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• 2301. [Article] An econometric study of an oil-exporting country: the case of Iran

  The main objective of this study is to contribute toward an analytical and empirical work on the oil-based developing economy of Iran. It focuses on the aggregate behavior of the Iranian economy through ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An econometric study of an oil-exporting country: the case of Iran Author: Heiat, Abbas Year: 1986 The main objective of this study is to contribute toward an analytical and empirical work on the oil-based developing economy of Iran. It focuses on the aggregate behavior of the Iranian economy through a simple linear econometric model. After a survey of the literature on the theoretical framework of macroeconomic models for the developing countries in general, and for the oil exporting developing countries in particular, a linear econometric model for the Iranian economy is formulated and its logical and economical aspects are explained. The proposed model consists of basic consumption, production, foreign trade, and employment relationships. Estimation of the behavioral equations are carried out by Ordinary Least Square and Two Stage Least Square estimators. The model is estimated over the period of 1959-76. Data published by the Plan and Budget Organization of Iran in the 1978 edition of the "Economic Trends of Iran" are used for the estimation of the parameters of the model. Historical simulation of the model has been performed to test the validity and the fitness of the model as a whole. The results obtained from the estimation of the consumption functions seem to indicate that the aggregate Iranian consumption behavior can be best explained by Friedman's Permanent Income Hypothesis. An attempt has been made to estimate the aggregate production function of the urban sector according to various Cobb-Douglas production functions and linear production function with constant returns to scale. All of these specifications gave implausible results. In general, the results of this study demonstrate that the links between different sectors of the Iranian economy are very weak and the import substitution strategy of the government during the period of study failed to establish a genuine domestic industrial base and to reduce its dependence on foreign resources. Title: An econometric study of an oil-exporting country: the case of Iran Author: Heiat, Abbas Year: 1986 The main objective of this study is to contribute toward an analytical and empirical work on the oil-based developing economy of Iran. It focuses on the aggregate behavior of the Iranian economy through a simple linear econometric model. After a survey of the literature on the theoretical framework of macroeconomic models for the developing countries in general, and for the oil exporting developing countries in particular, a linear econometric model for the Iranian economy is formulated and its logical and economical aspects are explained. The proposed model consists of basic consumption, production, foreign trade, and employment relationships. Estimation of the behavioral equations are carried out by Ordinary Least Square and Two Stage Least Square estimators. The model is estimated over the period of 1959-76. Data published by the Plan and Budget Organization of Iran in the 1978 edition of the "Economic Trends of Iran" are used for the estimation of the parameters of the model. Historical simulation of the model has been performed to test the validity and the fitness of the model as a whole. The results obtained from the estimation of the consumption functions seem to indicate that the aggregate Iranian consumption behavior can be best explained by Friedman's Permanent Income Hypothesis. An attempt has been made to estimate the aggregate production function of the urban sector according to various Cobb-Douglas production functions and linear production function with constant returns to scale. All of these specifications gave implausible results. In general, the results of this study demonstrate that the links between different sectors of the Iranian economy are very weak and the import substitution strategy of the government during the period of study failed to establish a genuine domestic industrial base and to reduce its dependence on foreign resources. Close

• 2302. [Article] Resident Perceptions of Natural Resources between Cities and across Scales in the Pacific Northwest

  As the global population becomes increasingly urban, research is needed to explore how local culture, land use, and policy will influence urban natural resource management. We used a broad-scale comparative ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Resident Perceptions of Natural Resources between Cities and across Scales in the Pacific Northwest Author: Morzillo, Anita T., Kreakie, Betty J., Netusil, Noelwah R., Yeakley, J. Alan Year: 2016 As the global population becomes increasingly urban, research is needed to explore how local culture, land use, and policy will influence urban natural resource management. We used a broad-scale comparative approach and survey of residents within the Portland (Oregon)-Vancouver (Washington) metropolitan areas, USA, two states with similar geographical and ecological characteristics, but different approaches to land-use planning, to explore resident perceptions about natural resources at three scales of analysis: property level (“at or near my house”), neighborhood (“within a 20-minute walk from my house”), and metro level (“across the metro area”). At the metro-level scale, nonmetric multidimensional scaling revealed that the two cities were quite similar. However, affinity for particular landscape characteristics existed within each city with the greatest difference generally at the property-level scale. Portland respondents expressed affinity for large mature trees, tree-lined streets, public transportation, and proximity to stores and services. Vancouver respondents expressed affinity for plentiful accessible parking. We suggest three explanations that likely are not mutually exclusive. First, respondents are segmented based on preferences for particular amenities, such as convenience versus commuter needs. Second, historical land-use and tax policy legacies may influence individual decisions. Third, more environmentally attuned worldviews may influence an individual’s desire to produce environmentally friendly outcomes. Our findings highlight the importance of acknowledging variations in residents’ affinities for landscape characteristics across different scales and locations because these differences may influence future land-use policies about urban natural resources. Title: Resident Perceptions of Natural Resources between Cities and across Scales in the Pacific Northwest Author: Morzillo, Anita T., Kreakie, Betty J., Netusil, Noelwah R., Yeakley, J. Alan Year: 2016 As the global population becomes increasingly urban, research is needed to explore how local culture, land use, and policy will influence urban natural resource management. We used a broad-scale comparative approach and survey of residents within the Portland (Oregon)-Vancouver (Washington) metropolitan areas, USA, two states with similar geographical and ecological characteristics, but different approaches to land-use planning, to explore resident perceptions about natural resources at three scales of analysis: property level (“at or near my house”), neighborhood (“within a 20-minute walk from my house”), and metro level (“across the metro area”). At the metro-level scale, nonmetric multidimensional scaling revealed that the two cities were quite similar. However, affinity for particular landscape characteristics existed within each city with the greatest difference generally at the property-level scale. Portland respondents expressed affinity for large mature trees, tree-lined streets, public transportation, and proximity to stores and services. Vancouver respondents expressed affinity for plentiful accessible parking. We suggest three explanations that likely are not mutually exclusive. First, respondents are segmented based on preferences for particular amenities, such as convenience versus commuter needs. Second, historical land-use and tax policy legacies may influence individual decisions. Third, more environmentally attuned worldviews may influence an individual’s desire to produce environmentally friendly outcomes. Our findings highlight the importance of acknowledging variations in residents’ affinities for landscape characteristics across different scales and locations because these differences may influence future land-use policies about urban natural resources. Close

• 2303. [Article] Stacking Functions: Identifying Motivational Frames Guiding Urban Agriculture Organizations and Businesses in the United States and Canada

  While a growing body of scholarship identifies urban agriculture's broad suite of benefits and drivers, it remains unclear how motivations to engage in urban agriculture (UA) interrelate or how they differ ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stacking Functions: Identifying Motivational Frames Guiding Urban Agriculture Organizations and Businesses in the United States and Canada Author: McClintock, Nathan, Simpson, Michael Year: 2017 While a growing body of scholarship identifies urban agriculture's broad suite of benefits and drivers, it remains unclear how motivations to engage in urban agriculture (UA) interrelate or how they differ across cities and types of organizations. In this paper, we draw on survey responses collected from more than 250 UA organizations and businesses from 84 cities across the United States and Canada. Synthesizing the results of our quantitative analysis of responses (including principal components analysis), qualitative analysis of textual data excerpted from open-ended responses, and a review of existing literature, we describe six motivational frames that appear to guide organizations and businesses in their UA practice: Entrepreneurial, Sustainable Development, Educational, Eco-Centric, DIY Secessionist, and Radical. Identifying how practitioners stack functions and frame their work is a first step in helping to differentiate the diverse and often contradictory efforts transforming urban food environments. We demonstrate that a wide range of objectives impact how urban agriculturalists practice UA and that political orientations and discourses differ across geographies, organizational type and size, and funding regime. These six paradigms provide a basic framework for understanding UA that can guide more in-depth studies of the gap between intentions and outcomes, while helping link historically and geographically specific insights to wider social and political economic processes. Title: Stacking Functions: Identifying Motivational Frames Guiding Urban Agriculture Organizations and Businesses in the United States and Canada Author: McClintock, Nathan, Simpson, Michael Year: 2017 While a growing body of scholarship identifies urban agriculture's broad suite of benefits and drivers, it remains unclear how motivations to engage in urban agriculture (UA) interrelate or how they differ across cities and types of organizations. In this paper, we draw on survey responses collected from more than 250 UA organizations and businesses from 84 cities across the United States and Canada. Synthesizing the results of our quantitative analysis of responses (including principal components analysis), qualitative analysis of textual data excerpted from open-ended responses, and a review of existing literature, we describe six motivational frames that appear to guide organizations and businesses in their UA practice: Entrepreneurial, Sustainable Development, Educational, Eco-Centric, DIY Secessionist, and Radical. Identifying how practitioners stack functions and frame their work is a first step in helping to differentiate the diverse and often contradictory efforts transforming urban food environments. We demonstrate that a wide range of objectives impact how urban agriculturalists practice UA and that political orientations and discourses differ across geographies, organizational type and size, and funding regime. These six paradigms provide a basic framework for understanding UA that can guide more in-depth studies of the gap between intentions and outcomes, while helping link historically and geographically specific insights to wider social and political economic processes. Close

• 2304. [Article] South Korean Teachers' Beliefs about Diversity: the Impact on Practice of Multicultural Education

  Teachers in South Korean schools have begun to pay attention to the importance of multicultural education as Korea transforms into a multicultural society from a historically mono culture society. Because ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: South Korean Teachers' Beliefs about Diversity: the Impact on Practice of Multicultural Education Author: Yeo, Marie Year: 2016 Teachers in South Korean schools have begun to pay attention to the importance of multicultural education as Korea transforms into a multicultural society from a historically mono culture society. Because of Koreans' pride in the homogeneity of their race, language, and culture, multiculturalism is an idea that is hard for many to accept. Education needs to play a key role in fostering and retaining the value of diversity. Studies suggest that teachers' positive beliefs about diversity play a significant role to develop their multicultural competence and eventually to practice better multicultural education. The problem is little evidence exists in the literature about Korean teachers' beliefs about diversity. The purpose of this study was to examine South Korean teachers' beliefs about diversity, the factors that influence those beliefs, and the impact of those beliefs on their practice of multicultural education teaching. I used a mixed methods research approach which included surveys among a group of elementary teachers in South Korea and interviews with six teachers to examine their beliefs about diversity in more depth. Results indicated that for teachers in this study: (a) intercultural experiences positively influenced Korean teachers' beliefs about diversity; and (b) teachers' beliefs about diversity had a significant impact on their practice of multicultural teaching. Based on the findings, I suggest that teacher education programs provide meaningful intercultural experiences and support teachers to develop positive beliefs about diversity, and eventually, to practice better multicultural education in South Korea. Title: South Korean Teachers' Beliefs about Diversity: the Impact on Practice of Multicultural Education Author: Yeo, Marie Year: 2016 Teachers in South Korean schools have begun to pay attention to the importance of multicultural education as Korea transforms into a multicultural society from a historically mono culture society. Because of Koreans' pride in the homogeneity of their race, language, and culture, multiculturalism is an idea that is hard for many to accept. Education needs to play a key role in fostering and retaining the value of diversity. Studies suggest that teachers' positive beliefs about diversity play a significant role to develop their multicultural competence and eventually to practice better multicultural education. The problem is little evidence exists in the literature about Korean teachers' beliefs about diversity. The purpose of this study was to examine South Korean teachers' beliefs about diversity, the factors that influence those beliefs, and the impact of those beliefs on their practice of multicultural education teaching. I used a mixed methods research approach which included surveys among a group of elementary teachers in South Korea and interviews with six teachers to examine their beliefs about diversity in more depth. Results indicated that for teachers in this study: (a) intercultural experiences positively influenced Korean teachers' beliefs about diversity; and (b) teachers' beliefs about diversity had a significant impact on their practice of multicultural teaching. Based on the findings, I suggest that teacher education programs provide meaningful intercultural experiences and support teachers to develop positive beliefs about diversity, and eventually, to practice better multicultural education in South Korea. Close

• 2305. [Article] Portland Public Schools Enrollment Forecasts, 2011-12 to 2025-26, Based on October 2010 Enrollments

  In Fall 2011, Portland Public Schools (PPS) enrolled 46,206 students in grades K-12, an increase of 465 students from Fall 2010. This is the third consecutive year of enrollment growth, following 12 consecutive ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Portland Public Schools Enrollment Forecasts, 2011-12 to 2025-26, Based on October 2010 Enrollments Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Rynerson, Charles, Siu, Vivian, West, David Year: 2011 In Fall 2011, Portland Public Schools (PPS) enrolled 46,206 students in grades K-12, an increase of 465 students from Fall 2010. This is the third consecutive year of enrollment growth, following 12 consecutive years of enrollment losses that occurred between 1996- 97 and 2008-09. For the three year period since 2008-09, PPS K-12 enrollment has grown by 1,182 students, or 2.6 percent. In seven of the past eight years, actual K-12 enrollment in the first year of the forecast has been within 300 students of the medium scenario characterized as the “most likely” Enrollment Forecast in reports similar to this one. However, in all eight of those years actual enrollment was higher than the one year medium scenario forecast. Fall 2011 K- 12 enrollment was 227 students (0.5 percent) higher than the medium scenario forecast but 27 students (0.1 percent) lower than the high scenario forecast prepared in Spring 2011. The Enrollment Forecasts in this report were prepared in Spring and Summer 2011, based on historic enrollment data from 2010-11 and previous years. However, the entire report was not ready for publication until after 2011-12 enrollment data became available. This preface briefly addresses the district-wide trends observed in 2011-12 and evaluates the forecasts in the short term. The next report will include more analysis of enrollment trends with respect to area demographics and trends within sub-areas such as high school clusters. The 2011-12 enrollment figures in this preface were published by the District on November 18, 2011. Title: Portland Public Schools Enrollment Forecasts, 2011-12 to 2025-26, Based on October 2010 Enrollments Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Rynerson, Charles, Siu, Vivian, West, David Year: 2011 In Fall 2011, Portland Public Schools (PPS) enrolled 46,206 students in grades K-12, an increase of 465 students from Fall 2010. This is the third consecutive year of enrollment growth, following 12 consecutive years of enrollment losses that occurred between 1996- 97 and 2008-09. For the three year period since 2008-09, PPS K-12 enrollment has grown by 1,182 students, or 2.6 percent. In seven of the past eight years, actual K-12 enrollment in the first year of the forecast has been within 300 students of the medium scenario characterized as the “most likely” Enrollment Forecast in reports similar to this one. However, in all eight of those years actual enrollment was higher than the one year medium scenario forecast. Fall 2011 K- 12 enrollment was 227 students (0.5 percent) higher than the medium scenario forecast but 27 students (0.1 percent) lower than the high scenario forecast prepared in Spring 2011. The Enrollment Forecasts in this report were prepared in Spring and Summer 2011, based on historic enrollment data from 2010-11 and previous years. However, the entire report was not ready for publication until after 2011-12 enrollment data became available. This preface briefly addresses the district-wide trends observed in 2011-12 and evaluates the forecasts in the short term. The next report will include more analysis of enrollment trends with respect to area demographics and trends within sub-areas such as high school clusters. The 2011-12 enrollment figures in this preface were published by the District on November 18, 2011. Close

• 2306. [Article] Portland Public Schools Enrollment Forecasts, 2008-09, Based on October 2007 Enrollments

  The Enrollment Forecasts in this report were prepared in Spring 2008, based on historic enrollment data from Fall 2007 and previous years. However, the entire report was not ready for publication until ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Portland Public Schools Enrollment Forecasts, 2008-09, Based on October 2007 Enrollments Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Rynerson, Charles, Siu, Vivian, Proehl, Risa, Lycan, Richard, Hough, George C., Jr. Year: 2009 The Enrollment Forecasts in this report were prepared in Spring 2008, based on historic enrollment data from Fall 2007 and previous years. However, the entire report was not ready for publication until after the Fall 2008 enrollment data became available. This preface briefly addresses the district-wide trends observed in Fall 2008 and evaluates the forecasts in the short term. The next report will include more analysis of enrollment trends with respect to area demographics and trends within sub-areas such as high school clusters. In Fall 2008, Portland Public Schools (PPS) enrolled 45,024 students in grades K-12, only 59 fewer students than in Fall 2007. This small loss (one tenth of one percent) extends the string of enrollment losses to 12 years, but is unlike the much larger losses of the previous 11 years. This year’s K-12 enrollment should be characterized as essentially stable compared with last year’s. Title: Portland Public Schools Enrollment Forecasts, 2008-09, Based on October 2007 Enrollments Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Rynerson, Charles, Siu, Vivian, Proehl, Risa, Lycan, Richard, Hough, George C., Jr. Year: 2009 The Enrollment Forecasts in this report were prepared in Spring 2008, based on historic enrollment data from Fall 2007 and previous years. However, the entire report was not ready for publication until after the Fall 2008 enrollment data became available. This preface briefly addresses the district-wide trends observed in Fall 2008 and evaluates the forecasts in the short term. The next report will include more analysis of enrollment trends with respect to area demographics and trends within sub-areas such as high school clusters. In Fall 2008, Portland Public Schools (PPS) enrolled 45,024 students in grades K-12, only 59 fewer students than in Fall 2007. This small loss (one tenth of one percent) extends the string of enrollment losses to 12 years, but is unlike the much larger losses of the previous 11 years. This year’s K-12 enrollment should be characterized as essentially stable compared with last year’s. Close

• 2307. [Article] Canby School District: Enrollment Forecast Update 2008-09 to 2012-13

  The Canby School District (CSD) enrolled 5,154 students in Fall 2007, an increase of 79 students (1.6 percent) from Fall 2006. Most of the increase is directly attributable to families living in new housing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Canby School District: Enrollment Forecast Update 2008-09 to 2012-13 Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Rynerson, Charles, Siu, Vivian Year: 2008 The Canby School District (CSD) enrolled 5,154 students in Fall 2007, an increase of 79 students (1.6 percent) from Fall 2006. Most of the increase is directly attributable to families living in new housing developed within the District. A relatively large incoming kindergarten class also played a role in the growth. This report presents the results of an updated demographic study conducted by the Portland State University Population Research Center (PRC). The study includes analysis of population, housing and enrollment trends affecting the District in recent years and forecasts of district-wide and individual school enrollments for the 2008-09 to 2012-13 school years. We forecast relatively stable K-12 enrollment totals for the next five years. Based on historic trends in births, migration, and housing construction and our judgment of future trends, we conclude that the average enrollment changes of the next five years are most likely to fall between the large loss that occurred in 2006-07 and the growth that occurred in 2007-08. We are also forecasting relatively stable elementary enrollment, but middle school enrollments are likely to increase and high school enrollments decrease due to the sizes of current classes advancing through secondary schools. Title: Canby School District: Enrollment Forecast Update 2008-09 to 2012-13 Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Rynerson, Charles, Siu, Vivian Year: 2008 The Canby School District (CSD) enrolled 5,154 students in Fall 2007, an increase of 79 students (1.6 percent) from Fall 2006. Most of the increase is directly attributable to families living in new housing developed within the District. A relatively large incoming kindergarten class also played a role in the growth. This report presents the results of an updated demographic study conducted by the Portland State University Population Research Center (PRC). The study includes analysis of population, housing and enrollment trends affecting the District in recent years and forecasts of district-wide and individual school enrollments for the 2008-09 to 2012-13 school years. We forecast relatively stable K-12 enrollment totals for the next five years. Based on historic trends in births, migration, and housing construction and our judgment of future trends, we conclude that the average enrollment changes of the next five years are most likely to fall between the large loss that occurred in 2006-07 and the growth that occurred in 2007-08. We are also forecasting relatively stable elementary enrollment, but middle school enrollments are likely to increase and high school enrollments decrease due to the sizes of current classes advancing through secondary schools. Close

• 2308. [Article] Portland Public Schools Enrollment Forecasts, 2009-10 to 2020-21, Based on October 2008 Enrollments

  The Enrollment Forecasts in this report were prepared in Spring and Summer 2009, based on historic enrollment data from Fall 2008 and previous years. However, the entire report was not ready for publication ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Portland Public Schools Enrollment Forecasts, 2009-10 to 2020-21, Based on October 2008 Enrollments Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Rynerson, Charles, Siu, Vivian, Gu, Danan, Lycan, Richard, Radin, Kenneth Year: 2009 The Enrollment Forecasts in this report were prepared in Spring and Summer 2009, based on historic enrollment data from Fall 2008 and previous years. However, the entire report was not ready for publication until after preliminary Fall 2009 enrollment data became available. This preface briefly addresses the district-wide trends observed in Fall 2009 and evaluates the forecasts in the short term. The next report will include more analysis of enrollment trends with respect to area demographics and trends within subareas such as high school clusters. All 2009-10 enrollment figures are preliminary figures as of October 1, tabulated by the District on November 5, 2009. In Fall 2009, Portland Public Schools (PPS) enrolled 45,747 students in grades K-12, an increase of 723 students from Fall 2008. This growth breaks the string of 12 consecutive years of enrollment losses and represents the District’s biggest growth since 1992. In each of the previous five years, the medium scenarios characterized as the “most likely” Enrollment Forecasts in reports similar to this one were within 300 students of actual K-12 enrollment in the first year of the forecast. This year, K-12 enrollment is about 700 students above the medium scenario prepared in Spring 2009. Title: Portland Public Schools Enrollment Forecasts, 2009-10 to 2020-21, Based on October 2008 Enrollments Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Rynerson, Charles, Siu, Vivian, Gu, Danan, Lycan, Richard, Radin, Kenneth Year: 2009 The Enrollment Forecasts in this report were prepared in Spring and Summer 2009, based on historic enrollment data from Fall 2008 and previous years. However, the entire report was not ready for publication until after preliminary Fall 2009 enrollment data became available. This preface briefly addresses the district-wide trends observed in Fall 2009 and evaluates the forecasts in the short term. The next report will include more analysis of enrollment trends with respect to area demographics and trends within subareas such as high school clusters. All 2009-10 enrollment figures are preliminary figures as of October 1, tabulated by the District on November 5, 2009. In Fall 2009, Portland Public Schools (PPS) enrolled 45,747 students in grades K-12, an increase of 723 students from Fall 2008. This growth breaks the string of 12 consecutive years of enrollment losses and represents the District’s biggest growth since 1992. In each of the previous five years, the medium scenarios characterized as the “most likely” Enrollment Forecasts in reports similar to this one were within 300 students of actual K-12 enrollment in the first year of the forecast. This year, K-12 enrollment is about 700 students above the medium scenario prepared in Spring 2009. Close

• 2309. [Article] Poleward flow off central California during the spring and summer of 1981 and 1984

  Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Poleward flow off central California during the spring and summer of 1981 and 1984 Author: Chelton, Dudley B., Bernstein, Robert L., Bratkovich, Alan W., Kosro, P. Michael, 1951- Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Title: Poleward flow off central California during the spring and summer of 1981 and 1984 Author: Chelton, Dudley B., Bernstein, Robert L., Bratkovich, Alan W., Kosro, P. Michael, 1951- Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Close

• 2310. [Article] Private timber harvest potential in Eastern Oregon

  Growing stock inventory on industrial and nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) lands in eastern Oregon has declined over the past 20 yr, as harvesting and mortality losses to insects and disease have outpaced ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Private timber harvest potential in Eastern Oregon Author: Latta, Gregory S., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Adams, Darius Mainard, 1944- Growing stock inventory on industrial and nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) lands in eastern Oregon has declined over the past 20 yr, as harvesting and mortality losses to insects and disease have outpaced growth. Over the same time period, harvest rates on private lands have varied, with no distinct trend to the variation. In the most recent survey (1999), industrial and NIPF inventories differed by less than 8% (1.786 billion ft³ versus 1.655 billion ft³), while the NIPF timberland base was only two-thirds of the industrial base (1.105 million ac versus 1.603 million ac). This study employs recent inventories and even-flow and market-based harvest simulators to develop projections of future harvest potentials. For industrial lands, even-flow and market-based projections of future harvest potential over the next 50 yr are approximately half of average harvests over the past 40 yr. For NIPF lands the even-flow projection is 20% higher than the historical harvest average, while the market-based projection indicates potential for a substantial but short-lived increase in near-term harvest. Inventories on industrial lands rise under both projections, while NIPF inventories remain fairly stable. Continued loss of land from NIPF ownerships to other owners and uses has limited influence on the market-based NIPF harvest projection until after 2050. A simulated policy of expanded riparian protection zones reduces harvest on both ownerships roughly in proportion to the area removed from the harvestable land base. A simulated requirement to retain 30% more residual volume in partially cut stands reduces harvest by 5% on combined private ownerships and increases total inventory by 13% after 50 yr. Title: Private timber harvest potential in Eastern Oregon Author: Latta, Gregory S., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Adams, Darius Mainard, 1944- Growing stock inventory on industrial and nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) lands in eastern Oregon has declined over the past 20 yr, as harvesting and mortality losses to insects and disease have outpaced growth. Over the same time period, harvest rates on private lands have varied, with no distinct trend to the variation. In the most recent survey (1999), industrial and NIPF inventories differed by less than 8% (1.786 billion ft³ versus 1.655 billion ft³), while the NIPF timberland base was only two-thirds of the industrial base (1.105 million ac versus 1.603 million ac). This study employs recent inventories and even-flow and market-based harvest simulators to develop projections of future harvest potentials. For industrial lands, even-flow and market-based projections of future harvest potential over the next 50 yr are approximately half of average harvests over the past 40 yr. For NIPF lands the even-flow projection is 20% higher than the historical harvest average, while the market-based projection indicates potential for a substantial but short-lived increase in near-term harvest. Inventories on industrial lands rise under both projections, while NIPF inventories remain fairly stable. Continued loss of land from NIPF ownerships to other owners and uses has limited influence on the market-based NIPF harvest projection until after 2050. A simulated policy of expanded riparian protection zones reduces harvest on both ownerships roughly in proportion to the area removed from the harvestable land base. A simulated requirement to retain 30% more residual volume in partially cut stands reduces harvest by 5% on combined private ownerships and increases total inventory by 13% after 50 yr. Close

• 2311. [Article] Building a More Diverse Skilled Workforce in the Highway Trades: Are Oregon’s Current Efforts Working?

  Jobs in the highway construction trades have historically been primarily held by white men and largely remain so today; of those completing apprenticeships in the highway trades in Oregon between 2011 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Building a More Diverse Skilled Workforce in the Highway Trades: Are Oregon’s Current Efforts Working? Author: Burd-Sharps, Sarah, Lewis, Kristen, Kelly, Maura Year: 2014 Jobs in the highway construction trades have historically been primarily held by white men and largely remain so today; of those completing apprenticeships in the highway trades in Oregon between 2011 and early 2014, 83.4 percent were white men. Building a more diverse skilled workforce and making careers in these trades more accessible and appealing to women and people of color has proven challenging. The state’s Bureau of Labor and Industries (BOLI), in collaboration with the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT), in 2010 began a statewide effort—the Highway Construction Workforce Development Program—to find, train, and employ a diverse workforce for highway construction jobs throughout the state. The program provides mentoring and four services designed to help workers overcome commonly identified barriers to participation in the heavy highway trades: financial support for childcare; fuel assistance; support for tools, clothes and other required equipment; and overnight travel expenses for jobs. This paper provides the findings of an assessment of these efforts using data on trends in the Oregon heavy highway workforce from the Oregon Apprenticeship System, a phone survey of current and past highway apprentices conducted in early 2014, and a review of the experiences of others states in this area. Title: Building a More Diverse Skilled Workforce in the Highway Trades: Are Oregon’s Current Efforts Working? Author: Burd-Sharps, Sarah, Lewis, Kristen, Kelly, Maura Year: 2014 Jobs in the highway construction trades have historically been primarily held by white men and largely remain so today; of those completing apprenticeships in the highway trades in Oregon between 2011 and early 2014, 83.4 percent were white men. Building a more diverse skilled workforce and making careers in these trades more accessible and appealing to women and people of color has proven challenging. The state’s Bureau of Labor and Industries (BOLI), in collaboration with the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT), in 2010 began a statewide effort—the Highway Construction Workforce Development Program—to find, train, and employ a diverse workforce for highway construction jobs throughout the state. The program provides mentoring and four services designed to help workers overcome commonly identified barriers to participation in the heavy highway trades: financial support for childcare; fuel assistance; support for tools, clothes and other required equipment; and overnight travel expenses for jobs. This paper provides the findings of an assessment of these efforts using data on trends in the Oregon heavy highway workforce from the Oregon Apprenticeship System, a phone survey of current and past highway apprentices conducted in early 2014, and a review of the experiences of others states in this area. Close

• 2312. [Article] Faces of a Growing Community: A Profile of the Hispanic Population of Hillsboro, Oregon

  Shortly after World War II, Mexican immigrants began moving to the Hillsboro area to take jobs as farm workers. Since 1980, the Hispanic population ofHillsboro has quintupled, and now exceeds 10% ofthe ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Faces of a Growing Community: A Profile of the Hispanic Population of Hillsboro, Oregon Author: Bannon, Sean, Boroski, John, Carter, Thomas E., Jimenez-Roig, Cristina, Seltzer, Dan Year: 1997 Shortly after World War II, Mexican immigrants began moving to the Hillsboro area to take jobs as farm workers. Since 1980, the Hispanic population ofHillsboro has quintupled, and now exceeds 10% ofthe total. Historically, though, Hillsboro's Hispanic residents have had little involvement in planning or other government issues. In keeping with Statewide Planning Goal One (citizen participation), the Hillsboro city government is seeking to incorporate the values and attitudes ofits Hispanic residents in the city's vision for the future. Discovering the characteristics, needs, and aspirations ofthe Hispanic community is a first step in involving Hispanic people in planning and in government generally. With this discovery as the goal, students from the Master of Urban and Regional Planning program at Portland State University have studied Hillsboro's Hispanic community for the Hillsboro Planning Department. This study contacted over 50 Hispanic community members, as well as many people who work with Hispanics in or near Hillsboro. Not all contacts live in Hillsboro, but the study found that the Hillsboro's Hispanic community extends beyond city boundaries. Information about the community comes from literature about Hispanic culture and Hispanic-Americans, census and other secondary data, four student-led group discussions, a community meeting at Centro Cultural in Cornelius, numerous individual interviews, a questionnaire survey, and even a call-in Spanish-language radio show. The study revealed a close-knit, family-oriented community growing in Hillsboro. It possesses unique characteristics as well as characteristics shared with other recently-immigrated groups. Some ofthese characteristics lend strength and vitality to the Hispanic community, while others pose challenges to the community's development. Title: Faces of a Growing Community: A Profile of the Hispanic Population of Hillsboro, Oregon Author: Bannon, Sean, Boroski, John, Carter, Thomas E., Jimenez-Roig, Cristina, Seltzer, Dan Year: 1997 Shortly after World War II, Mexican immigrants began moving to the Hillsboro area to take jobs as farm workers. Since 1980, the Hispanic population ofHillsboro has quintupled, and now exceeds 10% ofthe total. Historically, though, Hillsboro's Hispanic residents have had little involvement in planning or other government issues. In keeping with Statewide Planning Goal One (citizen participation), the Hillsboro city government is seeking to incorporate the values and attitudes ofits Hispanic residents in the city's vision for the future. Discovering the characteristics, needs, and aspirations ofthe Hispanic community is a first step in involving Hispanic people in planning and in government generally. With this discovery as the goal, students from the Master of Urban and Regional Planning program at Portland State University have studied Hillsboro's Hispanic community for the Hillsboro Planning Department. This study contacted over 50 Hispanic community members, as well as many people who work with Hispanics in or near Hillsboro. Not all contacts live in Hillsboro, but the study found that the Hillsboro's Hispanic community extends beyond city boundaries. Information about the community comes from literature about Hispanic culture and Hispanic-Americans, census and other secondary data, four student-led group discussions, a community meeting at Centro Cultural in Cornelius, numerous individual interviews, a questionnaire survey, and even a call-in Spanish-language radio show. The study revealed a close-knit, family-oriented community growing in Hillsboro. It possesses unique characteristics as well as characteristics shared with other recently-immigrated groups. Some ofthese characteristics lend strength and vitality to the Hispanic community, while others pose challenges to the community's development. Close

• 2313. [Article] Is Portland Really the Place Where Young People Go To Retire? Analyzing Labor Market Outcomes for Portland’s Young and College-Educated

  Few segments of the population are more critical to Portland’s future economic vitality than the young and college‐educated (YCE). In the last several decades the Portland metropolitan region has become ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Is Portland Really the Place Where Young People Go To Retire? Analyzing Labor Market Outcomes for Portland’s Young and College-Educated Author: Jurjevich, Jason R., Schrock, Greg Year: 2012 Few segments of the population are more critical to Portland’s future economic vitality than the young and college‐educated (YCE). In the last several decades the Portland metropolitan region has become a magnet for YCEs nationally, boasting one of the country’s highest net migration rates for college‐educated individuals under the age of 40, a trend that has continued in good economic times and bad. The infusion of human capital from other regions has undoubtedly been a benefit to Portland, especially given Oregon’s historically low levels of investment in higher education. However, in recent years there has been growing concern about the poor labor market prospects for Portland’s YCEs, in particular the problem of underemployment. The television show Portlandia has amusingly captured this concern, dubbing the city "the place where young people go to retire." To the extent that Portland’s YCEs face a chronically difficult job market, there is cause for concern that college graduates will stop moving to Portland, or that those who have moved here won’t stay. Title: Is Portland Really the Place Where Young People Go To Retire? Analyzing Labor Market Outcomes for Portland’s Young and College-Educated Author: Jurjevich, Jason R., Schrock, Greg Year: 2012 Few segments of the population are more critical to Portland’s future economic vitality than the young and college‐educated (YCE). In the last several decades the Portland metropolitan region has become a magnet for YCEs nationally, boasting one of the country’s highest net migration rates for college‐educated individuals under the age of 40, a trend that has continued in good economic times and bad. The infusion of human capital from other regions has undoubtedly been a benefit to Portland, especially given Oregon’s historically low levels of investment in higher education. However, in recent years there has been growing concern about the poor labor market prospects for Portland’s YCEs, in particular the problem of underemployment. The television show Portlandia has amusingly captured this concern, dubbing the city "the place where young people go to retire." To the extent that Portland’s YCEs face a chronically difficult job market, there is cause for concern that college graduates will stop moving to Portland, or that those who have moved here won’t stay. Close

• 2314. [Article] Oregon Manufacturing Extension Partnership: Economic Impact Analysis December 2016 Update

  The Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP), founded in 1988, is a network of non-profit agencies staffed by industry professionals and consultants. Historically, MEP has sought to increase ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Manufacturing Extension Partnership: Economic Impact Analysis December 2016 Update Author: Nguyen, Hieu, Willingham, Emma, Hulseman, Peter Year: 2016 The Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP), founded in 1988, is a network of non-profit agencies staffed by industry professionals and consultants. Historically, MEP has sought to increase the competitiveness of small to mid-size enterprises (which as a group comprise 99% of all U.S. manufacturing firms) by providing expert guidance and access to resources. In recent years, the severe economic recession sparked increased interest in the strength of the manufacturing sector, due to its longtime status as one of the major drivers of the domestic economy. Oregon Manufacturing Extension Partnership (OMEP), the Oregon branch of MEP, works to provide data-driven analysis and consulting services within the state, improving productivity and competitiveness on both a local and international scale. The Northwest Economic Research Center has provided three previous analyses of OMEP’s contribution to regional manufacturing, using data collected from participating firms to estimate OMEP’s impact on output, employment, and tax revenues. This fourth report carries the analysis forward into 2015. The survey data consists of firm-level estimates of OMEP contributions to sales, employment, investment, and new product development (relative to expected production levels without OMEP). NERC used the industry-standard modelling software package IMPLAN, which produces estimates of the total impact of OMEP across multiple sectors, considering both direct and indirect effects. Title: Oregon Manufacturing Extension Partnership: Economic Impact Analysis December 2016 Update Author: Nguyen, Hieu, Willingham, Emma, Hulseman, Peter Year: 2016 The Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP), founded in 1988, is a network of non-profit agencies staffed by industry professionals and consultants. Historically, MEP has sought to increase the competitiveness of small to mid-size enterprises (which as a group comprise 99% of all U.S. manufacturing firms) by providing expert guidance and access to resources. In recent years, the severe economic recession sparked increased interest in the strength of the manufacturing sector, due to its longtime status as one of the major drivers of the domestic economy. Oregon Manufacturing Extension Partnership (OMEP), the Oregon branch of MEP, works to provide data-driven analysis and consulting services within the state, improving productivity and competitiveness on both a local and international scale. The Northwest Economic Research Center has provided three previous analyses of OMEP’s contribution to regional manufacturing, using data collected from participating firms to estimate OMEP’s impact on output, employment, and tax revenues. This fourth report carries the analysis forward into 2015. The survey data consists of firm-level estimates of OMEP contributions to sales, employment, investment, and new product development (relative to expected production levels without OMEP). NERC used the industry-standard modelling software package IMPLAN, which produces estimates of the total impact of OMEP across multiple sectors, considering both direct and indirect effects. Close

• 2315. [Article] Rivers of Steel: The Economic Development of Seattle During the Rail Age, 1870-1920

  The Pacific Northwest experienced massive urban development and growth in population from 1870 to 1920. The railroad was a key factor contributing to the influx of people and expansion of the built environment. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rivers of Steel: The Economic Development of Seattle During the Rail Age, 1870-1920 Author: Loehlein, Neil T. Year: 2014 The Pacific Northwest experienced massive urban development and growth in population from 1870 to 1920. The railroad was a key factor contributing to the influx of people and expansion of the built environment. The rival port towns around the Washington Territory’s Puget Sound all strove to become the dominant center of trade. As the pattern of railroads expanded, this new mode of transportation would have a significant effect on which ports would prosper and which would languish. This paper will show that the rail network that developed between 1873 and 1893 would come to favor Seattle at a critical point in history: just before the Klondike Gold Rush. But as the railroads shaped the development of the Sound, other factors shaped the pattern of the rails as well. Seattle was able to play an early role as a local supply hub because of its early start as a community, central location, and strong maritime trade. The city’s proximity to large and high quality coal deposits also played a role its development and the extension of local rail lines. Seattle’s role as trade hub and local rail network created the infrastructure necessary to convince the Great Northern transcontinental railroad to make the city its terminus, nullifying the competitive advantage of its main rival on the sound, Tacoma. The railroad network that developed during this period further entrenched Seattle’s role as the trading hub of Puget Sound, which played a crucial role in the city’s rise to become the dominant port on the sound. This paper contributes to the historical analysis of Seattle’s early days as a burgeoning port town by surveying the works of scholars and providing a new perspective on the driving forces in Seattle’s rise to economic supremacy. Title: Rivers of Steel: The Economic Development of Seattle During the Rail Age, 1870-1920 Author: Loehlein, Neil T. Year: 2014 The Pacific Northwest experienced massive urban development and growth in population from 1870 to 1920. The railroad was a key factor contributing to the influx of people and expansion of the built environment. The rival port towns around the Washington Territory’s Puget Sound all strove to become the dominant center of trade. As the pattern of railroads expanded, this new mode of transportation would have a significant effect on which ports would prosper and which would languish. This paper will show that the rail network that developed between 1873 and 1893 would come to favor Seattle at a critical point in history: just before the Klondike Gold Rush. But as the railroads shaped the development of the Sound, other factors shaped the pattern of the rails as well. Seattle was able to play an early role as a local supply hub because of its early start as a community, central location, and strong maritime trade. The city’s proximity to large and high quality coal deposits also played a role its development and the extension of local rail lines. Seattle’s role as trade hub and local rail network created the infrastructure necessary to convince the Great Northern transcontinental railroad to make the city its terminus, nullifying the competitive advantage of its main rival on the sound, Tacoma. The railroad network that developed during this period further entrenched Seattle’s role as the trading hub of Puget Sound, which played a crucial role in the city’s rise to become the dominant port on the sound. This paper contributes to the historical analysis of Seattle’s early days as a burgeoning port town by surveying the works of scholars and providing a new perspective on the driving forces in Seattle’s rise to economic supremacy. Close

• 2316. [Article] Cooperative Learning Through Storytelling and The Plant World

  At a time when young people are disengaging in school, how do we begin to acknowledge that we, as a nation have failed them and how might we look at storytelling and the plant world to establish more inclusive ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cooperative Learning Through Storytelling and The Plant World Author: Hathaway, Emma Year: 2017 At a time when young people are disengaging in school, how do we begin to acknowledge that we, as a nation have failed them and how might we look at storytelling and the plant world to establish more inclusive practices in education? Data from a 2015 American Community Survey suggests that in the state of Hawaiʻi, 40% of public school 8th graders do not meet the Department of Education (DOE) standards in mathematics. This fall, the National Center for Educational Statistics noted that over half of the country’s public schools reported incidents of criminal activity. As a way to address gaps of learning in the American education system, let us engage in alternative ways by welcoming lessons from the Plant World. Matika Wilbur, of the Swinomish nation in Washington state, and award-winning photographer, teaches us that, “In the beginning, everything had a spirit.” Mayan people come from corn. Hawaiian people come from taro. We are all indigenous to some place and those places have stories of creation and how we came to be. Regardless of your beginning, these are compelling stories that teach us lessons of how we should live and share in the lands we occupy. Historical events and policies fostered by capitalism and colonialism and their consequences have marginalized youth. Metaphysical philosophies from eastern traditions conflict with western methodologies and pedagogy. Plants and their creation stories invite us to be: patient, responsible and respectful and to cultivate collaborative relationships. Title: Cooperative Learning Through Storytelling and The Plant World Author: Hathaway, Emma Year: 2017 At a time when young people are disengaging in school, how do we begin to acknowledge that we, as a nation have failed them and how might we look at storytelling and the plant world to establish more inclusive practices in education? Data from a 2015 American Community Survey suggests that in the state of Hawaiʻi, 40% of public school 8th graders do not meet the Department of Education (DOE) standards in mathematics. This fall, the National Center for Educational Statistics noted that over half of the country’s public schools reported incidents of criminal activity. As a way to address gaps of learning in the American education system, let us engage in alternative ways by welcoming lessons from the Plant World. Matika Wilbur, of the Swinomish nation in Washington state, and award-winning photographer, teaches us that, “In the beginning, everything had a spirit.” Mayan people come from corn. Hawaiian people come from taro. We are all indigenous to some place and those places have stories of creation and how we came to be. Regardless of your beginning, these are compelling stories that teach us lessons of how we should live and share in the lands we occupy. Historical events and policies fostered by capitalism and colonialism and their consequences have marginalized youth. Metaphysical philosophies from eastern traditions conflict with western methodologies and pedagogy. Plants and their creation stories invite us to be: patient, responsible and respectful and to cultivate collaborative relationships. Close

• 2317. [Article] Mapping semi-regular autonomous underwater vehicle glider observations onto a cross-shelf section

  Two Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Gliders have alternated continuous sampling of a 45-nautical mile transect line (the Newport Hydrographic Line) across the Oregon continental shelf since April, 2006. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping semi-regular autonomous underwater vehicle glider observations onto a cross-shelf section Author: Peery, Andrew Tristan Two Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Gliders have alternated continuous sampling of a 45-nautical mile transect line (the Newport Hydrographic Line) across the Oregon continental shelf since April, 2006. Strong currents (>25cm/s) push the gliders off their trajectories as they survey this transect line, preventing them from sampling the historically occupied stations exactly. Three methods were used to map the semi-regular glider data onto a cross-shelf line: (1) an algorithm that groups data by isobaths then block-averages the data, (2) an objective analysis that employs fixed along-isobath and cross-isobath correlation scales, and (3) a hybrid combination of the isobath-binning algorithm and objective analysis. To determine validity and accuracy, the mapping procedures are tested by comparison to moored observations at NH-10 on the Newport Line in 80m water depth while varying the spatial and temporal averaging scales. Isobath binning showed the best agreement with moored observations at the monthly timescale, while objective analysis showed the best agreement with moored observations at the weekly timescale. The hybrid method improved the agreement of the objective analysis at larger timescales. Title: Mapping semi-regular autonomous underwater vehicle glider observations onto a cross-shelf section Author: Peery, Andrew Tristan Two Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Gliders have alternated continuous sampling of a 45-nautical mile transect line (the Newport Hydrographic Line) across the Oregon continental shelf since April, 2006. Strong currents (>25cm/s) push the gliders off their trajectories as they survey this transect line, preventing them from sampling the historically occupied stations exactly. Three methods were used to map the semi-regular glider data onto a cross-shelf line: (1) an algorithm that groups data by isobaths then block-averages the data, (2) an objective analysis that employs fixed along-isobath and cross-isobath correlation scales, and (3) a hybrid combination of the isobath-binning algorithm and objective analysis. To determine validity and accuracy, the mapping procedures are tested by comparison to moored observations at NH-10 on the Newport Line in 80m water depth while varying the spatial and temporal averaging scales. Isobath binning showed the best agreement with moored observations at the monthly timescale, while objective analysis showed the best agreement with moored observations at the weekly timescale. The hybrid method improved the agreement of the objective analysis at larger timescales. Close

• 2318. [Article] Eruptive modes and hiatus of volcanism at West Mata seamount, NE Lau basin: 1996–2012

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Eruptive modes and hiatus of volcanism at West Mata seamount, NE Lau basin: 1996–2012 Author: Baker, Edward T., Haxel, Joseph, Dziak, Robert P., Chadwick, William W., Jr., Embley, Robert W., et al., Greene, Ron, Merle, Susan G. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/agu/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291525-2027/. Title: Eruptive modes and hiatus of volcanism at West Mata seamount, NE Lau basin: 1996–2012 Author: Baker, Edward T., Haxel, Joseph, Dziak, Robert P., Chadwick, William W., Jr., Embley, Robert W., et al., Greene, Ron, Merle, Susan G. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/agu/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291525-2027/. Close

• 2319. [Article] Effects of value self-confrontation on values and academic performance of undergraduates

  This study investigated the following question: If one wants to be a good student and then compares his/her own values with those of good students, will he/she shift values immediately to resemble those ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of value self-confrontation on values and academic performance of undergraduates Author: Seyfarth, Leonard H. This study investigated the following question: If one wants to be a good student and then compares his/her own values with those of good students, will he/she shift values immediately to resemble those of good students, and later improve academic performance? The investigator drew a sample of 237 volunteers of both sexes from a large general psychology class in a land grant university to provide data. A modified two-group pretest-posttest control group design (Campbell & Stanley, 1966) was utilized. Early in the term, groups of students were administered a three-part questionnaire. Part One, the values pretest, consisted of Rokeach's Value Survey, form E (1976, 1973). Part Two was the high or low level of value self-confrontation treatment. High treatment students (a) saw themselves as good students, and (b) compared their own values with those of previously measured good students in the course. Low treatment students (a) saw themselves as unlike high school students, and (b) compared their own values with good-student values misleadingly labelled as those of high school students. Hence, the two treatments differed only in the mind-set of the students toward the source of the comparison values. Part Three consisted of the immediate values posttest and demographic questions. The academic performance measures were the most recent GPA, and regular midterm and final examinations. The analysis was based on two values which historically had best discriminated between good and mediocre students, being self-controlled (important for good students), and pleasure (less important for good students). Analysis consisted of (a) median test using chi square on the posttest value rankings, and (b) one-way analyses of variance on midterm and final examination scores. For high treatment students, the predicted increase in the importance of being self-controlled occurred, but the predicted decline in the importance of pleasure did not. The predicted improvement in academic performance occurred on the final examination, but not on the midterm. Findings tended to support Rokeach's (1973) concentric, cognitive consistency theory of value and behavior change, and have implications for a more firmly grounded model of values education. Title: Effects of value self-confrontation on values and academic performance of undergraduates Author: Seyfarth, Leonard H. This study investigated the following question: If one wants to be a good student and then compares his/her own values with those of good students, will he/she shift values immediately to resemble those of good students, and later improve academic performance? The investigator drew a sample of 237 volunteers of both sexes from a large general psychology class in a land grant university to provide data. A modified two-group pretest-posttest control group design (Campbell & Stanley, 1966) was utilized. Early in the term, groups of students were administered a three-part questionnaire. Part One, the values pretest, consisted of Rokeach's Value Survey, form E (1976, 1973). Part Two was the high or low level of value self-confrontation treatment. High treatment students (a) saw themselves as good students, and (b) compared their own values with those of previously measured good students in the course. Low treatment students (a) saw themselves as unlike high school students, and (b) compared their own values with good-student values misleadingly labelled as those of high school students. Hence, the two treatments differed only in the mind-set of the students toward the source of the comparison values. Part Three consisted of the immediate values posttest and demographic questions. The academic performance measures were the most recent GPA, and regular midterm and final examinations. The analysis was based on two values which historically had best discriminated between good and mediocre students, being self-controlled (important for good students), and pleasure (less important for good students). Analysis consisted of (a) median test using chi square on the posttest value rankings, and (b) one-way analyses of variance on midterm and final examination scores. For high treatment students, the predicted increase in the importance of being self-controlled occurred, but the predicted decline in the importance of pleasure did not. The predicted improvement in academic performance occurred on the final examination, but not on the midterm. Findings tended to support Rokeach's (1973) concentric, cognitive consistency theory of value and behavior change, and have implications for a more firmly grounded model of values education. Close

• 2320. [Article] Fold growth due to kink-band migration in repeated earthquakes, Sierra de Villicum, San Juan, Argentina

  Growth strata geometries and deformed geomorphic surfaces reflect the shorttimescale growth of Sierra de Villicum (San Juan Province, Argentina). Accumulated deformation in repeated earthquakes is recorded ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fold growth due to kink-band migration in repeated earthquakes, Sierra de Villicum, San Juan, Argentina Author: Krugh, William C. Growth strata geometries and deformed geomorphic surfaces reflect the shorttimescale growth of Sierra de Villicum (San Juan Province, Argentina). Accumulated deformation in repeated earthquakes is recorded by the structural geometry of deformed geomorphic surfaces. Through geologic mapping and topographic surveying, six strath terraces were identified on the eastern flank of Sierra de Villicum. A comparison between the modem channel and long terrace profiles indicates that recent deformation is restricted to the eastern half of the study area. In this region, the terrace surfaces are folded - 15° from their original orientation with the fold axes of younger terraces located progressively to the east. This folding has created stepped topography that is interpreted to reflect eastward migration of an active axial surface through repeated earthquakes. Ages for the terrace surfaces were obtained through physical correlation with similar surfaces to the south of the study area. These surfaces are dated at 18700, 6800, and 1500 yr BP using cosmogenic radionuclide exposure age dating (Siame et al., 2002) Deformation rates were calculated by measuring the displacement between the preserved growth axial surface and the active axial surface for each terrace level. On the basis of the inferred terrace ages, the measured axial surface positions yields average vertical displacement rates of 1.25±0.3 mm/yr and average horizontal displacement rates of 4.6±1.0 mm/yr. The close correlation between historically documented deformation and measured fold displacements suggests the discovery of new evidence for fold growth during a devastating Ms. 7.4 earthquake in 1944. Title: Fold growth due to kink-band migration in repeated earthquakes, Sierra de Villicum, San Juan, Argentina Author: Krugh, William C. Growth strata geometries and deformed geomorphic surfaces reflect the shorttimescale growth of Sierra de Villicum (San Juan Province, Argentina). Accumulated deformation in repeated earthquakes is recorded by the structural geometry of deformed geomorphic surfaces. Through geologic mapping and topographic surveying, six strath terraces were identified on the eastern flank of Sierra de Villicum. A comparison between the modem channel and long terrace profiles indicates that recent deformation is restricted to the eastern half of the study area. In this region, the terrace surfaces are folded - 15° from their original orientation with the fold axes of younger terraces located progressively to the east. This folding has created stepped topography that is interpreted to reflect eastward migration of an active axial surface through repeated earthquakes. Ages for the terrace surfaces were obtained through physical correlation with similar surfaces to the south of the study area. These surfaces are dated at 18700, 6800, and 1500 yr BP using cosmogenic radionuclide exposure age dating (Siame et al., 2002) Deformation rates were calculated by measuring the displacement between the preserved growth axial surface and the active axial surface for each terrace level. On the basis of the inferred terrace ages, the measured axial surface positions yields average vertical displacement rates of 1.25±0.3 mm/yr and average horizontal displacement rates of 4.6±1.0 mm/yr. The close correlation between historically documented deformation and measured fold displacements suggests the discovery of new evidence for fold growth during a devastating Ms. 7.4 earthquake in 1944. Close

• 2321. [Article] Oregon's forest sector innovation system : an investigation towards advanced performance

  Innovation is a critical component for long term success of an organization. However, being innovative is rarely easy. Successful implementation of any innovation (product, process, or business system) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon's forest sector innovation system : an investigation towards advanced performance Author: Orozco, Nadine C. Innovation is a critical component for long term success of an organization. However, being innovative is rarely easy. Successful implementation of any innovation (product, process, or business system) can heavily rely on the functionality of the current innovation system in a given industry. An innovation system is composed of policies, companies, individuals, and other major actors that may play a role in the development and diffusion of an innovation into the marketplace. Historically, the forest products industry has faced numerous challenges in remaining innovative: outside forces provide few incentives or favorable policies while poor communication among industry sectors impedes creative growth from within. An in-depth analysis of why the forest sector innovation system is not performing at a higher level is therefore essential. This thesis outlines results gathered from personal interviews with industry professionals and an industry survey on key policies, incentives, organizations, and the condition of Oregon's forest sector innovation system in general. Ultimately, the research provides recommendations for an improved forest sector innovation system that can, in turn, increase competitiveness and synergies among forest sector companies, higher education, and other businesses in Oregon. Title: Oregon's forest sector innovation system : an investigation towards advanced performance Author: Orozco, Nadine C. Innovation is a critical component for long term success of an organization. However, being innovative is rarely easy. Successful implementation of any innovation (product, process, or business system) can heavily rely on the functionality of the current innovation system in a given industry. An innovation system is composed of policies, companies, individuals, and other major actors that may play a role in the development and diffusion of an innovation into the marketplace. Historically, the forest products industry has faced numerous challenges in remaining innovative: outside forces provide few incentives or favorable policies while poor communication among industry sectors impedes creative growth from within. An in-depth analysis of why the forest sector innovation system is not performing at a higher level is therefore essential. This thesis outlines results gathered from personal interviews with industry professionals and an industry survey on key policies, incentives, organizations, and the condition of Oregon's forest sector innovation system in general. Ultimately, the research provides recommendations for an improved forest sector innovation system that can, in turn, increase competitiveness and synergies among forest sector companies, higher education, and other businesses in Oregon. Close

• 2322. [Article] An evaluation of biological control of Linaria dalmatica with Mecinus janthinus in Oregon

  Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica) has become a prolific invasive plant of rangelands in Oregon since its arrival in the early 20th century. In 2001, the Oregon Department of Agriculture initiated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An evaluation of biological control of Linaria dalmatica with Mecinus janthinus in Oregon Author: Park, Alexander (Alexander Guy) Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica) has become a prolific invasive plant of rangelands in Oregon since its arrival in the early 20th century. In 2001, the Oregon Department of Agriculture initiated a release program promoting the distribution of the stem-boring weevil, Mecinus janthinus as classical biological control agent to reduce densities of Dalmatian toadflax and improve ecological integrity. This retrospective study sought to answer [1] What impact has M. janthinus had on reducing densities of Dalmatian toadflax, [2] Is M. janthinus spreading naturally to new sites, [3] Should ODA still facilitate spread of the agent, [4] If the program is successful, what is the long-term benefit acquired from this biological control program? These questions were answered using historical biological release forms and monitoring data, and a 2013 state-wide survey of Dalmatian toadflax and M. janthinus. The results show that M. janthinus has reduced average Dalmatian toadflax densities from 9.45 ± 1.34/m² prior to release, to 5.5 ± 1.1/m² after release. It was also found that the weevil has naturally migrated beyond their original release sites, and that there was no correlation between distance from release site and abundance of the weevil. These results indicate that ODA and its partners no longer need to distribute M. janthinus. Predictive modeling indicates that the current infestation of Dalmatian toadflax has reached 1% of its mean biological potential, while further expansion will be limited by the presence of M. janthinus. Reduction of plant density through biocontrol is of particular benefit to cattle production in Oregon where conventional control strategies of Dalmatian toadflax could reduce the annual value per acre of grazed land could be reduced by 6.5%. Title: An evaluation of biological control of Linaria dalmatica with Mecinus janthinus in Oregon Author: Park, Alexander (Alexander Guy) Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica) has become a prolific invasive plant of rangelands in Oregon since its arrival in the early 20th century. In 2001, the Oregon Department of Agriculture initiated a release program promoting the distribution of the stem-boring weevil, Mecinus janthinus as classical biological control agent to reduce densities of Dalmatian toadflax and improve ecological integrity. This retrospective study sought to answer [1] What impact has M. janthinus had on reducing densities of Dalmatian toadflax, [2] Is M. janthinus spreading naturally to new sites, [3] Should ODA still facilitate spread of the agent, [4] If the program is successful, what is the long-term benefit acquired from this biological control program? These questions were answered using historical biological release forms and monitoring data, and a 2013 state-wide survey of Dalmatian toadflax and M. janthinus. The results show that M. janthinus has reduced average Dalmatian toadflax densities from 9.45 ± 1.34/m² prior to release, to 5.5 ± 1.1/m² after release. It was also found that the weevil has naturally migrated beyond their original release sites, and that there was no correlation between distance from release site and abundance of the weevil. These results indicate that ODA and its partners no longer need to distribute M. janthinus. Predictive modeling indicates that the current infestation of Dalmatian toadflax has reached 1% of its mean biological potential, while further expansion will be limited by the presence of M. janthinus. Reduction of plant density through biocontrol is of particular benefit to cattle production in Oregon where conventional control strategies of Dalmatian toadflax could reduce the annual value per acre of grazed land could be reduced by 6.5%. Close

• 2323. [Article] The Promises and Perils of Building a Co-Management Regime: An Assessment of New Zealand's Efforts between 1999 and 2005

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Promises and Perils of Building a Co-Management Regime: An Assessment of New Zealand's Efforts between 1999 and 2005 Author: Yandle, Tracy Research Paper Title: The Promises and Perils of Building a Co-Management Regime: An Assessment of New Zealand's Efforts between 1999 and 2005 Author: Yandle, Tracy Research Paper Close

• 2324. [Article] Oregon commercial dungeness crab fishery : a review of the fishery, fishing fleet profile and pot limitation approaches : to supplement a discussion on development of a pot limitation system for Oregon : draft report

  "September, 2001, Updated October, 2002" - note from cover. "This report reviews the Oregon's ocean commercial Dungeness crab fishery. It provides both a present and historical evaluation of the fishery, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon commercial dungeness crab fishery : a review of the fishery, fishing fleet profile and pot limitation approaches : to supplement a discussion on development of a pot limitation system for Oregon : draft report Author: Schaefer, John, Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Marine Resources Program, Kaiser, Rod, McLean-Cooper, Nancy "September, 2001, Updated October, 2002" - note from cover. "This report reviews the Oregon's ocean commercial Dungeness crab fishery. It provides both a present and historical evaluation of the fishery, its vessel effort, and gear use, but emphasizes more recent analysis and information relevant to a discussion of pot limits. It describes a "fleet profile" for Oregon's active crab fleet, its production, gear (pot) distribution by vessel size categories, and how fleet composition and seasonal landing patterns have changed in recent years. It evaluates several possible approaches for consideration of pot limits and shows examples of those approaches in the form of a possible option with estimated gear impacts (increase or decrease in gear) of each option should it be implemented. And finally, it includes a final report on the Winter 2001 ODFW mail-out survey on pot limits that sought opinion and comment from all Oregon crab limited entry permit holders on the issue of pot limits." (from the Preface) Title: Oregon commercial dungeness crab fishery : a review of the fishery, fishing fleet profile and pot limitation approaches : to supplement a discussion on development of a pot limitation system for Oregon : draft report Author: Schaefer, John, Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Marine Resources Program, Kaiser, Rod, McLean-Cooper, Nancy "September, 2001, Updated October, 2002" - note from cover. "This report reviews the Oregon's ocean commercial Dungeness crab fishery. It provides both a present and historical evaluation of the fishery, its vessel effort, and gear use, but emphasizes more recent analysis and information relevant to a discussion of pot limits. It describes a "fleet profile" for Oregon's active crab fleet, its production, gear (pot) distribution by vessel size categories, and how fleet composition and seasonal landing patterns have changed in recent years. It evaluates several possible approaches for consideration of pot limits and shows examples of those approaches in the form of a possible option with estimated gear impacts (increase or decrease in gear) of each option should it be implemented. And finally, it includes a final report on the Winter 2001 ODFW mail-out survey on pot limits that sought opinion and comment from all Oregon crab limited entry permit holders on the issue of pot limits." (from the Preface) Close

• 2325. [Article] The seafood ecolabeling experience in France: a new a new market for lemons?

  As compared to other countries, France has been involved very lately in the discussion about fisheries ecolabelling. Reluctant to adopt the existing ecolabels, the professional organisations, the Ministry ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The seafood ecolabeling experience in France: a new a new market for lemons? Author: Perraudeau, Yves, Guillotreau, Patrice, Salladarré, Frédéric, Monfort, Marie-Christine As compared to other countries, France has been involved very lately in the discussion about fisheries ecolabelling. Reluctant to adopt the existing ecolabels, the professional organisations, the Ministry of food, agriculture and fisheries and the European Commission itself tend to create their own label guidelines to take into consideration other criteria than the mere ecological sustainability. In the meantime, some influential processors and retailing chains are involved in various initiatives covering a wide range of more or less credible emerging ecolabels. The ongoing process is therefore uncertain about the conventional standard(s) that may come out of the asymmetrical situation between the poorly informed consumers on the one hand and the current investment of the whole value chain for more or less consistent fisheries ecolabels on the other.First, a brief historical look at the various events surrounding the European and French dissemination of ecolabels is proposed in the present research, revealing the confusing emergence of a standard that could be socially accepted by the stake-holders. Secondly, from an overall survey dealing with the public image of the fishing industry in Europe (5000 interviews throughout Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Italy and Denmark), a probit model applied to the willingness of developing an ecolabel for seafood products is estimated, showing the existing gap between the social awareness of responsible fisheries requirements and the actual criteria governing the consumer behaviour when purchasing fish. Some implications for the development of ecolabeling in Europe are discussed. Title: The seafood ecolabeling experience in France: a new a new market for lemons? Author: Perraudeau, Yves, Guillotreau, Patrice, Salladarré, Frédéric, Monfort, Marie-Christine As compared to other countries, France has been involved very lately in the discussion about fisheries ecolabelling. Reluctant to adopt the existing ecolabels, the professional organisations, the Ministry of food, agriculture and fisheries and the European Commission itself tend to create their own label guidelines to take into consideration other criteria than the mere ecological sustainability. In the meantime, some influential processors and retailing chains are involved in various initiatives covering a wide range of more or less credible emerging ecolabels. The ongoing process is therefore uncertain about the conventional standard(s) that may come out of the asymmetrical situation between the poorly informed consumers on the one hand and the current investment of the whole value chain for more or less consistent fisheries ecolabels on the other.First, a brief historical look at the various events surrounding the European and French dissemination of ecolabels is proposed in the present research, revealing the confusing emergence of a standard that could be socially accepted by the stake-holders. Secondly, from an overall survey dealing with the public image of the fishing industry in Europe (5000 interviews throughout Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Italy and Denmark), a probit model applied to the willingness of developing an ecolabel for seafood products is estimated, showing the existing gap between the social awareness of responsible fisheries requirements and the actual criteria governing the consumer behaviour when purchasing fish. Some implications for the development of ecolabeling in Europe are discussed. Close

• 2326. [Article] Vegetation Change from the Euro-American Settlement Era to the Present in Relation to Environment and Disturbance in Southwest Oregon

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Northwest Scientific Association and can be found at: http://www.northwestscience.org/Default.aspx?pageId=937324. To the best ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation Change from the Euro-American Settlement Era to the Present in Relation to Environment and Disturbance in Southwest Oregon Author: Hosten, Paul E., Duren, Olivia C., Muir, Patricia S. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Northwest Scientific Association and can be found at: http://www.northwestscience.org/Default.aspx?pageId=937324. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Vegetation Change from the Euro-American Settlement Era to the Present in Relation to Environment and Disturbance in Southwest Oregon Author: Hosten, Paul E., Duren, Olivia C., Muir, Patricia S. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Northwest Scientific Association and can be found at: http://www.northwestscience.org/Default.aspx?pageId=937324. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 2327. [Article] A Bio-Economic Simulation Model for the Italian Fisheries

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Bio-Economic Simulation Model for the Italian Fisheries Author: Spagnolo, Massimo, Accadia, Paolo Research Paper Title: A Bio-Economic Simulation Model for the Italian Fisheries Author: Spagnolo, Massimo, Accadia, Paolo Research Paper Close

• 2328. [Article] Fishery Responses to Changes in Oceanic Climates: The Case of the Oregon Ocean Shrimp Fishery

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fishery Responses to Changes in Oceanic Climates: The Case of the Oregon Ocean Shrimp Fishery Author: Hannah, Robert W., Sylvia, Gil, Gallagher, Charmaine Marie Research Paper Title: Fishery Responses to Changes in Oceanic Climates: The Case of the Oregon Ocean Shrimp Fishery Author: Hannah, Robert W., Sylvia, Gil, Gallagher, Charmaine Marie Research Paper Close

• 2329. [Article] A history of the department of defense dependents schools, Okinawa, Japan, 1946-1978

  The focus of this study was to identify persistent problems in the developmental history of the American Department of Defense dependents schools in Okinawa, Japan. The period of time covered was from ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A history of the department of defense dependents schools, Okinawa, Japan, 1946-1978 Author: Brown, Harold Clifford The focus of this study was to identify persistent problems in the developmental history of the American Department of Defense dependents schools in Okinawa, Japan. The period of time covered was from 1946 through 1978. The study includes historical descriptions of curriculum development, obtaining and maintaining school facilities, and the changing ethnic composition of the student body. A review of major public laws, directives, and Congressional actions which influenced the dependents schools in Okinawa is also included. Several conclusions of the thesis are as follows: 1) Congressional site visits and surveys were a direct stimulus to improved educational programs for the overseas dependents schools; 2) staffing, facilities, increased enrollments and curriculum development problems in the dependents schools in Okinawa corresponded closely with those of the public schools located in the United States; 3) the unique features of the American dependents schools in Okinawa are the ethnic and cultural mix of the students, and the location in an Asian culture; and 4) an inordinate amount of time was spent by school officials in obtaining school facilities and logistical support. The study recommends that the Director of Dependents Schools should: 1) obtain authorization to restrict the movement of children overseas until adequate school facilities are provided; 2) systematically develop an educational program for American bilingual students in Okinawa; 3) direct school principals to include the study of Okinawan culture and language in the curriculum, and administratively support more involvement of American students in Okinawan activities; 4) continue the Five-Year Curriculum Development Plan with more parent and teacher participation; and 5) establish requirements to make annual reports direct to Congressional committees on the quality of education in overseas dependents schools. The study concludes that Congressional action withdrawing the management of dependents schools overseas from military control was justified. The American armed services placed a much higher priority on their military mission than school support for dependent children of officers, enlisted men, and civilians located overseas. Title: A history of the department of defense dependents schools, Okinawa, Japan, 1946-1978 Author: Brown, Harold Clifford The focus of this study was to identify persistent problems in the developmental history of the American Department of Defense dependents schools in Okinawa, Japan. The period of time covered was from 1946 through 1978. The study includes historical descriptions of curriculum development, obtaining and maintaining school facilities, and the changing ethnic composition of the student body. A review of major public laws, directives, and Congressional actions which influenced the dependents schools in Okinawa is also included. Several conclusions of the thesis are as follows: 1) Congressional site visits and surveys were a direct stimulus to improved educational programs for the overseas dependents schools; 2) staffing, facilities, increased enrollments and curriculum development problems in the dependents schools in Okinawa corresponded closely with those of the public schools located in the United States; 3) the unique features of the American dependents schools in Okinawa are the ethnic and cultural mix of the students, and the location in an Asian culture; and 4) an inordinate amount of time was spent by school officials in obtaining school facilities and logistical support. The study recommends that the Director of Dependents Schools should: 1) obtain authorization to restrict the movement of children overseas until adequate school facilities are provided; 2) systematically develop an educational program for American bilingual students in Okinawa; 3) direct school principals to include the study of Okinawan culture and language in the curriculum, and administratively support more involvement of American students in Okinawan activities; 4) continue the Five-Year Curriculum Development Plan with more parent and teacher participation; and 5) establish requirements to make annual reports direct to Congressional committees on the quality of education in overseas dependents schools. The study concludes that Congressional action withdrawing the management of dependents schools overseas from military control was justified. The American armed services placed a much higher priority on their military mission than school support for dependent children of officers, enlisted men, and civilians located overseas. Close

• 2330. [Article] Gender and housework : postretirement change

  Retirement is a later life transition that may affect a variety of areas in a person's life. One area is the division of household labor. Historically, women have been responsible for and performed the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender and housework : postretirement change Author: Richards, Catherine M. Retirement is a later life transition that may affect a variety of areas in a person's life. One area is the division of household labor. Historically, women have been responsible for and performed the majority of household labor. Women's responsibility for household labor follows the traditional dual sphere ideology, which is that women are responsible for the home and family and men are responsible for providing income. The transition to retirement may change the division of household labor and the relationship between gender attitudes and how much men and women invest in household labor. This issue was addressed using longitudinal data from the National Survey of Families and Households. The sample consisted of 172 married men and women who were not working full time and who self-identified as retired. Structural Equation Modeling was used to assess the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks before and after the retirement transition. For this sample, gender attitude and investment in routine tasks were stable over time. Results show that the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks was not significant for men but marginally significant for women. Women who had an egalitarian attitude before retirement increased their investment in routine tasks after retirement, which was opposite of the expected relationship. Housework may be used as a source of power for these women who may increase their investment to keep a power balance in their marriage. The results suggest that the retirement transition does not greatly influence the relationship between gender attitude and household labor. Further study should assess the influence of situational factors on this relationship. Situational pressures, such as external group norms or health complications, may affect the influence of gender attitudes on housework investment. Additionally, structural differences, such as remarriage or gay and lesbian relationships, may be important contexts in which to examine this relationship. Examining situational influences and researching different contexts are important future directions in the study of the division of household labor. Title: Gender and housework : postretirement change Author: Richards, Catherine M. Retirement is a later life transition that may affect a variety of areas in a person's life. One area is the division of household labor. Historically, women have been responsible for and performed the majority of household labor. Women's responsibility for household labor follows the traditional dual sphere ideology, which is that women are responsible for the home and family and men are responsible for providing income. The transition to retirement may change the division of household labor and the relationship between gender attitudes and how much men and women invest in household labor. This issue was addressed using longitudinal data from the National Survey of Families and Households. The sample consisted of 172 married men and women who were not working full time and who self-identified as retired. Structural Equation Modeling was used to assess the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks before and after the retirement transition. For this sample, gender attitude and investment in routine tasks were stable over time. Results show that the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks was not significant for men but marginally significant for women. Women who had an egalitarian attitude before retirement increased their investment in routine tasks after retirement, which was opposite of the expected relationship. Housework may be used as a source of power for these women who may increase their investment to keep a power balance in their marriage. The results suggest that the retirement transition does not greatly influence the relationship between gender attitude and household labor. Further study should assess the influence of situational factors on this relationship. Situational pressures, such as external group norms or health complications, may affect the influence of gender attitudes on housework investment. Additionally, structural differences, such as remarriage or gay and lesbian relationships, may be important contexts in which to examine this relationship. Examining situational influences and researching different contexts are important future directions in the study of the division of household labor. Close

• 2331. [Article] Sustainability, awareness, and commitment : examining Natural Resource Extension programs in the United States

  Today's landowners, citizens, and natural resource professionals are increasingly concerned about issues surrounding resource sustainability. Charged with addressing societal concerns through education, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sustainability, awareness, and commitment : examining Natural Resource Extension programs in the United States Author: Broussard, Shorna Renell Today's landowners, citizens, and natural resource professionals are increasingly concerned about issues surrounding resource sustainability. Charged with addressing societal concerns through education, Cooperative Extension is uniquely capable of meeting educational needs related to natural resource sustainability. In this research, we examined the program inputs, activities, and participation in Natural Resource Extension Education programs to examine awareness and commitment to sustainability. The data come from multiple sources and collection methods and include document analysis, interviews with key federal Extension administrators, a national survey of state Natural Resource Extension Administrators, detailed comparative case studies of Natural Resource Extension programs in Alabama and Oregon, and a budget and planning document analysis. While we found unified philosophical support for natural resources sustainability education at the county, state, and national levels, this support was not reflected in the actual commitment as measured by funding, staffing, programming, and program participation. The philosophical commitment to sustainability is but one of a constellation of factors that work together to influence the actual commitment to sustainability in Extension. Without the accompanying financial commitment and leadership, philosophical commitment in terms of attitudes will do little to help achieve sustainability in Natural Resource Extension. Major challenges to addressing sustainability through education were identified as 1) the historical orientation of Extension toward agriculture, 2) the lack of staffing, and 3) the lack of funding. The analysis presented here can aid other educators as they explore sustainability through educational programming. Title: Sustainability, awareness, and commitment : examining Natural Resource Extension programs in the United States Author: Broussard, Shorna Renell Today's landowners, citizens, and natural resource professionals are increasingly concerned about issues surrounding resource sustainability. Charged with addressing societal concerns through education, Cooperative Extension is uniquely capable of meeting educational needs related to natural resource sustainability. In this research, we examined the program inputs, activities, and participation in Natural Resource Extension Education programs to examine awareness and commitment to sustainability. The data come from multiple sources and collection methods and include document analysis, interviews with key federal Extension administrators, a national survey of state Natural Resource Extension Administrators, detailed comparative case studies of Natural Resource Extension programs in Alabama and Oregon, and a budget and planning document analysis. While we found unified philosophical support for natural resources sustainability education at the county, state, and national levels, this support was not reflected in the actual commitment as measured by funding, staffing, programming, and program participation. The philosophical commitment to sustainability is but one of a constellation of factors that work together to influence the actual commitment to sustainability in Extension. Without the accompanying financial commitment and leadership, philosophical commitment in terms of attitudes will do little to help achieve sustainability in Natural Resource Extension. Major challenges to addressing sustainability through education were identified as 1) the historical orientation of Extension toward agriculture, 2) the lack of staffing, and 3) the lack of funding. The analysis presented here can aid other educators as they explore sustainability through educational programming. Close

• 2332. [Article] The Poetics of Modern Masculinity in Sixteenth-Century Spain

  For many writers, politicians and courtiers in early modern Spain, to raise the topic of poetry was to raise the topic of masculinity. In Spain, the sixteenth century marks a particular threshold – we ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Poetics of Modern Masculinity in Sixteenth-Century Spain Author: Middlebrook, Leah Year: 2016, 2010 For many writers, politicians and courtiers in early modern Spain, to raise the topic of poetry was to raise the topic of masculinity. In Spain, the sixteenth century marks a particular threshold – we might consider it the “early” early modern – during which the country’s subjects and perhaps especially its ranks of elites adjusted to a new national identity: Spain under the Habsburgs ceased to be a self-contained peninsular kingdom dominated by Castile and became a seat of a pan-European and incipiently global empire. Surprisingly, perhaps, one aspect of accommodating this shift was accepting a profound revision in the ways in which relationships between masculinity and nation, masculinity and letters, masculinity and poetry, and poetry and identity were conceived of in the social and cultural imagination. A survey of the so-called “new” art composed during this period (poetry based on Italian models and forms, primarily sonnets and songs) demonstrates that writers perceived a fundamental link between poetry and some of the historical, political and social processes that were transforming Spanish codes of gender, power and privilege. Title: The Poetics of Modern Masculinity in Sixteenth-Century Spain Author: Middlebrook, Leah Year: 2016, 2010 For many writers, politicians and courtiers in early modern Spain, to raise the topic of poetry was to raise the topic of masculinity. In Spain, the sixteenth century marks a particular threshold – we might consider it the “early” early modern – during which the country’s subjects and perhaps especially its ranks of elites adjusted to a new national identity: Spain under the Habsburgs ceased to be a self-contained peninsular kingdom dominated by Castile and became a seat of a pan-European and incipiently global empire. Surprisingly, perhaps, one aspect of accommodating this shift was accepting a profound revision in the ways in which relationships between masculinity and nation, masculinity and letters, masculinity and poetry, and poetry and identity were conceived of in the social and cultural imagination. A survey of the so-called “new” art composed during this period (poetry based on Italian models and forms, primarily sonnets and songs) demonstrates that writers perceived a fundamental link between poetry and some of the historical, political and social processes that were transforming Spanish codes of gender, power and privilege. Close

• 2333. [Article] Midcentury American Poetry and the Identity of Place

  This dissertation argues that the midcentury period from 1945-1967 offers a distinct historical framework in American poetry that bears further study. This position counters most other literary history ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Midcentury American Poetry and the Identity of Place Author: Rinner, Jenifer Year: 2014 This dissertation argues that the midcentury period from 1945-1967 offers a distinct historical framework in American poetry that bears further study. This position counters most other literary history of this period wherein midcentury poets are divided into schools or coteries based on literary friendships and movements: the San Francisco Beats, the New York School, the Black Mountain poets, the Confessionals, the Black Arts poets, the Deep Image poets, and the New Critics, to invoke only the most prominent designations. Critics also typically share a reluctance to cross gender or racial lines in their conceptualizations of the period. Of the few books that survey this period as a whole, most propose the defining features of midcentury poetry as formal innovation (or lack thereof) and a renunciation of the past. By contrast, I argue that such divisions and limiting categories do not attend to some of the most important features of midcentury poetry. I suggest that midcentury poetry most often demonstrates a renewed interest in locating a particular identity in a specific place. To illustrate this point, I explore depictions of identity and place in the works of three poets who are rarely studied together, Gwendolyn Brooks, Theodore Roethke, and Elizabeth Bishop. Each chapter examines the changes in poets' careers by focusing on how the relationship between place and identity differs in their early and late work. I contend that the few generalizations we have about the trajectory of this period (that poets moved from using more traditional forms to more open forms, for example) are not entirely accurate and, even more, that the accounts that we have of the poets' individual careers could be enhanced by a comparison between their early and late depictions of identity and place. I argue that the concerted exploration of the intersection of place and identity calls for a reconsideration of midcentury poetry: not just the categories we have but the poets and poems we read. Title: Midcentury American Poetry and the Identity of Place Author: Rinner, Jenifer Year: 2014 This dissertation argues that the midcentury period from 1945-1967 offers a distinct historical framework in American poetry that bears further study. This position counters most other literary history of this period wherein midcentury poets are divided into schools or coteries based on literary friendships and movements: the San Francisco Beats, the New York School, the Black Mountain poets, the Confessionals, the Black Arts poets, the Deep Image poets, and the New Critics, to invoke only the most prominent designations. Critics also typically share a reluctance to cross gender or racial lines in their conceptualizations of the period. Of the few books that survey this period as a whole, most propose the defining features of midcentury poetry as formal innovation (or lack thereof) and a renunciation of the past. By contrast, I argue that such divisions and limiting categories do not attend to some of the most important features of midcentury poetry. I suggest that midcentury poetry most often demonstrates a renewed interest in locating a particular identity in a specific place. To illustrate this point, I explore depictions of identity and place in the works of three poets who are rarely studied together, Gwendolyn Brooks, Theodore Roethke, and Elizabeth Bishop. Each chapter examines the changes in poets' careers by focusing on how the relationship between place and identity differs in their early and late work. I contend that the few generalizations we have about the trajectory of this period (that poets moved from using more traditional forms to more open forms, for example) are not entirely accurate and, even more, that the accounts that we have of the poets' individual careers could be enhanced by a comparison between their early and late depictions of identity and place. I argue that the concerted exploration of the intersection of place and identity calls for a reconsideration of midcentury poetry: not just the categories we have but the poets and poems we read. Close

• 2334. [Article] Proving up and pulling out : archaeology and history of early 20th century homesteading in southwestern Oregon

  The Forest Homestead Act of 1906 precipitated one of the final rushes for free land in American history. A nascent land management agency, the USDA Forest Service, created a systematized process for the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Proving up and pulling out : archaeology and history of early 20th century homesteading in southwestern Oregon Author: Lundgren, Stacy J. The Forest Homestead Act of 1906 precipitated one of the final rushes for free land in American history. A nascent land management agency, the USDA Forest Service, created a systematized process for the review and documentation of purported forest homestead claims. One hundred years later, the forest-homestead examination files of the then-Crater National Forest (now the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest) in southwestern Oregon provide an historical record that exposes the motivations and actions of numerous individuals as they negotiated the steps entailed in the public-land-disposal process. Archival research and archaeological survey form the dual methodological approaches to determine answers to several questions, among them: who were the people who attempted forest homesteading in a rugged mountainous setting, and what were their primary motivations?; what sort of housing did they fashion for themselves in the higher slopes of the Cascade Range and Siskiyou Mountains; where upon the land did they choose to place their habitation areas?; what were the spatial arrangements of those habitation areas?; and, what today is the nature of the archaeological record of the forest homesteading phenomenon of the early 20th century? This research indicates that the high-volume timber lands of the southern Cascades and the rugged Siskiyou Mountains proved a singular enticement to the residents of Jackson County, Oregon. Vernacular housing was typically the standby structure of the American 'pioneer' ---the log cabin---often ineptly built, sparsely furnished, and infrequently occupied. The would-be homesteaders' actual use of the land was light, often less than one per cent of the total 160 acres they each claimed. The archaeology and history of southwestern Oregon in the early 20th century demonstrates that forest homesteading was less an agricultural endeavor than a speculative pursuit to gain free land. And everyone---men and women, farmers and teachers, doctors and lawyers---wanted free land. Title: Proving up and pulling out : archaeology and history of early 20th century homesteading in southwestern Oregon Author: Lundgren, Stacy J. The Forest Homestead Act of 1906 precipitated one of the final rushes for free land in American history. A nascent land management agency, the USDA Forest Service, created a systematized process for the review and documentation of purported forest homestead claims. One hundred years later, the forest-homestead examination files of the then-Crater National Forest (now the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest) in southwestern Oregon provide an historical record that exposes the motivations and actions of numerous individuals as they negotiated the steps entailed in the public-land-disposal process. Archival research and archaeological survey form the dual methodological approaches to determine answers to several questions, among them: who were the people who attempted forest homesteading in a rugged mountainous setting, and what were their primary motivations?; what sort of housing did they fashion for themselves in the higher slopes of the Cascade Range and Siskiyou Mountains; where upon the land did they choose to place their habitation areas?; what were the spatial arrangements of those habitation areas?; and, what today is the nature of the archaeological record of the forest homesteading phenomenon of the early 20th century? This research indicates that the high-volume timber lands of the southern Cascades and the rugged Siskiyou Mountains proved a singular enticement to the residents of Jackson County, Oregon. Vernacular housing was typically the standby structure of the American 'pioneer' ---the log cabin---often ineptly built, sparsely furnished, and infrequently occupied. The would-be homesteaders' actual use of the land was light, often less than one per cent of the total 160 acres they each claimed. The archaeology and history of southwestern Oregon in the early 20th century demonstrates that forest homesteading was less an agricultural endeavor than a speculative pursuit to gain free land. And everyone---men and women, farmers and teachers, doctors and lawyers---wanted free land. Close

• 2335. [Article] Disciplining the reception of Darwin : the botanical and sociological work of Lester Frank Ward

  The publication of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species, truly a synthesized work of natural history, coincided with the emergence of specialized disciplines in the 19th century. This thesis aims ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Disciplining the reception of Darwin : the botanical and sociological work of Lester Frank Ward Author: Zimmerman, Katharine The publication of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species, truly a synthesized work of natural history, coincided with the emergence of specialized disciplines in the 19th century. This thesis aims to explore the relationship between the specialization of knowledge, in the form of disciplinization, and the reception of new theories in emerging disciplines. To investigate how the development of new disciplines can affect theory reception I will focus on the work of Lester Frank Ward, a prominent paleobotanist who worked jointly for the U.S. National Museum and the U.S Geologic Survey in Washington, DC. Ward was not only central to Gilded Age paleobotany, but he was also devoted to establishing an American sociological tradition, for which he is better remembered. By analyzing the ways in which Ward interpreted and integrated Darwinian evolution into his dual-discipline career, the social and intellectual relationship between the processes of disciplinization and theory reception can be better understood. Comparing and contrasting Ward’s approach towards Darwin in his botanical and sociological work allows for an evaluation of how two very singular and distinct disciplines, each with specialized disciplinary topographies, affected one scientist’s interpretation and application of a new theory. Using evidence found in the Lester Frank Ward Papers at the Smithsonian Institution Archives and at Brown University, the collections of the Library of Congress, and the National Museum of Natural History, I will demonstrate how disciplinization as a process in both the historical and social sciences affected the interpretation and application of Darwin’s theory of evolution not only in Ward’s work, but more broadly as well. As a central figure in both disciplines, Ward’s dual-career can provide much insight for accomplishing such a general task. This thesis aims to fill a gap in the current scholarship of Darwin studies and to contribute to work done by historians on the issue of disciplinarity. Title: Disciplining the reception of Darwin : the botanical and sociological work of Lester Frank Ward Author: Zimmerman, Katharine The publication of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species, truly a synthesized work of natural history, coincided with the emergence of specialized disciplines in the 19th century. This thesis aims to explore the relationship between the specialization of knowledge, in the form of disciplinization, and the reception of new theories in emerging disciplines. To investigate how the development of new disciplines can affect theory reception I will focus on the work of Lester Frank Ward, a prominent paleobotanist who worked jointly for the U.S. National Museum and the U.S Geologic Survey in Washington, DC. Ward was not only central to Gilded Age paleobotany, but he was also devoted to establishing an American sociological tradition, for which he is better remembered. By analyzing the ways in which Ward interpreted and integrated Darwinian evolution into his dual-discipline career, the social and intellectual relationship between the processes of disciplinization and theory reception can be better understood. Comparing and contrasting Ward’s approach towards Darwin in his botanical and sociological work allows for an evaluation of how two very singular and distinct disciplines, each with specialized disciplinary topographies, affected one scientist’s interpretation and application of a new theory. Using evidence found in the Lester Frank Ward Papers at the Smithsonian Institution Archives and at Brown University, the collections of the Library of Congress, and the National Museum of Natural History, I will demonstrate how disciplinization as a process in both the historical and social sciences affected the interpretation and application of Darwin’s theory of evolution not only in Ward’s work, but more broadly as well. As a central figure in both disciplines, Ward’s dual-career can provide much insight for accomplishing such a general task. This thesis aims to fill a gap in the current scholarship of Darwin studies and to contribute to work done by historians on the issue of disciplinarity. Close

• 2336. [Article] A survey and evaluation of land resource classification systems in the United States

  The purpose of this thesis is to examine the methods and criteria developed for rating actual and potential agricultural land in the United States. It is motivated by the apparent increasing competition for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A survey and evaluation of land resource classification systems in the United States Author: Aldrich, Frank T. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the methods and criteria developed for rating actual and potential agricultural land in the United States. It is motivated by the apparent increasing competition for quality space created by the expanding population, and by the belief that land rating and classification are basic to an ordering of the occupance of the nation. The thesis is a literature review and begins by examining the historical trends of land classification work in the United States. The several time periods when many land resource classifications were formulated are discussed. To provide the background necessary to regroup the land resource classification themes according to criteria, it was necessary to determine to what extent regroupings and analysis of land classification schemes had been done. Two informative reviews were located, one published in 1941, and the other in 1948. In 1941 the National Resources Planning Board identified five land classification types; two of these rate the agricultural productivity of an area. The 1948 study, a Ph. D. Thesis by W. H. Pine, identified two types. The author reviewed many land resource classification systems for the United States and determined that they could be grouped into six categories according to the criteria used in classification. These are systems with a soil, climatic, biotic, physiographic, genetic, and cultural emphasis. The significance of each criteria as a basis for use in classifying the site potential for agriculture is investigated This establishes the importance of the criteria. The grouping places a series of representative schemes into one or more categories according to their criteria emphasis. From this analysis two conclusions were reached. First, there is a disproportionate emphasis on soil and genetic criteria. Second, land resource classification systems tend to be subjective rather than quantitative. The systems in use now are old and based on criteria that are not measured on comparable scales. Therefore, the relative agricultural productivity potential of widely separated areas of the United States cannot be accurately determined. Future systems should be objective and include new knowledge of environmental relationships and measures. Problems created by rapid population growth and finite spatial limitations of this nation make it imperative to evaluate correctly all land on a local, state, and national level. Title: A survey and evaluation of land resource classification systems in the United States Author: Aldrich, Frank T. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the methods and criteria developed for rating actual and potential agricultural land in the United States. It is motivated by the apparent increasing competition for quality space created by the expanding population, and by the belief that land rating and classification are basic to an ordering of the occupance of the nation. The thesis is a literature review and begins by examining the historical trends of land classification work in the United States. The several time periods when many land resource classifications were formulated are discussed. To provide the background necessary to regroup the land resource classification themes according to criteria, it was necessary to determine to what extent regroupings and analysis of land classification schemes had been done. Two informative reviews were located, one published in 1941, and the other in 1948. In 1941 the National Resources Planning Board identified five land classification types; two of these rate the agricultural productivity of an area. The 1948 study, a Ph. D. Thesis by W. H. Pine, identified two types. The author reviewed many land resource classification systems for the United States and determined that they could be grouped into six categories according to the criteria used in classification. These are systems with a soil, climatic, biotic, physiographic, genetic, and cultural emphasis. The significance of each criteria as a basis for use in classifying the site potential for agriculture is investigated This establishes the importance of the criteria. The grouping places a series of representative schemes into one or more categories according to their criteria emphasis. From this analysis two conclusions were reached. First, there is a disproportionate emphasis on soil and genetic criteria. Second, land resource classification systems tend to be subjective rather than quantitative. The systems in use now are old and based on criteria that are not measured on comparable scales. Therefore, the relative agricultural productivity potential of widely separated areas of the United States cannot be accurately determined. Future systems should be objective and include new knowledge of environmental relationships and measures. Problems created by rapid population growth and finite spatial limitations of this nation make it imperative to evaluate correctly all land on a local, state, and national level. Close

• 2337. [Article] Are You Certain In Your Skills? Self Evaluations and Responses to Ambiguous Feedback

  33 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Psychology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science, Spring ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Are You Certain In Your Skills? Self Evaluations and Responses to Ambiguous Feedback Author: O'Donnell-Davidson, Danaan James Year: 2014 33 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Psychology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science, Spring 2014. Title: Are You Certain In Your Skills? Self Evaluations and Responses to Ambiguous Feedback Author: O'Donnell-Davidson, Danaan James Year: 2014 33 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Psychology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science, Spring 2014. Close

• 2338. [Article] A critical history of the League of Women Voters of Oregon: Success as a public interest organization: 1999-present

  45 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Political Science and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A critical history of the League of Women Voters of Oregon: Success as a public interest organization: 1999-present Author: Koski, Sarah Anne Year: 2013, 2006 45 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Political Science and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2006. Title: A critical history of the League of Women Voters of Oregon: Success as a public interest organization: 1999-present Author: Koski, Sarah Anne Year: 2013, 2006 45 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Political Science and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2006. Close

• 2339. [Article] Geology of the Antone district of Wheeler County, Oregon

  The area studied in detail, known as the Antone District, is located in the southeast corner of Wheeler County, Oregon, , between longitude 119 37. and 119°54 east, and latitude 44°23 and 44°3O' north. Surface ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geology of the Antone district of Wheeler County, Oregon Author: Dobell, Joseph Porter The area studied in detail, known as the Antone District, is located in the southeast corner of Wheeler County, Oregon, , between longitude 119 37. and 119°54 east, and latitude 44°23 and 44°3O' north. Surface elevations range from 3050 feet above sea level in the northeast corner of the district, to 6M5 feet on Spanish Peak. The Miocene Columbia Biver lavas outcrop over 48 of the 68 square miles in the district. Older rocks exposed include Pre- Cretaoeous mota-sedimente and metamorphosed intrusives, Cretaceous conglomerates and sandstones, a granite porphyry pluton, and the brilliantly colored rooks of the upper 011goe.ne and lower Miocene John Day. The early Tertiary formation known as the Clarno does not outcrop in this district. Younger formations include the gravels and tuffs of the upper Miocene Mascall formation, extensive outcrops of the Pliocone Rattlesnake, and limited accumulations of undifferentiated Quaternary alluvium. A horublende andesite extrusive, which is probably of Pleistocene age, occurs in the western part of the district. Eaoh of the above stratigraphic units is discussed under the following headings: Distribution and Topographic Expression; Lithology; Thickness; Age and Stratigraphic Relations. A section of the Dayville Quadrangls, issued by the U. S. aeologioal Survey, was used as a base for a detailed map showing the distribution of the various formations. Special attention was devoted to the study of the Pre-Cretaceous rooks. Approximately 8000 feet of ohloritic schist, argillite, caleareous sohist, phyllie, marble, and quartzite are included in this older series. Basic Intrusives, largely altered to serpentine, cut the meta-sediments. The structure of the Antone District is discussed under the following subheadings: John Day Valley Syncline; Ochoco Escarpment and Highland; Pre-Cretaceous Folding and Faulting; Cretaceous Monocline; and, Fracturing and Slumping of the Rattlesnake Formation. Special sections have been devoted to historical and economic geology. The report is adequately illustrated with photomicrographs of representative rooks and with numerous pertinent detail photographs. Also included is a plate showing the structural details of a north-south section through the middle of the Antone District. Title: Geology of the Antone district of Wheeler County, Oregon Author: Dobell, Joseph Porter The area studied in detail, known as the Antone District, is located in the southeast corner of Wheeler County, Oregon, , between longitude 119 37. and 119°54 east, and latitude 44°23 and 44°3O' north. Surface elevations range from 3050 feet above sea level in the northeast corner of the district, to 6M5 feet on Spanish Peak. The Miocene Columbia Biver lavas outcrop over 48 of the 68 square miles in the district. Older rocks exposed include Pre- Cretaoeous mota-sedimente and metamorphosed intrusives, Cretaceous conglomerates and sandstones, a granite porphyry pluton, and the brilliantly colored rooks of the upper 011goe.ne and lower Miocene John Day. The early Tertiary formation known as the Clarno does not outcrop in this district. Younger formations include the gravels and tuffs of the upper Miocene Mascall formation, extensive outcrops of the Pliocone Rattlesnake, and limited accumulations of undifferentiated Quaternary alluvium. A horublende andesite extrusive, which is probably of Pleistocene age, occurs in the western part of the district. Eaoh of the above stratigraphic units is discussed under the following headings: Distribution and Topographic Expression; Lithology; Thickness; Age and Stratigraphic Relations. A section of the Dayville Quadrangls, issued by the U. S. aeologioal Survey, was used as a base for a detailed map showing the distribution of the various formations. Special attention was devoted to the study of the Pre-Cretaceous rooks. Approximately 8000 feet of ohloritic schist, argillite, caleareous sohist, phyllie, marble, and quartzite are included in this older series. Basic Intrusives, largely altered to serpentine, cut the meta-sediments. The structure of the Antone District is discussed under the following subheadings: John Day Valley Syncline; Ochoco Escarpment and Highland; Pre-Cretaceous Folding and Faulting; Cretaceous Monocline; and, Fracturing and Slumping of the Rattlesnake Formation. Special sections have been devoted to historical and economic geology. The report is adequately illustrated with photomicrographs of representative rooks and with numerous pertinent detail photographs. Also included is a plate showing the structural details of a north-south section through the middle of the Antone District. Close

• 2340. [Article] Geomorphic response to restoration and disturbance: Grazing, fire, and flooding on the Middle Fork John Day River, OR

  xii, 64 p. : ill. (some col.), maps

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geomorphic response to restoration and disturbance: Grazing, fire, and flooding on the Middle Fork John Day River, OR Author: Michelsen-Correa, Stephani Year: 2011 xii, 64 p. : ill. (some col.), maps Title: Geomorphic response to restoration and disturbance: Grazing, fire, and flooding on the Middle Fork John Day River, OR Author: Michelsen-Correa, Stephani Year: 2011 xii, 64 p. : ill. (some col.), maps Close

• 2341. [Article] Skid rows : a geographical perspective

  xvi, 206 p. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call number: KNIGHT HV4504.K56 1982

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Skid rows : a geographical perspective Author: King, Larry Lloyd, 1942- Year: 2009, 1982 xvi, 206 p. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call number: KNIGHT HV4504.K56 1982 Title: Skid rows : a geographical perspective Author: King, Larry Lloyd, 1942- Year: 2009, 1982 xvi, 206 p. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call number: KNIGHT HV4504.K56 1982 Close

• 2342. [Article] Oregon farm wives' off-farm employment and satisfaction with farming as a way of life

  Among the changes farm families have faced during the past two decades has been the dramatic increase in off-farm employment. Historically, women's involvement has been essential to the functioning of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon farm wives' off-farm employment and satisfaction with farming as a way of life Author: Hatch, Carol S. Among the changes farm families have faced during the past two decades has been the dramatic increase in off-farm employment. Historically, women's involvement has been essential to the functioning of the family farm, and as off-farm income has increased in importance, increasing numbers of farm women have joined the ranks of those employed in off farm jobs. Using phone survey data collected during the 1988-89 year, the objectives of this study were (1) to identify the variables which may predict farm wives' off-farm employment status, and the resulting direct and indirect effects of their employment status on their satisfaction with farming as a way of life, and (2) to assess the direction and strength of the relationships. Guided by the Deacon and Firebaugh (1988) family systems framework, path analysis was used to estimate the relationships among the variables. The path model was estimated and examined using LISREL 8 on the covariance matrix. A low chi-square and high goodness-of-fit index suggested that no significant difference existed between the observed covariance matrix and the model-implied matrix; however, many of the parameters in the model had low values. Because the model did not explain the ultimate variable, satisfaction with farming as a way of life, well, several explanations were explored. None of the model modifications estimated provided a better fit to the data, nor did they result in better path coefficients. However, splitting the sample into large and small farm subsamples answered some important questions. When small (net farm income of $10,000 or less) and large farm samples were examined, results revealed significant differences on a number of variables and correlations. An analysis of the path model for small farms produced poor R² values, but the R² for wife's off-farm employment level was slightly improved over the initial model with the full sample. The analysis of large farms indicated that the model provided better explanatory power with large farms than with either the small farm or full sample when focusing on the ultimate variable, satisfaction with farming as a way of life. Title: Oregon farm wives' off-farm employment and satisfaction with farming as a way of life Author: Hatch, Carol S. Among the changes farm families have faced during the past two decades has been the dramatic increase in off-farm employment. Historically, women's involvement has been essential to the functioning of the family farm, and as off-farm income has increased in importance, increasing numbers of farm women have joined the ranks of those employed in off farm jobs. Using phone survey data collected during the 1988-89 year, the objectives of this study were (1) to identify the variables which may predict farm wives' off-farm employment status, and the resulting direct and indirect effects of their employment status on their satisfaction with farming as a way of life, and (2) to assess the direction and strength of the relationships. Guided by the Deacon and Firebaugh (1988) family systems framework, path analysis was used to estimate the relationships among the variables. The path model was estimated and examined using LISREL 8 on the covariance matrix. A low chi-square and high goodness-of-fit index suggested that no significant difference existed between the observed covariance matrix and the model-implied matrix; however, many of the parameters in the model had low values. Because the model did not explain the ultimate variable, satisfaction with farming as a way of life, well, several explanations were explored. None of the model modifications estimated provided a better fit to the data, nor did they result in better path coefficients. However, splitting the sample into large and small farm subsamples answered some important questions. When small (net farm income of $10,000 or less) and large farm samples were examined, results revealed significant differences on a number of variables and correlations. An analysis of the path model for small farms produced poor R² values, but the R² for wife's off-farm employment level was slightly improved over the initial model with the full sample. The analysis of large farms indicated that the model provided better explanatory power with large farms than with either the small farm or full sample when focusing on the ultimate variable, satisfaction with farming as a way of life. Close

• 2343. [Article] The wolves of Yellowstone

  Historical records and intensive field surveys 1975-77 provided information on the population history, ecology, and current status of wolves (Canis lupus) in Yellowstone National Park and vicinity. Wolves ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The wolves of Yellowstone Author: United States. National Park Service, Weaver, John Historical records and intensive field surveys 1975-77 provided information on the population history, ecology, and current status of wolves (Canis lupus) in Yellowstone National Park and vicinity. Wolves occurred in unknown but seemingly low densities during the latter 1800s in several areas of Yellowstone where they were controlled periodically until 1926. Populations apparently began increasing about 1912, primarily in the northeast, and may have reached nonequilibrium levels of 30-40 animals (postwhelping). Intensive control 1914-26 removed at least 136 wolves, including about 80 pups. During this period Yellowstone wolves characteristically lived in packs of 3-16 members, some of which followed the ungulates in their seasonal migrations. Litters averaging 7.8 were born in late March and April, primarily in the north central sector of the park. Limited evidence suggests that elk (Cervus elaphus) were important food for wolves during all seasons. Wolves either survived the control era or moved in shortly thereafter for singles, pairs, and a pack of four were reported the following decade. Resident wolf packs, however, were eliminated from Yellowstone National Park by the l940s. Large canids have been sighted intermittently to the present, but their identity has not been established. Singles and pairs comprised 89% of 116 "probable" reports over the past 50 years. Speculation about factors limiting the Yellowstone wolf population considers its relative geographic isolation from viable wolf populations and possible genetic problems (including wolf-coyote hybridization) associated with prolonged minimal population status. A transplant of wolves from British Columbia or Alberta, or perhaps Minnesota, is recommended to restore a viable population of this native predator to Yellowstone National Park. Title: The wolves of Yellowstone Author: United States. National Park Service, Weaver, John Historical records and intensive field surveys 1975-77 provided information on the population history, ecology, and current status of wolves (Canis lupus) in Yellowstone National Park and vicinity. Wolves occurred in unknown but seemingly low densities during the latter 1800s in several areas of Yellowstone where they were controlled periodically until 1926. Populations apparently began increasing about 1912, primarily in the northeast, and may have reached nonequilibrium levels of 30-40 animals (postwhelping). Intensive control 1914-26 removed at least 136 wolves, including about 80 pups. During this period Yellowstone wolves characteristically lived in packs of 3-16 members, some of which followed the ungulates in their seasonal migrations. Litters averaging 7.8 were born in late March and April, primarily in the north central sector of the park. Limited evidence suggests that elk (Cervus elaphus) were important food for wolves during all seasons. Wolves either survived the control era or moved in shortly thereafter for singles, pairs, and a pack of four were reported the following decade. Resident wolf packs, however, were eliminated from Yellowstone National Park by the l940s. Large canids have been sighted intermittently to the present, but their identity has not been established. Singles and pairs comprised 89% of 116 "probable" reports over the past 50 years. Speculation about factors limiting the Yellowstone wolf population considers its relative geographic isolation from viable wolf populations and possible genetic problems (including wolf-coyote hybridization) associated with prolonged minimal population status. A transplant of wolves from British Columbia or Alberta, or perhaps Minnesota, is recommended to restore a viable population of this native predator to Yellowstone National Park. Close

• 2344. [Article] Information Report 2018-02: Relative Performance of Alsea Hatchery Winter Steelhead Produced from Traditional and Wild Broodstocks

  Abstract -- The Alsea River, on the central Oregon coast, historically boasted a premier winter steelhead Oncorhychus mykiss fishery, with harvest estimates exceeding 10,000 fish (hatchery and wild combined) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Information Report 2018-02: Relative Performance of Alsea Hatchery Winter Steelhead Produced from Traditional and Wild Broodstocks Abstract -- The Alsea River, on the central Oregon coast, historically boasted a premier winter steelhead Oncorhychus mykiss fishery, with harvest estimates exceeding 10,000 fish (hatchery and wild combined) between years 1963-85. By the early 1990s, the hatchery program had experienced a precipitous decline in adult return rates and harvest estimates, which prompted a change in management. Beginning in 2001, two winter steelhead broodstocks were used for smolt production: 1) a new broodstock comprised by “wild”, native steelhead returning to the basin and 2) the “traditional” segregated hatchery broodstock. To evaluate performance of these two broodstocks, three groups of differentially marked smolts were released into the Alsea River during each of three years (2012-2014). Results from creel surveys and trap monitoring (based on 2-salt returns) indicate that the wild broodstock had a longer more uniform run timing versus early season (December) front loading of the traditional stock, fewer detections of Alsea stock steelhead at non-release trapping sites at <7% over 3 seasons, greater harvest 3 out of 4 months sampled each season, and in-river harvest up to a 3:1 ratio over the “traditional” stock. The effectiveness of a lower river smolt release strategy to elicit a prolonged sport fishery in the lower river was assessed and found to provide minimal harvest to lower river anglers and had the lowest total adult return rate (harvest + trap catch) of all groups at <1% in each of the three years. Title: Information Report 2018-02: Relative Performance of Alsea Hatchery Winter Steelhead Produced from Traditional and Wild Broodstocks Abstract -- The Alsea River, on the central Oregon coast, historically boasted a premier winter steelhead Oncorhychus mykiss fishery, with harvest estimates exceeding 10,000 fish (hatchery and wild combined) between years 1963-85. By the early 1990s, the hatchery program had experienced a precipitous decline in adult return rates and harvest estimates, which prompted a change in management. Beginning in 2001, two winter steelhead broodstocks were used for smolt production: 1) a new broodstock comprised by “wild”, native steelhead returning to the basin and 2) the “traditional” segregated hatchery broodstock. To evaluate performance of these two broodstocks, three groups of differentially marked smolts were released into the Alsea River during each of three years (2012-2014). Results from creel surveys and trap monitoring (based on 2-salt returns) indicate that the wild broodstock had a longer more uniform run timing versus early season (December) front loading of the traditional stock, fewer detections of Alsea stock steelhead at non-release trapping sites at <7% over 3 seasons, greater harvest 3 out of 4 months sampled each season, and in-river harvest up to a 3:1 ratio over the “traditional” stock. The effectiveness of a lower river smolt release strategy to elicit a prolonged sport fishery in the lower river was assessed and found to provide minimal harvest to lower river anglers and had the lowest total adult return rate (harvest + trap catch) of all groups at <1% in each of the three years. Close

• 2345. [Image] Agreement with Indians of Klamath Reservation, Oregon

  	"Mr. Moody, of Oregon, from the Committee on Indian Affairs, submitted the following report, to accompany H.R. 8760"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agreement with Indians of Klamath Reservation, Oregon Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Indian Affairs Year: 1902, 2004 "Mr. Moody, of Oregon, from the Committee on Indian Affairs, submitted the following report, to accompany H.R. 8760" Title: Agreement with Indians of Klamath Reservation, Oregon Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Indian Affairs Year: 1902, 2004 "Mr. Moody, of Oregon, from the Committee on Indian Affairs, submitted the following report, to accompany H.R. 8760" Close

• 2346. [Image] Reproductive biology and demographics of endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon

  	We analyzed the reproductive biology and demographics of the Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris, two endangered species endemic to the upper Klamath Basin ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reproductive biology and demographics of endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: Perkins, David L.; Scoppettone, Gary; Buettner, Mark Year: 2000, 2005 We analyzed the reproductive biology and demographics of the Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris, two endangered species endemic to the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California, from 1984-1997. Lost River suckers had distinct river and lake shoreline spawning stocks, and individuals of both species commonly spawned in consecutive years. In the Williamson River and lower Sprague River, spawning migration by both species occurred mainly during a 5-week period that started within the first three weeks of April and peaked between mid April and early May, although a separate, earlier (mid March) run of Lost River suckers may also spawn in the upper Sprague River. Migration of both species was several times higher at dawn (0500-0730 h) and evening (1800-2200 h) than other times of the day. Peak migrations almost always corresponded to peaks in water temperature, usually at 10-15°C. Lost River suckers were captured at springs along the east shore of the lake from late February through mid May, with peak spawning usually in mid March to mid April. Shortnose suckers were generally captured at the springs from late March through late May, but the time of peak spawning was not determined. Size and age at maturity was determined by recruitment from a strong year class (1991). Male Lost River suckers began recruitment into the adult population at age 4+ (375-475 mm). Substantial recruitment of females did not begin until age 7+ (510-560 mm). Male and female shortnose suckers began recruitment at age 4+, with the majority offish recruited by age 5+. Males recruited at 270-370 mm; females recruited at 325-425 mm. Fecundity estimates were quite variable ranging from 44,000-236,000 eggs per female Lost River sucker and 18,000-72,000 eggs per female shortnose sucker. In 1984 and 1985, the spawning populations of both species were dominated by large, old individuals, with little indication of recent adult recruitment. In the next 13 years, only one strong year class (1991) recruited into the spawning populations of both species. This year class temporarily boosted population numbers, but annual fish kills from 1995 to 1997 eliminated most adults of both species. Associated with poor water quality caused by the proliferation and decay of blue-green algae Aphanizomenonflos-aquae, these fish kills raise concern that alterations to the lake ecosystem over the past several decades have Perkins et al. Lost River and shortnose suckers 5 increased the magnitude and frequency of poor water quality. As a result, mortality rates of all life stages may have increased, thereby disrupting the species' life history pattern and potentially decreasing long-term population viability. Introduction The Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris are large, long-lived suckers endemic to the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California. Both species are typically lake dwelling but migrate to tributaries or shoreline springs to spawn (Moyle 1976, Scoppettone and Vinyard 1991). Once extremely abundant (Cope 1884, Gilbert 1898), both species have experienced severe population declines and were federally listed as endangered in 1988 (USFWS 1988). Much of the original habitat of these suckers has been destroyed or altered by conversion of lake areas to agriculture, dams, instream flow diversions, and water quality problems associated with timber harvest, loss of riparian vegetation, livestock grazing, and agricultural practices (USFWS 1988). Knowledge of the life history of Lost River and shortnose suckers is fundamental to recovery of these species. The objective of this report was to present the results of studies conducted from 1987-1998 on the reproductive biology and demographics of Lost River and shortnose suckers, and to compare these results with earlier unpublished data. Study Sites Studies were conducted on Upper Klamath Lake and the lower Williamson-Sprague river system (Figure 1). These waters form the upper portion of the Klamath River Basin in south-central Oregon and represent most remaining native habitat of Lost River and shortnose suckers. Upper Klamath Lake is a remnant of pluvial Lake Modoc that included eight major basins and encompassed 2,839 km2 (Dicken 1980). Today, Upper Klamath Lake serves as a storage reservoir that provides water for agricultural irrigation, waterfowl refuges, instream flow requirements of anadromous fish, and hydroelectric power generation. At full capacity, the lake covers approximately 360 km2 and has an average depth of 2.4 m. Most deeper water (3-12 m) is restricted to narrow trenches along the western shore. Lake elevation is controlled at the outlet by Link River Title: Reproductive biology and demographics of endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: Perkins, David L.; Scoppettone, Gary; Buettner, Mark Year: 2000, 2005 We analyzed the reproductive biology and demographics of the Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris, two endangered species endemic to the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California, from 1984-1997. Lost River suckers had distinct river and lake shoreline spawning stocks, and individuals of both species commonly spawned in consecutive years. In the Williamson River and lower Sprague River, spawning migration by both species occurred mainly during a 5-week period that started within the first three weeks of April and peaked between mid April and early May, although a separate, earlier (mid March) run of Lost River suckers may also spawn in the upper Sprague River. Migration of both species was several times higher at dawn (0500-0730 h) and evening (1800-2200 h) than other times of the day. Peak migrations almost always corresponded to peaks in water temperature, usually at 10-15°C. Lost River suckers were captured at springs along the east shore of the lake from late February through mid May, with peak spawning usually in mid March to mid April. Shortnose suckers were generally captured at the springs from late March through late May, but the time of peak spawning was not determined. Size and age at maturity was determined by recruitment from a strong year class (1991). Male Lost River suckers began recruitment into the adult population at age 4+ (375-475 mm). Substantial recruitment of females did not begin until age 7+ (510-560 mm). Male and female shortnose suckers began recruitment at age 4+, with the majority offish recruited by age 5+. Males recruited at 270-370 mm; females recruited at 325-425 mm. Fecundity estimates were quite variable ranging from 44,000-236,000 eggs per female Lost River sucker and 18,000-72,000 eggs per female shortnose sucker. In 1984 and 1985, the spawning populations of both species were dominated by large, old individuals, with little indication of recent adult recruitment. In the next 13 years, only one strong year class (1991) recruited into the spawning populations of both species. This year class temporarily boosted population numbers, but annual fish kills from 1995 to 1997 eliminated most adults of both species. Associated with poor water quality caused by the proliferation and decay of blue-green algae Aphanizomenonflos-aquae, these fish kills raise concern that alterations to the lake ecosystem over the past several decades have Perkins et al. Lost River and shortnose suckers 5 increased the magnitude and frequency of poor water quality. As a result, mortality rates of all life stages may have increased, thereby disrupting the species' life history pattern and potentially decreasing long-term population viability. Introduction The Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris are large, long-lived suckers endemic to the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California. Both species are typically lake dwelling but migrate to tributaries or shoreline springs to spawn (Moyle 1976, Scoppettone and Vinyard 1991). Once extremely abundant (Cope 1884, Gilbert 1898), both species have experienced severe population declines and were federally listed as endangered in 1988 (USFWS 1988). Much of the original habitat of these suckers has been destroyed or altered by conversion of lake areas to agriculture, dams, instream flow diversions, and water quality problems associated with timber harvest, loss of riparian vegetation, livestock grazing, and agricultural practices (USFWS 1988). Knowledge of the life history of Lost River and shortnose suckers is fundamental to recovery of these species. The objective of this report was to present the results of studies conducted from 1987-1998 on the reproductive biology and demographics of Lost River and shortnose suckers, and to compare these results with earlier unpublished data. Study Sites Studies were conducted on Upper Klamath Lake and the lower Williamson-Sprague river system (Figure 1). These waters form the upper portion of the Klamath River Basin in south-central Oregon and represent most remaining native habitat of Lost River and shortnose suckers. Upper Klamath Lake is a remnant of pluvial Lake Modoc that included eight major basins and encompassed 2,839 km2 (Dicken 1980). Today, Upper Klamath Lake serves as a storage reservoir that provides water for agricultural irrigation, waterfowl refuges, instream flow requirements of anadromous fish, and hydroelectric power generation. At full capacity, the lake covers approximately 360 km2 and has an average depth of 2.4 m. Most deeper water (3-12 m) is restricted to narrow trenches along the western shore. Lake elevation is controlled at the outlet by Link River Close

• 2347. [Image] Farming practices and water quality in the Upper Klamath Basin : final report to the California State Water Resources Control Board : 205j program

  	Summary The Upper Klamath Basin (UKB) is a high desert region straddling the California-Oregon border east of the Cascade Range. Irrigation and other agricultural practices in the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation's ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farming practices and water quality in the Upper Klamath Basin : final report to the California State Water Resources Control Board : 205j program Author: Danosky, Earl; Kaffka, Stephen Year: 2002, 2007, 2006 Summary The Upper Klamath Basin (UKB) is a high desert region straddling the California-Oregon border east of the Cascade Range. Irrigation and other agricultural practices in the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation's Klamath Project may result in impaired surface water quality, reducing its use for wildlife and fish in important national wildlife refuges that receive drainage water from farms, and in the Klamath River. By 2004, a system of total maximum daily loads (TMDL) for nutrients must be established for the Klamath River. To investigate the relationships among agricultural practices and surface water quality in the Upper Klamath Basin, a two year reconnaissance survey of surface water and agricultural tile drain locations, focusing on nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and mass transfers was conducted. Data was collected at 18 surface locations and 10 tile drain locations. Triplicate samples were taken every ten days during the growing season (April through October) and one or two times a month during the remainder of the months, depending on opportunity. No samples were taken from tile drains during the winter months because there was no irrigation and drainage during that period. Water samples were analyzed for phosphorus (total P, soluble reactive P, total filterable P, and particulate P) and nitrogen (total N, soluble N, Soluble organic N, total filterable N, particulate N, and ammonia N), temperature, pH and electrical conductivity, a measure of salinity or total dissolved solids. Analyses of data, including data quality, estimates of the transfer of nutrients in surface waters in the region, and hypotheses about the relationship between agriculture and water quality are reported. 1. The salt and nutrient content of surface waters increases nearly threefold as water moves through the watershed from the Lost River and J canal diversion to the Klamath Straits Drain. Mean ECW levels in input waters at the J canal diversion were approximately 250 \iS cm1, while water sampled at the D pump increased to 600 ^S cm"1 on average over the sample period. By the time water reenters the Klamath River, salt concentrations have increased to approximately 700 jaS cm1. 2. The ECW values observed in subsurface tile drains were higher on average than in input waters and surface waters elsewhere in the region, especially in the Lease Lands area of the Tulelake Irrigation District (TID). ECW values averaged approximately 2,500 ^S cm"1 . Recycling irrigation water through soils in the TID increases the salinity of the water, especially by the time it reaches and is reused in the Lease Lands area of the Tulelake National Wildlife Refuge (TLNWR). Soils in this part of the Klamath Project area are naturally high in salt. 3. Water temperatures in agricultural subsurface tile drains were significantly lower than surface water temperatures during the growing season when tile drains were active. pH values in tile drains were lower than surface water values. The temperature and pH of tile drains does not influence surface water values. 1. 4. For total phosphorus (TP) input waters at the J canal irrigation diversion for the TED averaged approximately 0.27 mg L1 for the two years reported. Water leaving the Tulelake Sumps at the D pump increases to 0.33 mg L1. Water leaving the Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge (LKNWR) sampled at the start of the Klamath Straits Drain, averaged 0.33 mg L1, similar to those at the D pump. TP increased further to 0.40 mg L"1 a the end of the Klamath Straits Drain. The overall increase in P concentration in surface waters was much less than for salt, suggesting that processes other than simple enrichment are occurring, particularly those associated with the exchange of sedimentary P and aquatic plant species. TN increases from 2.3 mg L"1 to 4.0 mg L1 over the same pathway. Atomic ratios (TN:TP) of surface water samples remain constant at approximately 10:1 throughout the system, suggesting that the amount of sediment and other small particulate matter in surface waters affects the values observed. The amount of sediment is influenced in part by the agitation of surface water as it passes through pumps and over weirs. 5. The average seasonal TP value in tile drains beneath farm fields is approximately 0.34 mg L"1 . While average total P values in subsurface tile drains were not different from those found at the D pump and the LKNWR outlet, the range in values was great (0.1 to 0.8 mg L1). Similarly, high NO3 -N values were observed at times in tile drains. Very high values in tile drains lead to the inference that some fertilizer N and P is lost in drainage water, combined with nutrients derived from decaying soil organic matter. The amount estimated as lost is much less than the amount of surplus fertilizer P applied and the amount of P surmised to be mineralized from decaying soil organic matter. P from fertilizer and decaying organic matter appears to be accumulating in soils and lake sediments in the region. 6. Ammonia N concentrations are at or below the limit of detection in subsurface agricultural tile lines and one to two orders of magnitude below the values observed in surface soils. Un ionized ammonia increases with temperature. Values above 0.25 mg L1 were observed in late summer at several locations. 7. Some leaching of soluble salts and nutrients is unavoidable when crops are irrigated. P fertilizer is applied at rates higher than crop removal, while fertilizer n is applied at rates less than crop removal. Reduced fertilizer use can help bring P inputs and outputs into balance and may reduce further any avoidable losses of P. This objective should be the subject of an agronomic research program in the region. 8. Surface waters entering the TDD, the TLNWR, and the LKNWR are already enriched with N and P. It seems unlikely that reducing N and P losses from farming in the TID, if possible, would influence surface water quality sufficiently to make them significantly less eutrophic. For P, the hypothesized threshold concentration limiting algae growth in fresh waters is 5 to 25 times smaller than the values observed in waters entering the TID for irrigation use. The addition of 1. nutrients from agriculture probably does not influence significantly surface water quality in the region. Wetland sediments, large amounts of organic matter in soils, and water introduced for irrigation contain essentially unlimited amounts of nutrients for aquatic plant growth. It is not clear how this circumstance could be changed under any reasonable time frame, if ever. 9. Using a TMDL approach may not result in reduced amounts of nutrients returned to the Klamath River because wetlands and farming practices in the southern portion of the Klamath Project result in the net removal of nutrients from the waters diverted for irrigation on a yearly basis, compared to allowing the same amount of water simply to flow down the river unused. Because of large errors of estimation for the amounts of water transferred, combined with smaller errors associated with estimating nutrient concentrations in water samples, and with year to year climate variation, TMDLs may not be an effective or efficient means of reducing nutrients in return flows to the Klamath River. Rational confidence limits for TMDLs may have to be too broad to be effective. Recycling of some drainage water for irrigation would reduce the amount of nutrients returned to the river more effectively than implementing a TMDL program. Title: Farming practices and water quality in the Upper Klamath Basin : final report to the California State Water Resources Control Board : 205j program Author: Danosky, Earl; Kaffka, Stephen Year: 2002, 2007, 2006 Summary The Upper Klamath Basin (UKB) is a high desert region straddling the California-Oregon border east of the Cascade Range. Irrigation and other agricultural practices in the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation's Klamath Project may result in impaired surface water quality, reducing its use for wildlife and fish in important national wildlife refuges that receive drainage water from farms, and in the Klamath River. By 2004, a system of total maximum daily loads (TMDL) for nutrients must be established for the Klamath River. To investigate the relationships among agricultural practices and surface water quality in the Upper Klamath Basin, a two year reconnaissance survey of surface water and agricultural tile drain locations, focusing on nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and mass transfers was conducted. Data was collected at 18 surface locations and 10 tile drain locations. Triplicate samples were taken every ten days during the growing season (April through October) and one or two times a month during the remainder of the months, depending on opportunity. No samples were taken from tile drains during the winter months because there was no irrigation and drainage during that period. Water samples were analyzed for phosphorus (total P, soluble reactive P, total filterable P, and particulate P) and nitrogen (total N, soluble N, Soluble organic N, total filterable N, particulate N, and ammonia N), temperature, pH and electrical conductivity, a measure of salinity or total dissolved solids. Analyses of data, including data quality, estimates of the transfer of nutrients in surface waters in the region, and hypotheses about the relationship between agriculture and water quality are reported. 1. The salt and nutrient content of surface waters increases nearly threefold as water moves through the watershed from the Lost River and J canal diversion to the Klamath Straits Drain. Mean ECW levels in input waters at the J canal diversion were approximately 250 \iS cm1, while water sampled at the D pump increased to 600 ^S cm"1 on average over the sample period. By the time water reenters the Klamath River, salt concentrations have increased to approximately 700 jaS cm1. 2. The ECW values observed in subsurface tile drains were higher on average than in input waters and surface waters elsewhere in the region, especially in the Lease Lands area of the Tulelake Irrigation District (TID). ECW values averaged approximately 2,500 ^S cm"1 . Recycling irrigation water through soils in the TID increases the salinity of the water, especially by the time it reaches and is reused in the Lease Lands area of the Tulelake National Wildlife Refuge (TLNWR). Soils in this part of the Klamath Project area are naturally high in salt. 3. Water temperatures in agricultural subsurface tile drains were significantly lower than surface water temperatures during the growing season when tile drains were active. pH values in tile drains were lower than surface water values. The temperature and pH of tile drains does not influence surface water values. 1. 4. For total phosphorus (TP) input waters at the J canal irrigation diversion for the TED averaged approximately 0.27 mg L1 for the two years reported. Water leaving the Tulelake Sumps at the D pump increases to 0.33 mg L1. Water leaving the Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge (LKNWR) sampled at the start of the Klamath Straits Drain, averaged 0.33 mg L1, similar to those at the D pump. TP increased further to 0.40 mg L"1 a the end of the Klamath Straits Drain. The overall increase in P concentration in surface waters was much less than for salt, suggesting that processes other than simple enrichment are occurring, particularly those associated with the exchange of sedimentary P and aquatic plant species. TN increases from 2.3 mg L"1 to 4.0 mg L1 over the same pathway. Atomic ratios (TN:TP) of surface water samples remain constant at approximately 10:1 throughout the system, suggesting that the amount of sediment and other small particulate matter in surface waters affects the values observed. The amount of sediment is influenced in part by the agitation of surface water as it passes through pumps and over weirs. 5. The average seasonal TP value in tile drains beneath farm fields is approximately 0.34 mg L"1 . While average total P values in subsurface tile drains were not different from those found at the D pump and the LKNWR outlet, the range in values was great (0.1 to 0.8 mg L1). Similarly, high NO3 -N values were observed at times in tile drains. Very high values in tile drains lead to the inference that some fertilizer N and P is lost in drainage water, combined with nutrients derived from decaying soil organic matter. The amount estimated as lost is much less than the amount of surplus fertilizer P applied and the amount of P surmised to be mineralized from decaying soil organic matter. P from fertilizer and decaying organic matter appears to be accumulating in soils and lake sediments in the region. 6. Ammonia N concentrations are at or below the limit of detection in subsurface agricultural tile lines and one to two orders of magnitude below the values observed in surface soils. Un ionized ammonia increases with temperature. Values above 0.25 mg L1 were observed in late summer at several locations. 7. Some leaching of soluble salts and nutrients is unavoidable when crops are irrigated. P fertilizer is applied at rates higher than crop removal, while fertilizer n is applied at rates less than crop removal. Reduced fertilizer use can help bring P inputs and outputs into balance and may reduce further any avoidable losses of P. This objective should be the subject of an agronomic research program in the region. 8. Surface waters entering the TDD, the TLNWR, and the LKNWR are already enriched with N and P. It seems unlikely that reducing N and P losses from farming in the TID, if possible, would influence surface water quality sufficiently to make them significantly less eutrophic. For P, the hypothesized threshold concentration limiting algae growth in fresh waters is 5 to 25 times smaller than the values observed in waters entering the TID for irrigation use. The addition of 1. nutrients from agriculture probably does not influence significantly surface water quality in the region. Wetland sediments, large amounts of organic matter in soils, and water introduced for irrigation contain essentially unlimited amounts of nutrients for aquatic plant growth. It is not clear how this circumstance could be changed under any reasonable time frame, if ever. 9. Using a TMDL approach may not result in reduced amounts of nutrients returned to the Klamath River because wetlands and farming practices in the southern portion of the Klamath Project result in the net removal of nutrients from the waters diverted for irrigation on a yearly basis, compared to allowing the same amount of water simply to flow down the river unused. Because of large errors of estimation for the amounts of water transferred, combined with smaller errors associated with estimating nutrient concentrations in water samples, and with year to year climate variation, TMDLs may not be an effective or efficient means of reducing nutrients in return flows to the Klamath River. Rational confidence limits for TMDLs may have to be too broad to be effective. Recycling of some drainage water for irrigation would reduce the amount of nutrients returned to the river more effectively than implementing a TMDL program. Close

• 2348. [Article] Improving Projections of Tidal Marsh Persistence under Climate Change with Remote Sensing and Site-Specific Data

  Tidal marshes are dynamic ecosystems that are threatened by climate change and sea-level rise. To characterize baseline condition and historic climate sensitivities, and improve projections into the future, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Improving Projections of Tidal Marsh Persistence under Climate Change with Remote Sensing and Site-Specific Data Author: Buffington, Kevin John Tidal marshes are dynamic ecosystems that are threatened by climate change and sea-level rise. To characterize baseline condition and historic climate sensitivities, and improve projections into the future, new methods are required that integrate data from the field and remote sensing platforms. Marsh elevation response models can be calibrated with site-specific data to determine the vulnerability of a marsh to sea-level rise and help guide management decisions. Elevation models are sensitive to initial elevation, the rate of accretion, and aboveground biomass. The overarching goal of this dissertation was to develop techniques to improve these important model inputs and evaluate the range of spatial and temporal variation. Light detection and ranging (lidar) is an invaluable tool for collecting elevation data, however dense vegetation prevents the accurate measurement of the tidal marsh surface. In Chapter 2, I describe the development of a technique to calibrate lidar digital elevation models with survey elevation data using readily available multispectral aerial imagery from the National Agricultural Inventory Program (NAIP). Using survey elevation data across 17 Pacific Coast tidal marshes, I demonstrated the utility of the Lidar Elevation Adjustment with NDVI (LEAN) technique to account for the positive bias in lidar due to vegetation. LEAN reduced error from an average of 23.1 cm to 7.2 cm root mean squared error and removed the positive bias caused by vegetation. This increase in accuracy will facilitate more accurate assessments of current and future vulnerability to sea-level rise. The phenology of aboveground biomass in tidal marsh plants in relation to climate variation has not been explored in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). In Chapter 3 I explain how I leveraged the Landsat archive and cloud computing capabilities to assess how Tasseled Cap Greenness (TCG, a proxy for aboveground biomass) in three PNW tidal marshes has responded to recent variation in climate to characterize sensitivity to climate change. Through analysis of over 3700 Landsat images obtained from 1984-2015, I found increased annual precipitation resulted in a higher peak TCG, while warmer May temperatures resulted in an earlier day of peak TCG. These results also demonstrate how time-series analysis of remote sensing data can be used to examine the sensitivity of tidal marsh plants to climate variability and directional change. The range of variation in tidal marsh accretion rates has not been characterized across the PNW. For Chapter 4, I collected and analyzed twenty-two soil cores from eight estuaries to estimate historic accretion rates with radioisotope dating techniques and evaluated the amount and source of variation across estuaries. I found that tidal marshes across the PNW had accretion rates greater than the current rate of sea-level rise, ranging from 2.3 – 7.3 mm yr⁻¹. Using a watershed-scale analysis, I found that long-term average annual fluvial discharge was the top predictor of tidal marsh accretion rates. Additionally, I found that calibrating the Wetland Accretion Rate Model for Ecosystem Resilience (WARMER) with accretion rate data from nearby estuaries can result in uncertainties of up to 41% (50 cm) after 100 years. Finally, in Chapter 5, I demonstrate that a range of 62 cm of error is possible in WARMER models after a 100 year simulation when both uncorrected lidar and non-local accretion rates are used, fundamentally changing the interpretation of the results. Altogether, this dissertation illustrates the importance of collecting site-specific wetland vegetation and elevation data and demonstrates how lidar and multispectral remote sensing data can be leveraged to improve our understanding of how climate variability and change impacts coastal ecosystems. Title: Improving Projections of Tidal Marsh Persistence under Climate Change with Remote Sensing and Site-Specific Data Author: Buffington, Kevin John Tidal marshes are dynamic ecosystems that are threatened by climate change and sea-level rise. To characterize baseline condition and historic climate sensitivities, and improve projections into the future, new methods are required that integrate data from the field and remote sensing platforms. Marsh elevation response models can be calibrated with site-specific data to determine the vulnerability of a marsh to sea-level rise and help guide management decisions. Elevation models are sensitive to initial elevation, the rate of accretion, and aboveground biomass. The overarching goal of this dissertation was to develop techniques to improve these important model inputs and evaluate the range of spatial and temporal variation. Light detection and ranging (lidar) is an invaluable tool for collecting elevation data, however dense vegetation prevents the accurate measurement of the tidal marsh surface. In Chapter 2, I describe the development of a technique to calibrate lidar digital elevation models with survey elevation data using readily available multispectral aerial imagery from the National Agricultural Inventory Program (NAIP). Using survey elevation data across 17 Pacific Coast tidal marshes, I demonstrated the utility of the Lidar Elevation Adjustment with NDVI (LEAN) technique to account for the positive bias in lidar due to vegetation. LEAN reduced error from an average of 23.1 cm to 7.2 cm root mean squared error and removed the positive bias caused by vegetation. This increase in accuracy will facilitate more accurate assessments of current and future vulnerability to sea-level rise. The phenology of aboveground biomass in tidal marsh plants in relation to climate variation has not been explored in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). In Chapter 3 I explain how I leveraged the Landsat archive and cloud computing capabilities to assess how Tasseled Cap Greenness (TCG, a proxy for aboveground biomass) in three PNW tidal marshes has responded to recent variation in climate to characterize sensitivity to climate change. Through analysis of over 3700 Landsat images obtained from 1984-2015, I found increased annual precipitation resulted in a higher peak TCG, while warmer May temperatures resulted in an earlier day of peak TCG. These results also demonstrate how time-series analysis of remote sensing data can be used to examine the sensitivity of tidal marsh plants to climate variability and directional change. The range of variation in tidal marsh accretion rates has not been characterized across the PNW. For Chapter 4, I collected and analyzed twenty-two soil cores from eight estuaries to estimate historic accretion rates with radioisotope dating techniques and evaluated the amount and source of variation across estuaries. I found that tidal marshes across the PNW had accretion rates greater than the current rate of sea-level rise, ranging from 2.3 – 7.3 mm yr⁻¹. Using a watershed-scale analysis, I found that long-term average annual fluvial discharge was the top predictor of tidal marsh accretion rates. Additionally, I found that calibrating the Wetland Accretion Rate Model for Ecosystem Resilience (WARMER) with accretion rate data from nearby estuaries can result in uncertainties of up to 41% (50 cm) after 100 years. Finally, in Chapter 5, I demonstrate that a range of 62 cm of error is possible in WARMER models after a 100 year simulation when both uncorrected lidar and non-local accretion rates are used, fundamentally changing the interpretation of the results. Altogether, this dissertation illustrates the importance of collecting site-specific wetland vegetation and elevation data and demonstrates how lidar and multispectral remote sensing data can be leveraged to improve our understanding of how climate variability and change impacts coastal ecosystems. Close

• 2349. [Image] Crater Lake market assessment

  	ill., maps; "Final report"--Cover; "January 1992."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake market assessment Author: University of Oregon; Department of Planning, Public Policy, and Management; Community Planning Workshop Year: 1922, 2010 ill., maps; "Final report"--Cover; "January 1992." Title: Crater Lake market assessment Author: University of Oregon; Department of Planning, Public Policy, and Management; Community Planning Workshop Year: 1922, 2010 ill., maps; "Final report"--Cover; "January 1992." Close

• 2350. [Article] Contributions of Peter Pallas to science and exploration in Russia

  This thesis presents an account of a prominent eighteenth-century European naturalist, Peter Pallas (1741-1811), in the setting to which he contributed his scientific talents—the St. Petersburg Academy ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Contributions of Peter Pallas to science and exploration in Russia Author: Parker, Robert C. Year: 1973 This thesis presents an account of a prominent eighteenth-century European naturalist, Peter Pallas (1741-1811), in the setting to which he contributed his scientific talents—the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. A complete outline of Pallas' life is presented for purposes of continuity, but the heart of the thesis is presented in chapters four and five, which combined, relate the major features of Pallas' career in Russia. These two chapters are set against pertinent background material, most of which is involved with the institution itself which supported Pallas. The St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences is surveyed in its origin and development in the eighteenth century and material is presented which will outline the ups and downs of the development of academic life in Russia as well as the general milieu in which Pallas fitted. This milieu, it has been concluded, was one of lively and relatively unfettered advance in the development of science in Russia, to which Pallas contributed a great deal of stimulus by way of his widely known and respected accomplishments. The focal point of Pallas' career is represented by his Siberian expedition of 1768-1774, a momentous six-year scientific enterprise to which a central part of the research has been directed. The account of the Pallas Expedition presented here is entirely original, utilizing chiefly his own travel account and the Proceedings (Protokoly) of the Academy, from which source, in the absence of archival materials, can be gained the general content of Pallas' communications to the Academy during his absence. To add perspective, the Pallas Expedition has been set against the historical and contemporary background of Russian scientific exploration in the eighteenth century. An appendix has also been included which lists the Russian-sponsored eighteenth-century scientific expeditions. The follow-up to Pallas' expedition--the remainder of his career in St. Petersburg--is equally a central part of the study. As an academician in St. Petersburg from 1774 to 1793, Pallas was a luminary of European natural science as well as a pillar of scientific achievement in Russia. In historical terms and seen against the background of the Academy of which he was a part, Pallas’ scholarly contributions in Russia have been outlined, most of which can be explained as a consequence of his expedition. A wide selection of available secondary material has been utilized to explain Pallas’ academic career supplemented by some original research supplemented by some original research (chiefly from the Academy Proceedings) and the opportunity I have had to see and scan most of his major publications pertaining to zoology and botany, the major fields to which he contributed. Although of German background, Pallas spent most of his adult life in Russia (1767-1810). His career there forms one of the highlights of foreign scientific expeditionary achievement during the century that Russia relied almost exclusively on foreigners to establish the serious beginnings of both. His contributions--expeditionary and academically in the realm of biology--for obvious reasons are more closely connected to the Russian arena; perhaps for that reason he has failed to attract deserved notice alongside the eighteenth-century European naturalists who are now more popularly known. This thesis attempts no more than to account historically for the career of Peter Simon Pallas in Russia and to present his remarkable accomplishments. A categorized, partially annotated bibliography is appended, preceded by a bibliographic explanation. Title: Contributions of Peter Pallas to science and exploration in Russia Author: Parker, Robert C. Year: 1973 This thesis presents an account of a prominent eighteenth-century European naturalist, Peter Pallas (1741-1811), in the setting to which he contributed his scientific talents—the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. A complete outline of Pallas' life is presented for purposes of continuity, but the heart of the thesis is presented in chapters four and five, which combined, relate the major features of Pallas' career in Russia. These two chapters are set against pertinent background material, most of which is involved with the institution itself which supported Pallas. The St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences is surveyed in its origin and development in the eighteenth century and material is presented which will outline the ups and downs of the development of academic life in Russia as well as the general milieu in which Pallas fitted. This milieu, it has been concluded, was one of lively and relatively unfettered advance in the development of science in Russia, to which Pallas contributed a great deal of stimulus by way of his widely known and respected accomplishments. The focal point of Pallas' career is represented by his Siberian expedition of 1768-1774, a momentous six-year scientific enterprise to which a central part of the research has been directed. The account of the Pallas Expedition presented here is entirely original, utilizing chiefly his own travel account and the Proceedings (Protokoly) of the Academy, from which source, in the absence of archival materials, can be gained the general content of Pallas' communications to the Academy during his absence. To add perspective, the Pallas Expedition has been set against the historical and contemporary background of Russian scientific exploration in the eighteenth century. An appendix has also been included which lists the Russian-sponsored eighteenth-century scientific expeditions. The follow-up to Pallas' expedition--the remainder of his career in St. Petersburg--is equally a central part of the study. As an academician in St. Petersburg from 1774 to 1793, Pallas was a luminary of European natural science as well as a pillar of scientific achievement in Russia. In historical terms and seen against the background of the Academy of which he was a part, Pallas’ scholarly contributions in Russia have been outlined, most of which can be explained as a consequence of his expedition. A wide selection of available secondary material has been utilized to explain Pallas’ academic career supplemented by some original research supplemented by some original research (chiefly from the Academy Proceedings) and the opportunity I have had to see and scan most of his major publications pertaining to zoology and botany, the major fields to which he contributed. Although of German background, Pallas spent most of his adult life in Russia (1767-1810). His career there forms one of the highlights of foreign scientific expeditionary achievement during the century that Russia relied almost exclusively on foreigners to establish the serious beginnings of both. His contributions--expeditionary and academically in the realm of biology--for obvious reasons are more closely connected to the Russian arena; perhaps for that reason he has failed to attract deserved notice alongside the eighteenth-century European naturalists who are now more popularly known. This thesis attempts no more than to account historically for the career of Peter Simon Pallas in Russia and to present his remarkable accomplishments. A categorized, partially annotated bibliography is appended, preceded by a bibliographic explanation. Close

• 2351. [Article] Mapping and lithologic interpretation of the Territorial Sea, Oregon

  Seafloor lithologic maps have been widely used to identify conservation sites. In this study, a lithologic interpretation of Oregon's territorial seafloor was created as an interim product in response ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping and lithologic interpretation of the Territorial Sea, Oregon Author: Agapito, Melinda T. Seafloor lithologic maps have been widely used to identify conservation sites. In this study, a lithologic interpretation of Oregon's territorial seafloor was created as an interim product in response to the need for a comprehensive lithologic map that will be used in the identification, evaluation and design of marine reserves in Oregon. While future multibeam mapping of the Oregon Territorial Sea will likely replace this product in the next few years, the ground truth data from which the map is constructed will continue in use in future efforts. This mapping project utilized a classical geologic approach aided by GIS technology in which all relevant thematic geologic layers were applied to interpret patterns of seafloor lithology. The discovery of approximately 9,600 NOS bottom samples from the National Ocean Service (NOS) historic hydrographic smooth sheet archives has tremendously improved upon the original sample dataset (305 bottom samples) used in previous characterization of Oregon's territorial seabed. Supplementing the NOS bottom samples, other existing datasets including historic kelp distribution (used as proxy for rock), a triangulated irregular network (TIN) surface model derived from bathymetric soundings, rock outcrops digitized from 0.5 meter aerial photos, subsurface structure, and the adjacent onshore Oregon digital geologic map were used. While the collection of smooth sheet data from historic surveys utilized leadline sampling techniques and traditional navigation methods such as three-point sextant positioning, it was observed that the typical positional error averaged ~28 meters relative to contemporary aerial photography where comparison was possible. GIS software was used for simultaneous display of varied thematic layers, qualitative interpretation, quantitative accuracy assessment, and density mapping processes in this project. This current mapping effort showed that the NOS "smooth sheet" data collected from 1858 to 1958 compares well with modern data and that the NOS datasets and methods are able to capture the general outlines of rocky outcrops particularly in shallow areas. The territorial lithologic map shows a reasonable overall accuracy of 64 % relative to existing habitat interpretation of rocky reefs based on high-resolution multibeam data. Furthermore, the NOS bottom samples provide an opportunity to map additional sediment types that are not represented in the existing Surficial Geologic Habitat (SGH) map of the territorial sea. Finally, a companion product to the maps, a composite density map was created from the underlying datasets (kelp, bathymetry and bottom samples) to represent the spatial variation in data quality and quantity used in the interpretation of seafloor lithology. It is anticipated that the data obtained from this study will serve as a useful tool for scientific investigation and management efforts such as the ocean zoning in the nearshore region of the Oregon coast, which includes the upcoming designation and evaluation of marine reserves. Title: Mapping and lithologic interpretation of the Territorial Sea, Oregon Author: Agapito, Melinda T. Seafloor lithologic maps have been widely used to identify conservation sites. In this study, a lithologic interpretation of Oregon's territorial seafloor was created as an interim product in response to the need for a comprehensive lithologic map that will be used in the identification, evaluation and design of marine reserves in Oregon. While future multibeam mapping of the Oregon Territorial Sea will likely replace this product in the next few years, the ground truth data from which the map is constructed will continue in use in future efforts. This mapping project utilized a classical geologic approach aided by GIS technology in which all relevant thematic geologic layers were applied to interpret patterns of seafloor lithology. The discovery of approximately 9,600 NOS bottom samples from the National Ocean Service (NOS) historic hydrographic smooth sheet archives has tremendously improved upon the original sample dataset (305 bottom samples) used in previous characterization of Oregon's territorial seabed. Supplementing the NOS bottom samples, other existing datasets including historic kelp distribution (used as proxy for rock), a triangulated irregular network (TIN) surface model derived from bathymetric soundings, rock outcrops digitized from 0.5 meter aerial photos, subsurface structure, and the adjacent onshore Oregon digital geologic map were used. While the collection of smooth sheet data from historic surveys utilized leadline sampling techniques and traditional navigation methods such as three-point sextant positioning, it was observed that the typical positional error averaged ~28 meters relative to contemporary aerial photography where comparison was possible. GIS software was used for simultaneous display of varied thematic layers, qualitative interpretation, quantitative accuracy assessment, and density mapping processes in this project. This current mapping effort showed that the NOS "smooth sheet" data collected from 1858 to 1958 compares well with modern data and that the NOS datasets and methods are able to capture the general outlines of rocky outcrops particularly in shallow areas. The territorial lithologic map shows a reasonable overall accuracy of 64 % relative to existing habitat interpretation of rocky reefs based on high-resolution multibeam data. Furthermore, the NOS bottom samples provide an opportunity to map additional sediment types that are not represented in the existing Surficial Geologic Habitat (SGH) map of the territorial sea. Finally, a companion product to the maps, a composite density map was created from the underlying datasets (kelp, bathymetry and bottom samples) to represent the spatial variation in data quality and quantity used in the interpretation of seafloor lithology. It is anticipated that the data obtained from this study will serve as a useful tool for scientific investigation and management efforts such as the ocean zoning in the nearshore region of the Oregon coast, which includes the upcoming designation and evaluation of marine reserves. Close

• 2352. [Article] "Her Hypnotic Eyes" : Reading the Optical in Aaron Douglas’s Aspects of Negro Life and Nella Larsen's Passing

  This thesis examines two cultural productions of the Harlem Renaissance: Aaron Douglas's mural series, Aspects of Negro Life, and Nella Larsen's novel Passing. I read these works together because, more ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Her Hypnotic Eyes" : Reading the Optical in Aaron Douglas’s Aspects of Negro Life and Nella Larsen's Passing Author: Barkley, Charles K. This thesis examines two cultural productions of the Harlem Renaissance: Aaron Douglas's mural series, Aspects of Negro Life, and Nella Larsen's novel Passing. I read these works together because, more than their shared time period, they showcase an attention to the visual. Both Larsen and Douglas's works are concerned with the power of the look, and, in turn, question who gets to look and how that look shapes new modes of thought for the viewer or reader. Chapter one examines Douglas's mural series, linking his artistic style to Orphism, an optics-centered art form popularized in Europe in the 1910s. I argue that Douglas's adaptation of this art form allows him to articulate a combined focus on the optical and historical together. This combination works to unsettle essentialist ideas about race and to question a predominant strain of optimistic thinking about the role of historical narratives for African American racial advancement, exemplified by the work of Arthur Schomburg. The chapter briefly surveys Orphism and optical theory of the 1910s as a separate phenomenon from Douglas's 1930s project. With this historical context in place, I read each of the four murals in the series to highlight the ways in which the viewer's eye is called to look across the canvas. By ruminating on the gaze as Douglas invites us to, the chapter shows that sight is always interwoven with history. Chapter two examines Nella Larsen's Passing, exploring the ways that sight can but does not always grant agency to the one who looks. I argue that Passing's obsession with sight functions as a key part of the novel's larger question about the relationship between agency and control. By presenting disparate narratives about the power of vision, the novel undercuts a singular understanding of agency. In making this argument, the chapter draws heavily from Frantz Fanon's Black Skin, White Masks and bell hooks' Black Looks. These two theorists chart a link between sight, agency, and control through a theory of the gaze. Engaging their ideas, the chapter examines the complicated iterations of the gaze throughout the text, with a primary focus on the looking relationship between the novel's protagonist, Irene Redfield, and her childhood friend, Clare Kendry. Read together, the chapters highlight the varying conceptions of the gaze during the Harlem Renaissance. Title: "Her Hypnotic Eyes" : Reading the Optical in Aaron Douglas’s Aspects of Negro Life and Nella Larsen's Passing Author: Barkley, Charles K. This thesis examines two cultural productions of the Harlem Renaissance: Aaron Douglas's mural series, Aspects of Negro Life, and Nella Larsen's novel Passing. I read these works together because, more than their shared time period, they showcase an attention to the visual. Both Larsen and Douglas's works are concerned with the power of the look, and, in turn, question who gets to look and how that look shapes new modes of thought for the viewer or reader. Chapter one examines Douglas's mural series, linking his artistic style to Orphism, an optics-centered art form popularized in Europe in the 1910s. I argue that Douglas's adaptation of this art form allows him to articulate a combined focus on the optical and historical together. This combination works to unsettle essentialist ideas about race and to question a predominant strain of optimistic thinking about the role of historical narratives for African American racial advancement, exemplified by the work of Arthur Schomburg. The chapter briefly surveys Orphism and optical theory of the 1910s as a separate phenomenon from Douglas's 1930s project. With this historical context in place, I read each of the four murals in the series to highlight the ways in which the viewer's eye is called to look across the canvas. By ruminating on the gaze as Douglas invites us to, the chapter shows that sight is always interwoven with history. Chapter two examines Nella Larsen's Passing, exploring the ways that sight can but does not always grant agency to the one who looks. I argue that Passing's obsession with sight functions as a key part of the novel's larger question about the relationship between agency and control. By presenting disparate narratives about the power of vision, the novel undercuts a singular understanding of agency. In making this argument, the chapter draws heavily from Frantz Fanon's Black Skin, White Masks and bell hooks' Black Looks. These two theorists chart a link between sight, agency, and control through a theory of the gaze. Engaging their ideas, the chapter examines the complicated iterations of the gaze throughout the text, with a primary focus on the looking relationship between the novel's protagonist, Irene Redfield, and her childhood friend, Clare Kendry. Read together, the chapters highlight the varying conceptions of the gaze during the Harlem Renaissance. Close

• 2353. [Article] Landscape features affecting genetic diversity and structure in East African ungulate species

  Habitat loss and fragmentation is a crisis affecting wildlife worldwide. In Tanzania, East Africa, a dramatic and recent (<80 years) expansion in human settlement and agriculture threatens to reduce gene ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Landscape features affecting genetic diversity and structure in East African ungulate species Author: Crowhurst, Rachel Selena Habitat loss and fragmentation is a crisis affecting wildlife worldwide. In Tanzania, East Africa, a dramatic and recent (<80 years) expansion in human settlement and agriculture threatens to reduce gene flow among protected areas for many species of large mammals. Wildlife linkages can mitigate population isolation, but linkage designs lacking empirical justification may be controversial and ineffective. Connectivity conservation requires an understanding of how biogeographic factors shaped gene flow prior to habitat loss or fragmentation, however the history of interaction among populations is rarely known. The goal of my study was to provide context for connectivity conservation in central and southern Tanzania by identifying landscape features that have shaped gene flow for three ungulate species with different dispersal capabilities. I investigated historical patterns of connectivity for Maasai giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi), impala (Aepyceros melampus), and eland (Tragelaphus oryx) by estimating genetic structure among four to eight protected areas per species. Genetic structure changes very slowly among large populations and thus is likely to reflect historical processes instead of recent anthropogenic influences. I collected noninvasive DNA samples and generated microsatellite genotypes at 8 to 15 loci per species, then estimated genetic diversity metrics (allelic richness, AR, and expected heterozygosity, H[subscript E]) for each population (defined by reserve). I also calculated genetic distance (F[subscript ST] and Nei's unbiased genetic distance, D[subscript hat]) and an estimate of gene flow (Nm) between all population pairs for each species. To elucidate the possible causes of genetic structure between these populations, I tested for isolation by distance and isolation by resistance based on a suite of biogeographic factors hypothesized to affect gene flow. To do this, I created GIS-based resistance surfaces that assigned different costs of movement to landscape features. I created one or more resistance surfaces for each hypothesis of landscape effect. I used circuit theory to estimate the cumulative resistance between each pair of reserves for each weighting scheme, and then performed Mantel tests to calculate the correlation between these resistances and the observed population pairwise genetic distances (D[subscript hat]). I chose the optimal resistance model for each species as the model that was most highly correlated with observed genetic patterns. To verify that the correlation of resistance models with genetic distance was not an artefact of geographic distance, I performed partial Mantel tests to calculate correlation while controlling for the effect of geographic distance. Finally, I compared historical gene flow patterns to the distribution of contemporary human activity to predict areas that are at risk of a loss of connectivity. Indices of genetic diversity were moderate for all three species and comparable to previously reported values for other savannah ungulates. Diversity (both H[subscript E] and A[subscript R]) was highest in eland and lowest in giraffe for these populations, and was not consistently correlated with reserve size as has been reported for other species in East Africa. Although patterns in genetic distance were broadly similar across all three species there were also striking differences in connectivity, highlighting the importance of cross-species comparisons in connectivity conservation. At this scale, resistance models based on slope strongly predicted population structure for all three species; distance to water was also highly correlated with genetic distance in eland. For all three species, the greatest genetic distances occurred between populations separated by the Eastern Arc Mountains, suggesting that the topography of this area has long acted as a barrier to gene flow, but this effect is present in varying degrees for each species. I observed high levels of historical gene flow between centrally located populations (Ruaha National Park and Rungwa Game Reserve) and those in the southwest (Katavi National Park and Rukwa Game Reserve). Although human settlement in this area has been low relative to other areas, the connection between the Katavi/Rukwa and Ruaha ecosystems may be threatened by increased human activity and warrants conservation. High levels of historical gene flow were also seen between reserves in the northeast (Tarangire National Park, Swagaswaga Game Reserve) and the central and southwest populations. These connections appear highly threatened due to current land use practices, and may have already suffered a loss of gene flow. Field surveys in the lands surrounding the northeastern reserves are needed to quantify current levels of connectivity and determine whether corridors could be established to maintain or restore gene flow with other reserves. Title: Landscape features affecting genetic diversity and structure in East African ungulate species Author: Crowhurst, Rachel Selena Habitat loss and fragmentation is a crisis affecting wildlife worldwide. In Tanzania, East Africa, a dramatic and recent (<80 years) expansion in human settlement and agriculture threatens to reduce gene flow among protected areas for many species of large mammals. Wildlife linkages can mitigate population isolation, but linkage designs lacking empirical justification may be controversial and ineffective. Connectivity conservation requires an understanding of how biogeographic factors shaped gene flow prior to habitat loss or fragmentation, however the history of interaction among populations is rarely known. The goal of my study was to provide context for connectivity conservation in central and southern Tanzania by identifying landscape features that have shaped gene flow for three ungulate species with different dispersal capabilities. I investigated historical patterns of connectivity for Maasai giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi), impala (Aepyceros melampus), and eland (Tragelaphus oryx) by estimating genetic structure among four to eight protected areas per species. Genetic structure changes very slowly among large populations and thus is likely to reflect historical processes instead of recent anthropogenic influences. I collected noninvasive DNA samples and generated microsatellite genotypes at 8 to 15 loci per species, then estimated genetic diversity metrics (allelic richness, AR, and expected heterozygosity, H[subscript E]) for each population (defined by reserve). I also calculated genetic distance (F[subscript ST] and Nei's unbiased genetic distance, D[subscript hat]) and an estimate of gene flow (Nm) between all population pairs for each species. To elucidate the possible causes of genetic structure between these populations, I tested for isolation by distance and isolation by resistance based on a suite of biogeographic factors hypothesized to affect gene flow. To do this, I created GIS-based resistance surfaces that assigned different costs of movement to landscape features. I created one or more resistance surfaces for each hypothesis of landscape effect. I used circuit theory to estimate the cumulative resistance between each pair of reserves for each weighting scheme, and then performed Mantel tests to calculate the correlation between these resistances and the observed population pairwise genetic distances (D[subscript hat]). I chose the optimal resistance model for each species as the model that was most highly correlated with observed genetic patterns. To verify that the correlation of resistance models with genetic distance was not an artefact of geographic distance, I performed partial Mantel tests to calculate correlation while controlling for the effect of geographic distance. Finally, I compared historical gene flow patterns to the distribution of contemporary human activity to predict areas that are at risk of a loss of connectivity. Indices of genetic diversity were moderate for all three species and comparable to previously reported values for other savannah ungulates. Diversity (both H[subscript E] and A[subscript R]) was highest in eland and lowest in giraffe for these populations, and was not consistently correlated with reserve size as has been reported for other species in East Africa. Although patterns in genetic distance were broadly similar across all three species there were also striking differences in connectivity, highlighting the importance of cross-species comparisons in connectivity conservation. At this scale, resistance models based on slope strongly predicted population structure for all three species; distance to water was also highly correlated with genetic distance in eland. For all three species, the greatest genetic distances occurred between populations separated by the Eastern Arc Mountains, suggesting that the topography of this area has long acted as a barrier to gene flow, but this effect is present in varying degrees for each species. I observed high levels of historical gene flow between centrally located populations (Ruaha National Park and Rungwa Game Reserve) and those in the southwest (Katavi National Park and Rukwa Game Reserve). Although human settlement in this area has been low relative to other areas, the connection between the Katavi/Rukwa and Ruaha ecosystems may be threatened by increased human activity and warrants conservation. High levels of historical gene flow were also seen between reserves in the northeast (Tarangire National Park, Swagaswaga Game Reserve) and the central and southwest populations. These connections appear highly threatened due to current land use practices, and may have already suffered a loss of gene flow. Field surveys in the lands surrounding the northeastern reserves are needed to quantify current levels of connectivity and determine whether corridors could be established to maintain or restore gene flow with other reserves. Close

• 2354. [Article] Little Deschutes Subbasin Watershed Assessment

  Abstract -- Many of the impacts to fish and wildlife habitat and water quality in the Little Deschutes River Subbasin are concentrated in the areas of housing, roads, and other human development. Most ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Little Deschutes Subbasin Watershed Assessment Abstract -- Many of the impacts to fish and wildlife habitat and water quality in the Little Deschutes River Subbasin are concentrated in the areas of housing, roads, and other human development. Most of the human population in the subbasin is concentrated around the community centers of La Pine, Gilchrist, Crescent, and Crescent Lake. There is significant dispersed development along the lower reaches of the Little Deschutes River between the communities of Sunriver and La Pine -an area characterized by gentle topography and depressions with forested wetlands, marshes and shallow lakes. Streams in this area, as illustrated by the Little Deschutes River , are low gradient and originate in the high elevation areas in the southwest portion of the watershed where there is higher precipitation. This ownership pattern has significant implications for natural resource management, as lower gradient floodplain areas tend to provide important wetland, fish, and wildlife habitat. Key Findings Fuel Loading: Having homes safe from wildfires is a concern for many residents. Fire suppression has increased the amount of dry wood in the area, creating a ready source for major wildfires. Riparian Areas and Wetlands: Loss of wetland and riparian areas , especially in the lower areas along the Little Deschutes River , has affected a number of resources. Water quality has been affected by the reduced wetlands that act as filters of nitrogen; the loss of streamside trees and other vegetation reduces shade that helps to cool water temperatures. Finally, loss ofwetlands and riparian vegetation has reduced important fish and wildlife habitats. Wildlife: The growth and development have altered wildlife habitats. Loss of wetlands, streamside vegetation, and other changes in the watershed have reduced important wildlife habitat. Roads and development have impacted migrating mule deer, increasing collisions between deer and cars and altering their migration pathways. Fish: There has been a significant loss of native trout and an increase in introduced brook and brown trout in the Little Deschutes River and tributaries. Loss of native trout is from competition with introduced species and changes in aquatic habitat and water temperatures. Water Quality: A major concern about the water in the river is unusually high temperatures in the summer and the abnormal growth of algae. Other studies indicated that there are problems with groundwater loading ofnitrogen. The high water table (with associated wetlands), and porous pumice soils contributes to increased nitrates, a by-product of septic systems and an indicator of human pathogens. Title: Little Deschutes Subbasin Watershed Assessment Abstract -- Many of the impacts to fish and wildlife habitat and water quality in the Little Deschutes River Subbasin are concentrated in the areas of housing, roads, and other human development. Most of the human population in the subbasin is concentrated around the community centers of La Pine, Gilchrist, Crescent, and Crescent Lake. There is significant dispersed development along the lower reaches of the Little Deschutes River between the communities of Sunriver and La Pine -an area characterized by gentle topography and depressions with forested wetlands, marshes and shallow lakes. Streams in this area, as illustrated by the Little Deschutes River , are low gradient and originate in the high elevation areas in the southwest portion of the watershed where there is higher precipitation. This ownership pattern has significant implications for natural resource management, as lower gradient floodplain areas tend to provide important wetland, fish, and wildlife habitat. Key Findings Fuel Loading: Having homes safe from wildfires is a concern for many residents. Fire suppression has increased the amount of dry wood in the area, creating a ready source for major wildfires. Riparian Areas and Wetlands: Loss of wetland and riparian areas , especially in the lower areas along the Little Deschutes River , has affected a number of resources. Water quality has been affected by the reduced wetlands that act as filters of nitrogen; the loss of streamside trees and other vegetation reduces shade that helps to cool water temperatures. Finally, loss ofwetlands and riparian vegetation has reduced important fish and wildlife habitats. Wildlife: The growth and development have altered wildlife habitats. Loss of wetlands, streamside vegetation, and other changes in the watershed have reduced important wildlife habitat. Roads and development have impacted migrating mule deer, increasing collisions between deer and cars and altering their migration pathways. Fish: There has been a significant loss of native trout and an increase in introduced brook and brown trout in the Little Deschutes River and tributaries. Loss of native trout is from competition with introduced species and changes in aquatic habitat and water temperatures. Water Quality: A major concern about the water in the river is unusually high temperatures in the summer and the abnormal growth of algae. Other studies indicated that there are problems with groundwater loading ofnitrogen. The high water table (with associated wetlands), and porous pumice soils contributes to increased nitrates, a by-product of septic systems and an indicator of human pathogens. Close

• 2355. [Article] Constraining the Holocene Extent of the Northwest Meers Fault, Oklahoma Using High-Resolution Topography and Paleoseismic Trenching

  The Meers Fault (Oklahoma) is one of few seismogenic structures with Holocene surface expression in the stable continental region of North America. Only the ~37 km-long southeastern section of the ~55 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Constraining the Holocene Extent of the Northwest Meers Fault, Oklahoma Using High-Resolution Topography and Paleoseismic Trenching Author: Hornsby, Kristofer Tyler Year: 2017 The Meers Fault (Oklahoma) is one of few seismogenic structures with Holocene surface expression in the stable continental region of North America. Only the ~37 km-long southeastern section of the ~55 km long Meers Fault is interpreted to be Holocene-active. The ~17 km-long northwestern section is considered to be Quaternary-active (pre-Holocene); however, its low-relief geomorphic expression and anthropogenic alteration have presented difficulties in evaluating the fault length and style of Holocene deformation. We reevaluate surface expression and earthquake timing of the northwestern portion of the Meers Fault to improve fault characterization, earthquake rupture models, and seismic hazard evaluations based on fault length. We use a combination of airborne lidar (0.5--2 m-resolution), historical aerial photos, and new balloon-based photogrammetric (Structure from Motion) topography (0.25--0.5 m-resolution) collected in this study to analyze and characterize the fault scarp and local fault zone geomorphology. In the northwest, complex surface deformation includes fault splays, a left step, subtle monoclinal warping, and a minor change in fault strike The fault is evident in the landscape as linear escarpments, incised channels on the up-thrown side of the scarp, and closed depressions on the downthrown side. I use topographic profiles, measured perpendicular to the fault scarp to show that the northwest scarp is characterized by decimeter surface offsets. Where the fault traverses the Post Oak Conglomerate the fault zone width rarely exceeds 25 m, in the Hennessey Shale I document an increase in fault zone width with deformation occurring over 20 m to 115 m. I further examined the northwest section of the fault in a paleoseismic excavation where weathered Permian Hennessey Shale and a ~1--2 m-thick veneer of Holocene alluvial deposits have been folded and warped during three surface-folding earthquakes. In an adjacent stream exposure these units are also faulted near the ground surface. Paleoearthquake age modeling (Oxcal) constrained by accelerated mass spectrometry (AMS) dating of detrital charcoal and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sandy alluvial beds indicates two earthquakes occurred since ~6152-5550 cal. years BP and one possibly older event along the erosional unconformity along the Hennessey Shale bedrock. This analysis lengthens the Holocene extent of the Meers Fault by ~6 km, to ~43 km, and extends the paleoseismic record of the Meers Fault to ~9598 cal. years BP. These data will improve fault-rupture and earthquake recurrence models used for seismic hazard analysis of the Meers Fault. Title: Constraining the Holocene Extent of the Northwest Meers Fault, Oklahoma Using High-Resolution Topography and Paleoseismic Trenching Author: Hornsby, Kristofer Tyler Year: 2017 The Meers Fault (Oklahoma) is one of few seismogenic structures with Holocene surface expression in the stable continental region of North America. Only the ~37 km-long southeastern section of the ~55 km long Meers Fault is interpreted to be Holocene-active. The ~17 km-long northwestern section is considered to be Quaternary-active (pre-Holocene); however, its low-relief geomorphic expression and anthropogenic alteration have presented difficulties in evaluating the fault length and style of Holocene deformation. We reevaluate surface expression and earthquake timing of the northwestern portion of the Meers Fault to improve fault characterization, earthquake rupture models, and seismic hazard evaluations based on fault length. We use a combination of airborne lidar (0.5--2 m-resolution), historical aerial photos, and new balloon-based photogrammetric (Structure from Motion) topography (0.25--0.5 m-resolution) collected in this study to analyze and characterize the fault scarp and local fault zone geomorphology. In the northwest, complex surface deformation includes fault splays, a left step, subtle monoclinal warping, and a minor change in fault strike The fault is evident in the landscape as linear escarpments, incised channels on the up-thrown side of the scarp, and closed depressions on the downthrown side. I use topographic profiles, measured perpendicular to the fault scarp to show that the northwest scarp is characterized by decimeter surface offsets. Where the fault traverses the Post Oak Conglomerate the fault zone width rarely exceeds 25 m, in the Hennessey Shale I document an increase in fault zone width with deformation occurring over 20 m to 115 m. I further examined the northwest section of the fault in a paleoseismic excavation where weathered Permian Hennessey Shale and a ~1--2 m-thick veneer of Holocene alluvial deposits have been folded and warped during three surface-folding earthquakes. In an adjacent stream exposure these units are also faulted near the ground surface. Paleoearthquake age modeling (Oxcal) constrained by accelerated mass spectrometry (AMS) dating of detrital charcoal and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sandy alluvial beds indicates two earthquakes occurred since ~6152-5550 cal. years BP and one possibly older event along the erosional unconformity along the Hennessey Shale bedrock. This analysis lengthens the Holocene extent of the Meers Fault by ~6 km, to ~43 km, and extends the paleoseismic record of the Meers Fault to ~9598 cal. years BP. These data will improve fault-rupture and earthquake recurrence models used for seismic hazard analysis of the Meers Fault. Close

• 2356. [Article] LiDAR Business Analysis

  LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a remote sensing technology that uses light in the form of a laser pulses to create 3D images. LiDAR technology’s use on UAS (Unmanned Aerial System) is a relatively ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: LiDAR Business Analysis Author: Xiao, Liyan, Yacoub, Mufeed, Lerdphayakkarat, Rassaniya, Groth, Tyler, Akhter, Tanzila, Lally, Wendy Year: 2017 LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a remote sensing technology that uses light in the form of a laser pulses to create 3D images. LiDAR technology’s use on UAS (Unmanned Aerial System) is a relatively new concept in the rapidly advancing remote sensing & 3D imaging industry. As such, profitability data is either not released by similar business organizations, or there is simply not enough historical data to accurately predict revenue streams with either business model. To assess the feasibility of business models, market research and literature review were performed by our research team. Economic analysis methods were used to determine the most advantageous business plan strategy for the LiDAR business opportunities. Since the success of either business model will rely heavily on the company’s sales ability. Since the focus of this report is on economic analysis to make the best business decision, we have made our valuation calculations based conservative sales forecasts. The startup business plan identifies and critiques two business models identified by the founder entrepreneurs: 1. A service oriented model in which data is collected, processed, and delivered by an operations team to the customer. 2. A product oriented model in which LiDAR UAS is constructed, tested, and sold as a unit that includes training as an entire product for the customer’s own use. Based on these two models, three decision options were evaluated and compared with each other: 1. Invest in the Service only model 2. Invest in the Product only model 3. Do not invest, utilize the stock market for investment gains A 5-year cash flow analysis was conducted to give the founders a recommended strategy to optimize their investment. Through conducting a benefit cost analysis and calculating the internal rate of return of each opportunity, it was determined that both business models may be profitable and worthy investments. The expected IRR of service model and product model are 56% and 136% respectively. They are both much higher than the stock market option, which has an estimated MARR of 8% on average. Much of the risk in this analysis was the uncertainty in the sales revenue projections. The team endeavored to determine the sensitivity of the data by performing sensitivity analysis on these sales projections. Expected values were calculated taking into consideration of the most likely, optimistic and pessimistic cases. The sensitivity analysis result shows both business models are profitable under all conditions. The economic analysis has shown that while both business models are likely to be profitable, the Product Business Model has the potential for a higher return on investment. Therefore the research team recommends that the investors proceed with the Product Business Model outlined in the report. Title: LiDAR Business Analysis Author: Xiao, Liyan, Yacoub, Mufeed, Lerdphayakkarat, Rassaniya, Groth, Tyler, Akhter, Tanzila, Lally, Wendy Year: 2017 LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a remote sensing technology that uses light in the form of a laser pulses to create 3D images. LiDAR technology’s use on UAS (Unmanned Aerial System) is a relatively new concept in the rapidly advancing remote sensing & 3D imaging industry. As such, profitability data is either not released by similar business organizations, or there is simply not enough historical data to accurately predict revenue streams with either business model. To assess the feasibility of business models, market research and literature review were performed by our research team. Economic analysis methods were used to determine the most advantageous business plan strategy for the LiDAR business opportunities. Since the success of either business model will rely heavily on the company’s sales ability. Since the focus of this report is on economic analysis to make the best business decision, we have made our valuation calculations based conservative sales forecasts. The startup business plan identifies and critiques two business models identified by the founder entrepreneurs: 1. A service oriented model in which data is collected, processed, and delivered by an operations team to the customer. 2. A product oriented model in which LiDAR UAS is constructed, tested, and sold as a unit that includes training as an entire product for the customer’s own use. Based on these two models, three decision options were evaluated and compared with each other: 1. Invest in the Service only model 2. Invest in the Product only model 3. Do not invest, utilize the stock market for investment gains A 5-year cash flow analysis was conducted to give the founders a recommended strategy to optimize their investment. Through conducting a benefit cost analysis and calculating the internal rate of return of each opportunity, it was determined that both business models may be profitable and worthy investments. The expected IRR of service model and product model are 56% and 136% respectively. They are both much higher than the stock market option, which has an estimated MARR of 8% on average. Much of the risk in this analysis was the uncertainty in the sales revenue projections. The team endeavored to determine the sensitivity of the data by performing sensitivity analysis on these sales projections. Expected values were calculated taking into consideration of the most likely, optimistic and pessimistic cases. The sensitivity analysis result shows both business models are profitable under all conditions. The economic analysis has shown that while both business models are likely to be profitable, the Product Business Model has the potential for a higher return on investment. Therefore the research team recommends that the investors proceed with the Product Business Model outlined in the report. Close

• 2357. [Article] Model Analysis of the Hydrologic Response to Climate Change in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon

  Considerable interest lies in understanding the hydrologic response to climate change in the upper Deschutes Basin, particularly as it relates to groundwater fed streams. Much of the precipitation occurring ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Model Analysis of the Hydrologic Response to Climate Change in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon Author: Waibel, Michael Scott Year: 2010 Considerable interest lies in understanding the hydrologic response to climate change in the upper Deschutes Basin, particularly as it relates to groundwater fed streams. Much of the precipitation occurring in the recharge zone falls as snow. Consequently, the timing of runoff and recharge depend on accumulation and melting of the snowpack. Numerical modeling can provide insights into evolving hydrologic system response for resource management consideration. A daily mass and energy balance model known as the Deep Percolation Model (DPM) was developed for the basin in the 1990s. This model uses spatially distributed data and is driven with daily climate data to calculate both daily and monthly mass and energy balance for the major components of the hydrologic budget across the basin. Previously historical daily climate data from weather stations in the basin was used to drive the model. Now we use the University of Washington Climate Impact Group's 1/16th degree daily downscaled climate data to drive the DPM for forecasting until the end of the 21st century. The downscaled climate data is comprised from the mean of eight GCM simulations well suited to the Pacific Northwest. Furthermore, there are low emission and high emission scenarios associated with each ensemble member leading to two distinct means. For the entire basin progressing into the 21st century, output from the DPM using both emission scenarios as a forcing show changes in the timing of runoff and recharge as well as significant reductions in snowpack. Although the DPM calculated amounts of recharge and runoff varies between the emission scenario of the ensemble under consideration, all model output shows loss of the spring snowmelt runoff / recharge peak as time progresses. The response of the groundwater system to changing in the time and amount of recharge varies spatially. Short flow paths in the upper part of the basin are potentially more sensitive to the change in seasonality. However, geologic controls on the system cause this signal to attenuate as it propagates into the lower portions of the basin. This scale-dependent variation to the response of the groundwater system to changes in seasonality and magnitude of recharge is explored by applying DPM calculated recharge to an existing regional groundwater flow model. Title: Model Analysis of the Hydrologic Response to Climate Change in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon Author: Waibel, Michael Scott Year: 2010 Considerable interest lies in understanding the hydrologic response to climate change in the upper Deschutes Basin, particularly as it relates to groundwater fed streams. Much of the precipitation occurring in the recharge zone falls as snow. Consequently, the timing of runoff and recharge depend on accumulation and melting of the snowpack. Numerical modeling can provide insights into evolving hydrologic system response for resource management consideration. A daily mass and energy balance model known as the Deep Percolation Model (DPM) was developed for the basin in the 1990s. This model uses spatially distributed data and is driven with daily climate data to calculate both daily and monthly mass and energy balance for the major components of the hydrologic budget across the basin. Previously historical daily climate data from weather stations in the basin was used to drive the model. Now we use the University of Washington Climate Impact Group's 1/16th degree daily downscaled climate data to drive the DPM for forecasting until the end of the 21st century. The downscaled climate data is comprised from the mean of eight GCM simulations well suited to the Pacific Northwest. Furthermore, there are low emission and high emission scenarios associated with each ensemble member leading to two distinct means. For the entire basin progressing into the 21st century, output from the DPM using both emission scenarios as a forcing show changes in the timing of runoff and recharge as well as significant reductions in snowpack. Although the DPM calculated amounts of recharge and runoff varies between the emission scenario of the ensemble under consideration, all model output shows loss of the spring snowmelt runoff / recharge peak as time progresses. The response of the groundwater system to changing in the time and amount of recharge varies spatially. Short flow paths in the upper part of the basin are potentially more sensitive to the change in seasonality. However, geologic controls on the system cause this signal to attenuate as it propagates into the lower portions of the basin. This scale-dependent variation to the response of the groundwater system to changes in seasonality and magnitude of recharge is explored by applying DPM calculated recharge to an existing regional groundwater flow model. Close

• 2358. [Article] Demography, home range, and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in the Ashland Watershed

  Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) inhabit productive forests that historically supported frequent, large, variable-severity fires in the Klamath province of southwestern Oregon occur in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Demography, home range, and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in the Ashland Watershed Author: Schilling, Jason W. Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) inhabit productive forests that historically supported frequent, large, variable-severity fires in the Klamath province of southwestern Oregon occur in complex. The potential for high-severity wildfire remains high throughout this region, so remaining spotted owl habitat is at risk. An adaptive management approach to fire management and owl recovery in these forests is being advocated under the Final Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl. However, it is currently unclear what short- or long-term effects these fuels reduction treatments will have on spotted owl populations. Proposed forest thinning treatments planned for the Ashland Watershed in southwestern Oregon provide an unprecedented opportunity to study the effects of thinning on spotted owl ecology. My objectives were to determine 1) monthly survival rates and 2) home range size of spotted owls in relation to habitat characteristics, and 3) owl habitat selection. Data were collected prior to forest manipulations and will serve as a baseline for comparison with post-thinning data. Survival, home range size and habitat selection for 15 Northern spotted owls were monitored using radio telemetry in the Ashland Watershed and surrounding area from September 2006 to October 2008. A remote-sensed vegetation map of the study area was used to characterize habitat classes and configuration. Estimates of monthly survival were generated in relation to habitat characteristics using program MARK. Monthly survival was positively correlated with the number of late forest patches within the individual home range and negatively correlated with the mean nearest neighbor of late forest patches. Annual home range size varied from 189 to 894 ha. Annual home range size increased with increased amounts of edge and decreased with increased amounts of intermediate aged-forest. The mean breeding season home range size was 491 ha and was larger than mean non-breeding season home ranges. Home range size increased with the addition of hard edge, and amount of old and mature forest combined. The mean size for annual core areas was 77 ha. The best predictor of both non-breeding home range size and core area size was hard edge. While home range size was positively related to the amount of hard edge within non-breeding home range in a linear fashion, core area size increased with increasing amounts of hard edge, but only up to a threshold point, where further increases in edge did not increase core area size. Logistic regression was used to model habitat selection of owls in relation to forest characteristics. Individual owls exhibited different preferences in selecting habitat for foraging and roosting. Overall, owls selected for habitat that was closer to streams and further away from edge. Old forest did not significantly influence selection, but mature forest was positively associated with annual and winter habitat selection for several individual owls. Intermediate forests and non-habitat were only weakly associated with spotted owl habitat selection. Title: Demography, home range, and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in the Ashland Watershed Author: Schilling, Jason W. Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) inhabit productive forests that historically supported frequent, large, variable-severity fires in the Klamath province of southwestern Oregon occur in complex. The potential for high-severity wildfire remains high throughout this region, so remaining spotted owl habitat is at risk. An adaptive management approach to fire management and owl recovery in these forests is being advocated under the Final Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl. However, it is currently unclear what short- or long-term effects these fuels reduction treatments will have on spotted owl populations. Proposed forest thinning treatments planned for the Ashland Watershed in southwestern Oregon provide an unprecedented opportunity to study the effects of thinning on spotted owl ecology. My objectives were to determine 1) monthly survival rates and 2) home range size of spotted owls in relation to habitat characteristics, and 3) owl habitat selection. Data were collected prior to forest manipulations and will serve as a baseline for comparison with post-thinning data. Survival, home range size and habitat selection for 15 Northern spotted owls were monitored using radio telemetry in the Ashland Watershed and surrounding area from September 2006 to October 2008. A remote-sensed vegetation map of the study area was used to characterize habitat classes and configuration. Estimates of monthly survival were generated in relation to habitat characteristics using program MARK. Monthly survival was positively correlated with the number of late forest patches within the individual home range and negatively correlated with the mean nearest neighbor of late forest patches. Annual home range size varied from 189 to 894 ha. Annual home range size increased with increased amounts of edge and decreased with increased amounts of intermediate aged-forest. The mean breeding season home range size was 491 ha and was larger than mean non-breeding season home ranges. Home range size increased with the addition of hard edge, and amount of old and mature forest combined. The mean size for annual core areas was 77 ha. The best predictor of both non-breeding home range size and core area size was hard edge. While home range size was positively related to the amount of hard edge within non-breeding home range in a linear fashion, core area size increased with increasing amounts of hard edge, but only up to a threshold point, where further increases in edge did not increase core area size. Logistic regression was used to model habitat selection of owls in relation to forest characteristics. Individual owls exhibited different preferences in selecting habitat for foraging and roosting. Overall, owls selected for habitat that was closer to streams and further away from edge. Old forest did not significantly influence selection, but mature forest was positively associated with annual and winter habitat selection for several individual owls. Intermediate forests and non-habitat were only weakly associated with spotted owl habitat selection. Close

• 2359. [Article] Predicting landscape sensitivity to present and future floods in the Pacific Northwest, USA

  Supporting information is available online at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hyp.10553/suppinfo

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Predicting landscape sensitivity to present and future floods in the Pacific Northwest, USA Author: Lewis, Sarah L., Safeeq, Mohammad, Staab, Brian, Grant, Gordon E. Supporting information is available online at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hyp.10553/suppinfo Title: Predicting landscape sensitivity to present and future floods in the Pacific Northwest, USA Author: Lewis, Sarah L., Safeeq, Mohammad, Staab, Brian, Grant, Gordon E. Supporting information is available online at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hyp.10553/suppinfo Close

• 2360. [Article] A supply chain model for optimizing fixed and mobile bio-oil refineries on a regional scale

  The use of fossil fuels and their related impact on the environment and global warming have encouraged societies to pursue more sustainable and renewable alternatives, e.g., forest-based bio-oil. Thus, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A supply chain model for optimizing fixed and mobile bio-oil refineries on a regional scale Author: Mirzaie, Pantea The use of fossil fuels and their related impact on the environment and global warming have encouraged societies to pursue more sustainable and renewable alternatives, e.g., forest-based bio-oil. Thus, a vital need to decrease the level of greenhouse gas emissions and the tendency of nations to reduce their dependency on imported oil have created a new mission for society: To increase the robustness of the environmental and economic aspects of woody biomass to bio-oil supply chains. Prior studies have focused on developing novel methods and approaches for improving single stages of biomass supply chains. Others have focused on ameliorating biomass supply chain performance from a systems perspective for a host of different biomass types, e.g., agricultural residues and forest residues, and logistics issues, e.g., transportation distance and storage. Bio-oil can be produced from woody biomass through the fast pyrolysis process, among different methods. Mobile processing has been developed in recent years to facilitate bio-oil production from woody waste and to reduce overall bio-oil supply chain cost, however, questions surrounding the environmental and economic benefits of using mobile processing plants in combination with large-scale non-mobile (fixed) processing plants remain unanswered. The research presented develops a mathematical model capable of assisting decision makers in determining the optimal combination and location of fixed and mobile bio-refinery plants for a known woody waste supply stream and set of harvesting areas. The major cost elements in the optimization model are transportation costs and capital costs. The model is applied to hypothetical case for northwest Oregon by using historical harvesting data for state-owned and private forests in the region. Distances between locations are obtained by using a geographical information system to elucidate roadway effects. The model is optimized for cost by using an integer linear programming solver. Supply chain environmental impacts are then assessed by considering the carbon footprint (CO₂ equivalent mass) of transportation activities and the bio-refinery infrastructure. Sensitivity analysis is conducted for six major factors within the mathematical model to assess their effects on the estimated supply chain cost and carbon footprint, as well as on the number and location of the mobile and fixed bio-refineries. The application of the model indicates that the utility of a mobile processing plant aligned with a fixed processing plant is more obvious when transportation cost and distance increase. In addition, this study seems to confirm the premise that transferring bio-oil to a processing facility is often more preferable than transporting woody biomass. However, results indicate that the capital intensity (cost and environmental impact) of mobile processing plants can greatly degrade their relative utility within a mixed mode supply chain. Title: A supply chain model for optimizing fixed and mobile bio-oil refineries on a regional scale Author: Mirzaie, Pantea The use of fossil fuels and their related impact on the environment and global warming have encouraged societies to pursue more sustainable and renewable alternatives, e.g., forest-based bio-oil. Thus, a vital need to decrease the level of greenhouse gas emissions and the tendency of nations to reduce their dependency on imported oil have created a new mission for society: To increase the robustness of the environmental and economic aspects of woody biomass to bio-oil supply chains. Prior studies have focused on developing novel methods and approaches for improving single stages of biomass supply chains. Others have focused on ameliorating biomass supply chain performance from a systems perspective for a host of different biomass types, e.g., agricultural residues and forest residues, and logistics issues, e.g., transportation distance and storage. Bio-oil can be produced from woody biomass through the fast pyrolysis process, among different methods. Mobile processing has been developed in recent years to facilitate bio-oil production from woody waste and to reduce overall bio-oil supply chain cost, however, questions surrounding the environmental and economic benefits of using mobile processing plants in combination with large-scale non-mobile (fixed) processing plants remain unanswered. The research presented develops a mathematical model capable of assisting decision makers in determining the optimal combination and location of fixed and mobile bio-refinery plants for a known woody waste supply stream and set of harvesting areas. The major cost elements in the optimization model are transportation costs and capital costs. The model is applied to hypothetical case for northwest Oregon by using historical harvesting data for state-owned and private forests in the region. Distances between locations are obtained by using a geographical information system to elucidate roadway effects. The model is optimized for cost by using an integer linear programming solver. Supply chain environmental impacts are then assessed by considering the carbon footprint (CO₂ equivalent mass) of transportation activities and the bio-refinery infrastructure. Sensitivity analysis is conducted for six major factors within the mathematical model to assess their effects on the estimated supply chain cost and carbon footprint, as well as on the number and location of the mobile and fixed bio-refineries. The application of the model indicates that the utility of a mobile processing plant aligned with a fixed processing plant is more obvious when transportation cost and distance increase. In addition, this study seems to confirm the premise that transferring bio-oil to a processing facility is often more preferable than transporting woody biomass. However, results indicate that the capital intensity (cost and environmental impact) of mobile processing plants can greatly degrade their relative utility within a mixed mode supply chain. Close

• 2361. [Article] Mapping the thermal climate of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon

  The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Cascades of central Oregon provides a unique opportunity to study spatial climate patterns on a relatively small scale. Historical records at the 64 square-kilometer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping the thermal climate of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon Author: Smith, Jonathan W. The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Cascades of central Oregon provides a unique opportunity to study spatial climate patterns on a relatively small scale. Historical records at the 64 square-kilometer site provide a spatiallydense 30-year dataset. Thermal regimes at the H. J. Andrews are generally known but the effects of its complex topography and canopy cover on temperatures have been poorly understood. In this study, 1971-2000 mean monthly maximum and minimum temperature maps of the H. J. Andrews were created over a 50- meter grid, accounting for several environmental factors affecting microclimates in forested, mountainous terrain. The effects of elevation, forest canopy, cloudiness, and topographic shading on radiation regimes were assumed to be the primary factors and the datasets were adjusted to account for them. Specifically, it was assumed that maximum temperatures were affected by shortwave daytime radiation regimes, and minimum temperatures were affected by surface longwave radiation emission at night. The Image-Processing Workbench (IPW) was used to estimate incoming shortwave solar radiation at all climate station sites, taking into account elevation, cloudiness and topographic shading. Using IPW, fisheye photographs, and the HemiView program, proportions of solar radiation and sky view factors blocked by the tree canopy were calculated at each site, and accounted for when calculating daily shortwave radiation values for each month. Sky view factors were calculated at each site accounting for canopy and surrounding topography. Specific site pairs were then analyzed by plotting observed monthly temperature differences against simulated radiation and sky view factors and computing monthly regression functions. Monthly maximum temperature/shortwave radiation regression functions were used to adjust maximum temperatures onto 'open, flat' terrain, (leaving only elevation effects on temperatures), and monthly minimum temperature/sky view factor regression functions were used to adjust minimum temperatures. Temperatures were spatially interpolated over the H. J. Andrews using the Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) program, which calculates spatially-varying temperature/elevation gradients. Topographic effects of shortwave radiation and sky view factors were reintroduced to the PRISM temperature grids using the appropriate regression functions. To make the resulting maps as useful and applicable as possible for future research, temperatures were modeled to simulate open siting conditions common in NWS station networks. Overall, temperatures were most sensitive to elevation and topographic position. Maximum temperature was sensitive to variations in shortwave radiation, especially in winter when solar radiation loads were small. Minimum temperature was sensitive to variations in sky view factors, particularly during clear summer months. Factors not accounted for in the project include small-scale effects of cold-air drainage, forest edge effects, topographic scale effects, and stream effects. These and other issues are summarized in a set of recommendations for future climate mapping research in the H. J. Andrews. Title: Mapping the thermal climate of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon Author: Smith, Jonathan W. The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Cascades of central Oregon provides a unique opportunity to study spatial climate patterns on a relatively small scale. Historical records at the 64 square-kilometer site provide a spatiallydense 30-year dataset. Thermal regimes at the H. J. Andrews are generally known but the effects of its complex topography and canopy cover on temperatures have been poorly understood. In this study, 1971-2000 mean monthly maximum and minimum temperature maps of the H. J. Andrews were created over a 50- meter grid, accounting for several environmental factors affecting microclimates in forested, mountainous terrain. The effects of elevation, forest canopy, cloudiness, and topographic shading on radiation regimes were assumed to be the primary factors and the datasets were adjusted to account for them. Specifically, it was assumed that maximum temperatures were affected by shortwave daytime radiation regimes, and minimum temperatures were affected by surface longwave radiation emission at night. The Image-Processing Workbench (IPW) was used to estimate incoming shortwave solar radiation at all climate station sites, taking into account elevation, cloudiness and topographic shading. Using IPW, fisheye photographs, and the HemiView program, proportions of solar radiation and sky view factors blocked by the tree canopy were calculated at each site, and accounted for when calculating daily shortwave radiation values for each month. Sky view factors were calculated at each site accounting for canopy and surrounding topography. Specific site pairs were then analyzed by plotting observed monthly temperature differences against simulated radiation and sky view factors and computing monthly regression functions. Monthly maximum temperature/shortwave radiation regression functions were used to adjust maximum temperatures onto 'open, flat' terrain, (leaving only elevation effects on temperatures), and monthly minimum temperature/sky view factor regression functions were used to adjust minimum temperatures. Temperatures were spatially interpolated over the H. J. Andrews using the Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) program, which calculates spatially-varying temperature/elevation gradients. Topographic effects of shortwave radiation and sky view factors were reintroduced to the PRISM temperature grids using the appropriate regression functions. To make the resulting maps as useful and applicable as possible for future research, temperatures were modeled to simulate open siting conditions common in NWS station networks. Overall, temperatures were most sensitive to elevation and topographic position. Maximum temperature was sensitive to variations in shortwave radiation, especially in winter when solar radiation loads were small. Minimum temperature was sensitive to variations in sky view factors, particularly during clear summer months. Factors not accounted for in the project include small-scale effects of cold-air drainage, forest edge effects, topographic scale effects, and stream effects. These and other issues are summarized in a set of recommendations for future climate mapping research in the H. J. Andrews. Close

• 2362. [Article] Hydrology and geomorphic evolution of basaltic landscapes, High Cascades, Oregon

  The basaltic landscapes of the Oregon High Cascades form a natural laboratory for examining how geologic setting and history influence groundwater flowpaths, streamflow sensitivity to climate, and landscape ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrology and geomorphic evolution of basaltic landscapes, High Cascades, Oregon Author: Jefferson, Anne (Anne Jarvis) The basaltic landscapes of the Oregon High Cascades form a natural laboratory for examining how geologic setting and history influence groundwater flowpaths, streamflow sensitivity to climate, and landscape evolution. In the High Cascades, highly permeable young basaltic lavas form extensive aquifers. These aquifers are the dominant sources of summer streamflow for the Willamette River and its tributary, the McKenzie River, whose watershed forms the study area. Groundwater is discharged at large volume, cold springs, and discharge, temperature, and isotopic measurements at seven springs were used to constrain groundwater patterns. Lava flow geometries have a significant influence on groundwater recharge areas and flowpaths, sometimes superseding topographic controls. Transit times to springs are ~3-14 years, and flowpaths are generally shallow and have limited contact with deeper geothermal systems, except at fault zones. Time-series analyses of historical discharge, precipitation, snow, and temperature records reveal that the distribution of permeable rocks and resultant groundwater systems strongly influence streamflow response to climatic forcing. The annual hydrograph is shaped by groundwater storage and release, but inter-annual streamflow variability is largely the result of climatic forcing. Over the past 60 years, warmer winters and earlier snowmelt have lengthened the summer recession period and decreased autumn minimum discharges in a groundwater-dominated watershed. A chronosequence of dated rock units, combined with field observations and measurements of slopes, contributing areas, and drainage densities, shows that the geologic history of a watershed controls the stage of drainage development. Groundwater flowpaths remain the dominant drainage mechanism for up to one million years, but as chemical weathering, glaciation, and other processes reduce the land surface permeability, channel networks grow up-slope of the springs. Within three million years, water is carried via a fully developed runoff-dominated stream network, groundwater discharge is insubstantial, and the landscape is shaped by fluvial and mass-wasting processes. The geology of a landscape is important for understanding hydrological processes at time scales ranging from a single season to several million years. Title: Hydrology and geomorphic evolution of basaltic landscapes, High Cascades, Oregon Author: Jefferson, Anne (Anne Jarvis) The basaltic landscapes of the Oregon High Cascades form a natural laboratory for examining how geologic setting and history influence groundwater flowpaths, streamflow sensitivity to climate, and landscape evolution. In the High Cascades, highly permeable young basaltic lavas form extensive aquifers. These aquifers are the dominant sources of summer streamflow for the Willamette River and its tributary, the McKenzie River, whose watershed forms the study area. Groundwater is discharged at large volume, cold springs, and discharge, temperature, and isotopic measurements at seven springs were used to constrain groundwater patterns. Lava flow geometries have a significant influence on groundwater recharge areas and flowpaths, sometimes superseding topographic controls. Transit times to springs are ~3-14 years, and flowpaths are generally shallow and have limited contact with deeper geothermal systems, except at fault zones. Time-series analyses of historical discharge, precipitation, snow, and temperature records reveal that the distribution of permeable rocks and resultant groundwater systems strongly influence streamflow response to climatic forcing. The annual hydrograph is shaped by groundwater storage and release, but inter-annual streamflow variability is largely the result of climatic forcing. Over the past 60 years, warmer winters and earlier snowmelt have lengthened the summer recession period and decreased autumn minimum discharges in a groundwater-dominated watershed. A chronosequence of dated rock units, combined with field observations and measurements of slopes, contributing areas, and drainage densities, shows that the geologic history of a watershed controls the stage of drainage development. Groundwater flowpaths remain the dominant drainage mechanism for up to one million years, but as chemical weathering, glaciation, and other processes reduce the land surface permeability, channel networks grow up-slope of the springs. Within three million years, water is carried via a fully developed runoff-dominated stream network, groundwater discharge is insubstantial, and the landscape is shaped by fluvial and mass-wasting processes. The geology of a landscape is important for understanding hydrological processes at time scales ranging from a single season to several million years. Close

• 2363. [Article] Spatial pattern and dynamics of hardwood patches in the Coast Range of Oregon, 1939-1993

  Analysis of the long-term spatial pattern and dynamics of hardwood patches in the Coast Range of Oregon provides numerous ecological insights. Natural and anthropogenic disturbances have contributed to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial pattern and dynamics of hardwood patches in the Coast Range of Oregon, 1939-1993 Author: Hess, Rebecca Susan Analysis of the long-term spatial pattern and dynamics of hardwood patches in the Coast Range of Oregon provides numerous ecological insights. Natural and anthropogenic disturbances have contributed to the development of a patchy mosaic of vegetation types in the area. Some hardwood patches in the Coast Range may be the precursors to stable vegetation states. The five objectives for the study were to: 1) develop the methodology for studying patch dynamics at landscape scales; 2) describe changes in the areal extent and occurrence of hardwood patches; 3) characterize the sizes and shapes, and size and shape changes of hardwood patches in the west-central Coast Range of Oregon; 4) describe the shift in within-patch heterogeneity and within-patch vegetation composition features of hardwood patches; and 5) characterize patches occurring in riparian areas. A viable methodology was developed for the detailed study of the change in vegetation patches across landscapes using scanned, georeferenced aerial photos, aerial photo interpretation of hardwood patches, and GIS techniques. Patch locations and characteristics were compared to a suite of environmental and other variables. The hardwood patch mosaic was not a stable landscape feature. The total area covered by hardwood patches, the weighted mean size of hardwood patches, and the number of patches sampled declined from 1939 to 1993. Forest Service lands showed the most dramatic drop in hardwood area, while private non-industrial lands showed the most dramatic increase in hardwood area. Most patches present in 1939 either disappeared or decreased in size. In 1993, hardwood patches were found closer to streams and on lower slope positions than in 1939. This may be associated with historic disturbance patterns of fire, logging, and grazing that occurred on the upper slopes, allowing for alder establishment on these sites. Hardwood patch shapes became more complex over time, especially in riparian areas. Core area:edge area ratios increased. Hardwood patches were less heterogeneous in within-patch composition than expected, with large conifers the main non-hardwood cover type within patches; within-patch heterogeneity declined during the study period. Recent management practices are likely increasing hardwood fragmentation and shape complexity, and restricting the landscape distribution of hardwood patches. Title: Spatial pattern and dynamics of hardwood patches in the Coast Range of Oregon, 1939-1993 Author: Hess, Rebecca Susan Analysis of the long-term spatial pattern and dynamics of hardwood patches in the Coast Range of Oregon provides numerous ecological insights. Natural and anthropogenic disturbances have contributed to the development of a patchy mosaic of vegetation types in the area. Some hardwood patches in the Coast Range may be the precursors to stable vegetation states. The five objectives for the study were to: 1) develop the methodology for studying patch dynamics at landscape scales; 2) describe changes in the areal extent and occurrence of hardwood patches; 3) characterize the sizes and shapes, and size and shape changes of hardwood patches in the west-central Coast Range of Oregon; 4) describe the shift in within-patch heterogeneity and within-patch vegetation composition features of hardwood patches; and 5) characterize patches occurring in riparian areas. A viable methodology was developed for the detailed study of the change in vegetation patches across landscapes using scanned, georeferenced aerial photos, aerial photo interpretation of hardwood patches, and GIS techniques. Patch locations and characteristics were compared to a suite of environmental and other variables. The hardwood patch mosaic was not a stable landscape feature. The total area covered by hardwood patches, the weighted mean size of hardwood patches, and the number of patches sampled declined from 1939 to 1993. Forest Service lands showed the most dramatic drop in hardwood area, while private non-industrial lands showed the most dramatic increase in hardwood area. Most patches present in 1939 either disappeared or decreased in size. In 1993, hardwood patches were found closer to streams and on lower slope positions than in 1939. This may be associated with historic disturbance patterns of fire, logging, and grazing that occurred on the upper slopes, allowing for alder establishment on these sites. Hardwood patch shapes became more complex over time, especially in riparian areas. Core area:edge area ratios increased. Hardwood patches were less heterogeneous in within-patch composition than expected, with large conifers the main non-hardwood cover type within patches; within-patch heterogeneity declined during the study period. Recent management practices are likely increasing hardwood fragmentation and shape complexity, and restricting the landscape distribution of hardwood patches. Close

• 2364. [Article] Summary report to assist development of ecosystem flow recommendations for the Coast Fork and Middle Fork of the Willamette River, Oregon

  Prepared for Sustainable Rivers Project of The Nature Conservancy and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summary report to assist development of ecosystem flow recommendations for the Coast Fork and Middle Fork of the Willamette River, Oregon Author: Ashkenas, Linda, Nygaard, Chris, Gregory, Stanley V. Prepared for Sustainable Rivers Project of The Nature Conservancy and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Title: Summary report to assist development of ecosystem flow recommendations for the Coast Fork and Middle Fork of the Willamette River, Oregon Author: Ashkenas, Linda, Nygaard, Chris, Gregory, Stanley V. Prepared for Sustainable Rivers Project of The Nature Conservancy and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Close

• 2365. [Article] Simulating past, present, and future changes in ENSO : a model evaluation and data-model comparison

  This thesis presents the results of a formal evaluation of a new AOGCM, GENMOM, demonstrating its ability to simulate present-day climate and ENSO dynamics. The model is applied to simulate climate for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Simulating past, present, and future changes in ENSO : a model evaluation and data-model comparison Author: Alder, Jay R. This thesis presents the results of a formal evaluation of a new AOGCM, GENMOM, demonstrating its ability to simulate present-day climate and ENSO dynamics. The model is applied to simulate climate for the Last Glacial Maximum, deglacial, and Holocene time periods. The model output is evaluated against the best available proxy reconstructions in a detailed data-model comparison. ENSO strength is analyzed in seven paleo simulations and compared to coral and laminated lake sediment proxy records to provide an understanding of how ENSO related mechanisms varied in the past and how they vary under increased atmospheric CO₂ forced global warming. The GENMOM simulated present-day is found to be on par with three models used in the IPCC AR4 assessment and is comparable with reanalysis products (e.g, NCEP2). Atmospheric features such as the jet stream structure and major semipermanent sea level pressure centers are well simulated as is the mean planetary-scale wind structure that is needed to produce the correct position of stormtracks. Most ocean surface currents are reproduced except where they are not resolvable at T31 resolution. Overall, GENMOM captures the observed gradients and spatial distributions of annual surface temperature and precipitation and the simulations are on par with other AOGCMs. Deficiencies in the GENMOM present-day simulation include a warm bias in the surface temperature over the southern oceans, a split in the ITCZ and weaker-thanobserved overturning circulation. GENMOM produces a global temperature bias of 0.6 °C. GENMOM is demonstrated to capture ENSO dynamics similar to eight AOGCMs that were evaluated in the IPCC AR4. The Niño 3 - 4 indices have a standard deviation within 0.3 °C of the observations, indicating GENMOM is producing variability in the tropical Pacifc that is comparable to observations. GENMOM produces present-day ENSO events with an average period of 5.6 years, which is within the 2 – 7 range exhibited in the observed historical record. The mid-Holocene (6ka) and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21ka) simulations are compared to the best available proxy reconstructions for sea surface temperature, precipitation and net moisture to ensure the simulations are plausible. This thesis finds that the model is in good agreement over broad spatial scales, with regional discrepancies between the model and proxy data. Coral and laminated lake sediment proxy records indicate mid-Holocene ENSO strength was reduced by 15 - 60%, offering a scenario in which ENSO-related components can be tested in climates different than present-day, thereby providing context for future changes in ENSO. The mid-Holocene simulations exhibit a 20% reduction of ENSO strength, caused by a precession forced enhancement of the Indian summer monsoon, which strengthened ENSO-related Bjerknes feedbacks. ENSO strength in the LGM is weakened by ~25%, which is not found to be caused by changes in equatorial Pacific dynamics but rather mean state cooling that weakens the tropical thermocline. The 2x and 4x simulations have strongly enhanced and more frequent ENSO events caused by disproportionate warming of the eastern Pacific relative to the western Pacific, which weakens the east-west Pacific surface temperature gradient, allowing larger anomalies, and hence ENSO events, to develop. Title: Simulating past, present, and future changes in ENSO : a model evaluation and data-model comparison Author: Alder, Jay R. This thesis presents the results of a formal evaluation of a new AOGCM, GENMOM, demonstrating its ability to simulate present-day climate and ENSO dynamics. The model is applied to simulate climate for the Last Glacial Maximum, deglacial, and Holocene time periods. The model output is evaluated against the best available proxy reconstructions in a detailed data-model comparison. ENSO strength is analyzed in seven paleo simulations and compared to coral and laminated lake sediment proxy records to provide an understanding of how ENSO related mechanisms varied in the past and how they vary under increased atmospheric CO₂ forced global warming. The GENMOM simulated present-day is found to be on par with three models used in the IPCC AR4 assessment and is comparable with reanalysis products (e.g, NCEP2). Atmospheric features such as the jet stream structure and major semipermanent sea level pressure centers are well simulated as is the mean planetary-scale wind structure that is needed to produce the correct position of stormtracks. Most ocean surface currents are reproduced except where they are not resolvable at T31 resolution. Overall, GENMOM captures the observed gradients and spatial distributions of annual surface temperature and precipitation and the simulations are on par with other AOGCMs. Deficiencies in the GENMOM present-day simulation include a warm bias in the surface temperature over the southern oceans, a split in the ITCZ and weaker-thanobserved overturning circulation. GENMOM produces a global temperature bias of 0.6 °C. GENMOM is demonstrated to capture ENSO dynamics similar to eight AOGCMs that were evaluated in the IPCC AR4. The Niño 3 - 4 indices have a standard deviation within 0.3 °C of the observations, indicating GENMOM is producing variability in the tropical Pacifc that is comparable to observations. GENMOM produces present-day ENSO events with an average period of 5.6 years, which is within the 2 – 7 range exhibited in the observed historical record. The mid-Holocene (6ka) and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21ka) simulations are compared to the best available proxy reconstructions for sea surface temperature, precipitation and net moisture to ensure the simulations are plausible. This thesis finds that the model is in good agreement over broad spatial scales, with regional discrepancies between the model and proxy data. Coral and laminated lake sediment proxy records indicate mid-Holocene ENSO strength was reduced by 15 - 60%, offering a scenario in which ENSO-related components can be tested in climates different than present-day, thereby providing context for future changes in ENSO. The mid-Holocene simulations exhibit a 20% reduction of ENSO strength, caused by a precession forced enhancement of the Indian summer monsoon, which strengthened ENSO-related Bjerknes feedbacks. ENSO strength in the LGM is weakened by ~25%, which is not found to be caused by changes in equatorial Pacific dynamics but rather mean state cooling that weakens the tropical thermocline. The 2x and 4x simulations have strongly enhanced and more frequent ENSO events caused by disproportionate warming of the eastern Pacific relative to the western Pacific, which weakens the east-west Pacific surface temperature gradient, allowing larger anomalies, and hence ENSO events, to develop. Close

• 2366. [Article] The distribution and impact of roads and railroads on the river landscapes of the coterminous United States

  xvi, 150 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The distribution and impact of roads and railroads on the river landscapes of the coterminous United States Author: Blanton, Paul, 1968- Year: 2011, 2010 xvi, 150 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Title: The distribution and impact of roads and railroads on the river landscapes of the coterminous United States Author: Blanton, Paul, 1968- Year: 2011, 2010 xvi, 150 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Close

• 2367. [Article] Regional Scale Modeling of Climate, Cryosphere, and Freshwater Discharge in Changing Coastal Mountain Environments

  The glaciated coastal mountain watersheds that drain into the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) provide a model laboratory to explore the challenges of hydrological modeling and study the impact of climate and glacier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Regional Scale Modeling of Climate, Cryosphere, and Freshwater Discharge in Changing Coastal Mountain Environments Author: Beamer, Jordan P. The glaciated coastal mountain watersheds that drain into the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) provide a model laboratory to explore the challenges of hydrological modeling and study the impact of climate and glacier cover change on regional hydrology. The region is data-sparse and contains a complex assemblage of topography and land cover, including a system of mountain glaciers that are retreating at some of the highest rates on Earth. The high rates of runoff from precipitation and glacial melt delivered by coastal rivers influence ocean circulation patterns, rates of global sea level rise, and provide spawning habitat for the large salmon populations. Physically-based hydrological modeling of the major water budget components of the GOA, driven using historical reanalysis weather data and land cover, reveals that the modeled water budget components, particularly precipitation input, vary widely between commonly-used weather products. The majority of the large freshwater flux into the GOA is derived from distributed coastal streams rather than the large inland rivers. The modeled seasonal aggregated GOA hydrograph is dominated by the spring and early summer snowmelt, and supplemented by late summer glacial ice melt. Model results demonstrate good agreement with NASA Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data in terms of annual amplitudes and long term losses (ice loss), and suggest that existing GRACE solutions, previously reported to represent glacier mass balance alone, are actually measuring the full water budget of land and ice surfaces. An ensemble of climate models and future emissions scenarios were paired with systematically altered land cover to test the sensitivity of the hydrologic system to changes in regional climate patterns and glacier coverage representative of late twenty first century conditions. Compared with the hindcast simulations, the model results forced with increased regional air temperatures and precipitation inputs and reduced glacier cover produce an increase in the annual GOA freshwater discharge volume. The seasonal GOA hydrograph is flattened due to increased winter runoff from more winter rainfall and less snow accumulation, and lower levels of snowmelt and glacier ice contribution. Large uncertainties exist in the direction of change in the glacier runoff component, primarily due to uncertainties that exist in predicting glacier response to climate change. Hydrological modeling with high resolution and inclusion of relevant physical processes can produce significantly improved products that are of high value to and in demand by numerous other scientific communities. However, the value and accuracy of the output from the hydrologic model is highly dependent on the weather forcing quality. Given the considerable importance of quality weather forcing for hydrologic modeling, it is imperative to assess the suitability of multiple products by evaluating local and regional performance and accounting for uncertainty. Additional efforts should be made to improve the spatial resolution of the reanalysis through downscaling and to strategically increase the number of weather stations at high elevations and incorporate that data into weather forcing datasets. Title: Regional Scale Modeling of Climate, Cryosphere, and Freshwater Discharge in Changing Coastal Mountain Environments Author: Beamer, Jordan P. The glaciated coastal mountain watersheds that drain into the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) provide a model laboratory to explore the challenges of hydrological modeling and study the impact of climate and glacier cover change on regional hydrology. The region is data-sparse and contains a complex assemblage of topography and land cover, including a system of mountain glaciers that are retreating at some of the highest rates on Earth. The high rates of runoff from precipitation and glacial melt delivered by coastal rivers influence ocean circulation patterns, rates of global sea level rise, and provide spawning habitat for the large salmon populations. Physically-based hydrological modeling of the major water budget components of the GOA, driven using historical reanalysis weather data and land cover, reveals that the modeled water budget components, particularly precipitation input, vary widely between commonly-used weather products. The majority of the large freshwater flux into the GOA is derived from distributed coastal streams rather than the large inland rivers. The modeled seasonal aggregated GOA hydrograph is dominated by the spring and early summer snowmelt, and supplemented by late summer glacial ice melt. Model results demonstrate good agreement with NASA Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data in terms of annual amplitudes and long term losses (ice loss), and suggest that existing GRACE solutions, previously reported to represent glacier mass balance alone, are actually measuring the full water budget of land and ice surfaces. An ensemble of climate models and future emissions scenarios were paired with systematically altered land cover to test the sensitivity of the hydrologic system to changes in regional climate patterns and glacier coverage representative of late twenty first century conditions. Compared with the hindcast simulations, the model results forced with increased regional air temperatures and precipitation inputs and reduced glacier cover produce an increase in the annual GOA freshwater discharge volume. The seasonal GOA hydrograph is flattened due to increased winter runoff from more winter rainfall and less snow accumulation, and lower levels of snowmelt and glacier ice contribution. Large uncertainties exist in the direction of change in the glacier runoff component, primarily due to uncertainties that exist in predicting glacier response to climate change. Hydrological modeling with high resolution and inclusion of relevant physical processes can produce significantly improved products that are of high value to and in demand by numerous other scientific communities. However, the value and accuracy of the output from the hydrologic model is highly dependent on the weather forcing quality. Given the considerable importance of quality weather forcing for hydrologic modeling, it is imperative to assess the suitability of multiple products by evaluating local and regional performance and accounting for uncertainty. Additional efforts should be made to improve the spatial resolution of the reanalysis through downscaling and to strategically increase the number of weather stations at high elevations and incorporate that data into weather forcing datasets. Close

• 2368. [Article] Spawning distribution and habitat use of adult Pacific and western brook lamprey in Smith River, Oregon Information Reports 2006-1

  Abstract -- Coastal Oregon populations of Pacific lamprey Lampetra tridentata and western brook lamprey L. richardsoni are considered depressed due to habitat loss and passage problems (Close et al. 2002, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spawning distribution and habitat use of adult Pacific and western brook lamprey in Smith River, Oregon Information Reports 2006-1 Abstract -- Coastal Oregon populations of Pacific lamprey Lampetra tridentata and western brook lamprey L. richardsoni are considered depressed due to habitat loss and passage problems (Close et al. 2002, Nawa 2003, ODFW 2006). Pacific lamprey was listed as an Oregon state sensitive species in 1993 and in 1996 was protected through restriction of harvest (ODFW 2006). Western brook lamprey is not protected and has no special state status. Abundance of Pacific lamprey throughout the coast and Columbia River has declined dramatically since the1960s. Dam counts at Winchester, Bonneville, and Leaburg dams show a dramatic decrease from historical levels (Kostow 2002, Nawa 2003, ODFW 2006). In 2003, eleven environmental groups petitioned the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to list Pacific, western brook, and two other lamprey species as endangered in the Pacific Northwest and California (Nawa 2003). Even though the petition cited habitat losses due to reduced in-stream flows, water diversions, dredging, scour and channnelization issues, pollution and degradation of riparian communities, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service determined the petition did not contain adequate information to warrant a listing (Federal Register, 69 (27 December 2004) 77158-77167). The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife recently reviewed the status of western brook and Pacific lamprey and found populations to be ‘at risk’ of extinction (ODFW 2006) due to habitat loss, passage barriers and pollution. However data necessary to conduct a thorough and detailed assessment are lacking. Much of the data lacking are critical to the effective management and conservation of Oregon’s coastal lamprey species. The Columbia River Basin Lamprey Technical Workgroup (CRBLTW 2005) and members of Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission (CRITFC 2004) have identified and prioritized critical data gaps for Pacific lamprey, many of which also apply to western brook lamprey. Among these are 1) methods to assess distribution and abundance of all life stages and appropriate techniques for monitoring population status; 2) population structure and delineation; 3) population dynamics; 4) basic biology including interspecific and community level relationships; 5) limiting factors and threats including passage issues, and 6) habitat needs and requirements. This study addresses information needs pertaining to distribution and habitat use in addition to providing basic descriptive ecology. Our goal was to identify habitat variables associated with spawning Pacific and western brook lamprey in order to infer distribution throughout coastal Oregon. The objectives of this study were to 1) determine distribution of spawning Pacific and western brook lamprey in the Smith River basin; 2) describe redds of both species; and 3) describe associations of spawning Pacific and western brook lamprey in relation to habitat unit and reach scale habitat characteristics. Title: Spawning distribution and habitat use of adult Pacific and western brook lamprey in Smith River, Oregon Information Reports 2006-1 Abstract -- Coastal Oregon populations of Pacific lamprey Lampetra tridentata and western brook lamprey L. richardsoni are considered depressed due to habitat loss and passage problems (Close et al. 2002, Nawa 2003, ODFW 2006). Pacific lamprey was listed as an Oregon state sensitive species in 1993 and in 1996 was protected through restriction of harvest (ODFW 2006). Western brook lamprey is not protected and has no special state status. Abundance of Pacific lamprey throughout the coast and Columbia River has declined dramatically since the1960s. Dam counts at Winchester, Bonneville, and Leaburg dams show a dramatic decrease from historical levels (Kostow 2002, Nawa 2003, ODFW 2006). In 2003, eleven environmental groups petitioned the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to list Pacific, western brook, and two other lamprey species as endangered in the Pacific Northwest and California (Nawa 2003). Even though the petition cited habitat losses due to reduced in-stream flows, water diversions, dredging, scour and channnelization issues, pollution and degradation of riparian communities, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service determined the petition did not contain adequate information to warrant a listing (Federal Register, 69 (27 December 2004) 77158-77167). The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife recently reviewed the status of western brook and Pacific lamprey and found populations to be ‘at risk’ of extinction (ODFW 2006) due to habitat loss, passage barriers and pollution. However data necessary to conduct a thorough and detailed assessment are lacking. Much of the data lacking are critical to the effective management and conservation of Oregon’s coastal lamprey species. The Columbia River Basin Lamprey Technical Workgroup (CRBLTW 2005) and members of Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission (CRITFC 2004) have identified and prioritized critical data gaps for Pacific lamprey, many of which also apply to western brook lamprey. Among these are 1) methods to assess distribution and abundance of all life stages and appropriate techniques for monitoring population status; 2) population structure and delineation; 3) population dynamics; 4) basic biology including interspecific and community level relationships; 5) limiting factors and threats including passage issues, and 6) habitat needs and requirements. This study addresses information needs pertaining to distribution and habitat use in addition to providing basic descriptive ecology. Our goal was to identify habitat variables associated with spawning Pacific and western brook lamprey in order to infer distribution throughout coastal Oregon. The objectives of this study were to 1) determine distribution of spawning Pacific and western brook lamprey in the Smith River basin; 2) describe redds of both species; and 3) describe associations of spawning Pacific and western brook lamprey in relation to habitat unit and reach scale habitat characteristics. Close

• 2369. [Image] The Chemical and biological impact of Klamath Marsh on the Williamson River, Oregon

  	A comparative study of the Williamson River (before and after passage through Klamath Marsh) and the Sprague River (which is a major tributary of the Williamson River) in South Central Oregon has provided ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Chemical and biological impact of Klamath Marsh on the Williamson River, Oregon Author: Perdue, Edward M. Year: 1981, 2005 A comparative study of the Williamson River (before and after passage through Klamath Marsh) and the Sprague River (which is a major tributary of the Williamson River) in South Central Oregon has provided substantial insight into the effects of a marsh environment on the transport of iron and aquatic humus in river water. In the Sprague River and in the pre-marsh Williamson River, iron is transported primarily as 0.80 ym suspended particulate material. In Klamath Marsh, this coarse particulate material is "weathered11, yielding iron-aquatic humus "complexes'1. Thus, most iron and aquatic humus in the post-marsh Williamson River are in the 0.025 ?m size fraction. Presumably, other trace metals would be similarly affected. Klamath Marsh serves as an important source of biologically derived solutes such as amino acids and sugars. Fractionation studies have shown that amino acids are almost exclusively humic-bound in the Will-iamson River system, while sugars may be present as either polysacchar-ides (PS) or humic-bound saccharides (HS). The PS/HS ratio may reflect the relative importance of autochthonous and allochthonous sources of sugars. Major solute composition strongly indicates that ground waters flowing into the pre-marsh Williamson River and the Sprague River are derived from a different source than are ground waters which enter the post-marsh Williamson River from Big Springs, Spring Creek, and from unidentified springs below Klamath Marsh. Nutrient concentrations (H4SiO4, NO3, PO43) are significantly higher in spring waters than elsewhere in the system. While nitrate levels (3-11 ?m) were somewhat low, phosphate levels (1-3 ?m) were quite high throughout the Williamson River system. There was some evidence for nitrogen limitation of algal growth in the pre-marsh Williamson River. While Fragilaria construens was dominant throughout the Williamson River system, several Navicula spp. were restricted to the pre-marsh Williamson River and several Fragilaria spp. and Nitzschia, spp. were found only in the post-marsh Williamson River. In Upper Klamath Lake, Stephanodiscus astrea minuta, Fragilaria construens, and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae appeared in succession, with nuisance blooms of the latter organism occurring July-November. The cessation of flow of humic-rich water from Klamath Marsh during the summer months drastically decreased the flux of aquatic humus, iron, amino acids, and other marsh-derived solutes in the post-marsh Williamson River. At the time of cessation of flow from Klamath Marsh, nuisance blooms of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae appeared in Upper Klamath Lake. Furthermore, when flow from the marsh was re-established with the first major winter rains in November or December, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae abruptly ceased to grow in Upper Klamath Lake. Further studies are planned to determine whether this correlation is causal or coincidental. Title: The Chemical and biological impact of Klamath Marsh on the Williamson River, Oregon Author: Perdue, Edward M. Year: 1981, 2005 A comparative study of the Williamson River (before and after passage through Klamath Marsh) and the Sprague River (which is a major tributary of the Williamson River) in South Central Oregon has provided substantial insight into the effects of a marsh environment on the transport of iron and aquatic humus in river water. In the Sprague River and in the pre-marsh Williamson River, iron is transported primarily as 0.80 ym suspended particulate material. In Klamath Marsh, this coarse particulate material is "weathered11, yielding iron-aquatic humus "complexes'1. Thus, most iron and aquatic humus in the post-marsh Williamson River are in the 0.025 ?m size fraction. Presumably, other trace metals would be similarly affected. Klamath Marsh serves as an important source of biologically derived solutes such as amino acids and sugars. Fractionation studies have shown that amino acids are almost exclusively humic-bound in the Will-iamson River system, while sugars may be present as either polysacchar-ides (PS) or humic-bound saccharides (HS). The PS/HS ratio may reflect the relative importance of autochthonous and allochthonous sources of sugars. Major solute composition strongly indicates that ground waters flowing into the pre-marsh Williamson River and the Sprague River are derived from a different source than are ground waters which enter the post-marsh Williamson River from Big Springs, Spring Creek, and from unidentified springs below Klamath Marsh. Nutrient concentrations (H4SiO4, NO3, PO43) are significantly higher in spring waters than elsewhere in the system. While nitrate levels (3-11 ?m) were somewhat low, phosphate levels (1-3 ?m) were quite high throughout the Williamson River system. There was some evidence for nitrogen limitation of algal growth in the pre-marsh Williamson River. While Fragilaria construens was dominant throughout the Williamson River system, several Navicula spp. were restricted to the pre-marsh Williamson River and several Fragilaria spp. and Nitzschia, spp. were found only in the post-marsh Williamson River. In Upper Klamath Lake, Stephanodiscus astrea minuta, Fragilaria construens, and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae appeared in succession, with nuisance blooms of the latter organism occurring July-November. The cessation of flow of humic-rich water from Klamath Marsh during the summer months drastically decreased the flux of aquatic humus, iron, amino acids, and other marsh-derived solutes in the post-marsh Williamson River. At the time of cessation of flow from Klamath Marsh, nuisance blooms of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae appeared in Upper Klamath Lake. Furthermore, when flow from the marsh was re-established with the first major winter rains in November or December, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae abruptly ceased to grow in Upper Klamath Lake. Further studies are planned to determine whether this correlation is causal or coincidental. Close

• 2370. [Image] Soils of the Klamath Indian Reservation; interim report, June 11, 1958

  	TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I INTRODUCTION 18 - 11 History and ethnology 18 Irrigated area table 19 Cultural geography 19 General physiographic features 262e . .3 Physiographic areas and farming 1d CLIMATE ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soils of the Klamath Indian Reservation; interim report, June 11, 1958 Author: United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs Year: 1958, 2005, 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I INTRODUCTION 18 - 11 History and ethnology 18 Irrigated area table 19 Cultural geography 19 General physiographic features 262e . .3 Physiographic areas and farming 1d CLIMATE 182 - 18 Climatic table, Sprague River, Oregon 185 Precipitation table , Chiloquin, Oregon 186 Temperature table, Chiloquin, Oregon 187 Climatic table, Fort Klamath, Oregon 188 VEGETATION 189 - 25 GEOLOGY 196 - 51 Hydrography: rivers, lakes, marshes, ground water 196 Relief and geological formations. 262e .32 Diatomite - tuff formation 262e . 1c4 Pliocene sediments of the Modoc Point area 262e.. 37 Faulted tuff formation 1c9 Pumice tuff formation.. 1d0 Pumice mantle and pumice flows ........ 262e.... .........40 Table of chemical analyses of pumice and scoria 1d5 Geology Map 262e . 262e 221 BIBLIOGRAPHY 262e 262e...52 PART II DESCRIPTIONS OF SOILS 223 - 60 Classification and survey 262e 262e.. 262e... 53 Soil profile and nomenclature. .... 262e...53 Chestnut Soils 262e 224 "Western" Brown Forest Soils 225 Regosol Soils . . 262e. 262e......56 Solonetz Soils 262e.....57 Halomorphic Soils 262e 228 Hydromorphic Soils 262e... 229 Soil Association Map 262e 229 KEY TO SOIL SERIES 262e61 - 63 SOIL SERIES AND MAPPING UNIT DESCRIPTIONS 134 ~ 254 APPENDIX 1955 - 297 Soil Series and mapping unit index. 2620. . . . 255 Glossary of terms 263f 262e. . . . 272 Table of soil analyses (Oregon State College)... 1989 Table of irrigation water quality (Oregon State College) 1990 Table of conductivity and reaction. . . . 1991 Table of resistance of saturated paste 262e296 Title: Soils of the Klamath Indian Reservation; interim report, June 11, 1958 Author: United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs Year: 1958, 2005, 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I INTRODUCTION 18 - 11 History and ethnology 18 Irrigated area table 19 Cultural geography 19 General physiographic features 262e . .3 Physiographic areas and farming 1d CLIMATE 182 - 18 Climatic table, Sprague River, Oregon 185 Precipitation table , Chiloquin, Oregon 186 Temperature table, Chiloquin, Oregon 187 Climatic table, Fort Klamath, Oregon 188 VEGETATION 189 - 25 GEOLOGY 196 - 51 Hydrography: rivers, lakes, marshes, ground water 196 Relief and geological formations. 262e .32 Diatomite - tuff formation 262e . 1c4 Pliocene sediments of the Modoc Point area 262e.. 37 Faulted tuff formation 1c9 Pumice tuff formation.. 1d0 Pumice mantle and pumice flows ........ 262e.... .........40 Table of chemical analyses of pumice and scoria 1d5 Geology Map 262e . 262e 221 BIBLIOGRAPHY 262e 262e...52 PART II DESCRIPTIONS OF SOILS 223 - 60 Classification and survey 262e 262e.. 262e... 53 Soil profile and nomenclature. .... 262e...53 Chestnut Soils 262e 224 "Western" Brown Forest Soils 225 Regosol Soils . . 262e. 262e......56 Solonetz Soils 262e.....57 Halomorphic Soils 262e 228 Hydromorphic Soils 262e... 229 Soil Association Map 262e 229 KEY TO SOIL SERIES 262e61 - 63 SOIL SERIES AND MAPPING UNIT DESCRIPTIONS 134 ~ 254 APPENDIX 1955 - 297 Soil Series and mapping unit index. 2620. . . . 255 Glossary of terms 263f 262e. . . . 272 Table of soil analyses (Oregon State College)... 1989 Table of irrigation water quality (Oregon State College) 1990 Table of conductivity and reaction. . . . 1991 Table of resistance of saturated paste 262e296 Close

• 2371. [Article] Competitive Interactions and Resource Partitioning Between Northern Spotted Owls and Barred Owls in Western Oregon

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Wildlife Society ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Competitive Interactions and Resource Partitioning Between Northern Spotted Owls and Barred Owls in Western Oregon Author: Forsman, Eric D., Anthony, Robert G., Wiens, J. David To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291938-5455. Title: Competitive Interactions and Resource Partitioning Between Northern Spotted Owls and Barred Owls in Western Oregon Author: Forsman, Eric D., Anthony, Robert G., Wiens, J. David To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291938-5455. Close

• 2372. [Article] Potential for dispersal of the non-native parasite Myxobolus cerebralis : qualitative risk assessments for the state of Alaska and the Willamette River Basin, Oregon

  First introduced to the USA in 1958, Myxobolus cerebralis, the parasite responsible for whirling disease in salmonids, has since spread across the country causing severe declines in wild trout populations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential for dispersal of the non-native parasite Myxobolus cerebralis : qualitative risk assessments for the state of Alaska and the Willamette River Basin, Oregon Author: Arsan, E. Leyla First introduced to the USA in 1958, Myxobolus cerebralis, the parasite responsible for whirling disease in salmonids, has since spread across the country causing severe declines in wild trout populations in the intermountain west. Recent development of risk assessment models used to assess the likelihood and consequences of exotic parasite introduction, have strengthened the process of science-based decision-making in aquatic animal health. In the case of M. cerebralis, it is necessary to use a risk assessment model with two unique segments that clearly address the distinct life stages and respective hosts of the parasite separately. The studies described examine the probability of M. cerebralis introduction and establishment for two regions: the state of Alaska, and the Willamette River basin, Oregon. The Alaska risk assessment was based on the assumption that the parasite did not already occur in the state. However, in the process of validating this assumption, we documented the first polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of the parasite in the state. The pathogen was identified in hatchery rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the Anchorage area. Although this is the first detection of the parasite in Alaska, clinical whirling disease has never been documented in the state. To qualitatively assess the risk of further spread of M. cerebralis in Alaska, four potential routes of dissemination were examined: movement of fish by humans, natural dispersal (via migratory birds and stray anadromous salmon), recreational activities, and commercial seafood processing. This research indicates the most likely pathway for M. cerebralis transport in Alaska is human movement of fish. In the Willamette River basin, Oregon, introduction of M. cerebralis has already occurred, though establishment appears limited to a single private hatchery. Introduction in this region was considered the most likely to occur as a result of human movements of fish. Straying anadromous salmonids were also assessed and were present in higher numbers than predicted. However, they were not infected with the parasite, and thus the probability for introduction by this route is low. The probability of introduction of the parasite varies throughout the Willamette River basin. Areas with the highest probability for M. cerebralis introduction were identified as the Clackamas and Santiam River subbasins. The Clackamas River has already experienced an introduction of the parasite, has the largest concentration of hatcheries (state, federal, and private), has a popular sport fishery, and is the closest major tributary to the enormous piscivorous bird-populations in the Columbia River estuary. The Santiam subbasin has a popular sport fishery, received the highest number of stray fish in the Willamette River basin, and has the second largest concentration of hatcheries in the Willamette River basin. Unique from introduction, establishment of the parasite is dependent upon several environmental and biological factors including: water temperatures, spatial/temporal overlap of hosts, and the distribution and genetic composition of the parasite’s invertebrate host, Tubifex tubifex. The distribution, genetic composition and susceptibility of T. tubifex, were considered the most important factor in the ability of M. cerebralis to establish in both systems. Surveys of oligochaete populations were conducted in both study regions. In Alaska, T. tubifex was not detected from the southeast region and the apparent lack of appropriate tubificid hosts may prevent establishment in that part of the state. However, 4 lineages (I, III, IV, and VI) of the species were identified from southcentral Alaska. Lineage IV has not been previously been described in North America and its susceptibility to M. cerebralis was unknown. When lineage IV T. tubifex and 3 mixed-lineage (I, III, IV and VI) groups were exposed to M. cerebralis, only lineage III became infected under our experimental conditions. Thus, if the parasite were dispersed, conditions are appropriate for establishment and propagation of the parasite life cycle in southcentral Alaska, although detrimental effects on fish populations may be reduced as a result of the presence of non-susceptible lineages of T. tubifex. The probability of further establishment in this area is greatest in Ship Creek, where the abundance of susceptible T. tubifex, the presence of susceptible rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and the proximity to the known area of infection make conditions particularly appropriate. Similar to findings in Alaska, the Willamette River basin, Oregon also supports populations of susceptible T. tubifex. If the pathogen were introduced, probability of establishment is high in certain areas of the basin as all conditions are appropriate for propagation of the parasite life cycle. Tributaries to the mainstem Willamette River have the highest probability of establishment as these areas have the greatest numbers of susceptible T. tubifex. However, the abundance of resistant strains of T. tubifex could mitigate the effects of M. cerebralis if introduced. Management recommendations to reduce the likelihood of parasite dissemination are similar for Oregon and Alaska since human movement of fish and angler activities were considered the most likely routes of introduction for both regions. Based on this research, steps should also be taken to limit human movement of fish, whether by restricting carcass planting for stream enrichment in Oregon, or by prohibiting use of fish heads as bait in southcentral Alaska. The states should also allot resources to angler education and awareness of the effects of angler activity and recreation on dispersal of M. cerebralis. This could be done using a combination of brochures and signage at boat ramps describing how to prevent spread of aquatic nuisance species. Title: Potential for dispersal of the non-native parasite Myxobolus cerebralis : qualitative risk assessments for the state of Alaska and the Willamette River Basin, Oregon Author: Arsan, E. Leyla First introduced to the USA in 1958, Myxobolus cerebralis, the parasite responsible for whirling disease in salmonids, has since spread across the country causing severe declines in wild trout populations in the intermountain west. Recent development of risk assessment models used to assess the likelihood and consequences of exotic parasite introduction, have strengthened the process of science-based decision-making in aquatic animal health. In the case of M. cerebralis, it is necessary to use a risk assessment model with two unique segments that clearly address the distinct life stages and respective hosts of the parasite separately. The studies described examine the probability of M. cerebralis introduction and establishment for two regions: the state of Alaska, and the Willamette River basin, Oregon. The Alaska risk assessment was based on the assumption that the parasite did not already occur in the state. However, in the process of validating this assumption, we documented the first polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of the parasite in the state. The pathogen was identified in hatchery rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the Anchorage area. Although this is the first detection of the parasite in Alaska, clinical whirling disease has never been documented in the state. To qualitatively assess the risk of further spread of M. cerebralis in Alaska, four potential routes of dissemination were examined: movement of fish by humans, natural dispersal (via migratory birds and stray anadromous salmon), recreational activities, and commercial seafood processing. This research indicates the most likely pathway for M. cerebralis transport in Alaska is human movement of fish. In the Willamette River basin, Oregon, introduction of M. cerebralis has already occurred, though establishment appears limited to a single private hatchery. Introduction in this region was considered the most likely to occur as a result of human movements of fish. Straying anadromous salmonids were also assessed and were present in higher numbers than predicted. However, they were not infected with the parasite, and thus the probability for introduction by this route is low. The probability of introduction of the parasite varies throughout the Willamette River basin. Areas with the highest probability for M. cerebralis introduction were identified as the Clackamas and Santiam River subbasins. The Clackamas River has already experienced an introduction of the parasite, has the largest concentration of hatcheries (state, federal, and private), has a popular sport fishery, and is the closest major tributary to the enormous piscivorous bird-populations in the Columbia River estuary. The Santiam subbasin has a popular sport fishery, received the highest number of stray fish in the Willamette River basin, and has the second largest concentration of hatcheries in the Willamette River basin. Unique from introduction, establishment of the parasite is dependent upon several environmental and biological factors including: water temperatures, spatial/temporal overlap of hosts, and the distribution and genetic composition of the parasite’s invertebrate host, Tubifex tubifex. The distribution, genetic composition and susceptibility of T. tubifex, were considered the most important factor in the ability of M. cerebralis to establish in both systems. Surveys of oligochaete populations were conducted in both study regions. In Alaska, T. tubifex was not detected from the southeast region and the apparent lack of appropriate tubificid hosts may prevent establishment in that part of the state. However, 4 lineages (I, III, IV, and VI) of the species were identified from southcentral Alaska. Lineage IV has not been previously been described in North America and its susceptibility to M. cerebralis was unknown. When lineage IV T. tubifex and 3 mixed-lineage (I, III, IV and VI) groups were exposed to M. cerebralis, only lineage III became infected under our experimental conditions. Thus, if the parasite were dispersed, conditions are appropriate for establishment and propagation of the parasite life cycle in southcentral Alaska, although detrimental effects on fish populations may be reduced as a result of the presence of non-susceptible lineages of T. tubifex. The probability of further establishment in this area is greatest in Ship Creek, where the abundance of susceptible T. tubifex, the presence of susceptible rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and the proximity to the known area of infection make conditions particularly appropriate. Similar to findings in Alaska, the Willamette River basin, Oregon also supports populations of susceptible T. tubifex. If the pathogen were introduced, probability of establishment is high in certain areas of the basin as all conditions are appropriate for propagation of the parasite life cycle. Tributaries to the mainstem Willamette River have the highest probability of establishment as these areas have the greatest numbers of susceptible T. tubifex. However, the abundance of resistant strains of T. tubifex could mitigate the effects of M. cerebralis if introduced. Management recommendations to reduce the likelihood of parasite dissemination are similar for Oregon and Alaska since human movement of fish and angler activities were considered the most likely routes of introduction for both regions. Based on this research, steps should also be taken to limit human movement of fish, whether by restricting carcass planting for stream enrichment in Oregon, or by prohibiting use of fish heads as bait in southcentral Alaska. The states should also allot resources to angler education and awareness of the effects of angler activity and recreation on dispersal of M. cerebralis. This could be done using a combination of brochures and signage at boat ramps describing how to prevent spread of aquatic nuisance species. Close

• 2373. [Article] Land use distributions and changes in the Willamette Valley in relation to soil characteristics

  A study was undertaken in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, to document 1971 land use patterns as well as land use change in a smaller study area in the 16 years prior, and to relate these to soil characteristics. Quantification ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Land use distributions and changes in the Willamette Valley in relation to soil characteristics Author: Wiens, John Herbert A study was undertaken in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, to document 1971 land use patterns as well as land use change in a smaller study area in the 16 years prior, and to relate these to soil characteristics. Quantification of these inter-relationships was aided by use of computer tabulation and graphic methods. Use of the data base generated and methods developed was expanded somewhat and applied to calculation and mapping of composite indices of suitabilities and limitations of soils for selected uses. Mapping of land use for 1971 and 1955 was done on color and black and white photos respectively, having a scale of about 1:62,500. To avoid creating artificial, apparent land use changes by differences in delineation and classification, mapping was done first on the higher quality 1971 color photos and then by comparison on 1955 black and white photos. Importance of various photo-interpretive factors to legend development and consistent delineation and classification became apparent and was documented. The legend utilized was, with some modification, the 1972 U.S.G.S. proposed national system for use with remote sensor data. To facilitate comparison of land use and land use change with soil survey map information, photo mapped land use information and available soil association map information was transferred to transparent mylar film over planimetric U.S.G.S. 15' topographic quadrangle sheets. This also allowed use of the square, 1000 meter Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid as reference for point sampling and geo-referenced coding of land use and soil information for computer storage. Tabulation of land use classes for the entire study area for 1971 showed the largest proportion of land to be in agricultural (53.5 percent) and forest land (38 percent) use. A further 6.5 percent was in urban use. Within the selected townships of the land use change study area the proportions were different; 65.7 percent, 14.3 percent and 17.2 percent for agricultural, forest, and urban uses respectively. Analysis of changes in land use between 1955 and 1971 in the land use change study area was done by means of transition matrices; diagonal elements represent areas of land not subject to change; off diagonal elements represent components of change. In total, between 55.9 and 72.4 percent of the land in the area studied experienced no use change, the range being due to uncertainty of classification of some land on the 1955 black and white photos. Urbanization was shown to have occurred largely at the expense of agricultural land and particularly non-irrigated cropland, pasture and orchard land uses. Some conversion of forest to urban land use (0.9 percent of the area) was documented, however. The most significant agricultural use change was a net increase in irrigated land of between 5 and 8.4 percent. A net decrease in orchard land was also recorded. Land use for 1971, not unexpectedly, showed significant concentration in certain physiographic areas and in areas with particular soil characteristics. Thus for example, urban uses were found more frequently than expected on valley-floor and stream-cut terraces, and forest land uses more frequently on foothills and mountainous uplands. Irrigated cropland was somewhat concentrated on soils in sandy, coarse loamy, coarse silty and fine silty particle size classes. Urban and cropland agriculture use classes have obviously avoided steeply sloping areas. Irrigated cropland and orchard land uses have avoided soil areas with high shrink-swell potential whereas grass seed producing croplands have not. Numerous other examples could be given. In summary, Chi-square analysis on the contigency tables of land use class and physical land characteristic classes gave highly significant values (eg. for 1971 land use/physiographic areas x ² calc = 9108.25 and x ² tab = 137.68), and thus the null hypotheses of no association between land use classification and these physical land characteristics were rejected. Three-way tabulation of soil characteristics and physiographic area classification against 1971 and 1955 land use classification allowed analysis of land use change in relation to these physical properties. The idea of composite model soils was used to provide a framework for summary of the kinds of soils subject to smallest and largest changes in particular kinds of urban, agricultural, and forest land uses. As examples, it appeared that greatest relative increases of residential and industrial uses occurred on poorly drained, fine textured, slowly permeable soils; greatest relative losses of agricultural land occurred on soils having the highest capability for agriculture, and; greatest relative increases in irrigation cropland uses occurred on soils rated good to excellent for irrigation. Other examples and trends were observed. A method for computer calculation of composite soil suitability or limitation indices for various uses was developed. Ranked indices were compared to interpretive groupings by best subjective judgement. Class frequency correlations were found to be generally good. Indices were further mapped using a computer graphics system, GRIDS. The index calculation method interfaced with a mapping capability was shown to have potential for rapid, flexible display of various soil, land use, as well as soil and land use patterns for land use planning purposes. Title: Land use distributions and changes in the Willamette Valley in relation to soil characteristics Author: Wiens, John Herbert A study was undertaken in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, to document 1971 land use patterns as well as land use change in a smaller study area in the 16 years prior, and to relate these to soil characteristics. Quantification of these inter-relationships was aided by use of computer tabulation and graphic methods. Use of the data base generated and methods developed was expanded somewhat and applied to calculation and mapping of composite indices of suitabilities and limitations of soils for selected uses. Mapping of land use for 1971 and 1955 was done on color and black and white photos respectively, having a scale of about 1:62,500. To avoid creating artificial, apparent land use changes by differences in delineation and classification, mapping was done first on the higher quality 1971 color photos and then by comparison on 1955 black and white photos. Importance of various photo-interpretive factors to legend development and consistent delineation and classification became apparent and was documented. The legend utilized was, with some modification, the 1972 U.S.G.S. proposed national system for use with remote sensor data. To facilitate comparison of land use and land use change with soil survey map information, photo mapped land use information and available soil association map information was transferred to transparent mylar film over planimetric U.S.G.S. 15' topographic quadrangle sheets. This also allowed use of the square, 1000 meter Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid as reference for point sampling and geo-referenced coding of land use and soil information for computer storage. Tabulation of land use classes for the entire study area for 1971 showed the largest proportion of land to be in agricultural (53.5 percent) and forest land (38 percent) use. A further 6.5 percent was in urban use. Within the selected townships of the land use change study area the proportions were different; 65.7 percent, 14.3 percent and 17.2 percent for agricultural, forest, and urban uses respectively. Analysis of changes in land use between 1955 and 1971 in the land use change study area was done by means of transition matrices; diagonal elements represent areas of land not subject to change; off diagonal elements represent components of change. In total, between 55.9 and 72.4 percent of the land in the area studied experienced no use change, the range being due to uncertainty of classification of some land on the 1955 black and white photos. Urbanization was shown to have occurred largely at the expense of agricultural land and particularly non-irrigated cropland, pasture and orchard land uses. Some conversion of forest to urban land use (0.9 percent of the area) was documented, however. The most significant agricultural use change was a net increase in irrigated land of between 5 and 8.4 percent. A net decrease in orchard land was also recorded. Land use for 1971, not unexpectedly, showed significant concentration in certain physiographic areas and in areas with particular soil characteristics. Thus for example, urban uses were found more frequently than expected on valley-floor and stream-cut terraces, and forest land uses more frequently on foothills and mountainous uplands. Irrigated cropland was somewhat concentrated on soils in sandy, coarse loamy, coarse silty and fine silty particle size classes. Urban and cropland agriculture use classes have obviously avoided steeply sloping areas. Irrigated cropland and orchard land uses have avoided soil areas with high shrink-swell potential whereas grass seed producing croplands have not. Numerous other examples could be given. In summary, Chi-square analysis on the contigency tables of land use class and physical land characteristic classes gave highly significant values (eg. for 1971 land use/physiographic areas x ² calc = 9108.25 and x ² tab = 137.68), and thus the null hypotheses of no association between land use classification and these physical land characteristics were rejected. Three-way tabulation of soil characteristics and physiographic area classification against 1971 and 1955 land use classification allowed analysis of land use change in relation to these physical properties. The idea of composite model soils was used to provide a framework for summary of the kinds of soils subject to smallest and largest changes in particular kinds of urban, agricultural, and forest land uses. As examples, it appeared that greatest relative increases of residential and industrial uses occurred on poorly drained, fine textured, slowly permeable soils; greatest relative losses of agricultural land occurred on soils having the highest capability for agriculture, and; greatest relative increases in irrigation cropland uses occurred on soils rated good to excellent for irrigation. Other examples and trends were observed. A method for computer calculation of composite soil suitability or limitation indices for various uses was developed. Ranked indices were compared to interpretive groupings by best subjective judgement. Class frequency correlations were found to be generally good. Indices were further mapped using a computer graphics system, GRIDS. The index calculation method interfaced with a mapping capability was shown to have potential for rapid, flexible display of various soil, land use, as well as soil and land use patterns for land use planning purposes. Close

• 2374. [Article] Competitive interactions and resource partitioning between northern spotted owls and barred owls in western Oregon

  The federally threatened northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) is the focus of intensive conservation efforts that have led to much forested land being reserved as habitat for the owl and associated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Competitive interactions and resource partitioning between northern spotted owls and barred owls in western Oregon Author: Wiens, J. David The federally threatened northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) is the focus of intensive conservation efforts that have led to much forested land being reserved as habitat for the owl and associated wildlife species throughout the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Recently, however, a relatively new threat to spotted owls has emerged in the form of an invasive competitor: the congeneric barred owl (Strix varia). As barred owls have rapidly expanded their populations into the entire range of the northern spotted owl, mounting evidence indicates that they are displacing, hybridizing with, and even killing spotted owls. The barred owl invasion into western North America has made an already complex conservation issue even more contentious, and a lack of information on the ecological relationships between the 2 species has hampered conservation efforts. During 2007–2009 I investigated spatial relationships, habitat selection, diets, survival, and reproduction of sympatric spotted owls and barred owls in western Oregon, USA. My overall objective was to determine the potential for and possible consequences of competition for space, habitat, and food between the 2 species. My study included 29 spotted owls and 28 barred owls that were radio-marked in 36 neighboring territories and monitored over a 24-month tracking period. Based on repeated surveys of both species, the number of territories occupied by pairs of barred owls in the 745 km² study area (82) greatly outnumbered those occupied by pairs of spotted owls (15). Estimates of mean size of home-ranges and core-use areas of spotted owls (1,843 ha and 305 ha, respectively) were 2–4 times larger than those of barred owls (581 ha and 188 ha, respectively). Individual spotted and barred owls in adjacent territories often had overlapping home ranges, but inter-specific space sharing was largely restricted to broader foraging areas in the home range with minimal spatial overlap among core-use areas. I used an information-theoretic approach to rank discrete choice models representing alternative hypotheses about the influence of forest conditions and interspecific interactions on species-specific patterns of nighttime habitat selection. Spotted owls spent a disproportionate amount of time foraging on steep slopes in ravines dominated by old (>120 yrs old) conifer trees. Barred owls used available forest types more evenly than spotted owls, and were most strongly associated with patches of large hardwood and conifer trees that occupied relatively flat areas along streams. Spotted and barred owls differed in the relative use of old conifer forest (higher for spotted owls) and slope conditions (steeper slopes for spotted owls). I found no evidence that the 2 species differed in their use of young, mature, and riparian-hardwood forest types, and both species avoided forest-nonforest edges. The best resource selection function for spotted owls indicated that the relative probability of a location being selected was reduced if the location was within or in close proximity to a core-use area of a barred owl. I used pellet analysis and measures of food niche overlap to examine the potential for dietary competition between spatially associated pairs of spotted owls and barred owls. I identified 1,223 prey items from 15 territories occupied by pairs of spotted owls and 4,299 prey items from 24 territories occupied by pairs of barred owls. Diets of both species were dominated by nocturnal mammals, but diets of barred owls included many terrestrial, aquatic, and diurnal prey species that were rare or absent in diets of spotted owls. Northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus), woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes, N. cinerea), and lagomorphs (Lepus americanus, Sylvilagus bachmani) were particularly important prey for both owl species, accounting for 81% and 49% of total dietary biomass for spotted owls and barred owls, respectively. Dietary overlap between pairs of spotted and barred owls in adjacent territories ranged from 28–70% (mean = 42%) In addition to overlap in resource use, I also identified strong associations between the presence of barred owls and the behavior of spotted owls, as shown by changes in space-use, habitat selection, and reproductive output of spotted owls exposed to different levels of spatial overlap with barred owls in adjacent territories. Barred owls in my study area displayed both numeric and demographic superiority over spotted owls; the annual survival probability of radio-marked spotted owls from known-fate analyses (0.81, SE = 0.05) was lower than that of barred owls (0.92, SE = 0.04), and barred owls produced over 6 times as many young over a 3-year period as spotted owls. Survival of both species was positively associated with an increasing proportion of old (>120 yrs old) conifer forest within the home range, which suggested that availability of old forest was a potential limiting factor in the competitive relationship between the 2 species. When viewed collectively, my results support the hypothesis that interference competition with a high density of barred owls for territorial space can act to constrain the availability of critical resources required for successful recruitment and reproduction of spotted owls. My findings have broad implications for the conservation of spotted owls, as they suggest that spatial heterogeneity in survival and reproduction may arise not only because of differences among territories in the quality of forest habitat, but also because of the spatial distribution of an invasive competitor. Title: Competitive interactions and resource partitioning between northern spotted owls and barred owls in western Oregon Author: Wiens, J. David The federally threatened northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) is the focus of intensive conservation efforts that have led to much forested land being reserved as habitat for the owl and associated wildlife species throughout the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Recently, however, a relatively new threat to spotted owls has emerged in the form of an invasive competitor: the congeneric barred owl (Strix varia). As barred owls have rapidly expanded their populations into the entire range of the northern spotted owl, mounting evidence indicates that they are displacing, hybridizing with, and even killing spotted owls. The barred owl invasion into western North America has made an already complex conservation issue even more contentious, and a lack of information on the ecological relationships between the 2 species has hampered conservation efforts. During 2007–2009 I investigated spatial relationships, habitat selection, diets, survival, and reproduction of sympatric spotted owls and barred owls in western Oregon, USA. My overall objective was to determine the potential for and possible consequences of competition for space, habitat, and food between the 2 species. My study included 29 spotted owls and 28 barred owls that were radio-marked in 36 neighboring territories and monitored over a 24-month tracking period. Based on repeated surveys of both species, the number of territories occupied by pairs of barred owls in the 745 km² study area (82) greatly outnumbered those occupied by pairs of spotted owls (15). Estimates of mean size of home-ranges and core-use areas of spotted owls (1,843 ha and 305 ha, respectively) were 2–4 times larger than those of barred owls (581 ha and 188 ha, respectively). Individual spotted and barred owls in adjacent territories often had overlapping home ranges, but inter-specific space sharing was largely restricted to broader foraging areas in the home range with minimal spatial overlap among core-use areas. I used an information-theoretic approach to rank discrete choice models representing alternative hypotheses about the influence of forest conditions and interspecific interactions on species-specific patterns of nighttime habitat selection. Spotted owls spent a disproportionate amount of time foraging on steep slopes in ravines dominated by old (>120 yrs old) conifer trees. Barred owls used available forest types more evenly than spotted owls, and were most strongly associated with patches of large hardwood and conifer trees that occupied relatively flat areas along streams. Spotted and barred owls differed in the relative use of old conifer forest (higher for spotted owls) and slope conditions (steeper slopes for spotted owls). I found no evidence that the 2 species differed in their use of young, mature, and riparian-hardwood forest types, and both species avoided forest-nonforest edges. The best resource selection function for spotted owls indicated that the relative probability of a location being selected was reduced if the location was within or in close proximity to a core-use area of a barred owl. I used pellet analysis and measures of food niche overlap to examine the potential for dietary competition between spatially associated pairs of spotted owls and barred owls. I identified 1,223 prey items from 15 territories occupied by pairs of spotted owls and 4,299 prey items from 24 territories occupied by pairs of barred owls. Diets of both species were dominated by nocturnal mammals, but diets of barred owls included many terrestrial, aquatic, and diurnal prey species that were rare or absent in diets of spotted owls. Northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus), woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes, N. cinerea), and lagomorphs (Lepus americanus, Sylvilagus bachmani) were particularly important prey for both owl species, accounting for 81% and 49% of total dietary biomass for spotted owls and barred owls, respectively. Dietary overlap between pairs of spotted and barred owls in adjacent territories ranged from 28–70% (mean = 42%) In addition to overlap in resource use, I also identified strong associations between the presence of barred owls and the behavior of spotted owls, as shown by changes in space-use, habitat selection, and reproductive output of spotted owls exposed to different levels of spatial overlap with barred owls in adjacent territories. Barred owls in my study area displayed both numeric and demographic superiority over spotted owls; the annual survival probability of radio-marked spotted owls from known-fate analyses (0.81, SE = 0.05) was lower than that of barred owls (0.92, SE = 0.04), and barred owls produced over 6 times as many young over a 3-year period as spotted owls. Survival of both species was positively associated with an increasing proportion of old (>120 yrs old) conifer forest within the home range, which suggested that availability of old forest was a potential limiting factor in the competitive relationship between the 2 species. When viewed collectively, my results support the hypothesis that interference competition with a high density of barred owls for territorial space can act to constrain the availability of critical resources required for successful recruitment and reproduction of spotted owls. My findings have broad implications for the conservation of spotted owls, as they suggest that spatial heterogeneity in survival and reproduction may arise not only because of differences among territories in the quality of forest habitat, but also because of the spatial distribution of an invasive competitor. Close

• 2375. [Image] Water-quality data from 2002 to 2003 and analysis of data gaps for development of total maximum daily loads in the Lower Klamath River basin, California

  	By Lorraine E. Flint, Alan L. Flint, Debra S. Curry, Stewart A. Rounds, and Micelis C. Doyle Abstract The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected water? quality data during 2002 and 2003 In ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water-quality data from 2002 to 2003 and analysis of data gaps for development of total maximum daily loads in the Lower Klamath River basin, California Author: Flint, Lorraine E.; Flint, Alan L.; Curry, Debra S.; Rounds, Stewart A.; Doyle, Micelis C. Year: 2004, 2006, 2005 By Lorraine E. Flint, Alan L. Flint, Debra S. Curry, Stewart A. Rounds, and Micelis C. Doyle Abstract The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected water? quality data during 2002 and 2003 In the Lower Klamath River Basin, in northern California, to support studies of river conditions as they pertain to the viability of Chinook and Coho salmon and endangered suckers. To address the data needs of the North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board for the development of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), water temperature, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, and pH were continuously monitored at sites on the Klamath, Trinity, Shasta, and Lost Rivers. Water-quality samples were collected and analyzed for selected nutrients, organic carbon, chlorophyll-a, pheophytin-a, and trace elements. Sediment oxygen demand was measured on the Shasta River. Results of analysis of the data collected were used to identify locations in the Lower Klamath River Basin and periods of time during 200 Title: Water-quality data from 2002 to 2003 and analysis of data gaps for development of total maximum daily loads in the Lower Klamath River basin, California Author: Flint, Lorraine E.; Flint, Alan L.; Curry, Debra S.; Rounds, Stewart A.; Doyle, Micelis C. Year: 2004, 2006, 2005 By Lorraine E. Flint, Alan L. Flint, Debra S. Curry, Stewart A. Rounds, and Micelis C. Doyle Abstract The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected water? quality data during 2002 and 2003 In the Lower Klamath River Basin, in northern California, to support studies of river conditions as they pertain to the viability of Chinook and Coho salmon and endangered suckers. To address the data needs of the North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board for the development of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), water temperature, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, and pH were continuously monitored at sites on the Klamath, Trinity, Shasta, and Lost Rivers. Water-quality samples were collected and analyzed for selected nutrients, organic carbon, chlorophyll-a, pheophytin-a, and trace elements. Sediment oxygen demand was measured on the Shasta River. Results of analysis of the data collected were used to identify locations in the Lower Klamath River Basin and periods of time during 200 Close

• 2376. [Image] Western water supply : hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, to receive testimony regarding water supply issues in the arid West, March 9, 2004

  	CONTENTS STATEMENTS Page American Farm Bureau Federation 26963 Bell, Craig, Executive Director, Western States Water Council 26945 Domenici, Hon. Pete V., U.S. Senator From New Mexico 2691 Gaibler, Floyd, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Western water supply : hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, to receive testimony regarding water supply issues in the arid West, March 9, 2004 Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Year: 2004, 2005 CONTENTS STATEMENTS Page American Farm Bureau Federation 26963 Bell, Craig, Executive Director, Western States Water Council 26945 Domenici, Hon. Pete V., U.S. Senator From New Mexico 2691 Gaibler, Floyd, Deputy Undersecretary for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services, Department of Agriculture 26932 Grisoli, Brigadier General William T., Commander, Northwestern Division, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 26918 Hall, Tex G., President, National Congress of American Indians, and Chair man, Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara Nation 26950 Raley, Bennett, Assistant Secretary, Department of the Interior 2695 Uccellini, Dr. Louis, Director, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 26926 APPENDIX Responses to additional questions 2620 67 Title: Western water supply : hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, to receive testimony regarding water supply issues in the arid West, March 9, 2004 Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Year: 2004, 2005 CONTENTS STATEMENTS Page American Farm Bureau Federation 26963 Bell, Craig, Executive Director, Western States Water Council 26945 Domenici, Hon. Pete V., U.S. Senator From New Mexico 2691 Gaibler, Floyd, Deputy Undersecretary for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services, Department of Agriculture 26932 Grisoli, Brigadier General William T., Commander, Northwestern Division, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 26918 Hall, Tex G., President, National Congress of American Indians, and Chair man, Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara Nation 26950 Raley, Bennett, Assistant Secretary, Department of the Interior 2695 Uccellini, Dr. Louis, Director, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 26926 APPENDIX Responses to additional questions 2620 67 Close

• 2377. [Image] Handbook for developing watershed plans to restore and protect our waters

  	Draft; Title from title screen (viewed on Mar. 17, 2006); "October 2005."; "EPA 841-B-05-005."; Includes bibliographical references
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Handbook for developing watershed plans to restore and protect our waters Author: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Year: 2005, 2008, 2006 Draft; Title from title screen (viewed on Mar. 17, 2006); "October 2005."; "EPA 841-B-05-005."; Includes bibliographical references Title: Handbook for developing watershed plans to restore and protect our waters Author: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Year: 2005, 2008, 2006 Draft; Title from title screen (viewed on Mar. 17, 2006); "October 2005."; "EPA 841-B-05-005."; Includes bibliographical references Close

• 2378. [Image] Distribution and biology of suckers in Lower Klamath reservoirs : 1999 final report

  	Abstract The objectives of this two-year study (1998-1999) were to document distribution, abundance, age class structure, recruitment success, and habitat use by all life history stages of shortnose and ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution and biology of suckers in Lower Klamath reservoirs : 1999 final report Author: Desjardins, Marc; Markle, Douglas F. Year: 2000, 2005 Abstract The objectives of this two-year study (1998-1999) were to document distribution, abundance, age class structure, recruitment success, and habitat use by all life history stages of shortnose and Lost River suckers in three lower Klamath River hydroelectric reservoirs (J. C. Boyle, Copco, and Iron Gate). Lost River sucker catches were sporadic (only 3 adult individuals total) and the focus of our analyses, therefore, shifted to shortnose suckers. Adult and larval suckers were found in all reservoirs both years. All life history stages (larvae, juveniles and adults) were found in J. C. Boyle during both years and in Copco in 1999. Juvenile suckers were not found in Copco in 1998. The number of adult shortnose suckers was highest in Copco reservoir (n=165), followed by J.C. Boyle (n=50) and Iron Gate (n=22). Larger and older individuals dominated Copco and Iron Gate reservoirs and little size structure was detected. J. C. Boyle tended to have smaller adult shortnose suckers and many size classes were present. Unidentifiable larval suckers were most abundant in Copco reservoir where historic spawning of shortnose suckers has been documented. Larval suckers in Copco and Iron Gate reservoirs were most abundant in mid to late June before quickly disappearing from catches. J. C. Boyle larval suckers peaked in mid July, attained larger sizes, and were caught later in the season. It appeared that recruitment of young-of-the-year suckers only occurred in J. C. Boyle with downstream reservoirs recruiting older individuals, perhaps those that had earlier recruited to J. C. Boyle. Tagging studies could clarify adult recruitment dynamics and an additional study of juvenile recruitment would be needed to confirm these patterns. Predation pressure may be somewhat reduced in J. C. Boyle in comparison to the other reservoirs as its fish community was dominated by native fishes while communities in Copco and Iron Gate reservoirs were dominated by exotic predators. J. C. Boyle also possessed proportionally more littoral habitat, which suggests it may provide a more stable environment for young fishes. However, our sampling was inadequate to demonstrate such relationships due to high variance in larval and juvenile catches and potentially confounding habitat variables. One such variable was water level fluctuations, which could interact with habitat and resource availability in complex ways. For example, water level fluctuations, presumed to have a negative impact, were greatest in J. C. Boyle. Extrapolation from the literature suggests it should have had the poorest habitat for larval and juvenile suckers, but our results indicated J. C. Boyle had the most young suckers. Additional study of the relationships between water level fluctuations, habitat availability, the exotic fish community, and juvenile sucker recruitment would be needed to better understand early life history ecology of endangered lake suckers in these systems. Title: Distribution and biology of suckers in Lower Klamath reservoirs : 1999 final report Author: Desjardins, Marc; Markle, Douglas F. Year: 2000, 2005 Abstract The objectives of this two-year study (1998-1999) were to document distribution, abundance, age class structure, recruitment success, and habitat use by all life history stages of shortnose and Lost River suckers in three lower Klamath River hydroelectric reservoirs (J. C. Boyle, Copco, and Iron Gate). Lost River sucker catches were sporadic (only 3 adult individuals total) and the focus of our analyses, therefore, shifted to shortnose suckers. Adult and larval suckers were found in all reservoirs both years. All life history stages (larvae, juveniles and adults) were found in J. C. Boyle during both years and in Copco in 1999. Juvenile suckers were not found in Copco in 1998. The number of adult shortnose suckers was highest in Copco reservoir (n=165), followed by J.C. Boyle (n=50) and Iron Gate (n=22). Larger and older individuals dominated Copco and Iron Gate reservoirs and little size structure was detected. J. C. Boyle tended to have smaller adult shortnose suckers and many size classes were present. Unidentifiable larval suckers were most abundant in Copco reservoir where historic spawning of shortnose suckers has been documented. Larval suckers in Copco and Iron Gate reservoirs were most abundant in mid to late June before quickly disappearing from catches. J. C. Boyle larval suckers peaked in mid July, attained larger sizes, and were caught later in the season. It appeared that recruitment of young-of-the-year suckers only occurred in J. C. Boyle with downstream reservoirs recruiting older individuals, perhaps those that had earlier recruited to J. C. Boyle. Tagging studies could clarify adult recruitment dynamics and an additional study of juvenile recruitment would be needed to confirm these patterns. Predation pressure may be somewhat reduced in J. C. Boyle in comparison to the other reservoirs as its fish community was dominated by native fishes while communities in Copco and Iron Gate reservoirs were dominated by exotic predators. J. C. Boyle also possessed proportionally more littoral habitat, which suggests it may provide a more stable environment for young fishes. However, our sampling was inadequate to demonstrate such relationships due to high variance in larval and juvenile catches and potentially confounding habitat variables. One such variable was water level fluctuations, which could interact with habitat and resource availability in complex ways. For example, water level fluctuations, presumed to have a negative impact, were greatest in J. C. Boyle. Extrapolation from the literature suggests it should have had the poorest habitat for larval and juvenile suckers, but our results indicated J. C. Boyle had the most young suckers. Additional study of the relationships between water level fluctuations, habitat availability, the exotic fish community, and juvenile sucker recruitment would be needed to better understand early life history ecology of endangered lake suckers in these systems. Close

• 2379. [Image] Natural history and ecology of larval Lost River suckers and larval shortnose suckers in the Williamson River-Upper Klamath Lake System

  	We monitored larval Lost River and shortnose suckers from natal beds in the Williamson and Sprague rivers to nursery grounds in Upper Klamath Lake. Downstream movements occurred at night, in the middle ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Natural history and ecology of larval Lost River suckers and larval shortnose suckers in the Williamson River-Upper Klamath Lake System Author: Cooperman, Michael S. Year: 2004, 2005 We monitored larval Lost River and shortnose suckers from natal beds in the Williamson and Sprague rivers to nursery grounds in Upper Klamath Lake. Downstream movements occurred at night, in the middle of the channel, and on the falling limb of the hydrograph. Ages, sizes, and developmental stages of larvae from spawning beds and the river mouth were similar, while larvae collected contemporaneously from the lake tended to be larger and better fed. Our results indicate in-river rearing was rare, that a rapid outmigration to the lake was favorable for larval survival, and that modification of the lower Williamson River does not appear to have prohibited rapid entry or preclude access to Upper Klamath Lake. Within the Williamson River and Upper Klamath Lake, emergent macrophytes supported significantly higher abundance, larger mean sizes, and better fed larvae than submerged macrophytes, woody vegetation, or open water areas. Analysis of seven years of larval sucker production and survival corroborated the habitat analysis by identifying a positive relationship with emergent macrophyte availability as well as a positive relationship with air temperature and a negative relationship with high wind. These findings illustrate the importance of fast growth, appropriate habitat and calm hydrological conditions for larvae, and are highly consistent with other larval fish studies. Title: Natural history and ecology of larval Lost River suckers and larval shortnose suckers in the Williamson River-Upper Klamath Lake System Author: Cooperman, Michael S. Year: 2004, 2005 We monitored larval Lost River and shortnose suckers from natal beds in the Williamson and Sprague rivers to nursery grounds in Upper Klamath Lake. Downstream movements occurred at night, in the middle of the channel, and on the falling limb of the hydrograph. Ages, sizes, and developmental stages of larvae from spawning beds and the river mouth were similar, while larvae collected contemporaneously from the lake tended to be larger and better fed. Our results indicate in-river rearing was rare, that a rapid outmigration to the lake was favorable for larval survival, and that modification of the lower Williamson River does not appear to have prohibited rapid entry or preclude access to Upper Klamath Lake. Within the Williamson River and Upper Klamath Lake, emergent macrophytes supported significantly higher abundance, larger mean sizes, and better fed larvae than submerged macrophytes, woody vegetation, or open water areas. Analysis of seven years of larval sucker production and survival corroborated the habitat analysis by identifying a positive relationship with emergent macrophyte availability as well as a positive relationship with air temperature and a negative relationship with high wind. These findings illustrate the importance of fast growth, appropriate habitat and calm hydrological conditions for larvae, and are highly consistent with other larval fish studies. Close

• 2380. [Article] Dead wood dynamics and relationships to biophysical factors, forest history, ownership, and management practices in the Coastal Province of Oregon, USA

  Dead wood patterns and dynamics vary with biophysical factors, disturbance history, ownership, and management practices. Through field and modeling studies, I examined the current and potential future ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dead wood dynamics and relationships to biophysical factors, forest history, ownership, and management practices in the Coastal Province of Oregon, USA Author: Kennedy, Rebecca S.H. Dead wood patterns and dynamics vary with biophysical factors, disturbance history, ownership, and management practices. Through field and modeling studies, I examined the current and potential future amounts of dead wood in two landscapes and region-wide in the Coastal Province of Oregon. The objectives of the first study were to (1) determine whether two landscapes with different recent disturbance histories differ in the amount and characteristics of dead wood; and (2) explore relationships between patterns of dead wood in each landscape to potentially related factors including topography. The objectives of the second study were to (1) describe current regional amounts of dead wood; (2) compare dead wood amounts across ownerships; (3) determine relationships between current dead wood amounts and ownership, current and past vegetation conditions, climate, topography, and soils; and (4) evaluate whether the factors related to dead wood patterns differed according to the scale of analysis. The objectives of the third study were to (1) characterize the projected future change in dead wood amounts in a multi-ownership Province; (2) determine the longevity of present-day dead wood of different types and sizes in relation to amendments from management and stand development; and (3) evaluate differences in management approaches in transitional dynamics and long-term patterns of dead wood. In the first study, I sampled logs and snags at four topographic positions (streams, lower slopes, middle slopes, upper slopes) in the Tillamook State Forest and the Siuslaw National Forest. These two landscapes experienced catastrophic fire at different points in recent history. I developed statistical models relating various attributes of dead wood abundance to biophysical variables related to climate, topography, historical vegetation, current vegetation, soils, and ecoregion. I found that the type and timing of disturbance was important to dead wood amounts and characteristics, and that potential source and sink areas for dead wood were related to topographic position. In particular, lower slopes had higher amounts of logs, and upper slopes had higher basal areas of potential source wood, in the form of snags and legacy (pre-fire) stumps. Climatic factors were of greater relative importance to overall gradients of dead wood in the landscape in which fire occurred less recently. In the second study, I analyzed dead wood data from a region-wide systematic grid of field plots according to ownership and biophysical variables at multiple scales of resolution including plots, subwatersheds. Dead wood abundance and types varied greatly among ownerships, with public lands (Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, State of Oregon) typically having higher amounts of dead wood and more dead wood in the larger size classes than the private lands (forest industry, non-industrial private). I found that the relative influence of ownership, topography, current and historical vegetation, and climate varied with scale of resolution. Current vegetation was of greater relative importance at finer scales of plots and subwatersheds, whereas climate, topography, and historical vegetation were of greater relative importance at coarser scales of watersheds and subbasins. Ownership was important to overall dead wood gradients at all scales considered. In the third study, by simulating stand development and dead wood dynamics under various forest management scenarios over a 300-year period, I was able to examine the long-term effects of management on dead wood abundance in the Coastal Province. I estimated potential upper bounds for future dead wood amounts. Dead wood amounts increased over time on average across the Province, mainly because of policies on public lands, especially the federal lands under the Northwest Forest Plan. Forest industry, under the Oregon Forest Practices Act and assuming retention of all snags at harvest and thinning, maintained amounts of dead wood that were similar to present-day levels, but size classes shifted toward the smaller sizes as existing large legacy dead wood decomposed. Non-industrial private lands showed increases from very low present-day amounts of dead wood. Across the Province, legacy logs and snags remained present for over a century of the simulation period, and buffered effects of intensive management to dead wood amounts. Variation across landscapes in starting conditions meant that contrasting management approaches had differential effects on long-term dead wood dynamics depending on where they were applied. Current amounts of dead wood and live vegetation patterns in the Province resulted from historical fire and logging. Results of this simulation study indicate that recently established policies oriented toward dead wood production and retention, in the absence of fire or other large- or mid-scale disturbances, are likely to result in increases in dead wood amounts that greatly exceed present-day levels. My results suggest that dead wood patterns of abundance will continue to diverge according to land ownership and that management practices that foster dead wood creation are of increasing importance to the long-term abundance of large dead wood as legacy dead wood is lost through decomposition. Title: Dead wood dynamics and relationships to biophysical factors, forest history, ownership, and management practices in the Coastal Province of Oregon, USA Author: Kennedy, Rebecca S.H. Dead wood patterns and dynamics vary with biophysical factors, disturbance history, ownership, and management practices. Through field and modeling studies, I examined the current and potential future amounts of dead wood in two landscapes and region-wide in the Coastal Province of Oregon. The objectives of the first study were to (1) determine whether two landscapes with different recent disturbance histories differ in the amount and characteristics of dead wood; and (2) explore relationships between patterns of dead wood in each landscape to potentially related factors including topography. The objectives of the second study were to (1) describe current regional amounts of dead wood; (2) compare dead wood amounts across ownerships; (3) determine relationships between current dead wood amounts and ownership, current and past vegetation conditions, climate, topography, and soils; and (4) evaluate whether the factors related to dead wood patterns differed according to the scale of analysis. The objectives of the third study were to (1) characterize the projected future change in dead wood amounts in a multi-ownership Province; (2) determine the longevity of present-day dead wood of different types and sizes in relation to amendments from management and stand development; and (3) evaluate differences in management approaches in transitional dynamics and long-term patterns of dead wood. In the first study, I sampled logs and snags at four topographic positions (streams, lower slopes, middle slopes, upper slopes) in the Tillamook State Forest and the Siuslaw National Forest. These two landscapes experienced catastrophic fire at different points in recent history. I developed statistical models relating various attributes of dead wood abundance to biophysical variables related to climate, topography, historical vegetation, current vegetation, soils, and ecoregion. I found that the type and timing of disturbance was important to dead wood amounts and characteristics, and that potential source and sink areas for dead wood were related to topographic position. In particular, lower slopes had higher amounts of logs, and upper slopes had higher basal areas of potential source wood, in the form of snags and legacy (pre-fire) stumps. Climatic factors were of greater relative importance to overall gradients of dead wood in the landscape in which fire occurred less recently. In the second study, I analyzed dead wood data from a region-wide systematic grid of field plots according to ownership and biophysical variables at multiple scales of resolution including plots, subwatersheds. Dead wood abundance and types varied greatly among ownerships, with public lands (Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, State of Oregon) typically having higher amounts of dead wood and more dead wood in the larger size classes than the private lands (forest industry, non-industrial private). I found that the relative influence of ownership, topography, current and historical vegetation, and climate varied with scale of resolution. Current vegetation was of greater relative importance at finer scales of plots and subwatersheds, whereas climate, topography, and historical vegetation were of greater relative importance at coarser scales of watersheds and subbasins. Ownership was important to overall dead wood gradients at all scales considered. In the third study, by simulating stand development and dead wood dynamics under various forest management scenarios over a 300-year period, I was able to examine the long-term effects of management on dead wood abundance in the Coastal Province. I estimated potential upper bounds for future dead wood amounts. Dead wood amounts increased over time on average across the Province, mainly because of policies on public lands, especially the federal lands under the Northwest Forest Plan. Forest industry, under the Oregon Forest Practices Act and assuming retention of all snags at harvest and thinning, maintained amounts of dead wood that were similar to present-day levels, but size classes shifted toward the smaller sizes as existing large legacy dead wood decomposed. Non-industrial private lands showed increases from very low present-day amounts of dead wood. Across the Province, legacy logs and snags remained present for over a century of the simulation period, and buffered effects of intensive management to dead wood amounts. Variation across landscapes in starting conditions meant that contrasting management approaches had differential effects on long-term dead wood dynamics depending on where they were applied. Current amounts of dead wood and live vegetation patterns in the Province resulted from historical fire and logging. Results of this simulation study indicate that recently established policies oriented toward dead wood production and retention, in the absence of fire or other large- or mid-scale disturbances, are likely to result in increases in dead wood amounts that greatly exceed present-day levels. My results suggest that dead wood patterns of abundance will continue to diverge according to land ownership and that management practices that foster dead wood creation are of increasing importance to the long-term abundance of large dead wood as legacy dead wood is lost through decomposition. Close

• 2381. [Image] Klamath Project : hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session to discuss Klamath Project operations and implementation of Public Law 106-498, March 21, 2001

  	CONTENTS STATEMENTS Page Craig, Hon. Larry E., U.S. Senator from Idaho 2693 Crawford, John, Farmer, on behalf of Klamath Water Users Association, Klamath Falls, OR 26951 Foreman, Allen, Chairman, Klamath ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Project : hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session to discuss Klamath Project operations and implementation of Public Law 106-498, March 21, 2001 Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Water and Power Year: 2001, 2005, 2000 CONTENTS STATEMENTS Page Craig, Hon. Larry E., U.S. Senator from Idaho 2693 Crawford, John, Farmer, on behalf of Klamath Water Users Association, Klamath Falls, OR 26951 Foreman, Allen, Chairman, Klamath Indian Tribes, Chiloquin, OR 26923 Home, Alex J., Ph.D., Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 26955 Marbut, Reed, Intergovernmental Coordinator, Oregon Water Resources De partment, Salem, OR 26931 McDonald, J. William, Acting Commissioner, Bureau of Reclamation, Depart ment of the Interior 2697 Nicholson, Roger, President, Resource Conservancy, Fort Klamath, OR 26939 Smith, Hon. Gordon, U.S. Senator from Oregon 2691 Spain, Glen H., Northwest Regional Director, Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Associations, Eugene, OR 26940 Walden, Hon. Greg, U.S. Representative from Oregon 2693 Wyden, Hon. Ron, U.S. Senator from Oregon 2692 Title: Klamath Project : hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session to discuss Klamath Project operations and implementation of Public Law 106-498, March 21, 2001 Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Water and Power Year: 2001, 2005, 2000 CONTENTS STATEMENTS Page Craig, Hon. Larry E., U.S. Senator from Idaho 2693 Crawford, John, Farmer, on behalf of Klamath Water Users Association, Klamath Falls, OR 26951 Foreman, Allen, Chairman, Klamath Indian Tribes, Chiloquin, OR 26923 Home, Alex J., Ph.D., Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 26955 Marbut, Reed, Intergovernmental Coordinator, Oregon Water Resources De partment, Salem, OR 26931 McDonald, J. William, Acting Commissioner, Bureau of Reclamation, Depart ment of the Interior 2697 Nicholson, Roger, President, Resource Conservancy, Fort Klamath, OR 26939 Smith, Hon. Gordon, U.S. Senator from Oregon 2691 Spain, Glen H., Northwest Regional Director, Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Associations, Eugene, OR 26940 Walden, Hon. Greg, U.S. Representative from Oregon 2693 Wyden, Hon. Ron, U.S. Senator from Oregon 2692 Close

• 2382. [Image] Crater Lake National Park oral history series, Emmett Blanchfield

  	ill.; "Interviewed by Stephen R. Mark on March 7, 1995; transcribed by Chris Prout, August 1997." - T.p.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake National Park oral history series, Emmett Blanchfield Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 1995, 2010 ill.; "Interviewed by Stephen R. Mark on March 7, 1995; transcribed by Chris Prout, August 1997." - T.p. Title: Crater Lake National Park oral history series, Emmett Blanchfield Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 1995, 2010 ill.; "Interviewed by Stephen R. Mark on March 7, 1995; transcribed by Chris Prout, August 1997." - T.p. Close

• 2383. [Article] Urbanization in a Peripheral Capitalist State: A Guyana Case Study

  This research proposes to examine the process of urbanization in Guyana, South America. In particular, the objectives of this research are threefold. The first is to identify, describe, and evaluate some ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Urbanization in a Peripheral Capitalist State: A Guyana Case Study Author: Ishmael, Wazir Ahmad Year: 1993 This research proposes to examine the process of urbanization in Guyana, South America. In particular, the objectives of this research are threefold. The first is to identify, describe, and evaluate some of the historic and current causes of urban growth and urbanization which have taken place in a peripheral capitalist state that was under the plantation mode and that illustrates a legacy of "uneven development." The second objective is to attempt to assess planning responses, through attempts by the state to formulate policies to deal more effectively with urbanization. And the third objective is to contribute to a dialogue between planning practitioners and dependency/world-system theorists. Although any urbanization process has a variety of endogenous and exogenous variables, the major premise of this study is that the world system affects the political economy of the state and hence its pattern of urban development. That is, urbanization in Guyana can be largely attributed to its colonial legacy after a prolonged period of Dutch, French, and British tutelage, and to the general influence of metropolitan economic dictates. In surveying the components shaping urbanization, the study discerns outcomes which essentially confirm the expectations of dependency/world-system theory. Following its incorporation into the modern world system, Guyana has reproduced many of the patterns of development that are expected of a dependent peripheral economy. Core power hegemony led to the stimulation and growth of the port town of Georgetown and the secondary port of New Amsterdam. Georgetown, the capital, in particular was used not only to evacuate economic surplus, but also to provide a market for core-manufactured goods. Whilst dependency/world-system theory allows one to demonstrate how surplus value was extracted from Guyana via the circulation of primary commodities, it failed to adequately address the manner in which labor was utilized and reproduced. Urbanization in Guyana is contingent not only upon the class struggle, but also ethnic/racial conflict. Throughout the study, the historical evidence has supported the notion that race has been a dominant factor in the internal political economy. Racial considerations have been most important in determining legislation, the allocation of economic surplus, planning, and development policies which have impacted urbanization. Guyana today appears to conform to the postulates of dependent urbanization. Among the observed characteristics of the urban structure are urban primacy, unemployment and underemployment, a burgeoning informal sector, intra-urban inequality, shanty towns and squatter settlements, and retardation in rural areas. These dependent urbanization features have also been accompanied by a number of conditions that appear to be common to all countries which have experienced dependent development. Within the economic structure, there is an overwhelming primary export orientation with product elaboration in the core, low rates of GNP and per capita incomes, a stunted manufacturing sector, a lack of diversification, low-productivity and low-wage labor, excessive dependence, a deepening divergence between what is consumed and what is produced, and the absence of an internal dynamic and coherence within the political and social structure, the study has noted perceived racial and ethnic divisions, a high degree of social segmentation, residential separation along racial lines, profound inequalities, instability, bureaucratism, and authoritarian tendencies. Finally, this study of the Guyana experience demonstrates that dependency/world-system theory can be a powerful heuristic tool in organizing, understanding, and explaining the nature of the urbanization process in a peripheral capitalist state. The research further suggests that when the theory is supplemented with a realist perspective that places a premium on internal dynamics, the dialectical relationship between external and internal forces will ensure a more complete analysis of urbanization in peripheral social formations. Title: Urbanization in a Peripheral Capitalist State: A Guyana Case Study Author: Ishmael, Wazir Ahmad Year: 1993 This research proposes to examine the process of urbanization in Guyana, South America. In particular, the objectives of this research are threefold. The first is to identify, describe, and evaluate some of the historic and current causes of urban growth and urbanization which have taken place in a peripheral capitalist state that was under the plantation mode and that illustrates a legacy of "uneven development." The second objective is to attempt to assess planning responses, through attempts by the state to formulate policies to deal more effectively with urbanization. And the third objective is to contribute to a dialogue between planning practitioners and dependency/world-system theorists. Although any urbanization process has a variety of endogenous and exogenous variables, the major premise of this study is that the world system affects the political economy of the state and hence its pattern of urban development. That is, urbanization in Guyana can be largely attributed to its colonial legacy after a prolonged period of Dutch, French, and British tutelage, and to the general influence of metropolitan economic dictates. In surveying the components shaping urbanization, the study discerns outcomes which essentially confirm the expectations of dependency/world-system theory. Following its incorporation into the modern world system, Guyana has reproduced many of the patterns of development that are expected of a dependent peripheral economy. Core power hegemony led to the stimulation and growth of the port town of Georgetown and the secondary port of New Amsterdam. Georgetown, the capital, in particular was used not only to evacuate economic surplus, but also to provide a market for core-manufactured goods. Whilst dependency/world-system theory allows one to demonstrate how surplus value was extracted from Guyana via the circulation of primary commodities, it failed to adequately address the manner in which labor was utilized and reproduced. Urbanization in Guyana is contingent not only upon the class struggle, but also ethnic/racial conflict. Throughout the study, the historical evidence has supported the notion that race has been a dominant factor in the internal political economy. Racial considerations have been most important in determining legislation, the allocation of economic surplus, planning, and development policies which have impacted urbanization. Guyana today appears to conform to the postulates of dependent urbanization. Among the observed characteristics of the urban structure are urban primacy, unemployment and underemployment, a burgeoning informal sector, intra-urban inequality, shanty towns and squatter settlements, and retardation in rural areas. These dependent urbanization features have also been accompanied by a number of conditions that appear to be common to all countries which have experienced dependent development. Within the economic structure, there is an overwhelming primary export orientation with product elaboration in the core, low rates of GNP and per capita incomes, a stunted manufacturing sector, a lack of diversification, low-productivity and low-wage labor, excessive dependence, a deepening divergence between what is consumed and what is produced, and the absence of an internal dynamic and coherence within the political and social structure, the study has noted perceived racial and ethnic divisions, a high degree of social segmentation, residential separation along racial lines, profound inequalities, instability, bureaucratism, and authoritarian tendencies. Finally, this study of the Guyana experience demonstrates that dependency/world-system theory can be a powerful heuristic tool in organizing, understanding, and explaining the nature of the urbanization process in a peripheral capitalist state. The research further suggests that when the theory is supplemented with a realist perspective that places a premium on internal dynamics, the dialectical relationship between external and internal forces will ensure a more complete analysis of urbanization in peripheral social formations. Close

• 2384. [Article] Jacob Burckhardt: History and the Greeks in the Modern Context

  In the following study I reappraise the nineteenth century Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt (1818-1897). Burckhardt is traditionally known for having served as the elder colleague and one-time muse of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Jacob Burckhardt: History and the Greeks in the Modern Context Author: Rhodes, Anthony Year: 2011 In the following study I reappraise the nineteenth century Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt (1818-1897). Burckhardt is traditionally known for having served as the elder colleague and one-time muse of Friedrich Nietzsche at the University of Basel and so his ideas are often considered, by comparison, outmoded or inapposite to contemporary currents of thought. My research explodes this conception by abandoning the presumption that Burckhardt was in some sense "out of touch" with modernity. By following and significantly expanding upon the ideas of historians such as Allan Megill, Lionel Gossman, Hayden White, Joseph Mali, John Hinde and Richard Sigurdson, among others, I am able to portray Burckhardt as conversely inaugurating a historiography laden with elements of insightful social criticism. Such criticisms are in fact bolstered by virtue of their counter-modern characteristic. Burckhardt reveals in this way a perspicacity that both anticipates Nietzsche's own critique of modernity and in large part moves well beyond him. Much of this analysis is devised through a genealogical approach to Burckhardt which places him squarely within a cohesive branch of post-Kantian thought that I have called heterodox post-Kantianism. My study revaluates Burckhardt through the alembic of a "discursive" post-Kantian turn which reinvests many of his outré ideas, including his radical appropriation of historical representation, his non-teleological historiography, his various pessimistic inclinations, and additionally, his non-empirical, "aesthetic" study of history, or "mythistory," with a newfound philosophical germaneness. While I survey the majority of Burckhardt's output in the course of my work, I invest a specific focus in his largely unappreciated Greek lectures (given in 1869 but only published in English in full at the end of the twentieth century). Burckhardt's "dark" portrayal of the Greeks serves to not only upset traditional conceptions of antiquity but also the manner in which self-conception is informed through historical inquiry. Burckhardt returns us then to an altogether repressed antiquity: to a hidden, yet internal "dream of a shadow." My analysis culminates with an attempt to reassess the place of Burckhardt's ideas for modernity and to correspondingly reexamine Nietzsche. In particular, I highlight the disparity between Nietzsche's and Burckhardt's reception of the "problem of power," including the latter's reluctance - which was attended by ominous and highly prescient predictions of future large-scale wars and the steady "massification" of western society - to accept Nietzsche's acclamation of a final "will to power." Burckhardt teaches us the value of history as an active counterforce to dominant modern reality-formations and in doing so, his work rehabilitates the relevance of history for a world which, as Burckhardt once noted, suffers today from a superfluity of present-mindedness. Title: Jacob Burckhardt: History and the Greeks in the Modern Context Author: Rhodes, Anthony Year: 2011 In the following study I reappraise the nineteenth century Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt (1818-1897). Burckhardt is traditionally known for having served as the elder colleague and one-time muse of Friedrich Nietzsche at the University of Basel and so his ideas are often considered, by comparison, outmoded or inapposite to contemporary currents of thought. My research explodes this conception by abandoning the presumption that Burckhardt was in some sense "out of touch" with modernity. By following and significantly expanding upon the ideas of historians such as Allan Megill, Lionel Gossman, Hayden White, Joseph Mali, John Hinde and Richard Sigurdson, among others, I am able to portray Burckhardt as conversely inaugurating a historiography laden with elements of insightful social criticism. Such criticisms are in fact bolstered by virtue of their counter-modern characteristic. Burckhardt reveals in this way a perspicacity that both anticipates Nietzsche's own critique of modernity and in large part moves well beyond him. Much of this analysis is devised through a genealogical approach to Burckhardt which places him squarely within a cohesive branch of post-Kantian thought that I have called heterodox post-Kantianism. My study revaluates Burckhardt through the alembic of a "discursive" post-Kantian turn which reinvests many of his outré ideas, including his radical appropriation of historical representation, his non-teleological historiography, his various pessimistic inclinations, and additionally, his non-empirical, "aesthetic" study of history, or "mythistory," with a newfound philosophical germaneness. While I survey the majority of Burckhardt's output in the course of my work, I invest a specific focus in his largely unappreciated Greek lectures (given in 1869 but only published in English in full at the end of the twentieth century). Burckhardt's "dark" portrayal of the Greeks serves to not only upset traditional conceptions of antiquity but also the manner in which self-conception is informed through historical inquiry. Burckhardt returns us then to an altogether repressed antiquity: to a hidden, yet internal "dream of a shadow." My analysis culminates with an attempt to reassess the place of Burckhardt's ideas for modernity and to correspondingly reexamine Nietzsche. In particular, I highlight the disparity between Nietzsche's and Burckhardt's reception of the "problem of power," including the latter's reluctance - which was attended by ominous and highly prescient predictions of future large-scale wars and the steady "massification" of western society - to accept Nietzsche's acclamation of a final "will to power." Burckhardt teaches us the value of history as an active counterforce to dominant modern reality-formations and in doing so, his work rehabilitates the relevance of history for a world which, as Burckhardt once noted, suffers today from a superfluity of present-mindedness. Close

• 2385. [Article] Estimation of Columbia River Virgin Flow: 1879 to 1928

  The Columbia River has historically been a major source of economic activity for the Pacific Northwest, and is one of the more heavily modified rivers in the United States today. Understanding human and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimation of Columbia River Virgin Flow: 1879 to 1928 Author: Naik, Pradeep K., Jay, David A. Year: 2005 The Columbia River has historically been a major source of economic activity for the Pacific Northwest, and is one of the more heavily modified rivers in the United States today. Understanding human and climate-induced changes in its hydrologic properties is, therefore, a topic of considerable interest. Long streamflow records are essential to determining how runoff has changed over time. Daily streamflow records of the Columbia River at The Dalles dates back to June 1978. However, the observed daily flow does not alone provide enough information to understand or separate anthropogenic and climate effects. It is necessary also to have an estimate of virgin flow of the river to provide a historical perspective of water resources development, separate anthropogenic and climate effects, and compare present water use scenarios with those of the past decades. The United State Geological Survey (USGS) has calculated a monthly averaged adjusted river flow at The Dalles for 1879-1999 that accounts for the effects of flow regulation. The Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) has estimated the monthly averaged virgin (or naturalized) flow at The Dalles, i.e., the flow in the absence of both flow regulation and irrigation depletion for 1929-89. We have estimated the monthly virgin flow of the Columbia River at The Dalles from records of irrigated area for the missing years, i.e., for the period 1879-1928. In addition, a filtered version of the daily observed flows were combined with monthly virgin flow corrections to obtain estimates of daily virgin flows with realistic higher moments and spectral properties. Examination of the virgin flow record shows that climate change since late 19th century has caused a decrease of >7% in its annual average flow volume. The decrease in flow due to irrigation diversion during the same period is also ~7%. Broadly speaking, there are three periods of Columbia River flow management. Before 1900, mainstem dams were absent and flow diversions relatively small. Numerous dams were constructed between 1900 and 1970, and irrigation depletion increased 500%. Since about 1970, river flows have been managed on a system-wide basin, effecting significant interannual transfers of flows for the first time. Title: Estimation of Columbia River Virgin Flow: 1879 to 1928 Author: Naik, Pradeep K., Jay, David A. Year: 2005 The Columbia River has historically been a major source of economic activity for the Pacific Northwest, and is one of the more heavily modified rivers in the United States today. Understanding human and climate-induced changes in its hydrologic properties is, therefore, a topic of considerable interest. Long streamflow records are essential to determining how runoff has changed over time. Daily streamflow records of the Columbia River at The Dalles dates back to June 1978. However, the observed daily flow does not alone provide enough information to understand or separate anthropogenic and climate effects. It is necessary also to have an estimate of virgin flow of the river to provide a historical perspective of water resources development, separate anthropogenic and climate effects, and compare present water use scenarios with those of the past decades. The United State Geological Survey (USGS) has calculated a monthly averaged adjusted river flow at The Dalles for 1879-1999 that accounts for the effects of flow regulation. The Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) has estimated the monthly averaged virgin (or naturalized) flow at The Dalles, i.e., the flow in the absence of both flow regulation and irrigation depletion for 1929-89. We have estimated the monthly virgin flow of the Columbia River at The Dalles from records of irrigated area for the missing years, i.e., for the period 1879-1928. In addition, a filtered version of the daily observed flows were combined with monthly virgin flow corrections to obtain estimates of daily virgin flows with realistic higher moments and spectral properties. Examination of the virgin flow record shows that climate change since late 19th century has caused a decrease of >7% in its annual average flow volume. The decrease in flow due to irrigation diversion during the same period is also ~7%. Broadly speaking, there are three periods of Columbia River flow management. Before 1900, mainstem dams were absent and flow diversions relatively small. Numerous dams were constructed between 1900 and 1970, and irrigation depletion increased 500%. Since about 1970, river flows have been managed on a system-wide basin, effecting significant interannual transfers of flows for the first time. Close

• 2386. [Article] Community conflict : a case study of the implementation of a bilingual education program

  This research project is an historical case study of the conflict which evolved from the deliberations and subsequent implementation of bilingual education in Central School District 13J, Independence, Oregon. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Community conflict : a case study of the implementation of a bilingual education program Author: Guzmán, Juan This research project is an historical case study of the conflict which evolved from the deliberations and subsequent implementation of bilingual education in Central School District 13J, Independence, Oregon. The time period under consideration spans 35 months, beginning in August 1974, when district officials first proposed bilingual education, and ending in June 1977, when the first year of bilingual education in the district was completed. Investigation of the conflict in Independence was guided by the following questions. 1. What is the nature of the conflict resulting from the bilingual education issue in Independence, Oregon? 2. To what extent does this conflict affect educational policy? 3. What is the nature of community influence regarding school decisions and educational policy? The investigation of these questions required that two types of data be gathered. The first type--news media reporting, county and school district surveys, personal correspondence, government records--provided an historical perspective for considering the district's decision to implement bilingual education. The second type of data--personal interviews and informal conversations--addressed the need for bilingual education in Independence, the policy making process, and community involvement in decision-making. Conclusions: The conflict which surfaced in the small community of Independence is rooted in the value conflict--assimilation vs. cultural pluralism. Two conflicting views have emerged in Independence regarding the role of public education as a transmitter of culture. One perspective endorses pluralism in society and encourages bilingual education as one means of accommodating pluralism. An opposing viewpoint supports traditional educational practices which support the assimilation of ethnic and racial minorities through the promotion of a single language and culture. The question of whether public education is responsible for promoting cultural homogeneity or the lesser accepted concept of cultural pluralism still remains unresolved in Independence as in other parts of the nation. Supporters for each viewpoint seem unwilling to compromise, thus prolonging the value conflict in the community. The value conflict existing in Independence has not been recognized as such by the community. Rather, this conflict is being viewed as mere misunderstandings due to poor communications between supporters of pluralism and defenders of assimilation. By refusing to recognize the existence of value conflict, the school district, Chicano parents, and the community at large have avoided any real confrontation with the status quo regarding bilingual education. Because the value conflict which presently exists within the Independence community is not acknowledged, it can have no effect on educational policy per se. Throughout its existence, the bilingual education program has not prompted community activism either for or against the program. The sporadic and limited nature of community participation and influence in decision-making has not changed because of bilingual education, and it appears that maintaining the status quo regarding bilingual education in School District 13J has become preferable to seeking change through district policy. Title: Community conflict : a case study of the implementation of a bilingual education program Author: Guzmán, Juan This research project is an historical case study of the conflict which evolved from the deliberations and subsequent implementation of bilingual education in Central School District 13J, Independence, Oregon. The time period under consideration spans 35 months, beginning in August 1974, when district officials first proposed bilingual education, and ending in June 1977, when the first year of bilingual education in the district was completed. Investigation of the conflict in Independence was guided by the following questions. 1. What is the nature of the conflict resulting from the bilingual education issue in Independence, Oregon? 2. To what extent does this conflict affect educational policy? 3. What is the nature of community influence regarding school decisions and educational policy? The investigation of these questions required that two types of data be gathered. The first type--news media reporting, county and school district surveys, personal correspondence, government records--provided an historical perspective for considering the district's decision to implement bilingual education. The second type of data--personal interviews and informal conversations--addressed the need for bilingual education in Independence, the policy making process, and community involvement in decision-making. Conclusions: The conflict which surfaced in the small community of Independence is rooted in the value conflict--assimilation vs. cultural pluralism. Two conflicting views have emerged in Independence regarding the role of public education as a transmitter of culture. One perspective endorses pluralism in society and encourages bilingual education as one means of accommodating pluralism. An opposing viewpoint supports traditional educational practices which support the assimilation of ethnic and racial minorities through the promotion of a single language and culture. The question of whether public education is responsible for promoting cultural homogeneity or the lesser accepted concept of cultural pluralism still remains unresolved in Independence as in other parts of the nation. Supporters for each viewpoint seem unwilling to compromise, thus prolonging the value conflict in the community. The value conflict existing in Independence has not been recognized as such by the community. Rather, this conflict is being viewed as mere misunderstandings due to poor communications between supporters of pluralism and defenders of assimilation. By refusing to recognize the existence of value conflict, the school district, Chicano parents, and the community at large have avoided any real confrontation with the status quo regarding bilingual education. Because the value conflict which presently exists within the Independence community is not acknowledged, it can have no effect on educational policy per se. Throughout its existence, the bilingual education program has not prompted community activism either for or against the program. The sporadic and limited nature of community participation and influence in decision-making has not changed because of bilingual education, and it appears that maintaining the status quo regarding bilingual education in School District 13J has become preferable to seeking change through district policy. Close

• 2387. [Article] Stable occupancy by breeding hawks (Buteo spp.) over 25 years on a privately managed bunchgrass prairie in northeastern Oregon, USA

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Cooper ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stable occupancy by breeding hawks (Buteo spp.) over 25 years on a privately managed bunchgrass prairie in northeastern Oregon, USA Author: Bartuszevige, Anne M., Humphrey, Ann B., Houle, Marcy, Kennedy, Patricia L., Dugger, Katie M., Williams, John To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Cooper Ornithological Society and can be found at: http://www.bioone.org/loi/cond. Title: Stable occupancy by breeding hawks (Buteo spp.) over 25 years on a privately managed bunchgrass prairie in northeastern Oregon, USA Author: Bartuszevige, Anne M., Humphrey, Ann B., Houle, Marcy, Kennedy, Patricia L., Dugger, Katie M., Williams, John To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Cooper Ornithological Society and can be found at: http://www.bioone.org/loi/cond. Close

• 2388. [Article] Who we are and will be

  The protagonists in the fiction of Paule Marshall, Alice Walker, and Toni Morrison illuminate American cultural perceptions of black women and illustrate how the creators of these characters hope to change ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Who we are and will be Author: Jackson, Linda Carol, 1949- The protagonists in the fiction of Paule Marshall, Alice Walker, and Toni Morrison illuminate American cultural perceptions of black women and illustrate how the creators of these characters hope to change those perceptions. I studied Paule Marshall's Daughters, Alice Walker's Meridian and The Color Purple, and Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye to learn what the writers of these novels have to say about the women they hope black girls can grow up to be and to learn what potential for self-development they see for black women. For example, in order to become whole people, what do black girls and black women need from their parents and their community? What do black women need from their intimate relationships? "Part One: Political, Historical and Religious Identity " surveys politics, religion and history for views of black women. Politically, they appear disenfranchised; historically they were property. In reference to religion, I found that a white male religion does not serve black women well. Walker sees god within her female protagonist Celie, and Marshall has a belief in a Caribbean/African diaspora that provides a sense of spiritual and cultural continuity. "Part Two: Childhood Identity" explores childhood and the community's role. Childhood appears as a critical time for self-development. The adults in the community contribute to the child's self-awareness. Mistreatment of girls causes them harm throughout their lives. How well the community safeguards its children is a measure of how highly these children are valued. These authors want to see girls more highly regarded. Toward this end, they expose the abuse that takes place in the community. Morrison shows not only the abuse, but also the love. By showing concerned parents as well as neglectful ones, Morrison offers a fuller portrait of the community she knows. The Color Purple also tells a story of sexual abuse of a girl, but this abuse is overcome by the inner strength of the victim combined with the loving support of Shug Avery and the supportive community context of the juke where Celie is accepted. The portrayal of childhood in Daughters involves a Caribbean island culture where the roles of the women that the child Ursa observes offer few role models. "Part Three: Adult Relational Identity" looks at the dilemma in communication between the sexes and across the generations from mother to daughter. Step-fathers and husbands are abusive characters in Walker's writing, while Morrison shows a loving father and an incestuous father in The Bluest Eye. "Part Four: Language Identity" discusses Black English, orality and dialect, looking at the role of language as an aspect of self-definition. James Baldwin's view of language is presented: rejecting a child's language is rejecting the child himself. Baldwin's view supports the attitude toward language as self-defining that appears in the writing of Marshall, Morrison, and Walker. These authors show pride in Black English, and they demonstrate their ability with edited English through their own writing. Title: Who we are and will be Author: Jackson, Linda Carol, 1949- The protagonists in the fiction of Paule Marshall, Alice Walker, and Toni Morrison illuminate American cultural perceptions of black women and illustrate how the creators of these characters hope to change those perceptions. I studied Paule Marshall's Daughters, Alice Walker's Meridian and The Color Purple, and Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye to learn what the writers of these novels have to say about the women they hope black girls can grow up to be and to learn what potential for self-development they see for black women. For example, in order to become whole people, what do black girls and black women need from their parents and their community? What do black women need from their intimate relationships? "Part One: Political, Historical and Religious Identity " surveys politics, religion and history for views of black women. Politically, they appear disenfranchised; historically they were property. In reference to religion, I found that a white male religion does not serve black women well. Walker sees god within her female protagonist Celie, and Marshall has a belief in a Caribbean/African diaspora that provides a sense of spiritual and cultural continuity. "Part Two: Childhood Identity" explores childhood and the community's role. Childhood appears as a critical time for self-development. The adults in the community contribute to the child's self-awareness. Mistreatment of girls causes them harm throughout their lives. How well the community safeguards its children is a measure of how highly these children are valued. These authors want to see girls more highly regarded. Toward this end, they expose the abuse that takes place in the community. Morrison shows not only the abuse, but also the love. By showing concerned parents as well as neglectful ones, Morrison offers a fuller portrait of the community she knows. The Color Purple also tells a story of sexual abuse of a girl, but this abuse is overcome by the inner strength of the victim combined with the loving support of Shug Avery and the supportive community context of the juke where Celie is accepted. The portrayal of childhood in Daughters involves a Caribbean island culture where the roles of the women that the child Ursa observes offer few role models. "Part Three: Adult Relational Identity" looks at the dilemma in communication between the sexes and across the generations from mother to daughter. Step-fathers and husbands are abusive characters in Walker's writing, while Morrison shows a loving father and an incestuous father in The Bluest Eye. "Part Four: Language Identity" discusses Black English, orality and dialect, looking at the role of language as an aspect of self-definition. James Baldwin's view of language is presented: rejecting a child's language is rejecting the child himself. Baldwin's view supports the attitude toward language as self-defining that appears in the writing of Marshall, Morrison, and Walker. These authors show pride in Black English, and they demonstrate their ability with edited English through their own writing. Close

• 2389. [Article] Performing Literariness: Literature in the Event in South Africa and the United States

  x, 208 p.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Performing Literariness: Literature in the Event in South Africa and the United States Author: Rayneard, Max James Anthony Year: 2012, 2013, 2011 x, 208 p. Title: Performing Literariness: Literature in the Event in South Africa and the United States Author: Rayneard, Max James Anthony Year: 2012, 2013, 2011 x, 208 p. Close

• 2390. [Image] An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins [volume 2]

  	Abstract Quigley, Thomas M.; Arbelbide, Sylvia J., tech. eds. 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins: volume 2. Gen. Tech. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins [volume 2] Author: Quigley, Thomas Milton; Arbelbide, S. J. (Sylvia J.) Year: 1997, 2008, 2005 Abstract Quigley, Thomas M.; Arbelbide, Sylvia J., tech. eds. 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins: volume 2. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-405. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 4 vol. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed.; The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment). The Assessment of Ecosystem Components in the Interior Columbia Basin and Portions of the Klamath and Great Basins provides detailed information about current conditions and trends for the biophysical and social systems within the Basin. This information can be used by land managers to develop broad land management goals and priorities and provides the context for decisions specific to smaller geographic areas. The Assessment area covers about 8 percent of the U.S. land area, 24 percent of the Nations National Forest System lands, 10 percent of the Nations BLM-administered lands, and contains about 1.2 percent of the Nations population. This results in a population density that is less than one-sixth of the U.S. average. The area has experienced recent, rapid population growth and generally has a robust, diverse economy. As compared to historic conditions, the terrestrial, aquatic, forest, and rangeland systems have undergone dramatic changes. Forested landscapes are more susceptible to fire, insect, and disease than under historic conditions. Rangelands are highly susceptible to noxious weed invasion. The disturbance regimes that operate on forest and rangeland have changed substantially, with lethal fires dominating many areas where non-lethal fires were the norm historically. Terrestrial habitats that have experienced the greatest decline include the native grassland, native shrubland, and old forest structures. There are areas within the Assessment area that have higher diversity than others. Aquatic systems are now more fragmented and isolated than historically and the introduction of non-native fish species has complicated current status of native fishes. Core habitat and population centers do remain as building blocks for restoration. Social and economic conditions within the Assessment area vary considerably, depending to a great extent on population, diversity of employment opportunities, and changing demographics. Those counties with the higher population densities and greater diversity of employment opportunities are generally more resilient to economic downturns. This Assessment provides a rich information base, including over 170 mapped themes with associated models and databases, from which future decisions can benefit. Keywords: Columbia basin, biophysical systems, social systems, ecosystem. Title: An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins [volume 2] Author: Quigley, Thomas Milton; Arbelbide, S. J. (Sylvia J.) Year: 1997, 2008, 2005 Abstract Quigley, Thomas M.; Arbelbide, Sylvia J., tech. eds. 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins: volume 2. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-405. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 4 vol. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed.; The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment). The Assessment of Ecosystem Components in the Interior Columbia Basin and Portions of the Klamath and Great Basins provides detailed information about current conditions and trends for the biophysical and social systems within the Basin. This information can be used by land managers to develop broad land management goals and priorities and provides the context for decisions specific to smaller geographic areas. The Assessment area covers about 8 percent of the U.S. land area, 24 percent of the Nations National Forest System lands, 10 percent of the Nations BLM-administered lands, and contains about 1.2 percent of the Nations population. This results in a population density that is less than one-sixth of the U.S. average. The area has experienced recent, rapid population growth and generally has a robust, diverse economy. As compared to historic conditions, the terrestrial, aquatic, forest, and rangeland systems have undergone dramatic changes. Forested landscapes are more susceptible to fire, insect, and disease than under historic conditions. Rangelands are highly susceptible to noxious weed invasion. The disturbance regimes that operate on forest and rangeland have changed substantially, with lethal fires dominating many areas where non-lethal fires were the norm historically. Terrestrial habitats that have experienced the greatest decline include the native grassland, native shrubland, and old forest structures. There are areas within the Assessment area that have higher diversity than others. Aquatic systems are now more fragmented and isolated than historically and the introduction of non-native fish species has complicated current status of native fishes. Core habitat and population centers do remain as building blocks for restoration. Social and economic conditions within the Assessment area vary considerably, depending to a great extent on population, diversity of employment opportunities, and changing demographics. Those counties with the higher population densities and greater diversity of employment opportunities are generally more resilient to economic downturns. This Assessment provides a rich information base, including over 170 mapped themes with associated models and databases, from which future decisions can benefit. Keywords: Columbia basin, biophysical systems, social systems, ecosystem. Close

• 2391. [Article] Effects of oil and natural gas development on territory occupancy of ferruginous hawks and golden eagles in Wyoming, USA

  Energy development is expanding rapidly across the western US. Negative effects have been documented for some wildlife, but consequences of development are unclear for other taxa, including raptors. We ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of oil and natural gas development on territory occupancy of ferruginous hawks and golden eagles in Wyoming, USA Author: Wallace, Zachary P. Energy development is expanding rapidly across the western US. Negative effects have been documented for some wildlife, but consequences of development are unclear for other taxa, including raptors. We had the opportunity to examine effects of oil and natural gas development on two raptor species of conservation concern, ferruginous hawks (Buteo regalis) and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), in sagebrush steppe and prairie habitats of Wyoming. We surveyed nest sites of these species using fixed-wing aircraft during 2010–2011, and monitored occupancy of the resulting sample of historically active breeding territories during 2011–2013 for ferruginous hawks, and 2012–2013 for golden eagles. We used single-season occupancy models to evaluate post-construction effects of oil and natural gas development in the context of other factors predicted to influence use of territories by these species, including prey abundance, nest site characteristics, and vegetation. An additional objective was to demonstrate a monitoring protocol for raptors in Wyoming that used probabilistic sampling and accounted for imperfect detection. In support of our predictions, probability of territory occupancy by ferruginous hawks had a strong positive relationship to abundance of ground squirrels (Urocitellus spp.), a strong negative relationship to vegetative cover of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), and was slightly higher for artificial nest platforms compared to other substrates; and territory occupancy for golden eagles had a strong positive relationship to nest height. Contrary to our predictions, density of oil and natural gas infrastructure was not strongly related to occupancy for either species, and prey abundance was not related to occupancy for golden eagles. The only anthropogenic factor that influenced occupancy for either species was density of improved roads not associated with oil and natural gas fields, which had a weak positive correlation with occupancy for ferruginous hawks, contrary to our predictions. Annual occupancy probability did not vary significantly for either species during our study, but environmental factors associated with occupancy and the strength of relationships varied among years for both species, suggesting occupancy was influenced by additional factors not included in our analysis (e.g. weather, regional dynamics). Detection probability for both species was <1, and strongly influenced by nest substrates. For ferruginous hawks, detection probability varied significantly between years, and was positively associated with nest height. For golden eagles, detection probability was significantly higher in territories with nests on trees, shrubs, and anthropogenic structures, compared to those on cliffs and rock outcrops, with a weak negative trend in detection rates across survey occasions during one year. Our results suggest ferruginous hawks and golden eagles used breeding territories that contained active oil and gas roads and well pads, and density of infrastructure in these territories did not affect their probability of use. However, we advise that limitations of our approach (i.e. post-construction, short-term, observational study) make our results most relevant as a baseline for ongoing monitoring of these species. We suggest protection efforts should be focused on ferruginous hawk territories with abundant ground squirrels and low natural cover of sagebrush, and golden eagle territories with higher nest sites. We recommend conserving populations and habitats of burrowing mammals, mitigating loss of nests using artificial platforms, and long-term monitoring of ferruginous hawks and golden eagles using robust methods that account for imperfect detection. Title: Effects of oil and natural gas development on territory occupancy of ferruginous hawks and golden eagles in Wyoming, USA Author: Wallace, Zachary P. Energy development is expanding rapidly across the western US. Negative effects have been documented for some wildlife, but consequences of development are unclear for other taxa, including raptors. We had the opportunity to examine effects of oil and natural gas development on two raptor species of conservation concern, ferruginous hawks (Buteo regalis) and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), in sagebrush steppe and prairie habitats of Wyoming. We surveyed nest sites of these species using fixed-wing aircraft during 2010–2011, and monitored occupancy of the resulting sample of historically active breeding territories during 2011–2013 for ferruginous hawks, and 2012–2013 for golden eagles. We used single-season occupancy models to evaluate post-construction effects of oil and natural gas development in the context of other factors predicted to influence use of territories by these species, including prey abundance, nest site characteristics, and vegetation. An additional objective was to demonstrate a monitoring protocol for raptors in Wyoming that used probabilistic sampling and accounted for imperfect detection. In support of our predictions, probability of territory occupancy by ferruginous hawks had a strong positive relationship to abundance of ground squirrels (Urocitellus spp.), a strong negative relationship to vegetative cover of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), and was slightly higher for artificial nest platforms compared to other substrates; and territory occupancy for golden eagles had a strong positive relationship to nest height. Contrary to our predictions, density of oil and natural gas infrastructure was not strongly related to occupancy for either species, and prey abundance was not related to occupancy for golden eagles. The only anthropogenic factor that influenced occupancy for either species was density of improved roads not associated with oil and natural gas fields, which had a weak positive correlation with occupancy for ferruginous hawks, contrary to our predictions. Annual occupancy probability did not vary significantly for either species during our study, but environmental factors associated with occupancy and the strength of relationships varied among years for both species, suggesting occupancy was influenced by additional factors not included in our analysis (e.g. weather, regional dynamics). Detection probability for both species was <1, and strongly influenced by nest substrates. For ferruginous hawks, detection probability varied significantly between years, and was positively associated with nest height. For golden eagles, detection probability was significantly higher in territories with nests on trees, shrubs, and anthropogenic structures, compared to those on cliffs and rock outcrops, with a weak negative trend in detection rates across survey occasions during one year. Our results suggest ferruginous hawks and golden eagles used breeding territories that contained active oil and gas roads and well pads, and density of infrastructure in these territories did not affect their probability of use. However, we advise that limitations of our approach (i.e. post-construction, short-term, observational study) make our results most relevant as a baseline for ongoing monitoring of these species. We suggest protection efforts should be focused on ferruginous hawk territories with abundant ground squirrels and low natural cover of sagebrush, and golden eagle territories with higher nest sites. We recommend conserving populations and habitats of burrowing mammals, mitigating loss of nests using artificial platforms, and long-term monitoring of ferruginous hawks and golden eagles using robust methods that account for imperfect detection. Close

• 2392. [Image] Water management and endangered species issues in the Klamath Basin : oversight field hearing before the Committee on Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session, June 16, 2001 in Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	"Serial no. 107-39."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water management and endangered species issues in the Klamath Basin : oversight field hearing before the Committee on Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session, June 16, 2001 in Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources Year: 2002, 2005, 2004 "Serial no. 107-39." Title: Water management and endangered species issues in the Klamath Basin : oversight field hearing before the Committee on Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session, June 16, 2001 in Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources Year: 2002, 2005, 2004 "Serial no. 107-39." Close

• 2393. [Image] Soil survey of Klamath County, Oregon, southern part

  	Foreword The Soil Survey of Klamath County, Oregon, Southern Part, is the product of many soil scientists, plant specialists, soil engineers, extension specialists, land owners, and others who worked ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil survey of Klamath County, Oregon, southern part Author: Cahoon, Joe Year: 1985, 2006, 2005 Foreword The Soil Survey of Klamath County, Oregon, Southern Part, is the product of many soil scientists, plant specialists, soil engineers, extension specialists, land owners, and others who worked and cooperated as a team to complete this project. In this report are many kinds of basic information about the soils in the area. This information can be helpful in making decisions about the management of irrigated soils for optimum crop production, in planning land uses for urban and suburban areas, and in determining the needs for many other uses, for example, forestry, range, wildlife, and recreation. This soil survey has been prepared for many different users. Farmers can use it to help select the most suitable crop for the kind of soil; ranchers can use it to determine amount of forage production and the kinds of plants most suited to range or woodland; foresters can use the survey to find information about kinds of trees, potential for tree growth, and special soil features. Title: Soil survey of Klamath County, Oregon, southern part Author: Cahoon, Joe Year: 1985, 2006, 2005 Foreword The Soil Survey of Klamath County, Oregon, Southern Part, is the product of many soil scientists, plant specialists, soil engineers, extension specialists, land owners, and others who worked and cooperated as a team to complete this project. In this report are many kinds of basic information about the soils in the area. This information can be helpful in making decisions about the management of irrigated soils for optimum crop production, in planning land uses for urban and suburban areas, and in determining the needs for many other uses, for example, forestry, range, wildlife, and recreation. This soil survey has been prepared for many different users. Farmers can use it to help select the most suitable crop for the kind of soil; ranchers can use it to determine amount of forage production and the kinds of plants most suited to range or woodland; foresters can use the survey to find information about kinds of trees, potential for tree growth, and special soil features. Close

• 2394. [Article] A Novel Approach to Flow and Sediment Transport Estimation in Estuaries and Bays

  Reliable estimates of river discharge and sediment transport to the ocean from large tidal rivers are vital for water resources management, efficient river and harbor management, navigational purposes, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Novel Approach to Flow and Sediment Transport Estimation in Estuaries and Bays Author: Moftakhari Rostamkhani, Hamed Year: 2015 Reliable estimates of river discharge and sediment transport to the ocean from large tidal rivers are vital for water resources management, efficient river and harbor management, navigational purposes, and climate analyses. Due to the difficulties inherent in measuring tidal-river discharge, hydrological and sedimentological records are typically too short to adequately characterize long-term (decadal) trends. Also, uncertainties associated with observation and calibration of hydrological models suggest a need for more accurate methods based on longer records of hydrodynamic parameters (e.g. tides). Tidal theory indicates that tides and river discharge interact through quadratic bed friction, which diminishes and distorts the tidal wave as discharge increases. In this study, using tidal constituents, astronomical forcing and a model of the frictional interaction of flow and tides, I propose a novel Tidal Discharge Estimate (TDE) to predict freshwater discharge with an approximate averaging interval of 18 days for time periods with tidal data but no river flow records. Next, using continuous wavelet analysis of tidal properties, I develop a method of estimating river discharge using tides measured on multiple gages along tidal rivers to improve the time-resolution and accuracy of TDE. The applicability of the Multiple-gauge Discharge Estimate (MTDE) is first demonstrated in the two largest tidal-fluvial systems of the Pacific Northwest, the Columbia River Estuary (CRE) and Fraser River Estuary (FRE). A numerical model of an idealized estuary with similar forcing as the FRE and CRE is next run under different hydrologic and morphologic scenarios to evaluate the effect of convergence, friction, and river flow variations on the applicability of MTDE. The TDE method was applied to the San Francisco Bay, using the continuous hourly tide record available since 1858. Results show that TDE reproduces known San Francisco (SF) Bay delta inflows from 1930-present with a Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.81 and is a useful method for hindcasting historical flows from 1858 - 1929, a period that predates direct measurement of delta discharge. I also recover and digitize ~80 years of Sacramento River daily water level data between 1849 and 1946, from which river discharge to SF Bay is estimated on a daily basis, after adjusting for changes to the river channel. This discharge combined with Net Delta Outflow Index estimates (1930 - 2011) and flow estimates from tidal data (1858 - 2011) provides a more accurate version of SF Bay historic daily inflows from 1849 - 2011. Next, the history of sediment transport and discharge into SF Bay from 1849-present is reevaluated using the daily discharge estimates. A non-stationary rating curve between river flow and sediment transport is developed, with net sedimentation observed during five bathymetric surveys that were used to constrain the total integrated sediment discharge. Results show that ~1600±320 million-tons of sediment have been delivered to SF Bay between 1850 and 2011. There has been an approximately 25 - 30% reduction of annual flow since the 19th century, along with decreased sediment supply. This has resulted in a ~60% reduction in annual sediment delivery to SF Bay. The annual hydrograph of inflow to SF Bay and the seasonality of sediment flux have changed considerably over time, due to both human alteration and climate change. Significant historic spring-melt peak floods have disappeared in the modern system and now peak flows mostly occur in winter. My flow estimation methods also confirm that the flood of January 1862 had the largest daily sediment load and the second largest daily discharge since 1849. Title: A Novel Approach to Flow and Sediment Transport Estimation in Estuaries and Bays Author: Moftakhari Rostamkhani, Hamed Year: 2015 Reliable estimates of river discharge and sediment transport to the ocean from large tidal rivers are vital for water resources management, efficient river and harbor management, navigational purposes, and climate analyses. Due to the difficulties inherent in measuring tidal-river discharge, hydrological and sedimentological records are typically too short to adequately characterize long-term (decadal) trends. Also, uncertainties associated with observation and calibration of hydrological models suggest a need for more accurate methods based on longer records of hydrodynamic parameters (e.g. tides). Tidal theory indicates that tides and river discharge interact through quadratic bed friction, which diminishes and distorts the tidal wave as discharge increases. In this study, using tidal constituents, astronomical forcing and a model of the frictional interaction of flow and tides, I propose a novel Tidal Discharge Estimate (TDE) to predict freshwater discharge with an approximate averaging interval of 18 days for time periods with tidal data but no river flow records. Next, using continuous wavelet analysis of tidal properties, I develop a method of estimating river discharge using tides measured on multiple gages along tidal rivers to improve the time-resolution and accuracy of TDE. The applicability of the Multiple-gauge Discharge Estimate (MTDE) is first demonstrated in the two largest tidal-fluvial systems of the Pacific Northwest, the Columbia River Estuary (CRE) and Fraser River Estuary (FRE). A numerical model of an idealized estuary with similar forcing as the FRE and CRE is next run under different hydrologic and morphologic scenarios to evaluate the effect of convergence, friction, and river flow variations on the applicability of MTDE. The TDE method was applied to the San Francisco Bay, using the continuous hourly tide record available since 1858. Results show that TDE reproduces known San Francisco (SF) Bay delta inflows from 1930-present with a Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.81 and is a useful method for hindcasting historical flows from 1858 - 1929, a period that predates direct measurement of delta discharge. I also recover and digitize ~80 years of Sacramento River daily water level data between 1849 and 1946, from which river discharge to SF Bay is estimated on a daily basis, after adjusting for changes to the river channel. This discharge combined with Net Delta Outflow Index estimates (1930 - 2011) and flow estimates from tidal data (1858 - 2011) provides a more accurate version of SF Bay historic daily inflows from 1849 - 2011. Next, the history of sediment transport and discharge into SF Bay from 1849-present is reevaluated using the daily discharge estimates. A non-stationary rating curve between river flow and sediment transport is developed, with net sedimentation observed during five bathymetric surveys that were used to constrain the total integrated sediment discharge. Results show that ~1600±320 million-tons of sediment have been delivered to SF Bay between 1850 and 2011. There has been an approximately 25 - 30% reduction of annual flow since the 19th century, along with decreased sediment supply. This has resulted in a ~60% reduction in annual sediment delivery to SF Bay. The annual hydrograph of inflow to SF Bay and the seasonality of sediment flux have changed considerably over time, due to both human alteration and climate change. Significant historic spring-melt peak floods have disappeared in the modern system and now peak flows mostly occur in winter. My flow estimation methods also confirm that the flood of January 1862 had the largest daily sediment load and the second largest daily discharge since 1849. Close

• 2395. [Image] Anomalies of larval and juvenile shortnose and Lost River suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon

  	Abstract-Larval and juvenile shortnose {Chasmistes brevirostris) and Lost River (Deltistes luxatus) suckers from Upper Klamath Lake, OR, were examined to determine anomaly rates for fins, eyes, spinal ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Anomalies of larval and juvenile shortnose and Lost River suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: Plunkett, Steven R.; Snyder-Conn, Elaine Year: 2000, 2005 Abstract-Larval and juvenile shortnose {Chasmistes brevirostris) and Lost River (Deltistes luxatus) suckers from Upper Klamath Lake, OR, were examined to determine anomaly rates for fins, eyes, spinal column, vertebrae, and osteocranium, and their possible associations with water quality and pesticides. X-rays of 1,550 fish and 1,395 matching specimens, collected in 1993, were ranked on the severity of anomalies. One or more anomalies were observed in 15.9% of shortnose suckers and 8.2% of Lost River suckers. Anomaly rates exceeding 1.0%, greater than rates expected from high water quality systems, were observed for lordosis and scoliosis, and abnormalities of the vertebrae, opercula, and pectoral and pelvic fins in shortnose suckers, and abnormalities of vertebrae and opercula in Lost River suckers. The highest rates of anomalies were in vertebrae, pelvic fins, and opercula in shortnose suckers, and opercula and vertebrae in Lost River suckers. Shortnose suckers exhibited higher rates than Lost River suckers for almost all anomalies. Particular anomaly rates differed significantly among sites. There were also substantially more anomalies found in larvae and small juveniles than in larger juveniles. Based on the high anomaly rates observed in this study, it is possible that 0-aged sucker cohorts in Upper Klamath Lake are far more vulnerable to mortality. Title: Anomalies of larval and juvenile shortnose and Lost River suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: Plunkett, Steven R.; Snyder-Conn, Elaine Year: 2000, 2005 Abstract-Larval and juvenile shortnose {Chasmistes brevirostris) and Lost River (Deltistes luxatus) suckers from Upper Klamath Lake, OR, were examined to determine anomaly rates for fins, eyes, spinal column, vertebrae, and osteocranium, and their possible associations with water quality and pesticides. X-rays of 1,550 fish and 1,395 matching specimens, collected in 1993, were ranked on the severity of anomalies. One or more anomalies were observed in 15.9% of shortnose suckers and 8.2% of Lost River suckers. Anomaly rates exceeding 1.0%, greater than rates expected from high water quality systems, were observed for lordosis and scoliosis, and abnormalities of the vertebrae, opercula, and pectoral and pelvic fins in shortnose suckers, and abnormalities of vertebrae and opercula in Lost River suckers. The highest rates of anomalies were in vertebrae, pelvic fins, and opercula in shortnose suckers, and opercula and vertebrae in Lost River suckers. Shortnose suckers exhibited higher rates than Lost River suckers for almost all anomalies. Particular anomaly rates differed significantly among sites. There were also substantially more anomalies found in larvae and small juveniles than in larger juveniles. Based on the high anomaly rates observed in this study, it is possible that 0-aged sucker cohorts in Upper Klamath Lake are far more vulnerable to mortality. Close

• 2396. [Image] Hydrogeology and paleohydrology in the Williamson River basin, Klamath County, Oregon

  	Abstract An abstract of the thesis of Jeffrey Scott Conaway for the Master of Science in Geology presented December 8, 1999. Title: Hydrogeology and Paleohydrology in the Williamson River Basin, Klamath ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrogeology and paleohydrology in the Williamson River basin, Klamath County, Oregon Author: Conaway, Jeffrey Scott Year: 2000, 2008, 2005 Abstract An abstract of the thesis of Jeffrey Scott Conaway for the Master of Science in Geology presented December 8, 1999. Title: Hydrogeology and Paleohydrology in the Williamson River Basin, Klamath County, Oregon. Stress on the water resources of the Williamson River basin has led to their regulation to protect important habitat. Quantification of this resource is required for accurate regulation. A portion of this study is a hydrogeologic reconnaissance that suggests directions for future work. Measured discharge and deuterium isotope data from points above and below the Williamson River canyon indicate that the river receives 99% of its discharge from ground water during periods of low flow. The principle aquifer of the southern Klamath Marsh is a fractured basalt, while continental sediments that are up to 200 m thick provide high artesian yields south of the canyon. The disparity between high precipitation on the basin's western margin and the low and variable discharge of the Williamson River at the Kirk Sill suggests either the presence of a fault zone that interrupts the flow of ground water or deep flow paths that do not surface within Klamath Marsh. Three terraces line the eastern edge of Klamath Marsh at approximate elevations of 1380, 1385, and 1397 m. The lowest terrace is late Holocene and cut into marsh sediment and reworked deposits from the pyroclastic eruptions of Mount Mazama. The middle terrace is planed into bedrock and formed when Pleistocene Lake Chemult occupied this basin. The upper terrace, a strand line, is delineated by a slope break that separates reworked pyroclastic deposits from undisturbed pyroclastic fall. Formation of this terrace occurred when pyroclastic flows from the cataclysmic eruption of Mount Mazama formed a blockage in the Williamson River canyon. Resultant backflooding reworked pyroclastic deposits and rafted pumice up to an approximate elevation of 1400 m. The blockage failed catastrophically from overtopping, draining 5.7 x 109 m3 of water, scouring the canyon and producing an erratic boulder deposit at the mouth of the canyon. Upstream evidence of rapid draining includes linear scour channels incised in pyroclastic-flow deposits and scouring of the broad Pleistocene terrace. Paleohydraulic reconstruction of down stream flooding using a flow-competence equation and a physically based dam-break model yield a peak discharge of 1.3 x 104 m3 s"1. Title: Hydrogeology and paleohydrology in the Williamson River basin, Klamath County, Oregon Author: Conaway, Jeffrey Scott Year: 2000, 2008, 2005 Abstract An abstract of the thesis of Jeffrey Scott Conaway for the Master of Science in Geology presented December 8, 1999. Title: Hydrogeology and Paleohydrology in the Williamson River Basin, Klamath County, Oregon. Stress on the water resources of the Williamson River basin has led to their regulation to protect important habitat. Quantification of this resource is required for accurate regulation. A portion of this study is a hydrogeologic reconnaissance that suggests directions for future work. Measured discharge and deuterium isotope data from points above and below the Williamson River canyon indicate that the river receives 99% of its discharge from ground water during periods of low flow. The principle aquifer of the southern Klamath Marsh is a fractured basalt, while continental sediments that are up to 200 m thick provide high artesian yields south of the canyon. The disparity between high precipitation on the basin's western margin and the low and variable discharge of the Williamson River at the Kirk Sill suggests either the presence of a fault zone that interrupts the flow of ground water or deep flow paths that do not surface within Klamath Marsh. Three terraces line the eastern edge of Klamath Marsh at approximate elevations of 1380, 1385, and 1397 m. The lowest terrace is late Holocene and cut into marsh sediment and reworked deposits from the pyroclastic eruptions of Mount Mazama. The middle terrace is planed into bedrock and formed when Pleistocene Lake Chemult occupied this basin. The upper terrace, a strand line, is delineated by a slope break that separates reworked pyroclastic deposits from undisturbed pyroclastic fall. Formation of this terrace occurred when pyroclastic flows from the cataclysmic eruption of Mount Mazama formed a blockage in the Williamson River canyon. Resultant backflooding reworked pyroclastic deposits and rafted pumice up to an approximate elevation of 1400 m. The blockage failed catastrophically from overtopping, draining 5.7 x 109 m3 of water, scouring the canyon and producing an erratic boulder deposit at the mouth of the canyon. Upstream evidence of rapid draining includes linear scour channels incised in pyroclastic-flow deposits and scouring of the broad Pleistocene terrace. Paleohydraulic reconstruction of down stream flooding using a flow-competence equation and a physically based dam-break model yield a peak discharge of 1.3 x 104 m3 s"1. Close

• 2397. [Article] Fault behavior over geomorphic time scales in the Pakistan Himalaya, Kashmir Himalaya, and California

  The state of the knowledge for fault behavior in the northwest Himalaya and California varies dramatically. In the Pakistan and Kashmir Himalaya, few data constrain the role that individual active faults ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fault behavior over geomorphic time scales in the Pakistan Himalaya, Kashmir Himalaya, and California Author: Madugo, Christopher Lee Madden The state of the knowledge for fault behavior in the northwest Himalaya and California varies dramatically. In the Pakistan and Kashmir Himalaya, few data constrain the role that individual active faults play in accommodating Indo-Eurasian convergence and the relative earthquake hazard across the region. By contrast, the San Andreas fault in California is one of the best-studied fault systems in the world, although seismic hazard models have yet to incorporate certain available geologic data, such as measurements of slip-in-the-last-event. This dissertation addresses the sparsity of earthquake hazard data in the northwest Himalaya, and the problem of how best to utilize available data in hazard models for California by (1) Providing the first quantitative constraints on the latest Pleistocene slip rate and earthquake potential for the thrust front Pakistan; (2) Characterizing the rate and style of upper plate faulting in Kashmir over geomorphic (10⁴ year) time scales; and (3) Creating a standardized database of fault offsets to help test time-dependent and time-independent seismic hazard models for the Uniform California Rupture Forecast. The Himalayan thrust front in Pakistan is defined by the Salt Range thrust (SRT), the up-dip extension of the plate boundary décollement, the Main Himalayan thrust (MHT). We constrain the convergence rate across the SRT by determining the slip rate for the Kalabagh fault (KF), a tear fault that is linked with the SRT at depth. Based on the age and offset of two alluvial fan apexes from their source canyons, we estimate a slip rate of between 9 and 27 mm/yr (~12-17 mm/yr best estimate) for the KF-SRT fault system. This rate matches well with the geodetically-constrained creep rate for the MHT at depth, suggesting the entire slip budget for the Pakistan Himalaya is accommodated at the thrust front. Because the SRT is cored by salt, the earthquake potential for the fault is inferred to be low, although evidence for seismogenic Holocene rupture on the Kalabagh fault, which is also locally lined with salt, suggests that the frontal fault ruptures in plate boundary earthquakes on the MHT. The primary implications of these findings are that convergence in the Pakistan Himalaya is focused at the thrust front rather than distributed between different faults across the plate boundary. In the Kashmir Himalaya, multiple active faults along the plate boundary suggest that Indo-Eurasian convergence is partitioned between the thrust front and faults to the north. To test how much deformation occurs within the overriding plate, we characterized deformation for the Balapora fault, a high-angle reverse fault on the southwest side of the Kashmir Valley. Based on dated offset stream terraces and alluvial fans, the slip rate for the Balapora fault is consistently between 0.3 and 0.5 mm/yr over time scales varying by an order magnitude between about 40 ka and 400 ka. These slip rates translate to shortening rates of 0.1 mm/yr, or less than 1% of the convergence rate across the Kashmir Himalaya. Earthquake recurrence for the Balapora fault is several thousand years, which is consistent with the low slip rate for the fault. The inference is thus that, the majority of convergence in the Kashmir Himalaya is accommodated near the thrust front, as in the Pakistan Himalaya. For California, a new database was created from thousands of measurements of slip resulting from one or more historical to prehistoric earthquakes for use in seismic hazard models. A new rating scheme characterizes the quality of the offsets. Multiple methods to estimate slip during the last event, average slip and slip-per-event are used to analyze the data. These data provide a first order check for models of earthquake behavior. With the advent of high resolution topographic datasets such as LiDAR, the new methodology serves as a template for inclusion of rapidly-accumulating topographic and paleoseismic data in California as well as to regions such as the Himalayan front, as those types of data are adopted. Title: Fault behavior over geomorphic time scales in the Pakistan Himalaya, Kashmir Himalaya, and California Author: Madugo, Christopher Lee Madden The state of the knowledge for fault behavior in the northwest Himalaya and California varies dramatically. In the Pakistan and Kashmir Himalaya, few data constrain the role that individual active faults play in accommodating Indo-Eurasian convergence and the relative earthquake hazard across the region. By contrast, the San Andreas fault in California is one of the best-studied fault systems in the world, although seismic hazard models have yet to incorporate certain available geologic data, such as measurements of slip-in-the-last-event. This dissertation addresses the sparsity of earthquake hazard data in the northwest Himalaya, and the problem of how best to utilize available data in hazard models for California by (1) Providing the first quantitative constraints on the latest Pleistocene slip rate and earthquake potential for the thrust front Pakistan; (2) Characterizing the rate and style of upper plate faulting in Kashmir over geomorphic (10⁴ year) time scales; and (3) Creating a standardized database of fault offsets to help test time-dependent and time-independent seismic hazard models for the Uniform California Rupture Forecast. The Himalayan thrust front in Pakistan is defined by the Salt Range thrust (SRT), the up-dip extension of the plate boundary décollement, the Main Himalayan thrust (MHT). We constrain the convergence rate across the SRT by determining the slip rate for the Kalabagh fault (KF), a tear fault that is linked with the SRT at depth. Based on the age and offset of two alluvial fan apexes from their source canyons, we estimate a slip rate of between 9 and 27 mm/yr (~12-17 mm/yr best estimate) for the KF-SRT fault system. This rate matches well with the geodetically-constrained creep rate for the MHT at depth, suggesting the entire slip budget for the Pakistan Himalaya is accommodated at the thrust front. Because the SRT is cored by salt, the earthquake potential for the fault is inferred to be low, although evidence for seismogenic Holocene rupture on the Kalabagh fault, which is also locally lined with salt, suggests that the frontal fault ruptures in plate boundary earthquakes on the MHT. The primary implications of these findings are that convergence in the Pakistan Himalaya is focused at the thrust front rather than distributed between different faults across the plate boundary. In the Kashmir Himalaya, multiple active faults along the plate boundary suggest that Indo-Eurasian convergence is partitioned between the thrust front and faults to the north. To test how much deformation occurs within the overriding plate, we characterized deformation for the Balapora fault, a high-angle reverse fault on the southwest side of the Kashmir Valley. Based on dated offset stream terraces and alluvial fans, the slip rate for the Balapora fault is consistently between 0.3 and 0.5 mm/yr over time scales varying by an order magnitude between about 40 ka and 400 ka. These slip rates translate to shortening rates of 0.1 mm/yr, or less than 1% of the convergence rate across the Kashmir Himalaya. Earthquake recurrence for the Balapora fault is several thousand years, which is consistent with the low slip rate for the fault. The inference is thus that, the majority of convergence in the Kashmir Himalaya is accommodated near the thrust front, as in the Pakistan Himalaya. For California, a new database was created from thousands of measurements of slip resulting from one or more historical to prehistoric earthquakes for use in seismic hazard models. A new rating scheme characterizes the quality of the offsets. Multiple methods to estimate slip during the last event, average slip and slip-per-event are used to analyze the data. These data provide a first order check for models of earthquake behavior. With the advent of high resolution topographic datasets such as LiDAR, the new methodology serves as a template for inclusion of rapidly-accumulating topographic and paleoseismic data in California as well as to regions such as the Himalayan front, as those types of data are adopted. Close

• 2398. [Image] Report of 1994 Workshop on the Correlation of Marine and Terrestrial Records of Climate Changes in the Western United States

  	Imprint from transmittal sheet; Distributed to depository libraries in microfiche; Shipping list no.: 97-0071-M; One ill. on 1 folded leaf in pocket; Includes bibliographical references
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Report of 1994 Workshop on the Correlation of Marine and Terrestrial Records of Climate Changes in the Western United States Author: Workshop on the Correlation of Marine and Terrestrial Records of Climate Changes in the Western U.S. (3rd : 1994 : Watsonville, Calif.) Year: 1996, 2007, 2005 Imprint from transmittal sheet; Distributed to depository libraries in microfiche; Shipping list no.: 97-0071-M; One ill. on 1 folded leaf in pocket; Includes bibliographical references Title: Report of 1994 Workshop on the Correlation of Marine and Terrestrial Records of Climate Changes in the Western United States Author: Workshop on the Correlation of Marine and Terrestrial Records of Climate Changes in the Western U.S. (3rd : 1994 : Watsonville, Calif.) Year: 1996, 2007, 2005 Imprint from transmittal sheet; Distributed to depository libraries in microfiche; Shipping list no.: 97-0071-M; One ill. on 1 folded leaf in pocket; Includes bibliographical references Close

• 2399. [Image] Final supplemental environmental impact statement: for clarification of language in the 1994 record of decision for the Northwest Forest Plan; national forests and Bureau of Land Management districts within the range of the northern spotted owl: proposal to amend wording about the aquatic conservation strategy

  	Abstract The Secretaries of Agriculture and the Interior propose limited changes to language about how to demonstrate that projects follow the Aquatic Conservation Strategy, part of the Northwest Forest ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Final supplemental environmental impact statement: for clarification of language in the 1994 record of decision for the Northwest Forest Plan; national forests and Bureau of Land Management districts within the range of the northern spotted owl: proposal to amend wording about the aquatic conservation strategy Author: United States. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service; United States. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Managemen Year: 2003, 2006, 2005 Abstract The Secretaries of Agriculture and the Interior propose limited changes to language about how to demonstrate that projects follow the Aquatic Conservation Strategy, part of the Northwest Forest Plan. Projects needed to achieve Northwest Forest Plan goals have been delayed or stopped due to misapplication of certain passages in the Aquatic Conservation Strategy. The agencies are responding to the underlying need for increased agency success planning and implementing projects, to the extent that the current wording has hindered the agencies ability to follow Northwest Forest Plan principles and achieve its goals. The goals of the Northwest Forest Plan cannot be achieved without project implementation. Three alternatives are considered in the Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement, No Action, the Proposed Action, and Alternative A. No Action would not change existing language within the Aquatic Conservation Strategy. The Proposed Action and Alternative A would make l Title: Final supplemental environmental impact statement: for clarification of language in the 1994 record of decision for the Northwest Forest Plan; national forests and Bureau of Land Management districts within the range of the northern spotted owl: proposal to amend wording about the aquatic conservation strategy Author: United States. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service; United States. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Managemen Year: 2003, 2006, 2005 Abstract The Secretaries of Agriculture and the Interior propose limited changes to language about how to demonstrate that projects follow the Aquatic Conservation Strategy, part of the Northwest Forest Plan. Projects needed to achieve Northwest Forest Plan goals have been delayed or stopped due to misapplication of certain passages in the Aquatic Conservation Strategy. The agencies are responding to the underlying need for increased agency success planning and implementing projects, to the extent that the current wording has hindered the agencies ability to follow Northwest Forest Plan principles and achieve its goals. The goals of the Northwest Forest Plan cannot be achieved without project implementation. Three alternatives are considered in the Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement, No Action, the Proposed Action, and Alternative A. No Action would not change existing language within the Aquatic Conservation Strategy. The Proposed Action and Alternative A would make l Close

• 2400. [Image] An examination of the Klamath Basin crisis : restructuring the discourse within an identity-based framework

  	Thesis (B.A.) -- Whitman College, 2002; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-83)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An examination of the Klamath Basin crisis : restructuring the discourse within an identity-based framework Author: Dornsife, Alison M. Year: 2002, 2005, 2004 Thesis (B.A.) -- Whitman College, 2002; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-83) Title: An examination of the Klamath Basin crisis : restructuring the discourse within an identity-based framework Author: Dornsife, Alison M. Year: 2002, 2005, 2004 Thesis (B.A.) -- Whitman College, 2002; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-83) Close