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• 231. [Article] Economic aspects of agricultural and reform on the island of Taiwan

  Beginning with 1949, Taiwan carried out a series of land reforms which have now been mostly completed. When the island was returned to China in 1945, tenancy was a serious problem as it was on the China ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic aspects of agricultural and reform on the island of Taiwan Author: Yang, Tao-Chung Beginning with 1949, Taiwan carried out a series of land reforms which have now been mostly completed. When the island was returned to China in 1945, tenancy was a serious problem as it was on the China mainland. Nearly half of its farm land was under tenancy and some tenants paid to landlords as much as 70 percent of their annual crop as rent and had no security of tenure. Their income was extremely low and their life difficult. The land reform program was carried out in three phases. The first phase was carried out in 1949. The program compulsorily reduced farm rental rates in Taiwan from an average of 50 percent to a uniform rate of 37.5 percent of the annual crop yield. Many tenant families were benefited. The second phase began in 1952. By the end of 1961, 94, 000 hectares of public owned land had been sold by the Government to poor farmers at a price of 2.5 times its annual crop yield. Under this program 165,443 tenant families had acquired land ownership by the end of 1961. The third phase was started in 1953. The Government started to purchase all private land holdings exceeding three hectares of paddy field for resale to their tenant cultivators. The tenant purchasers paid 2.5 times the annual crop yield to the Government in twenty semi-annual installments over a period of ten years. By the end of 1961, 139, 249 hectares, or nearly 60 percent of the total private tenanted lands were purchased by the Government and resold to tenant families who have thus become independent owner-operators. The land reform program has helped improve the general social and economic conditions in Taiwan. The most important and significant results are increased food production and improvement in farmers' livelihood. Although the program has contributed significantly to rural security and economic development in Taiwan, there remain some difficult problems to which some effective answers must be found. The tasks include: (1) protection of new owner-farmers; (2) exchange and consolidation of small plots of land; (3) promotion of farmers' savings; (4) more intensive farming; (5) industrialization and curbing the growing population; (6) abandonment of a passive and conservative concept; (7) creation of commercial farms; (8) maintaining a stable and growing economy after the end of American economic aid. Title: Economic aspects of agricultural and reform on the island of Taiwan Author: Yang, Tao-Chung Beginning with 1949, Taiwan carried out a series of land reforms which have now been mostly completed. When the island was returned to China in 1945, tenancy was a serious problem as it was on the China mainland. Nearly half of its farm land was under tenancy and some tenants paid to landlords as much as 70 percent of their annual crop as rent and had no security of tenure. Their income was extremely low and their life difficult. The land reform program was carried out in three phases. The first phase was carried out in 1949. The program compulsorily reduced farm rental rates in Taiwan from an average of 50 percent to a uniform rate of 37.5 percent of the annual crop yield. Many tenant families were benefited. The second phase began in 1952. By the end of 1961, 94, 000 hectares of public owned land had been sold by the Government to poor farmers at a price of 2.5 times its annual crop yield. Under this program 165,443 tenant families had acquired land ownership by the end of 1961. The third phase was started in 1953. The Government started to purchase all private land holdings exceeding three hectares of paddy field for resale to their tenant cultivators. The tenant purchasers paid 2.5 times the annual crop yield to the Government in twenty semi-annual installments over a period of ten years. By the end of 1961, 139, 249 hectares, or nearly 60 percent of the total private tenanted lands were purchased by the Government and resold to tenant families who have thus become independent owner-operators. The land reform program has helped improve the general social and economic conditions in Taiwan. The most important and significant results are increased food production and improvement in farmers' livelihood. Although the program has contributed significantly to rural security and economic development in Taiwan, there remain some difficult problems to which some effective answers must be found. The tasks include: (1) protection of new owner-farmers; (2) exchange and consolidation of small plots of land; (3) promotion of farmers' savings; (4) more intensive farming; (5) industrialization and curbing the growing population; (6) abandonment of a passive and conservative concept; (7) creation of commercial farms; (8) maintaining a stable and growing economy after the end of American economic aid. Close

• 232. [Article] Irrigated agriculture, energy, and endangered species in the Upper Klamath Basin : evaluating trade-offs and interconnections

  In 2001, an extreme drought tightened water supply in the Upper Klamath Basin (basin) while earlier increases in Endangered Species Act (ESA) water requirements for basin fish species that same year elevated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Irrigated agriculture, energy, and endangered species in the Upper Klamath Basin : evaluating trade-offs and interconnections Author: Boehlert, Brent B. In 2001, an extreme drought tightened water supply in the Upper Klamath Basin (basin) while earlier increases in Endangered Species Act (ESA) water requirements for basin fish species that same year elevated demands. The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), which manages irrigation water in parts of the basin located near the Oregon-California border, responded to ESA Section 7 obligations by severely curtailing water allocations to Reclamation Project irrigators for the 2001 growing season, costing irrigators an estimated $35 million in farm income. This event has directed attention to several important factors that may further undermine effective water management in the basin. These include higher ESA flow requirements due to a recent Ninth Circuit Court ruling and a ten-fold energy rate increase to irrigators resulting from a mid-2006 contract expiration with the regional energy provider. The overall objective of this research is to assess the impact of changes in ESA flow requirements and energy prices on the Upper Klamath Basin farm economy given variable levels of water trading flexibility and groundwater availability. A mathematical programming and Geographic Information System (GIS) framework is used in which farm decisions are assumed to maximize net revenue subject to hydrological, institutional, economic, and agronomic constraints. The results suggest that greater development of basin groundwater resources and the institution of a flexible water bank may be sufficient to mitigate the majority of costs related to increased ESA flow requirements in future years. Title: Irrigated agriculture, energy, and endangered species in the Upper Klamath Basin : evaluating trade-offs and interconnections Author: Boehlert, Brent B. In 2001, an extreme drought tightened water supply in the Upper Klamath Basin (basin) while earlier increases in Endangered Species Act (ESA) water requirements for basin fish species that same year elevated demands. The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), which manages irrigation water in parts of the basin located near the Oregon-California border, responded to ESA Section 7 obligations by severely curtailing water allocations to Reclamation Project irrigators for the 2001 growing season, costing irrigators an estimated $35 million in farm income. This event has directed attention to several important factors that may further undermine effective water management in the basin. These include higher ESA flow requirements due to a recent Ninth Circuit Court ruling and a ten-fold energy rate increase to irrigators resulting from a mid-2006 contract expiration with the regional energy provider. The overall objective of this research is to assess the impact of changes in ESA flow requirements and energy prices on the Upper Klamath Basin farm economy given variable levels of water trading flexibility and groundwater availability. A mathematical programming and Geographic Information System (GIS) framework is used in which farm decisions are assumed to maximize net revenue subject to hydrological, institutional, economic, and agronomic constraints. The results suggest that greater development of basin groundwater resources and the institution of a flexible water bank may be sufficient to mitigate the majority of costs related to increased ESA flow requirements in future years. Close

• 233. [Article] Socioeconomic assessment of Forest Service American Recovery and Reinvestment Act projects : eight case studies

  176 pages

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Socioeconomic assessment of Forest Service American Recovery and Reinvestment Act projects : eight case studies Author: Charnley, Susan, Jakes, Pamela J., Schelhas, John, Burns, Samuel Alexander, Dietrich, James E., Davis, Emily Jane, Moseley, Cassandra, Kershner, Jessica M., Mattor, Katherine, Morse, Wayde, Sturtevant, Victoria Elmore, 1950-, Wilson, Thurman, Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.) Year: 2017, 2011 176 pages Title: Socioeconomic assessment of Forest Service American Recovery and Reinvestment Act projects : eight case studies Author: Charnley, Susan, Jakes, Pamela J., Schelhas, John, Burns, Samuel Alexander, Dietrich, James E., Davis, Emily Jane, Moseley, Cassandra, Kershner, Jessica M., Mattor, Katherine, Morse, Wayde, Sturtevant, Victoria Elmore, 1950-, Wilson, Thurman, Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.) Year: 2017, 2011 176 pages Close

• 234. [Image] Engineering and Economic Analysis for the Utilization of Geothermal Fluids in a Cane Sugar Processing Plant. Final Report

  	The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of geothermal resource utilization at the Puna Sugar Company cane sugar processing plant, located in Keaau, Hawaii. A proposed well site area ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Engineering and Economic Analysis for the Utilization of Geothermal Fluids in a Cane Sugar Processing Plant. Final Report Author: Humme, J.T. Year: 1979 The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of geothermal resource utilization at the Puna Sugar Company cane sugar processing plant, located in Keaau, Hawaii. A proposed well site area was selected based on data from surface exploratory surveys. The liquid dominated well flow enters a binary thermal arrangement, which results in an acceptable quality steam for process use. Hydrogen sulfide in the well gases is incinerated, leaving sulfur dioxide in the waste gases. The sulfur dioxide in turn is recovered and Used in the cane juice processing at the sugar factory. The clean geothermal steam from the binary system can be used directly for process requirements. It replaces steam generated by the firing of the waste fibrous product from cane sugar processing. The waste product, called bagasse, has a number of alternative uses, but an evaluation clearly indicated it should continue to be employed for steam generation. This steam, no longer required for process demands, can be directed to increased electric power generation. Revenues gained by the sale of this power to the utility, in addition to other savings developed through the utilization of geothermal energy, can offset the costs associated with hydrothermal utilization Title: Engineering and Economic Analysis for the Utilization of Geothermal Fluids in a Cane Sugar Processing Plant. Final Report Author: Humme, J.T. Year: 1979 The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of geothermal resource utilization at the Puna Sugar Company cane sugar processing plant, located in Keaau, Hawaii. A proposed well site area was selected based on data from surface exploratory surveys. The liquid dominated well flow enters a binary thermal arrangement, which results in an acceptable quality steam for process use. Hydrogen sulfide in the well gases is incinerated, leaving sulfur dioxide in the waste gases. The sulfur dioxide in turn is recovered and Used in the cane juice processing at the sugar factory. The clean geothermal steam from the binary system can be used directly for process requirements. It replaces steam generated by the firing of the waste fibrous product from cane sugar processing. The waste product, called bagasse, has a number of alternative uses, but an evaluation clearly indicated it should continue to be employed for steam generation. This steam, no longer required for process demands, can be directed to increased electric power generation. Revenues gained by the sale of this power to the utility, in addition to other savings developed through the utilization of geothermal energy, can offset the costs associated with hydrothermal utilization Close

• 235. [Article] Demand analysis of rice in Thailand

  Rice has been an important integral part of the economy of Thailand or centuries. Not only is rice the staple diet of the people but it also provides the major part of export earnings as well. Since economic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Demand analysis of rice in Thailand Author: Balankura, Saowaros Rice has been an important integral part of the economy of Thailand or centuries. Not only is rice the staple diet of the people but it also provides the major part of export earnings as well. Since economic development is stressed in Thailand, a demand study of rice is appropriate, especially domestic demand, in order to aid in determining a sound agricultural development plan. The purposes of this study were: (1) to examine the trend in rice production, (2) to investigate the factors affecting the domestic demand for rice, (3) to consider the relative importance of rice to economic growth, and (4) to project future domestic demand for rice. In the past decade the trend in annual rice consumption per capita has varied from 108 to 137 kilograms with no apparent trend although there has been some decline in the past three years. Change in the price of rice and income of consumers do not have a significant effect on quantity of rice consumed. The very significant factor that does affect the change in aggregate demand for rice is the growth of population which is at the rate of 3.2 percent. It is estimated that a change in one million population is associated with a change in the same direction of 170,000 tons for rice consumed. As for demand for other purposes in the country, demand for seed should remain stable because the farm land area is not expected to increase, while demand for miscellaneous uses will be an increasing trend. Demand for export has varied from 1.0 to about 1.6 million metric tons during the last ten years. The major factor affecting the rice export volume is the production of the previous year. Price of rice in the world market and income of the importing countries seems to be next in importance. The projected domestic demand in 1970, which is estimated at 8.80 million metric tons, combined with the amount of the average export in the last decade, which is 1.30 million metric tons (2.00 million metric tons on a paddy basis), means total requirement of 10.80 million metric tons. If production is maintained at the 1961 level which was 7.85 million metric tons, the supply of rice will fall short of total requirements by 2.95 million metric tons or 27.3 percent, In the past several years rice production has not increased in proportion to the increase in the farm area. Therefore, ways and means must b e found to meet increasing requirements by increasing both production and productivity at the same time. Only in this way will there be enough rice for domestic use and for export which is essential to continued growth of the country. An economic development plan needs to emphasize an increase in rice production which will help increase the growth rate of the GNP and, of course, increase the income to farmers. Title: Demand analysis of rice in Thailand Author: Balankura, Saowaros Rice has been an important integral part of the economy of Thailand or centuries. Not only is rice the staple diet of the people but it also provides the major part of export earnings as well. Since economic development is stressed in Thailand, a demand study of rice is appropriate, especially domestic demand, in order to aid in determining a sound agricultural development plan. The purposes of this study were: (1) to examine the trend in rice production, (2) to investigate the factors affecting the domestic demand for rice, (3) to consider the relative importance of rice to economic growth, and (4) to project future domestic demand for rice. In the past decade the trend in annual rice consumption per capita has varied from 108 to 137 kilograms with no apparent trend although there has been some decline in the past three years. Change in the price of rice and income of consumers do not have a significant effect on quantity of rice consumed. The very significant factor that does affect the change in aggregate demand for rice is the growth of population which is at the rate of 3.2 percent. It is estimated that a change in one million population is associated with a change in the same direction of 170,000 tons for rice consumed. As for demand for other purposes in the country, demand for seed should remain stable because the farm land area is not expected to increase, while demand for miscellaneous uses will be an increasing trend. Demand for export has varied from 1.0 to about 1.6 million metric tons during the last ten years. The major factor affecting the rice export volume is the production of the previous year. Price of rice in the world market and income of the importing countries seems to be next in importance. The projected domestic demand in 1970, which is estimated at 8.80 million metric tons, combined with the amount of the average export in the last decade, which is 1.30 million metric tons (2.00 million metric tons on a paddy basis), means total requirement of 10.80 million metric tons. If production is maintained at the 1961 level which was 7.85 million metric tons, the supply of rice will fall short of total requirements by 2.95 million metric tons or 27.3 percent, In the past several years rice production has not increased in proportion to the increase in the farm area. Therefore, ways and means must b e found to meet increasing requirements by increasing both production and productivity at the same time. Only in this way will there be enough rice for domestic use and for export which is essential to continued growth of the country. An economic development plan needs to emphasize an increase in rice production which will help increase the growth rate of the GNP and, of course, increase the income to farmers. Close

• 236. [Article] An analysis of foodgrain market in Korea

  In order to effectively use foodgrain prices as tools of government policy, it is necessary to know the possible effects of price incentives on different economic variables. The present study attempts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis of foodgrain market in Korea Author: Mun, Pal-lyong In order to effectively use foodgrain prices as tools of government policy, it is necessary to know the possible effects of price incentives on different economic variables. The present study attempts to measure the effects of foodgrain prices, upon various economic variables, including production, consumption, both at the farm and urban levels, and farm sales of two major foodgrains, and to explore possible measures to improve the current foodgrain price policy. The results of the empirical study of farm producers' response indicate that Korean farmers respond significantly in their grain production to price changes and that they are more responsive in barley than in rice production in terms of both input use and planted acreage. This suggests that policy designed to raise barley price to farm producers would contribute relatively more to increasing overall foodgrain production. In studying the consumption behavior of farm and urban consumers, and sales decisions of farmers, a simultaneous equation model was used. The system comprises eight equations: six behavioral and two market identity equations. In specifying the model, special attention was given to a peculiar feature emerging from the dual role of farmers in semi-monetized agriculture, that is, as consumers on the one hand and as sellers of products on the other. Two types of analyses were carried out on the basis of the estimated behavioral parameters of the model. First, an analysis was made of the partial response to price changes by treating each behavioral equation as an independent single equation under the usual ceteris paribus assumption. Secondly, the total behavioral responses were analyzed by taking account of simultaneous changes in all endogenous variables in the system. The partial response analysis indicates that both farm and urban consumers have a “potential” tendency to respond negatively to price changes in their consumption of rice and barley and also a "potential" tendency to substitute one grain for another in the face of changing relative prices. It also shows a positive response in the foodgrain marketings of farm producers. But the total response analysis shows that the responses measured in the partial analysis are substantially offset by the interdependence of the prices of rice and barley on the open market, resulting in positive changes in the quantity demanded or no substitution at all. The empirical results also provide counter-evidence concerning the validity in the Korean economy of the so-called "target cash requirements hypothesis," advanced by a number of economists. One important policy implication that can be drawn from the study is that if the government's objective is to reduce foreign exchange spending on rice imports by restructuring foodgrain consumption (in addition to increased domestic production), it can be done through the use of price incentives by inducing the consumers to reveal their "potential" responses on the market. This is equivalent to forcing the ceteris paribus assumption made in the partial response analysis to operate in the real world through an appropriate governmental operation. Title: An analysis of foodgrain market in Korea Author: Mun, Pal-lyong In order to effectively use foodgrain prices as tools of government policy, it is necessary to know the possible effects of price incentives on different economic variables. The present study attempts to measure the effects of foodgrain prices, upon various economic variables, including production, consumption, both at the farm and urban levels, and farm sales of two major foodgrains, and to explore possible measures to improve the current foodgrain price policy. The results of the empirical study of farm producers' response indicate that Korean farmers respond significantly in their grain production to price changes and that they are more responsive in barley than in rice production in terms of both input use and planted acreage. This suggests that policy designed to raise barley price to farm producers would contribute relatively more to increasing overall foodgrain production. In studying the consumption behavior of farm and urban consumers, and sales decisions of farmers, a simultaneous equation model was used. The system comprises eight equations: six behavioral and two market identity equations. In specifying the model, special attention was given to a peculiar feature emerging from the dual role of farmers in semi-monetized agriculture, that is, as consumers on the one hand and as sellers of products on the other. Two types of analyses were carried out on the basis of the estimated behavioral parameters of the model. First, an analysis was made of the partial response to price changes by treating each behavioral equation as an independent single equation under the usual ceteris paribus assumption. Secondly, the total behavioral responses were analyzed by taking account of simultaneous changes in all endogenous variables in the system. The partial response analysis indicates that both farm and urban consumers have a “potential” tendency to respond negatively to price changes in their consumption of rice and barley and also a "potential" tendency to substitute one grain for another in the face of changing relative prices. It also shows a positive response in the foodgrain marketings of farm producers. But the total response analysis shows that the responses measured in the partial analysis are substantially offset by the interdependence of the prices of rice and barley on the open market, resulting in positive changes in the quantity demanded or no substitution at all. The empirical results also provide counter-evidence concerning the validity in the Korean economy of the so-called "target cash requirements hypothesis," advanced by a number of economists. One important policy implication that can be drawn from the study is that if the government's objective is to reduce foreign exchange spending on rice imports by restructuring foodgrain consumption (in addition to increased domestic production), it can be done through the use of price incentives by inducing the consumers to reveal their "potential" responses on the market. This is equivalent to forcing the ceteris paribus assumption made in the partial response analysis to operate in the real world through an appropriate governmental operation. Close

• 237. [Article] Spatial expressions of farm size changes in the Polk and Linn counties of Oregon

  The spatial organization of farm units in Polk and Linn counties in the mid-Willamette Valley has undergone significant change over the past 30 years. Whereas most study areas operations in the 1930's ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial expressions of farm size changes in the Polk and Linn counties of Oregon Author: Van Otten, George A. The spatial organization of farm units in Polk and Linn counties in the mid-Willamette Valley has undergone significant change over the past 30 years. Whereas most study areas operations in the 1930's and 1940's consisted of small family owned farms with contiguous land bases, present mid-Willamette Valley units vary considerably in spatial organization, tenure patterns, and size. The purposes of this research are to determine the magnitude of farm size changes in the study area over the past 30 year; determine the spatial organization strategies underlying operator's choices of particular means of farm size changes; determine the means of farm size changes; assess the effects of farm size changes on the characteristics of agricultural land use in the study area; and determine the spatial characteristics of farm size changes. Approximately ten percent of the farmers in the study area (280) were interviewed concerning the spatial organization and evolution of their operations. Eight farms were selected for indepth case studies. The results of the farmer interviews were statistically treated by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program at Oregon State University. The results of farmer interviews indicate that full time commercial operators have steadily increased their land bases over the past 30 years. Interview data also reveal a large increase in the numbers of small part-time units and rural residences in the post World War II era. Renting and leasing of farm land is common in the study area, and as commercial farm operators continue to seek to enlarge the areal extent of their land, the competition for rental or lease land is increasing. There is also strong demand for suitable farm land by prospective buyers. Farmers have enlarged their land bases primarily because they believe they must if they are to achieve satisfactory economies of scale. The study suggests that this is the dominant effect. The need to enlarge the spatial component of their operations has forced many commercial farmers to purchase, rent, or lease land that is not joined to their headquarters. In some cases they must move equipment up to 25 miles to work their scattered parcels. Such farmers are well aware of the liabilities associated with farming non-contiguous land bases, but accept these problems in order to enlarge. The trends in agricultural land use in the study area are toward larger commercial units on the one hand and toward small part-time farm/rural residences on the other. The full-time commercial operators generally make effective use of their land base whereas, the part-time farmers are usually less concerned with maintaining optimal land use. The increasing numbers of rural residences and the increasing population of the study area lead to the conclusion that the mid-Willamette Valley is becoming an urbanized area with attending suburban sprawl, rural residences, small acreages, hobby or part-time farms, and relatively few large commercial farm units. Title: Spatial expressions of farm size changes in the Polk and Linn counties of Oregon Author: Van Otten, George A. The spatial organization of farm units in Polk and Linn counties in the mid-Willamette Valley has undergone significant change over the past 30 years. Whereas most study areas operations in the 1930's and 1940's consisted of small family owned farms with contiguous land bases, present mid-Willamette Valley units vary considerably in spatial organization, tenure patterns, and size. The purposes of this research are to determine the magnitude of farm size changes in the study area over the past 30 year; determine the spatial organization strategies underlying operator's choices of particular means of farm size changes; determine the means of farm size changes; assess the effects of farm size changes on the characteristics of agricultural land use in the study area; and determine the spatial characteristics of farm size changes. Approximately ten percent of the farmers in the study area (280) were interviewed concerning the spatial organization and evolution of their operations. Eight farms were selected for indepth case studies. The results of the farmer interviews were statistically treated by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program at Oregon State University. The results of farmer interviews indicate that full time commercial operators have steadily increased their land bases over the past 30 years. Interview data also reveal a large increase in the numbers of small part-time units and rural residences in the post World War II era. Renting and leasing of farm land is common in the study area, and as commercial farm operators continue to seek to enlarge the areal extent of their land, the competition for rental or lease land is increasing. There is also strong demand for suitable farm land by prospective buyers. Farmers have enlarged their land bases primarily because they believe they must if they are to achieve satisfactory economies of scale. The study suggests that this is the dominant effect. The need to enlarge the spatial component of their operations has forced many commercial farmers to purchase, rent, or lease land that is not joined to their headquarters. In some cases they must move equipment up to 25 miles to work their scattered parcels. Such farmers are well aware of the liabilities associated with farming non-contiguous land bases, but accept these problems in order to enlarge. The trends in agricultural land use in the study area are toward larger commercial units on the one hand and toward small part-time farm/rural residences on the other. The full-time commercial operators generally make effective use of their land base whereas, the part-time farmers are usually less concerned with maintaining optimal land use. The increasing numbers of rural residences and the increasing population of the study area lead to the conclusion that the mid-Willamette Valley is becoming an urbanized area with attending suburban sprawl, rural residences, small acreages, hobby or part-time farms, and relatively few large commercial farm units. Close

• 238. [Article] Impacts of climate change and adaptation strategy selection under constrained conditions in Ben Tre province, Vietnam

  EEPSEA and World Fish Center

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impacts of climate change and adaptation strategy selection under constrained conditions in Ben Tre province, Vietnam Author: Le, Huyen Trang EEPSEA and World Fish Center Title: Impacts of climate change and adaptation strategy selection under constrained conditions in Ben Tre province, Vietnam Author: Le, Huyen Trang EEPSEA and World Fish Center Close

• 239. [Image] Guide to Demonstrations of Energy Conservation, Solar Energy and Other New Technologies: Energy Extension Service

  	This guide was compiled by the Energy Extension Service (EES) for use by State EES planners. It is intended to facilitate viewing of solar, conservation, and other energy technologies at work. The demonstrations ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Guide to Demonstrations of Energy Conservation, Solar Energy and Other New Technologies: Energy Extension Service Author: Ignatius, N. Year: 1977 This guide was compiled by the Energy Extension Service (EES) for use by State EES planners. It is intended to facilitate viewing of solar, conservation, and other energy technologies at work. The demonstrations listed in this Guide have generally been limited to those most applicable to individual homeowners, small businesses, schools, and farms. In a few states, however, municipal systems have also been included. Many of these projects have received Federal funding. The majority of projects demonstrate some form of solar energy. In addition to solar heating and cooling for homes and commercial buildings, a number of examples of farm applications such as solar crop drying are listed, as well as demonstrations of wind energy, biomass, photovoltaics, etc. Since all successful solar heating and cooling systems incorporate sensible energy-conserving design, each solar heating and/or cooling project is at the same time an energy-conservation project. When these conservation designs are of special interest or inventiveness, this has been noted. In a few cases, projects demonstrate only conservation measures, such as the construction of buildings underground Title: Guide to Demonstrations of Energy Conservation, Solar Energy and Other New Technologies: Energy Extension Service Author: Ignatius, N. Year: 1977 This guide was compiled by the Energy Extension Service (EES) for use by State EES planners. It is intended to facilitate viewing of solar, conservation, and other energy technologies at work. The demonstrations listed in this Guide have generally been limited to those most applicable to individual homeowners, small businesses, schools, and farms. In a few states, however, municipal systems have also been included. Many of these projects have received Federal funding. The majority of projects demonstrate some form of solar energy. In addition to solar heating and cooling for homes and commercial buildings, a number of examples of farm applications such as solar crop drying are listed, as well as demonstrations of wind energy, biomass, photovoltaics, etc. Since all successful solar heating and cooling systems incorporate sensible energy-conserving design, each solar heating and/or cooling project is at the same time an energy-conservation project. When these conservation designs are of special interest or inventiveness, this has been noted. In a few cases, projects demonstrate only conservation measures, such as the construction of buildings underground Close

• 240. [Article] Franz Michael Felder: Bregenzerwälder Dorfgeschichten und Schriften; eine Erziehungsstudie

  This thesis [written in German] is the first known study to analyze the writings of the Austrian, Franz Michael Felder, as an educative device, which the author himself utilized to enlighten and instruct ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Franz Michael Felder: Bregenzerwälder Dorfgeschichten und Schriften; eine Erziehungsstudie Author: Stones, Richard Deal Year: 1966 This thesis [written in German] is the first known study to analyze the writings of the Austrian, Franz Michael Felder, as an educative device, which the author himself utilized to enlighten and instruct his country folk in Bregenzerwald, Vorarlberg. An attempt is made to uncover the basic message inherent in all of Felder’s works: close family relationship, high moral standards and diligence are important to him; he fights petty prejudice, meaningless tradition and hypocrisy. The many native customs peculiar to the region are, of course, immanent in his literary production and, what is particularly significant, he stages a continuous battle against the social and political pressures of the time. He sees the need for community action in pooling meager resources to combat influential outside monopolies which stifle the economy of his remote alpine region. Franz Michael Felder’s message is somber. It lacks the folksy homespun qualities observed in similar writers, such as Rosegger, Gotthelf, Hansjacob , Huggenberger, Löns, Schönherr and Ludwig Thoma. Felder educates his people to a better understanding of themselves and a greater tolerance of others. He seeks equality of rights and equal justice for everyone. With a seriously discerning attitude he probes local problems confronting his people; these he portrays in true to life situations, attempting to search the causes. While Felder does not advocate to change customs and established ways of life, he wants to better his people’s situation for their own welfare and self-improvement. Felder’s literary importance is manifold: he writes from true experience, which he incorporates into beneficial teaching for his people; Austria in its entirety and much of Europe is quite akin to the style of rural living described by Felder for the Vorarlberg. Thus he captures a true picture of nineteen-century village life with its economic and social implications. This study treats of Felder’s literary achievements only. It casually mentions his other, more visible accomplishments, such as the foundation of a dairy association, an agricultural produce co-op, a cattle insurance company, a weaving co-op. He established a library and a reading club. This he did in a relatively brief span of time for he died at the age of twenty-nine. Not only did Felder make material life easier for his countrymen, he freed them spiritually as well. The research of this thesis concludes that Felder, though relatively unknown in literature is possibly the most influential and lasting of all Vorarlberg writers. His description does not have the pastoral serenity usually peculiar to village tales; there is little to see of the pretty mountain landscapes, or the cool green meadows with rustling brooks and cowbells ringing. Felder does not indulge the reader – instead he describes reality, actual people and their problems – the reader gets what he needs. This, then, is the universality of Felder’s work: in essence, he reflects truth. Title: Franz Michael Felder: Bregenzerwälder Dorfgeschichten und Schriften; eine Erziehungsstudie Author: Stones, Richard Deal Year: 1966 This thesis [written in German] is the first known study to analyze the writings of the Austrian, Franz Michael Felder, as an educative device, which the author himself utilized to enlighten and instruct his country folk in Bregenzerwald, Vorarlberg. An attempt is made to uncover the basic message inherent in all of Felder’s works: close family relationship, high moral standards and diligence are important to him; he fights petty prejudice, meaningless tradition and hypocrisy. The many native customs peculiar to the region are, of course, immanent in his literary production and, what is particularly significant, he stages a continuous battle against the social and political pressures of the time. He sees the need for community action in pooling meager resources to combat influential outside monopolies which stifle the economy of his remote alpine region. Franz Michael Felder’s message is somber. It lacks the folksy homespun qualities observed in similar writers, such as Rosegger, Gotthelf, Hansjacob , Huggenberger, Löns, Schönherr and Ludwig Thoma. Felder educates his people to a better understanding of themselves and a greater tolerance of others. He seeks equality of rights and equal justice for everyone. With a seriously discerning attitude he probes local problems confronting his people; these he portrays in true to life situations, attempting to search the causes. While Felder does not advocate to change customs and established ways of life, he wants to better his people’s situation for their own welfare and self-improvement. Felder’s literary importance is manifold: he writes from true experience, which he incorporates into beneficial teaching for his people; Austria in its entirety and much of Europe is quite akin to the style of rural living described by Felder for the Vorarlberg. Thus he captures a true picture of nineteen-century village life with its economic and social implications. This study treats of Felder’s literary achievements only. It casually mentions his other, more visible accomplishments, such as the foundation of a dairy association, an agricultural produce co-op, a cattle insurance company, a weaving co-op. He established a library and a reading club. This he did in a relatively brief span of time for he died at the age of twenty-nine. Not only did Felder make material life easier for his countrymen, he freed them spiritually as well. The research of this thesis concludes that Felder, though relatively unknown in literature is possibly the most influential and lasting of all Vorarlberg writers. His description does not have the pastoral serenity usually peculiar to village tales; there is little to see of the pretty mountain landscapes, or the cool green meadows with rustling brooks and cowbells ringing. Felder does not indulge the reader – instead he describes reality, actual people and their problems – the reader gets what he needs. This, then, is the universality of Felder’s work: in essence, he reflects truth. Close