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• 211. [Article] Performance of three inbred lines of Herford cattle and their linecrosses

  Three inbred and relatively unrelated lines of Hereford cattle (1. Lionheart, 2. Prince, and 3. David) developed at the Corvallis branch of the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station as part of the W-1 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Performance of three inbred lines of Herford cattle and their linecrosses Author: Munji, Marcus Tebid Three inbred and relatively unrelated lines of Hereford cattle (1. Lionheart, 2. Prince, and 3. David) developed at the Corvallis branch of the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station as part of the W-1 project of the Western States were crossed annually from 1963 through 1965 inclusive. Data on 137 inbred and linecross calves born during the three-year period were analysed for four production traits: birth weights, suckling rates of gain, average daily gains and feed efficiency (pounds of feed per 100 pounds of gain). There were 79 male and 58 female calves. Twenty-three of the male calves were inbred while 56 were linecross calves. There were 16 inbred and 42 linecross female calves. The purpose of the study was to compare the mean performance of any two inbred lines used to make crosses with the mean performance of their reciprocal linecrosses for possible heterotic effects. All possible diallelic crosses were made among the three lines in each year and all calves were weaned and feed-tested on a constant-weight basis. Male calves were feed-tested from 450 to 800 pounds and again between 800 and 1000 pounds while female calves were feed-tested from 400 to 750 pounds. They were fed all they could eat for three hours each morning and three hours each evening. The ration and other management details are described. Selection was on an index basis with automatic culling for inherited defects and abnormalities. Results were reported separately for bull and heifer calves. Comparisons were mostly on a within-sex basis and always on a within-line basis. For both male and female calves, there was no significant difference between the mean birth weights and mean suckling rates of gain of inbred calves and their reciprocal linecross relatives. There was a non-significant difference between male, and female inbred and linecross calves. There was more variability among female than among male calves in suckling gains. On the average, linecross calves of both sexes at younger ages within lines gained more rapidly and were more efficient than inbred calves, with the exception of the 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 linecross male calves which gained slightly less than their inbred relatives between 450 and 800 pounds body weight. The 1 x 2 + 2 x 1 linecross heifers were significantly superior (P < 0.01) by 0.28 pounds per day and showed a saving of about 113 pounds of feed per 100 pounds of gain over their inbred relatives. All linecross calves were non-significantly more efficient in feed utilization than their within-line inbred relatives and there were indications of more heterosis in female than male linecrosses. However, in the 800 to 1000 pound feed test period in the males, the mean daily gain and mean feed efficiency of each pair of inbred lines exceeded those of the respective reciprocal linecrosses. This reversal of growth rate and economy of gains between linecross and inbred calves within the 800 to 1000 pound feed-test period seems to indicate that inbred calves of the same chronological age with linecross calves are physiologically younger and consequently less rapid and less efficient in rate and economy of gains at earlier ages. The implication here is that inbreeding depresses early production traits more than it does later-life traits. Because of the low heterotic effects obtained in this study, the suggestion is being made that, in future crosses of these inbred lines, linecross calves from linecross dams be compared with inbred calves from inbred dams since it is known that inbreeding of both dam and calf affect the performance of the calf. Title: Performance of three inbred lines of Herford cattle and their linecrosses Author: Munji, Marcus Tebid Three inbred and relatively unrelated lines of Hereford cattle (1. Lionheart, 2. Prince, and 3. David) developed at the Corvallis branch of the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station as part of the W-1 project of the Western States were crossed annually from 1963 through 1965 inclusive. Data on 137 inbred and linecross calves born during the three-year period were analysed for four production traits: birth weights, suckling rates of gain, average daily gains and feed efficiency (pounds of feed per 100 pounds of gain). There were 79 male and 58 female calves. Twenty-three of the male calves were inbred while 56 were linecross calves. There were 16 inbred and 42 linecross female calves. The purpose of the study was to compare the mean performance of any two inbred lines used to make crosses with the mean performance of their reciprocal linecrosses for possible heterotic effects. All possible diallelic crosses were made among the three lines in each year and all calves were weaned and feed-tested on a constant-weight basis. Male calves were feed-tested from 450 to 800 pounds and again between 800 and 1000 pounds while female calves were feed-tested from 400 to 750 pounds. They were fed all they could eat for three hours each morning and three hours each evening. The ration and other management details are described. Selection was on an index basis with automatic culling for inherited defects and abnormalities. Results were reported separately for bull and heifer calves. Comparisons were mostly on a within-sex basis and always on a within-line basis. For both male and female calves, there was no significant difference between the mean birth weights and mean suckling rates of gain of inbred calves and their reciprocal linecross relatives. There was a non-significant difference between male, and female inbred and linecross calves. There was more variability among female than among male calves in suckling gains. On the average, linecross calves of both sexes at younger ages within lines gained more rapidly and were more efficient than inbred calves, with the exception of the 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 linecross male calves which gained slightly less than their inbred relatives between 450 and 800 pounds body weight. The 1 x 2 + 2 x 1 linecross heifers were significantly superior (P < 0.01) by 0.28 pounds per day and showed a saving of about 113 pounds of feed per 100 pounds of gain over their inbred relatives. All linecross calves were non-significantly more efficient in feed utilization than their within-line inbred relatives and there were indications of more heterosis in female than male linecrosses. However, in the 800 to 1000 pound feed test period in the males, the mean daily gain and mean feed efficiency of each pair of inbred lines exceeded those of the respective reciprocal linecrosses. This reversal of growth rate and economy of gains between linecross and inbred calves within the 800 to 1000 pound feed-test period seems to indicate that inbred calves of the same chronological age with linecross calves are physiologically younger and consequently less rapid and less efficient in rate and economy of gains at earlier ages. The implication here is that inbreeding depresses early production traits more than it does later-life traits. Because of the low heterotic effects obtained in this study, the suggestion is being made that, in future crosses of these inbred lines, linecross calves from linecross dams be compared with inbred calves from inbred dams since it is known that inbreeding of both dam and calf affect the performance of the calf. Close

• 212. [Article] Serving Amid Institutional Camouflage : The Invisibility of School Food Service Workers

  The products, processes, and tools of school feeding programs have been examined from multiple perspectives and disciplines in an attempt to improve child nutrition outcomes, to support local and national ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Serving Amid Institutional Camouflage : The Invisibility of School Food Service Workers Author: Byrd, Janette The products, processes, and tools of school feeding programs have been examined from multiple perspectives and disciplines in an attempt to improve child nutrition outcomes, to support local and national agriculture, and increase sustainability practices. There is little qualitative research on the role, needs, and experiences of school food service workers, and what is available tends to focus on how workers can be used to improve student’s nutritional profiles rather than the workers own experiences and needs as members of the labor economy. Unlike other studies on school feeding programs that are food-centric and mostly quantitative, this fills a gap in the literature as a qualitative, worker-centric study. Ten school food service workers in a suburban northwest Oregon school district where interviewed, and participant observation through volunteer work took place in one elementary school, one middle school and one high school. Combined with a historical account school food service, and a review of current studies, the data shows that school food service workers are invisible, and excluded from full participation in the programs they deliver. One way to increase worker visibility and seek advocacy opportunities is to trace the workers’ historical and current associations, and the corresponding narratives born of the controversies and contradictions of neoliberalism. Tracing associations led to the following researcher recommendations: 1) Workers need access to living wages, and affordable health care; 2) Need national demographic data to justify wages, hours, and benefits; 3) Need worker-centric research to balance the food-centric literature; 4) School Food Service Workers need a dedication National Union; 5) Labor unions should use this data to increase worker visibility; 6) Educational unions should assist workers in advocating for a USDA certification program; 7) Training for certification must go beyond culinary training to include nutrition training, farm-to-school program development, school-garden development, and nutrition and sustainability education training, and summer meal programs; and 8) National service programs should be administered directly through the schools rather than non-profit programs and be used as a jobs strategy to fill gaps in employment Title: Serving Amid Institutional Camouflage : The Invisibility of School Food Service Workers Author: Byrd, Janette The products, processes, and tools of school feeding programs have been examined from multiple perspectives and disciplines in an attempt to improve child nutrition outcomes, to support local and national agriculture, and increase sustainability practices. There is little qualitative research on the role, needs, and experiences of school food service workers, and what is available tends to focus on how workers can be used to improve student’s nutritional profiles rather than the workers own experiences and needs as members of the labor economy. Unlike other studies on school feeding programs that are food-centric and mostly quantitative, this fills a gap in the literature as a qualitative, worker-centric study. Ten school food service workers in a suburban northwest Oregon school district where interviewed, and participant observation through volunteer work took place in one elementary school, one middle school and one high school. Combined with a historical account school food service, and a review of current studies, the data shows that school food service workers are invisible, and excluded from full participation in the programs they deliver. One way to increase worker visibility and seek advocacy opportunities is to trace the workers’ historical and current associations, and the corresponding narratives born of the controversies and contradictions of neoliberalism. Tracing associations led to the following researcher recommendations: 1) Workers need access to living wages, and affordable health care; 2) Need national demographic data to justify wages, hours, and benefits; 3) Need worker-centric research to balance the food-centric literature; 4) School Food Service Workers need a dedication National Union; 5) Labor unions should use this data to increase worker visibility; 6) Educational unions should assist workers in advocating for a USDA certification program; 7) Training for certification must go beyond culinary training to include nutrition training, farm-to-school program development, school-garden development, and nutrition and sustainability education training, and summer meal programs; and 8) National service programs should be administered directly through the schools rather than non-profit programs and be used as a jobs strategy to fill gaps in employment Close

• 213. [Image] Alternate Energy Sources for Hawaii

  	Hawaii has no short-term substitute for seaborne petroleum, although a number of renewable natural energy resources show enough potential to justify a state policy and state funding for their development. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Alternate Energy Sources for Hawaii Author: Committee on Alternate Energy Sources for Hawaii Year: 1975 Hawaii has no short-term substitute for seaborne petroleum, although a number of renewable natural energy resources show enough potential to justify a state policy and state funding for their development. Of significant potential importance are bioconversion of Bagasse, wind, geothermal energy, solar collectors, ocean thermal energy conversion, and liquefaction and gasification of coal. Development of these sources will be influenced by environmental tradeoffs, available investment capital, and changes in demand for electricity. Task force recommendations include state funding of at least $1,000,000 for projects in all counties, with coordination at the state level to include continuing systems and tax studies and an annual review. Specific data on separate energy sources and conclusions of individual task forces are included. (151 references) (DCK) Title: Alternate Energy Sources for Hawaii Author: Committee on Alternate Energy Sources for Hawaii Year: 1975 Hawaii has no short-term substitute for seaborne petroleum, although a number of renewable natural energy resources show enough potential to justify a state policy and state funding for their development. Of significant potential importance are bioconversion of Bagasse, wind, geothermal energy, solar collectors, ocean thermal energy conversion, and liquefaction and gasification of coal. Development of these sources will be influenced by environmental tradeoffs, available investment capital, and changes in demand for electricity. Task force recommendations include state funding of at least $1,000,000 for projects in all counties, with coordination at the state level to include continuing systems and tax studies and an annual review. Specific data on separate energy sources and conclusions of individual task forces are included. (151 references) (DCK) Close

• 214. [Image] Geothermal District Heating System Feasibility Analysis: Thermopolis, Wyoming

  	Thermopolis, Wyoming is located in the Bighorn Basin region of north central Wyoming. The service population of the Thermopolis-East Thermopolis area is about 4,400 people. Historically, the regional economy ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal District Heating System Feasibility Analysis: Thermopolis, Wyoming Author: Goering, S.W. Year: 1982 Thermopolis, Wyoming is located in the Bighorn Basin region of north central Wyoming. The service population of the Thermopolis-East Thermopolis area is about 4,400 people. Historically, the regional economy has been closely tied to the utilization of its natural resources; agriculture, mining, and oil exploration and production have all been regional economic factors. Hot water utilization dates back to the initial decades of the twentieth century both in the use of private wells and through the development of Hot Springs State Park. Currently there is a new interest in exploring how to best develop the hot water resource for use in a district heating system. The purpose of this study is to determine the technical and economic feasibility of constructing and operating a district heating system to serve the residential, commercial, and public sectors in Thermopolis Title: Geothermal District Heating System Feasibility Analysis: Thermopolis, Wyoming Author: Goering, S.W. Year: 1982 Thermopolis, Wyoming is located in the Bighorn Basin region of north central Wyoming. The service population of the Thermopolis-East Thermopolis area is about 4,400 people. Historically, the regional economy has been closely tied to the utilization of its natural resources; agriculture, mining, and oil exploration and production have all been regional economic factors. Hot water utilization dates back to the initial decades of the twentieth century both in the use of private wells and through the development of Hot Springs State Park. Currently there is a new interest in exploring how to best develop the hot water resource for use in a district heating system. The purpose of this study is to determine the technical and economic feasibility of constructing and operating a district heating system to serve the residential, commercial, and public sectors in Thermopolis Close

• 215. [Article] Heritage and Health: A Political-Economic Analysis of the Foodways of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah and the Bishop Paiute Tribe

  Funded by Nellis Air Force Base (NAFB), my thesis research and analysis examined Native American knowledge of heritage foods and how diminished access to food resources has affected Native American identity ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heritage and Health: A Political-Economic Analysis of the Foodways of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah and the Bishop Paiute Tribe Author: Eagan, April Hurst Year: 2013 Funded by Nellis Air Force Base (NAFB), my thesis research and analysis examined Native American knowledge of heritage foods and how diminished access to food resources has affected Native American identity and health. NAFB manages the Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR), land and air space in southern Nevada, which includes Native American ancestral lands. During a research period of 3 months in the spring/summer of 2012, I interviewed members of Native American nations culturally affiliated with ancestral lands on the NTTR, the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah (PITU) and the Bishop Paiute Tribe. My research included participant observation and 31 interviews with tribal members considered knowledge holders by tribal leaders. In dialogue with the literature of the anthropology of food, political economy, and Critical Medical Anthropology, my analysis focused on the role of heritage foods in everyday consumption, taking into account the economic, social, environmental, and political factors influencing heritage foods access and diet. My work explored the effects of structural forces and rapid changes in diet and social conditions on Native American health. I found shifts in concepts of food-related identity across ethnic groups, tribes, ages, and genders. I also found evidence of collective efforts to improve diet-related health at tribal and community levels. Through the applied aspects of my research, participants and their families had the opportunity to share recipes and food dishes containing heritage foods as a way to promote human health and knowledge transmission. Title: Heritage and Health: A Political-Economic Analysis of the Foodways of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah and the Bishop Paiute Tribe Author: Eagan, April Hurst Year: 2013 Funded by Nellis Air Force Base (NAFB), my thesis research and analysis examined Native American knowledge of heritage foods and how diminished access to food resources has affected Native American identity and health. NAFB manages the Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR), land and air space in southern Nevada, which includes Native American ancestral lands. During a research period of 3 months in the spring/summer of 2012, I interviewed members of Native American nations culturally affiliated with ancestral lands on the NTTR, the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah (PITU) and the Bishop Paiute Tribe. My research included participant observation and 31 interviews with tribal members considered knowledge holders by tribal leaders. In dialogue with the literature of the anthropology of food, political economy, and Critical Medical Anthropology, my analysis focused on the role of heritage foods in everyday consumption, taking into account the economic, social, environmental, and political factors influencing heritage foods access and diet. My work explored the effects of structural forces and rapid changes in diet and social conditions on Native American health. I found shifts in concepts of food-related identity across ethnic groups, tribes, ages, and genders. I also found evidence of collective efforts to improve diet-related health at tribal and community levels. Through the applied aspects of my research, participants and their families had the opportunity to share recipes and food dishes containing heritage foods as a way to promote human health and knowledge transmission. Close

• 216. [Article] Building Communities as a Necessary Tool for Sustainability

  From ten thousand years ago back to the beginning of human existence, people lived in small communities of hunter-gatherers; tight knit communities who depended upon each other for their very survival. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Building Communities as a Necessary Tool for Sustainability Author: Ageros, China G Year: 2014 From ten thousand years ago back to the beginning of human existence, people lived in small communities of hunter-gatherers; tight knit communities who depended upon each other for their very survival. There was no ownership of land, homes, crops or animals, every thing they did have was communally held and shared in a term Ryan & Jetha (2010), call “fierce egalitarianism” (p. 9), sharing was mandatory. Humans have been around in our current manifestation for roughly two hundred thousand years and the earliest evidence of agriculture is from approximately ten thousand years ago (Ryan & Jetha, 2010), or five percent of our existence. Put into a smaller -more understandable- scale, if homo sapiens’ entire existence fit into one hour, we spent 57 of those minutes living in community that we relied upon for all of our needs. We still need community - we’re hardwired for it. The last 3 minutes have not negated that need. There are certainly other reasons than our lack of community for the destruction we’ve done to the earth, but without community to both support us and hold us accountable for our actions, stopping the destruction is going to be a lot harder. If we embrace the principles of voluntary simplicity, trusteeship, Gandhi’s swadeshi, participation, ownership and the development of small, local economies and communities, our communities will be sustainable by default as well as centers of justice for all the inhabitants of our one beautiful home, earth. Title: Building Communities as a Necessary Tool for Sustainability Author: Ageros, China G Year: 2014 From ten thousand years ago back to the beginning of human existence, people lived in small communities of hunter-gatherers; tight knit communities who depended upon each other for their very survival. There was no ownership of land, homes, crops or animals, every thing they did have was communally held and shared in a term Ryan & Jetha (2010), call “fierce egalitarianism” (p. 9), sharing was mandatory. Humans have been around in our current manifestation for roughly two hundred thousand years and the earliest evidence of agriculture is from approximately ten thousand years ago (Ryan & Jetha, 2010), or five percent of our existence. Put into a smaller -more understandable- scale, if homo sapiens’ entire existence fit into one hour, we spent 57 of those minutes living in community that we relied upon for all of our needs. We still need community - we’re hardwired for it. The last 3 minutes have not negated that need. There are certainly other reasons than our lack of community for the destruction we’ve done to the earth, but without community to both support us and hold us accountable for our actions, stopping the destruction is going to be a lot harder. If we embrace the principles of voluntary simplicity, trusteeship, Gandhi’s swadeshi, participation, ownership and the development of small, local economies and communities, our communities will be sustainable by default as well as centers of justice for all the inhabitants of our one beautiful home, earth. Close

• 217. [Article] Constraints and financial profitability to the exploitation of natural

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Constraints and financial profitability to the exploitation of natural Author: Meke Soung, Pierre Nolasque Research Paper Title: Constraints and financial profitability to the exploitation of natural Author: Meke Soung, Pierre Nolasque Research Paper Close

• 218. [Article] Fishermen cooperatives: A tool for socio-economic development

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fishermen cooperatives: A tool for socio-economic development Author: Sapovadia, Vrajlal Research Paper Title: Fishermen cooperatives: A tool for socio-economic development Author: Sapovadia, Vrajlal Research Paper Close

• 219. [Article] Pegged currency and trade performance : a case study of Cameroon's cotton exports

  Since its creation in 1948, the African Franc Zone currency (the CFA franc) was pegged to the French franc at an unchanged fifty to one parity. This study examines the trade effect of this fixed exchange ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pegged currency and trade performance : a case study of Cameroon's cotton exports Author: Tindjou N., Robert B Since its creation in 1948, the African Franc Zone currency (the CFA franc) was pegged to the French franc at an unchanged fifty to one parity. This study examines the trade effect of this fixed exchange rate on the Franc Zone's member countries. Cameroon cotton exports is considered on a case study approach. Two non-Franc Zone countries, Turkey and Tanzania are included in the analysis for comparison purpose. An econometric model for cotton exports was estimated for each of the three countries using the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) Method. The fluctuations of the CFA franc are not shown to have stimulated or impeded Cameroon's cotton exports in a systematic way which can be captured in the present quantitative analysis. Thus the research supports neither the position that the pegged currency helps exports performance nor the position that it causes harm. Contrary to theoretical expectation, Cameroon's cotton export is shown to be negatively related (and significantly so) to the world prices, suggesting that Cameroon's cotton trade is not consistent with the assumed revenue maximizing behavior. In strong contrast to Cameroon's results, but in agreement with theoretical expectation, the evidence for Turkey and Tanzania suggest that their cotton exports were affected by their real exchange rates and the world prices. One possible explanation for the apparent neutrality of the exchange rate for Cameroon is the prominent (but declining since 1985) role that France played as an importer of the Cameroonian cotton. Over the sixteen years study period. Linking of the economies through such trading relationship is one of the expected outcome of the monetary alignment. Discussion regarding the desirability of such a strong linkage to France's econony may be fruitful, particularly given the changes taking place in Europe. Title: Pegged currency and trade performance : a case study of Cameroon's cotton exports Author: Tindjou N., Robert B Since its creation in 1948, the African Franc Zone currency (the CFA franc) was pegged to the French franc at an unchanged fifty to one parity. This study examines the trade effect of this fixed exchange rate on the Franc Zone's member countries. Cameroon cotton exports is considered on a case study approach. Two non-Franc Zone countries, Turkey and Tanzania are included in the analysis for comparison purpose. An econometric model for cotton exports was estimated for each of the three countries using the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) Method. The fluctuations of the CFA franc are not shown to have stimulated or impeded Cameroon's cotton exports in a systematic way which can be captured in the present quantitative analysis. Thus the research supports neither the position that the pegged currency helps exports performance nor the position that it causes harm. Contrary to theoretical expectation, Cameroon's cotton export is shown to be negatively related (and significantly so) to the world prices, suggesting that Cameroon's cotton trade is not consistent with the assumed revenue maximizing behavior. In strong contrast to Cameroon's results, but in agreement with theoretical expectation, the evidence for Turkey and Tanzania suggest that their cotton exports were affected by their real exchange rates and the world prices. One possible explanation for the apparent neutrality of the exchange rate for Cameroon is the prominent (but declining since 1985) role that France played as an importer of the Cameroonian cotton. Over the sixteen years study period. Linking of the economies through such trading relationship is one of the expected outcome of the monetary alignment. Discussion regarding the desirability of such a strong linkage to France's econony may be fruitful, particularly given the changes taking place in Europe. Close

• 220. [Article] Integrating Ecological and Cultural Considerations In Marine Conservation In A Situation of Economic Crisis. A Comparative Analysis of Two Marine Reserves In Chiloé Island (Chile)

  No poster available.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Integrating Ecological and Cultural Considerations In Marine Conservation In A Situation of Economic Crisis. A Comparative Analysis of Two Marine Reserves In Chiloé Island (Chile) Author: Fontelle, Guy, Soehnlen, Marie, Henichart, Laura-Mars, Quetin, Bertrand No poster available. Title: Integrating Ecological and Cultural Considerations In Marine Conservation In A Situation of Economic Crisis. A Comparative Analysis of Two Marine Reserves In Chiloé Island (Chile) Author: Fontelle, Guy, Soehnlen, Marie, Henichart, Laura-Mars, Quetin, Bertrand No poster available. Close