigrant Status and Secondary and Postsecondary Attainment in Secondary Students Author: Haviland, Samantha L. The American School Counseling Association’s Code of Ethics states that counselors and counselor trainees must be competent providers of multicultural counseling, able to practice effectively with clients whose identities differ from their own. Pre-service school counselors receive very little training around immigration status and how to work with clients who migrate from different countries and cultures. School counselors, counselor educators and pre-service counselors are also asked to seek out current, relevant research to provide a basis for the interventions and treatment offered to clients. Recent literature in school counseling has identified educational gaps among individuals who identify as, or are identified as, ethnic minorities. Higher rates of high school dropout and lower rates of postsecondary education matriculation have been found in immigrant samples as compared to nonimmigrant samples. However, existing articles are limited by: (a) sample sizes, (b) access to secondary student data, and (c) limited school counselor interventions. Additionally, school counselors and counselor educators have not researched these differences in immigration and graduation or postsecondary aspirations. To address this gap three research questions were explored. The first question asked what was the relationship between certain resiliency skills and immigrant status of middle school students. Results indicated a small but significant relationship between immigrant status and the skills of wellbeing and understanding the importance of education. The second research question queried as to whether a relationship exists between immigrant student contact with a school counselor and college as a post-secondary plan in high school. The results indicated a significant but small negative relationship between immigrant students meeting with a school counselor on career and college planning and college as a postsecondary plan. The third research question inquired as to whether a relationship exists between immigrant status and utilization of a school counselor for career and college planning in high school. The results indicated a small but significant positive relationship between immigrant status and utilization of a school counselor for career and college planning. The primary implication that emerged from the aforementioned research was that school counselors should be especially in tuned to the needs of immigrant students as their skills and needs may differ from native born students. Additionally, students who immigrate should be given an opportunity to meet individually with their school counselor for both wellbeing and career and college related topics. Title: The Relationship Between Immigrant Status and Secondary and Postsecondary Attainment in Secondary Students Author: Haviland, Samantha L. The American School Counseling Association’s Code of Ethics states that counselors and counselor trainees must be competent providers of multicultural counseling, able to practice effectively with clients whose identities differ from their own. Pre-service school counselors receive very little training around immigration status and how to work with clients who migrate from different countries and cultures. School counselors, counselor educators and pre-service counselors are also asked to seek out current, relevant research to provide a basis for the interventions and treatment offered to clients. Recent literature in school counseling has identified educational gaps among individuals who identify as, or are identified as, ethnic minorities. Higher rates of high school dropout and lower rates of postsecondary education matriculation have been found in immigrant samples as compared to nonimmigrant samples. However, existing articles are limited by: (a) sample sizes, (b) access to secondary student data, and (c) limited school counselor interventions. Additionally, school counselors and counselor educators have not researched these differences in immigration and graduation or postsecondary aspirations. To address this gap three research questions were explored. The first question asked what was the relationship between certain resiliency skills and immigrant status of middle school students. Results indicated a small but significant relationship between immigrant status and the skills of wellbeing and understanding the importance of education. The second research question queried as to whether a relationship exists between immigrant student contact with a school counselor and college as a post-secondary plan in high school. The results indicated a significant but small negative relationship between immigrant students meeting with a school counselor on career and college planning and college as a postsecondary plan. The third research question inquired as to whether a relationship exists between immigrant status and utilization of a school counselor for career and college planning in high school. The results indicated a small but significant positive relationship between immigrant status and utilization of a school counselor for career and college planning. The primary implication that emerged from the aforementioned research was that school counselors should be especially in tuned to the needs of immigrant students as their skills and needs may differ from native born students. Additionally, students who immigrate should be given an opportunity to meet individually with their school counselor for both wellbeing and career and college related topics. Close

• 1330. [Article] Second Language Acquisition in 6- to 8-Year-Old Native Spanish-Speaking Children: ERP Studies of Phonological Awareness, Semantics, and Syntax

  Most people in the world and about a fifth of all school-aged Americans speak at least two languages. Nevertheless, little is known about second language (L2) processing in development, even though language ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Second Language Acquisition in 6- to 8-Year-Old Native Spanish-Speaking Children: ERP Studies of Phonological Awareness, Semantics, and Syntax Author: Andersson, Annika Year: 2012, 2014 Most people in the world and about a fifth of all school-aged Americans speak at least two languages. Nevertheless, little is known about second language (L2) processing in development, even though language proficiency is strongly related to success in almost all domains. Whereas behavioral studies of L2 acquisition in children are abundant, neurocognitive studies of L2 processing typically are limited to adults with several years of exposure, who may use general cognitive mechanisms to compensate for any difficulties in L2 processing. Research on bilingual adults suggests that age of acquisition (AoA) and proficiency have different effects on different aspects of L2 processing. The present study therefore recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in order to index processes of phonological awareness (Rhyming effect: RE), semantics (N400), and syntax (LAN, P600) in bilingual and monolingual children 6-8 years of age. Even though behaviorally, bilingual children with an average AoA of 4 years had lower English proficiency than monolingual children, proficiency predicted similar differences in ERPs across groups: greater proficiency was linked with shorter latencies and higher amplitudes of all ERP components. Latency in these cases represents speed of processing while amplitude of ERP effects in children can be thought of as an indication of detection of the introduced violations. The appearance of the anterior rhyming effect, latency of the posterior rhyming effect, along with the distribution of the anterior ERP effect for phrase structure violations were related to AoA. More specifically, bilingual 6- to 8-year olds of higher English proficiency processed rhyming nonwords slower than 3- to 5-year-old monolingual children, which could have a strong impact on later vocabulary acquisition. Differences across lingualism groups in distribution of the anterior negativity elicited by phrase structure violations could indicate different neural generators for processing of syntax. Noteworthy is that differences in processing as illustrated by these ERP effects were recorded even though in both these cases bilingual children's English proficiency were within the normal range expected of monolingual children of similar age. Early acquisition was thus important for processing of rhyming and for more automatic syntactic processing as revealed by differences in the anterior negativity. Title: Second Language Acquisition in 6- to 8-Year-Old Native Spanish-Speaking Children: ERP Studies of Phonological Awareness, Semantics, and Syntax Author: Andersson, Annika Year: 2012, 2014 Most people in the world and about a fifth of all school-aged Americans speak at least two languages. Nevertheless, little is known about second language (L2) processing in development, even though language proficiency is strongly related to success in almost all domains. Whereas behavioral studies of L2 acquisition in children are abundant, neurocognitive studies of L2 processing typically are limited to adults with several years of exposure, who may use general cognitive mechanisms to compensate for any difficulties in L2 processing. Research on bilingual adults suggests that age of acquisition (AoA) and proficiency have different effects on different aspects of L2 processing. The present study therefore recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in order to index processes of phonological awareness (Rhyming effect: RE), semantics (N400), and syntax (LAN, P600) in bilingual and monolingual children 6-8 years of age. Even though behaviorally, bilingual children with an average AoA of 4 years had lower English proficiency than monolingual children, proficiency predicted similar differences in ERPs across groups: greater proficiency was linked with shorter latencies and higher amplitudes of all ERP components. Latency in these cases represents speed of processing while amplitude of ERP effects in children can be thought of as an indication of detection of the introduced violations. The appearance of the anterior rhyming effect, latency of the posterior rhyming effect, along with the distribution of the anterior ERP effect for phrase structure violations were related to AoA. More specifically, bilingual 6- to 8-year olds of higher English proficiency processed rhyming nonwords slower than 3- to 5-year-old monolingual children, which could have a strong impact on later vocabulary acquisition. Differences across lingualism groups in distribution of the anterior negativity elicited by phrase structure violations could indicate different neural generators for processing of syntax. Noteworthy is that differences in processing as illustrated by these ERP effects were recorded even though in both these cases bilingual children's English proficiency were within the normal range expected of monolingual children of similar age. Early acquisition was thus important for processing of rhyming and for more automatic syntactic processing as revealed by differences in the anterior negativity. Close

• 1331. [Image] Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)

  	This image is included in Building Oregon: Architecture of Oregon and the Pacific Northwest, a digital collection which provides documentation about the architectural heritage of the Pacific Northwest.; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 This image is included in Building Oregon: Architecture of Oregon and the Pacific Northwest, a digital collection which provides documentation about the architectural heritage of the Pacific Northwest.; The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 This image is included in Building Oregon: Architecture of Oregon and the Pacific Northwest, a digital collection which provides documentation about the architectural heritage of the Pacific Northwest.; The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Close

• 1332. [Image] Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)

  	This image is included in Building Oregon: Architecture of Oregon and the Pacific Northwest, a digital collection which provides documentation about the architectural heritage of the Pacific Northwest.; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 This image is included in Building Oregon: Architecture of Oregon and the Pacific Northwest, a digital collection which provides documentation about the architectural heritage of the Pacific Northwest.; The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 This image is included in Building Oregon: Architecture of Oregon and the Pacific Northwest, a digital collection which provides documentation about the architectural heritage of the Pacific Northwest.; The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Close

• 1333. [Image] Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon); Korean Veterans Memorial, Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)

  	The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon); Korean Veterans Memorial, Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Title: Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon); Korean Veterans Memorial, Willamette National Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) Year: 1950 The 1950 Willamette National Cemetery is located approximately 10 miles southeast of Portland in Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, Oregon. Situated along Mt. Scott Boulevard, the 307-acre cemetery provides scenic views of four mountains, the City of Portland, and the Columbia and Willamette Rivers. The Willamette National Cemetery was the first national cemetery in the northwest United States, followed by the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Honolulu, HI) and Puerto Rico National Cemetery (Bayamon, PR). Though authorized by Congress in 1941, the cemetery’s development was delayed by the onset of World War II. After the war, the establishment of new national cemeteries was necessary to accommodate the growing veteran population. With burials beginning in 1951, Willamette National Cemetery contained 151,043 interments as of June 2012. The Willamette National Cemetery utilizes only flat granite markers, rather than upright marble markers. This modern aesthetic, influenced by the lawn and memorial park movements, takes advantage of the site’s natural scenic qualities, allowing native trees and uninterrupted views to define the cemetery. The National Park Service has stated that all National Cemeteries are to be considered eligible for listing in the National Register “as a result of their Congressional designation as nationally significant places of burial and commemoration.” Willamette National Cemetery is one of two in Oregon. The second cemetery, Eagle Point National Cemetery, is significant in part for its historic association with Camp White, a World War II-era military training center in Jackson County. The Eagle Point National Cemetery was recommended for listing in the National Register by the Oregon State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in their February 2016 meeting. Source: National Register nomination documentation. Close

• 1334. [Article] First Report of Phytophthora occultans Causing Root and Collar Rot on Ceanothus, Boxwood, Rhododendron, and Other Hosts in Horticultural Nurseries in Oregon, USA

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published news item is copyrighted by American ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: First Report of Phytophthora occultans Causing Root and Collar Rot on Ceanothus, Boxwood, Rhododendron, and Other Hosts in Horticultural Nurseries in Oregon, USA Author: Goheen, E. M., Grünwald, N. J., Fieland, V. J., Sutton, W., Reeser, P. W., Hansen, E. M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published news item is copyrighted by American Phytopathological Society and can be found at: http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis Title: First Report of Phytophthora occultans Causing Root and Collar Rot on Ceanothus, Boxwood, Rhododendron, and Other Hosts in Horticultural Nurseries in Oregon, USA Author: Goheen, E. M., Grünwald, N. J., Fieland, V. J., Sutton, W., Reeser, P. W., Hansen, E. M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published news item is copyrighted by American Phytopathological Society and can be found at: http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis Close

• 1335. [Article] Forestry

  Posted by permission of Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA). (c) CSA 2011. All rights reserved.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forestry Author: Avery, Bonnie E. Posted by permission of Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA). (c) CSA 2011. All rights reserved. Title: Forestry Author: Avery, Bonnie E. Posted by permission of Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA). (c) CSA 2011. All rights reserved. Close

• 1336. [Image] What You Need to Know About the U.S. Endangered Species Act

  	Electronic resource; Title from title screen (viewed on Dec. 22, 2004); "3/98"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: What You Need to Know About the U.S. Endangered Species Act Author: U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Office of Management Authority Year: 1998, 2006, 2005 Electronic resource; Title from title screen (viewed on Dec. 22, 2004); "3/98" Title: What You Need to Know About the U.S. Endangered Species Act Author: U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Office of Management Authority Year: 1998, 2006, 2005 Electronic resource; Title from title screen (viewed on Dec. 22, 2004); "3/98" Close

• 1337. [Image] Distribution and biology of suckers in Lower Klamath reservoirs : 1999 final report

  	Abstract The objectives of this two-year study (1998-1999) were to document distribution, abundance, age class structure, recruitment success, and habitat use by all life history stages of shortnose and ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution and biology of suckers in Lower Klamath reservoirs : 1999 final report Author: Desjardins, Marc; Markle, Douglas F. Year: 2000, 2005 Abstract The objectives of this two-year study (1998-1999) were to document distribution, abundance, age class structure, recruitment success, and habitat use by all life history stages of shortnose and Lost River suckers in three lower Klamath River hydroelectric reservoirs (J. C. Boyle, Copco, and Iron Gate). Lost River sucker catches were sporadic (only 3 adult individuals total) and the focus of our analyses, therefore, shifted to shortnose suckers. Adult and larval suckers were found in all reservoirs both years. All life history stages (larvae, juveniles and adults) were found in J. C. Boyle during both years and in Copco in 1999. Juvenile suckers were not found in Copco in 1998. The number of adult shortnose suckers was highest in Copco reservoir (n=165), followed by J.C. Boyle (n=50) and Iron Gate (n=22). Larger and older individuals dominated Copco and Iron Gate reservoirs and little size structure was detected. J. C. Boyle tended to have smaller adult shortnose suckers and many size classes were present. Unidentifiable larval suckers were most abundant in Copco reservoir where historic spawning of shortnose suckers has been documented. Larval suckers in Copco and Iron Gate reservoirs were most abundant in mid to late June before quickly disappearing from catches. J. C. Boyle larval suckers peaked in mid July, attained larger sizes, and were caught later in the season. It appeared that recruitment of young-of-the-year suckers only occurred in J. C. Boyle with downstream reservoirs recruiting older individuals, perhaps those that had earlier recruited to J. C. Boyle. Tagging studies could clarify adult recruitment dynamics and an additional study of juvenile recruitment would be needed to confirm these patterns. Predation pressure may be somewhat reduced in J. C. Boyle in comparison to the other reservoirs as its fish community was dominated by native fishes while communities in Copco and Iron Gate reservoirs were dominated by exotic predators. J. C. Boyle also possessed proportionally more littoral habitat, which suggests it may provide a more stable environment for young fishes. However, our sampling was inadequate to demonstrate such relationships due to high variance in larval and juvenile catches and potentially confounding habitat variables. One such variable was water level fluctuations, which could interact with habitat and resource availability in complex ways. For example, water level fluctuations, presumed to have a negative impact, were greatest in J. C. Boyle. Extrapolation from the literature suggests it should have had the poorest habitat for larval and juvenile suckers, but our results indicated J. C. Boyle had the most young suckers. Additional study of the relationships between water level fluctuations, habitat availability, the exotic fish community, and juvenile sucker recruitment would be needed to better understand early life history ecology of endangered lake suckers in these systems. Title: Distribution and biology of suckers in Lower Klamath reservoirs : 1999 final report Author: Desjardins, Marc; Markle, Douglas F. Year: 2000, 2005 Abstract The objectives of this two-year study (1998-1999) were to document distribution, abundance, age class structure, recruitment success, and habitat use by all life history stages of shortnose and Lost River suckers in three lower Klamath River hydroelectric reservoirs (J. C. Boyle, Copco, and Iron Gate). Lost River sucker catches were sporadic (only 3 adult individuals total) and the focus of our analyses, therefore, shifted to shortnose suckers. Adult and larval suckers were found in all reservoirs both years. All life history stages (larvae, juveniles and adults) were found in J. C. Boyle during both years and in Copco in 1999. Juvenile suckers were not found in Copco in 1998. The number of adult shortnose suckers was highest in Copco reservoir (n=165), followed by J.C. Boyle (n=50) and Iron Gate (n=22). Larger and older individuals dominated Copco and Iron Gate reservoirs and little size structure was detected. J. C. Boyle tended to have smaller adult shortnose suckers and many size classes were present. Unidentifiable larval suckers were most abundant in Copco reservoir where historic spawning of shortnose suckers has been documented. Larval suckers in Copco and Iron Gate reservoirs were most abundant in mid to late June before quickly disappearing from catches. J. C. Boyle larval suckers peaked in mid July, attained larger sizes, and were caught later in the season. It appeared that recruitment of young-of-the-year suckers only occurred in J. C. Boyle with downstream reservoirs recruiting older individuals, perhaps those that had earlier recruited to J. C. Boyle. Tagging studies could clarify adult recruitment dynamics and an additional study of juvenile recruitment would be needed to confirm these patterns. Predation pressure may be somewhat reduced in J. C. Boyle in comparison to the other reservoirs as its fish community was dominated by native fishes while communities in Copco and Iron Gate reservoirs were dominated by exotic predators. J. C. Boyle also possessed proportionally more littoral habitat, which suggests it may provide a more stable environment for young fishes. However, our sampling was inadequate to demonstrate such relationships due to high variance in larval and juvenile catches and potentially confounding habitat variables. One such variable was water level fluctuations, which could interact with habitat and resource availability in complex ways. For example, water level fluctuations, presumed to have a negative impact, were greatest in J. C. Boyle. Extrapolation from the literature suggests it should have had the poorest habitat for larval and juvenile suckers, but our results indicated J. C. Boyle had the most young suckers. Additional study of the relationships between water level fluctuations, habitat availability, the exotic fish community, and juvenile sucker recruitment would be needed to better understand early life history ecology of endangered lake suckers in these systems. Close

• 1338. [Article] Landsat-based monitoring of annual wetland change in the main-stem Willamette River floodplain of Oregon, USA from 1972 to 2012

  Despite holding substantial ecological value, wetlands in the United States have experienced a significant decline in both area and function over the past century with the majority of freshwater wetland ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Landsat-based monitoring of annual wetland change in the main-stem Willamette River floodplain of Oregon, USA from 1972 to 2012 Author: Fickas, Kate, Colleen Despite holding substantial ecological value, wetlands in the United States have experienced a significant decline in both area and function over the past century with the majority of freshwater wetland loss attributed to agricultural conversion. Agriculture is the second largest industry in the State of Oregon and the State places substantial emphasis in its land use planning goals on the preservation of agricultural land. Oregon’s Willamette Valley accounts for the majority of agricultural output with 53% of the valley bottom classified as agricultural land. Additionally, the valley houses 70% of the state's population. The valley was once comprised of extensive wet prairies and abundant riparian forests along the Willamette River floodplain, but native ecosystems have been reduced to a fraction of their original distribution since Euro-American settlement in the mid 1800s. The few wetlands that remain are at high risk to loss and degradation from agricultural activity. Following national wetland conservation policies, Oregon has since attempted to monitor and regulate losses due to disturbance and modification of the State's remaining wetlands through a "no-net-loss" policy aiming to decrease wetland losses and replace disturbed wetlands through mitigation. The National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) was designed to produce detailed maps and status reports of the characteristics and extent of the nation's wetlands and help determine the efficacy of no-net-loss policy implementation on the nation’s wetlands. In some cases, the NWI has been found to have low categorical and spatial accuracy and coarse temporal resolution, with some maps over two decades old. Although Landsat satellite imagery was originally found to lack the needed spatial resolution for classification detail and wetness designation that aerial photography provided, Landsat has 40 years of freely available, high quality annual imagery and should be explored for use in annual wetland change detection. Our objectives were to: (1) Quantify and characterize spatial and ecological trends in annual wetland change through gain, loss, and conversion in the Willamette Valley; (2) Evaluate the effect of the no-net-loss federal wetland conservation policy change enacted in 1990 on trends in net wetland area; and (3) Describe a new methodology that reaches back through the over 40-year Landsat archive to map fine scale wetland and related land-use changes from 1972-2012. We used annual Landsat MSS and TM/ETM+ images from 1972 to 2012 to manually interpret loss, gain, and type conversion of wetland area in the two-year inundation floodplain of the Main-Stem Willamette River using TimeSync, Google Earth, and ArcMap. By creating Tasseled Cap Brightness, Greenness, and Wetness indices for MSS data that visually match TM/ETM+ Tasseled Cap images, we were able to construct a complete and consistent annual time series and utilize the entire Landsat archive. Additionally, with an extended time series, we were able to compare trends of annual net change in wetland area before and after the no-net-loss policy established under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act in 1990. We found that wetlands experienced annual loss, gain, and type conversion across the entire study period. Vegetated wetlands (emergent and riparian wetlands) experienced a 314 ha net loss of wetland area across the 40 year study period whereas non-vegetated wetlands (lacustrine and riverine wetlands) experienced a 393 ha net gain. All wetland types combined saw a 79 ha net increase in wetland area across the full study period. The majority of both gain and loss in the study area was attributed to and from agricultural conversion followed by urban land use. Time series analysis of the rate of change of net wetland area was calculated using the Theil-Sen (TS) Slope estimate analysis. For annual change of wetland area before and after 1990 no-net-loss policy implementations, the rate of annual wetland area lost slowed for riparian wetlands and reversed into trends of annual net gain in area of emergent wetlands. The rate of annual net area gained for lacustrine wetlands was slowed post-policy. Accuracy assessment of land use change polygons in the field was only able to capture 12% of our interpretations due to access restrictions associated with private land. In spite of a low sample size (n=45), overall accuracy of land use classification through wetland change polygons was at 80%. This accuracy increased to 91.1% when land use classes were aggregated to either wetland or upland categories, indicating that our methodology was more accurate at distinguishing between general upland and wetland than finer categorical classes. Title: Landsat-based monitoring of annual wetland change in the main-stem Willamette River floodplain of Oregon, USA from 1972 to 2012 Author: Fickas, Kate, Colleen Despite holding substantial ecological value, wetlands in the United States have experienced a significant decline in both area and function over the past century with the majority of freshwater wetland loss attributed to agricultural conversion. Agriculture is the second largest industry in the State of Oregon and the State places substantial emphasis in its land use planning goals on the preservation of agricultural land. Oregon’s Willamette Valley accounts for the majority of agricultural output with 53% of the valley bottom classified as agricultural land. Additionally, the valley houses 70% of the state's population. The valley was once comprised of extensive wet prairies and abundant riparian forests along the Willamette River floodplain, but native ecosystems have been reduced to a fraction of their original distribution since Euro-American settlement in the mid 1800s. The few wetlands that remain are at high risk to loss and degradation from agricultural activity. Following national wetland conservation policies, Oregon has since attempted to monitor and regulate losses due to disturbance and modification of the State's remaining wetlands through a "no-net-loss" policy aiming to decrease wetland losses and replace disturbed wetlands through mitigation. The National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) was designed to produce detailed maps and status reports of the characteristics and extent of the nation's wetlands and help determine the efficacy of no-net-loss policy implementation on the nation’s wetlands. In some cases, the NWI has been found to have low categorical and spatial accuracy and coarse temporal resolution, with some maps over two decades old. Although Landsat satellite imagery was originally found to lack the needed spatial resolution for classification detail and wetness designation that aerial photography provided, Landsat has 40 years of freely available, high quality annual imagery and should be explored for use in annual wetland change detection. Our objectives were to: (1) Quantify and characterize spatial and ecological trends in annual wetland change through gain, loss, and conversion in the Willamette Valley; (2) Evaluate the effect of the no-net-loss federal wetland conservation policy change enacted in 1990 on trends in net wetland area; and (3) Describe a new methodology that reaches back through the over 40-year Landsat archive to map fine scale wetland and related land-use changes from 1972-2012. We used annual Landsat MSS and TM/ETM+ images from 1972 to 2012 to manually interpret loss, gain, and type conversion of wetland area in the two-year inundation floodplain of the Main-Stem Willamette River using TimeSync, Google Earth, and ArcMap. By creating Tasseled Cap Brightness, Greenness, and Wetness indices for MSS data that visually match TM/ETM+ Tasseled Cap images, we were able to construct a complete and consistent annual time series and utilize the entire Landsat archive. Additionally, with an extended time series, we were able to compare trends of annual net change in wetland area before and after the no-net-loss policy established under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act in 1990. We found that wetlands experienced annual loss, gain, and type conversion across the entire study period. Vegetated wetlands (emergent and riparian wetlands) experienced a 314 ha net loss of wetland area across the 40 year study period whereas non-vegetated wetlands (lacustrine and riverine wetlands) experienced a 393 ha net gain. All wetland types combined saw a 79 ha net increase in wetland area across the full study period. The majority of both gain and loss in the study area was attributed to and from agricultural conversion followed by urban land use. Time series analysis of the rate of change of net wetland area was calculated using the Theil-Sen (TS) Slope estimate analysis. For annual change of wetland area before and after 1990 no-net-loss policy implementations, the rate of annual wetland area lost slowed for riparian wetlands and reversed into trends of annual net gain in area of emergent wetlands. The rate of annual net area gained for lacustrine wetlands was slowed post-policy. Accuracy assessment of land use change polygons in the field was only able to capture 12% of our interpretations due to access restrictions associated with private land. In spite of a low sample size (n=45), overall accuracy of land use classification through wetland change polygons was at 80%. This accuracy increased to 91.1% when land use classes were aggregated to either wetland or upland categories, indicating that our methodology was more accurate at distinguishing between general upland and wetland than finer categorical classes. Close

• 1339. [Article] Greater Sage-grouse conservation assessment and strategy for Oregon: A plan to maintain and enhance populations and habitat

  Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) were once found in most grassland and sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) habitats east of the Cascades in Oregon. European settlement and conversion of sagebrush ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Greater Sage-grouse conservation assessment and strategy for Oregon: A plan to maintain and enhance populations and habitat Author: Hagen, Christian Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) were once found in most grassland and sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) habitats east of the Cascades in Oregon. European settlement and conversion of sagebrush steppe into agricultural production led to extirpation of the species in the Columbia Basin by the early part of the 1900s, but sagebrush rangelands have persisted, particularly in southeast Oregon. Populations have fluctuated markedly since the mid 1900s with notable declines in populations from the 1950s to early 1970s. These patterns in populations and habitat loss are similar to those observed for greater sage-grouse throughout its range. Population declines during the latter part of the 1900s lead to considerable concern for the species and subsequent conservation planning in all western states where it occurs. This management strategy is a result of this larger conservation effort by the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. This updated and revised Plan describes Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife’s management of greater sage-grouse and provides guidance to public land management agencies and land managers for sage-grouse conservation. Conservation actions should be encouraged on private lands as these contain some of the more productive sites, but conservation on private land is voluntary. Highlights of updates. Population goals have been revised based on statistically more robust methods for estimating population sizes. Accomplishments in conservation, research, and monitoring that have occurred since 2005 are discussed. The Core Area approach to strategically identifying important landscapes for sage-grouse is explained in detail from model development to implementation. Finally, there have been numerous publications on sage-grouse since 2005 and that literature has been updated to the document where appropriate. This management strategy and the supporting background information is intended to promote the conservation of greater sage-grouse and intact functioning sagebrush communities in Oregon. The strategy is tied to the life history of greater sage-grouse and uses the best science available. Although this strategy focuses on conservation of greater sage-grouse, the intent is to benefit conservation needs of other sagebrush-steppe species. Oregon greater sage-grouse are important to the North American population and management actions in the state will have implications on a much larger scale. This Plan recognizes that livestock ranching operations which manage for ecologically sustainable native rangelands is compatible with sage-grouse conservation, and necessary management activities to maintain a sustainable ranching operation are not considered “development actions” under the application of the Mitigation Policy to sage-grouse habitat. This Plan provides biological recommendations for long-term conservation of sage-grouse in Oregon based on the best available science. However, ODFW recognizes that land use planners and managers may need to consider these recommendations within the context of socialeconomic issues and decisions that are the responsibility of the respective governmental bodies. Thus, the intent of this plan is to inform decision-makers regarding the biological consequences of various actions on sage-grouse, but not to dictate land management decision. This document is divided into 6 sections. Section I explains the background and philosophy of conservation approaches in this strategy. Section II provides an overview of sage-grouse biology and ecology throughout the species range. Sections III and IV provide an assessment of populations and habitat, respectively, upon which management objectives are developed and their underlying assumptions and rationale are stated. In Section V, conservation guidelines are outlined, that describe actions needed and methods for achieving habitat objectives. Section VI outlines components for Plan implementation, includes a description of the structure and role of local implementation groups, and implications for public (state and federal) land management agencies. There are 6 appendices that provide supporting information, including a new appendix about socio-economics provided by the Association of Oregon Counties. Sections III to VI of the plan were expanded, because these sections are linked to the objectives and implementation of this Plan. Populations and habitat were assessed by BLM district boundaries because; the availability of habitat measures by district, each district approximates an eco-region, and BLM is the primary land manager within most of the district boundaries. The 23 years 1980-2003 are the relevant time period to establish a benchmark for sage-grouse populations and their habitats, because the factors of predator control methods (and take levels), grazing schedules, survey protocols, habitat treatments and harvest levels of sage-grouse were similar through this period. Title: Greater Sage-grouse conservation assessment and strategy for Oregon: A plan to maintain and enhance populations and habitat Author: Hagen, Christian Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) were once found in most grassland and sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) habitats east of the Cascades in Oregon. European settlement and conversion of sagebrush steppe into agricultural production led to extirpation of the species in the Columbia Basin by the early part of the 1900s, but sagebrush rangelands have persisted, particularly in southeast Oregon. Populations have fluctuated markedly since the mid 1900s with notable declines in populations from the 1950s to early 1970s. These patterns in populations and habitat loss are similar to those observed for greater sage-grouse throughout its range. Population declines during the latter part of the 1900s lead to considerable concern for the species and subsequent conservation planning in all western states where it occurs. This management strategy is a result of this larger conservation effort by the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. This updated and revised Plan describes Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife’s management of greater sage-grouse and provides guidance to public land management agencies and land managers for sage-grouse conservation. Conservation actions should be encouraged on private lands as these contain some of the more productive sites, but conservation on private land is voluntary. Highlights of updates. Population goals have been revised based on statistically more robust methods for estimating population sizes. Accomplishments in conservation, research, and monitoring that have occurred since 2005 are discussed. The Core Area approach to strategically identifying important landscapes for sage-grouse is explained in detail from model development to implementation. Finally, there have been numerous publications on sage-grouse since 2005 and that literature has been updated to the document where appropriate. This management strategy and the supporting background information is intended to promote the conservation of greater sage-grouse and intact functioning sagebrush communities in Oregon. The strategy is tied to the life history of greater sage-grouse and uses the best science available. Although this strategy focuses on conservation of greater sage-grouse, the intent is to benefit conservation needs of other sagebrush-steppe species. Oregon greater sage-grouse are important to the North American population and management actions in the state will have implications on a much larger scale. This Plan recognizes that livestock ranching operations which manage for ecologically sustainable native rangelands is compatible with sage-grouse conservation, and necessary management activities to maintain a sustainable ranching operation are not considered “development actions” under the application of the Mitigation Policy to sage-grouse habitat. This Plan provides biological recommendations for long-term conservation of sage-grouse in Oregon based on the best available science. However, ODFW recognizes that land use planners and managers may need to consider these recommendations within the context of socialeconomic issues and decisions that are the responsibility of the respective governmental bodies. Thus, the intent of this plan is to inform decision-makers regarding the biological consequences of various actions on sage-grouse, but not to dictate land management decision. This document is divided into 6 sections. Section I explains the background and philosophy of conservation approaches in this strategy. Section II provides an overview of sage-grouse biology and ecology throughout the species range. Sections III and IV provide an assessment of populations and habitat, respectively, upon which management objectives are developed and their underlying assumptions and rationale are stated. In Section V, conservation guidelines are outlined, that describe actions needed and methods for achieving habitat objectives. Section VI outlines components for Plan implementation, includes a description of the structure and role of local implementation groups, and implications for public (state and federal) land management agencies. There are 6 appendices that provide supporting information, including a new appendix about socio-economics provided by the Association of Oregon Counties. Sections III to VI of the plan were expanded, because these sections are linked to the objectives and implementation of this Plan. Populations and habitat were assessed by BLM district boundaries because; the availability of habitat measures by district, each district approximates an eco-region, and BLM is the primary land manager within most of the district boundaries. The 23 years 1980-2003 are the relevant time period to establish a benchmark for sage-grouse populations and their habitats, because the factors of predator control methods (and take levels), grazing schedules, survey protocols, habitat treatments and harvest levels of sage-grouse were similar through this period. Close

• 1340. [Image] Seeking refuge: making space for migratory waterfowl and wetlands along the Pacific Flyway

  	Abstract "Seeking Refuge" examines the history of migratory waterfowl management along the Pacific Flyway, the westernmost of four main migration routes in North America. Drawing on approaches from historical ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seeking refuge: making space for migratory waterfowl and wetlands along the Pacific Flyway Author: Wilson, Robert Michael Year: 2003, 2005, 2004 Abstract "Seeking Refuge" examines the history of migratory waterfowl management along the Pacific Flyway, the westernmost of four main migration routes in North America. Drawing on approaches from historical geography and environmental history, this study shows how wildlife officials developed migratory bird refuges in Oregon and California, where over 60 percent of Pacific Flyway waterfowl winter. During the early-twentieth century, reclamation and river diking eliminated most of the wetlands in the birds' wintering range. Bird enthusiasts such as bird watchers and duck hunters successfully lobbied for the creation of wildlife refuges in a few areas along the flyway. These early refuges failed to protect waterfowl habitat and they were severely degraded by reclamation. In the 1930s and 1940s, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and its predecessor, the Bureau of Biological Survey, undertook an ambitious program to resurrect these sanctuaries and to create new ones. Many farmers opposed these refuges out of fear that waterfowl would damage crops. To respond to these concerns and to ensure an adequate food supply for the birds, the FWS raised rice, barley, and other grains. The agency adopted many of the technologies of modern, industrial agriculture including synthetic herbicides and insecticides such as 2, 4-D and DDT. By the 1960s, the refuges had become largely mirrors of the surrounding irrigated farmlands, the main difference being that the FWS raised grain for waterfowl rather than for market. Refuges could not escape the agricultural settings in which they were embedded. As units within the irrigated countryside, Pacific Flyway refuges were often at the mercy of nearby farmers and federal reclamation agencies. Poor water quality and insufficient supplies of water often hampered FWS efforts to manage refuges. In the late-twentieth century, reduced water supply due to diversions to California municipalities and to sustain endangered fish species affected the amount of water reaching refuges. This dissertation has other goals. First, it critiques the anthropocentrism of most historical geography by focusing on how political, cultural, and ecological factors affected wildlife. Second, it contributes to the literature on the state's role in environmental protection by investigating the overlapping, and often contradictory, spaces within which wildlife managers implemented environmental regulations. Title: Seeking refuge: making space for migratory waterfowl and wetlands along the Pacific Flyway Author: Wilson, Robert Michael Year: 2003, 2005, 2004 Abstract "Seeking Refuge" examines the history of migratory waterfowl management along the Pacific Flyway, the westernmost of four main migration routes in North America. Drawing on approaches from historical geography and environmental history, this study shows how wildlife officials developed migratory bird refuges in Oregon and California, where over 60 percent of Pacific Flyway waterfowl winter. During the early-twentieth century, reclamation and river diking eliminated most of the wetlands in the birds' wintering range. Bird enthusiasts such as bird watchers and duck hunters successfully lobbied for the creation of wildlife refuges in a few areas along the flyway. These early refuges failed to protect waterfowl habitat and they were severely degraded by reclamation. In the 1930s and 1940s, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and its predecessor, the Bureau of Biological Survey, undertook an ambitious program to resurrect these sanctuaries and to create new ones. Many farmers opposed these refuges out of fear that waterfowl would damage crops. To respond to these concerns and to ensure an adequate food supply for the birds, the FWS raised rice, barley, and other grains. The agency adopted many of the technologies of modern, industrial agriculture including synthetic herbicides and insecticides such as 2, 4-D and DDT. By the 1960s, the refuges had become largely mirrors of the surrounding irrigated farmlands, the main difference being that the FWS raised grain for waterfowl rather than for market. Refuges could not escape the agricultural settings in which they were embedded. As units within the irrigated countryside, Pacific Flyway refuges were often at the mercy of nearby farmers and federal reclamation agencies. Poor water quality and insufficient supplies of water often hampered FWS efforts to manage refuges. In the late-twentieth century, reduced water supply due to diversions to California municipalities and to sustain endangered fish species affected the amount of water reaching refuges. This dissertation has other goals. First, it critiques the anthropocentrism of most historical geography by focusing on how political, cultural, and ecological factors affected wildlife. Second, it contributes to the literature on the state's role in environmental protection by investigating the overlapping, and often contradictory, spaces within which wildlife managers implemented environmental regulations. Close

• 1341. [Image] Crater Lake National Park visitor study, summer 2001

  	chiefly ill., maps; "The visitor study was conducted August 3-9, 2001 by the National Park Service (NPS) Visitor Services Project (VSP), part of the Cooperative Park Studies Unit at the University of ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake National Park visitor study, summer 2001 Author: Littlejohn, Margaret Year: 2002, 2009 chiefly ill., maps; "The visitor study was conducted August 3-9, 2001 by the National Park Service (NPS) Visitor Services Project (VSP), part of the Cooperative Park Studies Unit at the University of Idaho"--P. 1.; "April 2002."; "NPS D-313"--Last printed p. Title: Crater Lake National Park visitor study, summer 2001 Author: Littlejohn, Margaret Year: 2002, 2009 chiefly ill., maps; "The visitor study was conducted August 3-9, 2001 by the National Park Service (NPS) Visitor Services Project (VSP), part of the Cooperative Park Studies Unit at the University of Idaho"--P. 1.; "April 2002."; "NPS D-313"--Last printed p. Close

• 1342. [Article] Forestry

  Posted by permission of Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA). (c) CSA 2009. All rights reserved.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forestry Author: Avery, Bonnie E. Posted by permission of Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA). (c) CSA 2009. All rights reserved. Title: Forestry Author: Avery, Bonnie E. Posted by permission of Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA). (c) CSA 2009. All rights reserved. Close

• 1343. [Article] Forestry

  Posted by permission of Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA). (c) CSA 2007. All rights reserved.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forestry Author: Avery, Bonnie E. Posted by permission of Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA). (c) CSA 2007. All rights reserved. Title: Forestry Author: Avery, Bonnie E. Posted by permission of Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA). (c) CSA 2007. All rights reserved. Close

• 1344. [Article] Forestry

  Posted by permission of Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA). (c) CSA 2005. All rights reserved.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forestry Author: Avery, Bonnie E. Posted by permission of Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA). (c) CSA 2005. All rights reserved. Title: Forestry Author: Avery, Bonnie E. Posted by permission of Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA). (c) CSA 2005. All rights reserved. Close

• 1345. [Image] A framework for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins

  	Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T.; Quigley, Thomas M., tech. eds. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the Interior Columbia Basin including portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A framework for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Year: 1996, 2005 Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T.; Quigley, Thomas M., tech. eds. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the Interior Columbia Basin including portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-374. Portland, OR; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 66 p. A framework for ecosystem management is proposed. This framework assumes the purpose of ecosystem management is to maintain the integrity of ecosystems over time and space. It is based on four ecosystem principles: ecosystems are dynamic, can be viewed as hierarchies with temporal and spatial dimensions, have limits, and are relatively unpredictable. This approach recognizes that people are part of ecosystems and that stewardship must be able to resolve tough challenges including how to meet multiple demands with finite resources. The framework describes a general planning model for ecosystem management that has four iterative steps: monitoring, assessment, decision-making, and implementation. Since ecosystems cross jurisdictional lines, the implementation of the framework depends on partnerships among land managers, the scientific community, and stakeholders. It proposes that decision-making be based on information provided by the best available science and the most appropriate technologies for land management. Keywords: Ecosystem assessment, ecosystem principles, ecosystem management, planning models, management goals, risk analysis. Title: A framework for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Year: 1996, 2005 Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T.; Quigley, Thomas M., tech. eds. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the Interior Columbia Basin including portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-374. Portland, OR; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 66 p. A framework for ecosystem management is proposed. This framework assumes the purpose of ecosystem management is to maintain the integrity of ecosystems over time and space. It is based on four ecosystem principles: ecosystems are dynamic, can be viewed as hierarchies with temporal and spatial dimensions, have limits, and are relatively unpredictable. This approach recognizes that people are part of ecosystems and that stewardship must be able to resolve tough challenges including how to meet multiple demands with finite resources. The framework describes a general planning model for ecosystem management that has four iterative steps: monitoring, assessment, decision-making, and implementation. Since ecosystems cross jurisdictional lines, the implementation of the framework depends on partnerships among land managers, the scientific community, and stakeholders. It proposes that decision-making be based on information provided by the best available science and the most appropriate technologies for land management. Keywords: Ecosystem assessment, ecosystem principles, ecosystem management, planning models, management goals, risk analysis. Close

• 1346. [Article] Forestry

  Posted by permission of Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA). (c) CSA 2013. All rights reserved.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forestry Author: Avery, Bonnie E. Posted by permission of Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA). (c) CSA 2013. All rights reserved. Title: Forestry Author: Avery, Bonnie E. Posted by permission of Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA). (c) CSA 2013. All rights reserved. Close

• 1347. [Image] Endangered Species Act of 1973 (as amended through December 2004)

  	"February 2005."; "Serial no. 109-A."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Endangered Species Act of 1973 (as amended through December 2004) Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources. Year: 2005 "February 2005."; "Serial no. 109-A." Title: Endangered Species Act of 1973 (as amended through December 2004) Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources. Year: 2005 "February 2005."; "Serial no. 109-A." Close

• 1348. [Image] Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds biennial report, 2005-2007

  	The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Biennial Report 2005-2007. This is the sixth report on the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The report provides an update on the accomplishments and continuing ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds biennial report, 2005-2007 Author: Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Year: 2006, 2007 The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Biennial Report 2005-2007. This is the sixth report on the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The report provides an update on the accomplishments and continuing efforts of people throughout Oregon to improve and protect clean water and recover and maintain healthy populations offish and wildlife in our watersheds. The Oregon Plan is unique because it engages communities in the restoration and long-term stewardship of their watersheds. This extraordinary effort encourages local partnerships and voluntary actions to improve the conditions of our watersheds. Over the years, these actions have made Oregon a national leader in local cooperative conservation. This report collects project and condition data, voluntary private lands restoration information, and agency program accomplishments under the Oregon Plan. Consistent with the past two reports, this document continues to provide specific data on each of the state's fifteen reporting basins. A new element to this report is the inclusion of stories about the people, partnerships, and on-the-ground projects that are benefiting watersheds and communities across the state. Thanks to the many Oregon Plan partners who contributed to this report. Thomas M. Byler Executive Director Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Title: Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds biennial report, 2005-2007 Author: Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Year: 2006, 2007 The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Biennial Report 2005-2007. This is the sixth report on the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The report provides an update on the accomplishments and continuing efforts of people throughout Oregon to improve and protect clean water and recover and maintain healthy populations offish and wildlife in our watersheds. The Oregon Plan is unique because it engages communities in the restoration and long-term stewardship of their watersheds. This extraordinary effort encourages local partnerships and voluntary actions to improve the conditions of our watersheds. Over the years, these actions have made Oregon a national leader in local cooperative conservation. This report collects project and condition data, voluntary private lands restoration information, and agency program accomplishments under the Oregon Plan. Consistent with the past two reports, this document continues to provide specific data on each of the state's fifteen reporting basins. A new element to this report is the inclusion of stories about the people, partnerships, and on-the-ground projects that are benefiting watersheds and communities across the state. Thanks to the many Oregon Plan partners who contributed to this report. Thomas M. Byler Executive Director Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Close

• 1349. [Image] Lost River and shortnose sucker : proposed critical habitat : biological support document : draft

  	Proposed rule from Federal Register, vol. 59, no. 230, December 1, 1994, pages 61744-61759, inserted after p. 35; Includes biliographical references (p. 31-35)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lost River and shortnose sucker : proposed critical habitat : biological support document : draft Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Portland Field Office Year: 1994, 2004 Proposed rule from Federal Register, vol. 59, no. 230, December 1, 1994, pages 61744-61759, inserted after p. 35; Includes biliographical references (p. 31-35) Title: Lost River and shortnose sucker : proposed critical habitat : biological support document : draft Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Portland Field Office Year: 1994, 2004 Proposed rule from Federal Register, vol. 59, no. 230, December 1, 1994, pages 61744-61759, inserted after p. 35; Includes biliographical references (p. 31-35) Close

• 1350. [Image] The Endangered Species Act and its impact on agricultural producers: hearing before the Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Rural Development, and Research of the Committee on Agriculture, House of representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, July 26, 2004, Greely, CO.

  	CONTENTS Lucas, Hon. Frank, a Representative in Congress from the State of Oklahoma, opening statement .................................................................................... 1 Musgrave, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Endangered Species Act and its impact on agricultural producers: hearing before the Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Rural Development, and Research of the Committee on Agriculture, House of representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, July 26, 2004, Greely, CO. Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Rural Development, and Research. Year: 2004, 2005 CONTENTS Lucas, Hon. Frank, a Representative in Congress from the State of Oklahoma, opening statement .................................................................................... 1 Musgrave, Hon. Marilyn N., a Representative in Congress from the State of Colorado, opening statement........................................................................... 2 Witnesses Foutz, Alan, president, Colorado Farm Bureau, Centennial, CO ........................ 10 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 38 George, Russell, executive director, Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Denver, CO............................................................................................. 4 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 29 Palmer, William, executive director, Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory, Brighton, CO ........................................................................................................ 16 Prepared statement.......................................................................................... 60 Sims, James T., executive director, Western Business Roundtable, Golden, CO.......................................................................................................................... 13 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 43 Stetson, Jean, co-chairman, Endangered Species Committee, Colorado Cattlemen, Craig, CO..................................................................................................... 7 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 36 Submitted Material Weege, Merle, secretary, Ginseng Board of Wisconsin, statement...................... 65 Title: The Endangered Species Act and its impact on agricultural producers: hearing before the Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Rural Development, and Research of the Committee on Agriculture, House of representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, July 26, 2004, Greely, CO. Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Rural Development, and Research. Year: 2004, 2005 CONTENTS Lucas, Hon. Frank, a Representative in Congress from the State of Oklahoma, opening statement .................................................................................... 1 Musgrave, Hon. Marilyn N., a Representative in Congress from the State of Colorado, opening statement........................................................................... 2 Witnesses Foutz, Alan, president, Colorado Farm Bureau, Centennial, CO ........................ 10 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 38 George, Russell, executive director, Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Denver, CO............................................................................................. 4 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 29 Palmer, William, executive director, Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory, Brighton, CO ........................................................................................................ 16 Prepared statement.......................................................................................... 60 Sims, James T., executive director, Western Business Roundtable, Golden, CO.......................................................................................................................... 13 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 43 Stetson, Jean, co-chairman, Endangered Species Committee, Colorado Cattlemen, Craig, CO..................................................................................................... 7 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 36 Submitted Material Weege, Merle, secretary, Ginseng Board of Wisconsin, statement...................... 65 Close