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• 11. [Article] Tree cover mapping for assessing greater sage-grouse habitat in Eastern Oregon

  This project used a predictive model to map canopy cover of vegetation over seven feet in height (“tall woody vegetation”) at 30-meter resolution over nearly 29 million acres within and adjacent to the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tree cover mapping for assessing greater sage-grouse habitat in Eastern Oregon Author: Nielsen, Eric, Noone, Matt This project used a predictive model to map canopy cover of vegetation over seven feet in height (“tall woody vegetation”) at 30-meter resolution over nearly 29 million acres within and adjacent to the range of the greater sage-grouse in Oregon. Although the specific target of the mapping was western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis), reference data did not permit separating juniper from other tall woody vegetation during the predictive modeling process. The majority of the tall woody vegetation within the project area is western juniper. However, in high elevation regions, riparian, wetland, and residential areas, other vegetation is occasionally represented. The methodology discussed here produces raw modeled data. Title: Tree cover mapping for assessing greater sage-grouse habitat in Eastern Oregon Author: Nielsen, Eric, Noone, Matt This project used a predictive model to map canopy cover of vegetation over seven feet in height (“tall woody vegetation”) at 30-meter resolution over nearly 29 million acres within and adjacent to the range of the greater sage-grouse in Oregon. Although the specific target of the mapping was western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis), reference data did not permit separating juniper from other tall woody vegetation during the predictive modeling process. The majority of the tall woody vegetation within the project area is western juniper. However, in high elevation regions, riparian, wetland, and residential areas, other vegetation is occasionally represented. The methodology discussed here produces raw modeled data. Close

• 12. [Article] Resource Selection and Space Use of Western Long-eared Myotis (Myotis evotis) in a Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) Woodland of Central Oregon

  Identifying habitat and spatial requirements of wildlife species across multiple spatial scales is a challenging, yet crucial component of wildlife management. Habitat use of bats is particularly difficult ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Resource Selection and Space Use of Western Long-eared Myotis (Myotis evotis) in a Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) Woodland of Central Oregon Author: Anthony, Christopher R. (Christopher Ross) Identifying habitat and spatial requirements of wildlife species across multiple spatial scales is a challenging, yet crucial component of wildlife management. Habitat use of bats is particularly difficult to study, and managing habitat to conserve bats is especially challenging because bats are highly vagile organisms that exploit several different types of habitat across many spatio-temporal scales. The status and distribution of bat populations is determined by the spatio-temporal pattern of quality roost sites and foraging areas across the landscape. However, knowledge of these limiting resources for bats and their distribution on the landscape is poorly known in western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis ssp. occidentalis) woodlands, even though at least 16 species of bat occur in these habitats across the western United States. Identifying habitat use by bats in western juniper woodlands is especially important due to recent landscape-scale efforts to remove juniper trees to improve habitat for greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), a species of major conservation concern in shrub-steppe habitats. Thus, the urgent challenge for land management agencies in western North America is to identify bat day roost and foraging sites in order to develop management guidelines to conserve bats and their critical habitats. The specific objective of this study was to identify habitat characteristics that are important to western long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis) during the reproductive season in western juniper woodland of central Oregon. I used radio telemetry to find day roost sites and investigate selection criteria for these sites by lactating female and male bats. I studied day roost site selection at three spatial scales: roost, plot, and home range. I found that females prefer to roost in rocks rather than in trees, whereas males did not display a preference towards either type of roost substrate. Bats that roosted in trees used primarily pre-settlement junipers (> 150 years old) with at least one cavity, and bats that roosted in rocks used primarily formations consisting on multiple boulders. More available roost sites within 17.8 m of a tree roost site (or within 5 m of a rock roost site) was associated with an increased likelihood that a particular tree or rock roost site was selected. Males selected rock roosts that had greater area of pre-settlement woodlands than shrub-steppe within a 1 km radius. These results suggest that roost site selection differs between lactating females and males and occurs at multiple spatial scales. Land management practices that retain pre-settlement trees during juniper removal treatments and protect areas with high densities of roost sites near water sources are likely to conserve or restore bat populations. I also estimated home range size and the maximum foraging range of bats. Estimates of mean home range size were the largest ever reported for western long-eared myotis and among the largest for any Myotis species so far studied in North America. The mean 95% home range size for lactating females was 205.85 ha (SE = 47.94) and for males was 424.2 ha (SE = 187.2). The mean maximum foraging range for lactating females was 933 m (SE = 284.9) and males was 1522 m (SE = 532.8). Estimates of mean home range size and maximum foraging range did not differ between lactating females and males; however, low statistical power likely precluded detecting a difference. Lastly, I examined habitat selection at two spatial scales, (1) home range selection on the landscape scale and (2) foraging habitat selection within the home range. The probability of a location being selected by either lactating female or male bats decreased with increasing distance from day roost sites and water sources. Lactating females selected pre-settlement woodlands more than shrub-steppe habitat during foraging, but avoided areas with > 20% tree canopy cover more than areas with no canopy cover at the landscape scale. Males selected areas with 0.1% to 10% tree canopy cover more than areas with no canopy cover at the home range scale. To maintain foraging habitat for M. evotis in the study area, pre-settlement woodlands that are located near roost sites and water sources should be managed for variable tree densities. Title: Resource Selection and Space Use of Western Long-eared Myotis (Myotis evotis) in a Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) Woodland of Central Oregon Author: Anthony, Christopher R. (Christopher Ross) Identifying habitat and spatial requirements of wildlife species across multiple spatial scales is a challenging, yet crucial component of wildlife management. Habitat use of bats is particularly difficult to study, and managing habitat to conserve bats is especially challenging because bats are highly vagile organisms that exploit several different types of habitat across many spatio-temporal scales. The status and distribution of bat populations is determined by the spatio-temporal pattern of quality roost sites and foraging areas across the landscape. However, knowledge of these limiting resources for bats and their distribution on the landscape is poorly known in western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis ssp. occidentalis) woodlands, even though at least 16 species of bat occur in these habitats across the western United States. Identifying habitat use by bats in western juniper woodlands is especially important due to recent landscape-scale efforts to remove juniper trees to improve habitat for greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), a species of major conservation concern in shrub-steppe habitats. Thus, the urgent challenge for land management agencies in western North America is to identify bat day roost and foraging sites in order to develop management guidelines to conserve bats and their critical habitats. The specific objective of this study was to identify habitat characteristics that are important to western long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis) during the reproductive season in western juniper woodland of central Oregon. I used radio telemetry to find day roost sites and investigate selection criteria for these sites by lactating female and male bats. I studied day roost site selection at three spatial scales: roost, plot, and home range. I found that females prefer to roost in rocks rather than in trees, whereas males did not display a preference towards either type of roost substrate. Bats that roosted in trees used primarily pre-settlement junipers (> 150 years old) with at least one cavity, and bats that roosted in rocks used primarily formations consisting on multiple boulders. More available roost sites within 17.8 m of a tree roost site (or within 5 m of a rock roost site) was associated with an increased likelihood that a particular tree or rock roost site was selected. Males selected rock roosts that had greater area of pre-settlement woodlands than shrub-steppe within a 1 km radius. These results suggest that roost site selection differs between lactating females and males and occurs at multiple spatial scales. Land management practices that retain pre-settlement trees during juniper removal treatments and protect areas with high densities of roost sites near water sources are likely to conserve or restore bat populations. I also estimated home range size and the maximum foraging range of bats. Estimates of mean home range size were the largest ever reported for western long-eared myotis and among the largest for any Myotis species so far studied in North America. The mean 95% home range size for lactating females was 205.85 ha (SE = 47.94) and for males was 424.2 ha (SE = 187.2). The mean maximum foraging range for lactating females was 933 m (SE = 284.9) and males was 1522 m (SE = 532.8). Estimates of mean home range size and maximum foraging range did not differ between lactating females and males; however, low statistical power likely precluded detecting a difference. Lastly, I examined habitat selection at two spatial scales, (1) home range selection on the landscape scale and (2) foraging habitat selection within the home range. The probability of a location being selected by either lactating female or male bats decreased with increasing distance from day roost sites and water sources. Lactating females selected pre-settlement woodlands more than shrub-steppe habitat during foraging, but avoided areas with > 20% tree canopy cover more than areas with no canopy cover at the landscape scale. Males selected areas with 0.1% to 10% tree canopy cover more than areas with no canopy cover at the home range scale. To maintain foraging habitat for M. evotis in the study area, pre-settlement woodlands that are located near roost sites and water sources should be managed for variable tree densities. Close

• 13. [Article] Juniper utilization : issues of chemistry and management

  Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) poses both a challenge and an opportunity for natural resource management in the rangelands of the northern Great Basin. The continued expansion of western juniper ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Juniper utilization : issues of chemistry and management Author: Swartley, D. Benjamin Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) poses both a challenge and an opportunity for natural resource management in the rangelands of the northern Great Basin. The continued expansion of western juniper on the rangelands of the interior Northwest will likely continue as there are currently no practical options for returning this area to a pre-settlement state. Range managers face declining economic resources from both private and public funds to carry out development goals. Because economic resources are scarce, an efficient method of juniper management is needed to sustain both ecosystem function and economic use. One method of efficient management would be to develop economic incentives for land owners to extract marketable products from juniper woodlands. These products could then pay for, or reduce the cost of, management activities such as juniper removal and native plant restoration. A promising avenue for the development of such products is the extraction of natural oils from juniper trees. Research was executed to isolate and identify a potentially useful natural compound from the heartwood of western juniper. This compound, Hinokiic acid, was previously unobserved in the heartwood oil of western juniper. Now that its presence has been confirmed, ideas for the possible uses of the oil can be explored. By itself, the development of new products from juniper cannot provide all of the tools needed for range managers to more efficiently manage this species. Methods to determine the possible outcomes of management activities on the juniper system would also be valuable. The juniper system is complex and research into its natural functions is ongoing. With published data gathered through previous studies, an organizational and predictive population model was constructed for a hypothetical western juniper population. This is a first effort to model such a plant population and is designed to serve as a basis for future study. Overall, this research provides an example of a framework for combining forest product development with ecosystem management. Title: Juniper utilization : issues of chemistry and management Author: Swartley, D. Benjamin Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) poses both a challenge and an opportunity for natural resource management in the rangelands of the northern Great Basin. The continued expansion of western juniper on the rangelands of the interior Northwest will likely continue as there are currently no practical options for returning this area to a pre-settlement state. Range managers face declining economic resources from both private and public funds to carry out development goals. Because economic resources are scarce, an efficient method of juniper management is needed to sustain both ecosystem function and economic use. One method of efficient management would be to develop economic incentives for land owners to extract marketable products from juniper woodlands. These products could then pay for, or reduce the cost of, management activities such as juniper removal and native plant restoration. A promising avenue for the development of such products is the extraction of natural oils from juniper trees. Research was executed to isolate and identify a potentially useful natural compound from the heartwood of western juniper. This compound, Hinokiic acid, was previously unobserved in the heartwood oil of western juniper. Now that its presence has been confirmed, ideas for the possible uses of the oil can be explored. By itself, the development of new products from juniper cannot provide all of the tools needed for range managers to more efficiently manage this species. Methods to determine the possible outcomes of management activities on the juniper system would also be valuable. The juniper system is complex and research into its natural functions is ongoing. With published data gathered through previous studies, an organizational and predictive population model was constructed for a hypothetical western juniper population. This is a first effort to model such a plant population and is designed to serve as a basis for future study. Overall, this research provides an example of a framework for combining forest product development with ecosystem management. Close

• 14. [Article] Establishing Design Values for Potential Utilization of Western Juniper as a Building Material

  Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) is a conifer that is native to Oregon, California, Washington, Nevada, and Idaho. Juniper is known to have highly decay resistant heartwood and is a popular choice ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Establishing Design Values for Potential Utilization of Western Juniper as a Building Material Author: Miyamoto, Byrne Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) is a conifer that is native to Oregon, California, Washington, Nevada, and Idaho. Juniper is known to have highly decay resistant heartwood and is a popular choice for finished furniture. With recent forest management practices over the past 100 years have resulted in an immense population increase in western juniper stands, transforming the grasslands/sagebrush into juniper forests. Landowners have been encouraged to cutback western juniper to restore grassland habitat, but there is no major market associated with juniper. This study assessed the strength and durability properties of western juniper in order to develop design values in collaboration with the West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau (WCLIB). The data will be presented to American Lumber Standard Committee (ALSC) for inclusion in the National Design Specification. Design values assigned to western juniper will allow contractors to use this species in structural and non-structural applications, especially for State funded projects. Samples were harvested from three locations in eastern Oregon, one location in northeast California, and one location in southwest Idaho. Tests were performed according to procedures described in ASTM Standard D143 small-clear specimens for compression, bending, and shear. Average strength values were calculated and compared to similar wood species. Most properties were similar to those of other species, but modulus of elasticity was significantly lower. The differences between species might be attributed to cell wall structure and distribution of lignin in the cells. Design values for western juniper were calculated using the strength values following the ASTM Standard D245 procedure for establishing structural grades and related allowable properties for visually graded lumber. Durability of western juniper was assessed using laboratory decay tests, marine tests, and ground contact exposure. The long term marine durability and ground contact tests are still on going. The laboratory decay test indicated that western juniper heartwood was highly resistant to attack by brown and white rot fungi. Title: Establishing Design Values for Potential Utilization of Western Juniper as a Building Material Author: Miyamoto, Byrne Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) is a conifer that is native to Oregon, California, Washington, Nevada, and Idaho. Juniper is known to have highly decay resistant heartwood and is a popular choice for finished furniture. With recent forest management practices over the past 100 years have resulted in an immense population increase in western juniper stands, transforming the grasslands/sagebrush into juniper forests. Landowners have been encouraged to cutback western juniper to restore grassland habitat, but there is no major market associated with juniper. This study assessed the strength and durability properties of western juniper in order to develop design values in collaboration with the West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau (WCLIB). The data will be presented to American Lumber Standard Committee (ALSC) for inclusion in the National Design Specification. Design values assigned to western juniper will allow contractors to use this species in structural and non-structural applications, especially for State funded projects. Samples were harvested from three locations in eastern Oregon, one location in northeast California, and one location in southwest Idaho. Tests were performed according to procedures described in ASTM Standard D143 small-clear specimens for compression, bending, and shear. Average strength values were calculated and compared to similar wood species. Most properties were similar to those of other species, but modulus of elasticity was significantly lower. The differences between species might be attributed to cell wall structure and distribution of lignin in the cells. Design values for western juniper were calculated using the strength values following the ASTM Standard D245 procedure for establishing structural grades and related allowable properties for visually graded lumber. Durability of western juniper was assessed using laboratory decay tests, marine tests, and ground contact exposure. The long term marine durability and ground contact tests are still on going. The laboratory decay test indicated that western juniper heartwood was highly resistant to attack by brown and white rot fungi. Close

• 15. [Article] Lateral Edge Connection and Withdrawal Capacity of Western Juniper

  Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) is a “native invasive” tree species in Eastern Oregon. It is extremely good at finding and consuming water in arid climates, which makes it difficult for other ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lateral Edge Connection and Withdrawal Capacity of Western Juniper Author: Girod, Hayley E. Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) is a “native invasive” tree species in Eastern Oregon. It is extremely good at finding and consuming water in arid climates, which makes it difficult for other plant species, especially sagebrush and grasses to survive. Sagebrush and grasses are necessary for the survival of the sage grouse, a threatened species. There is much discussion about harvesting juniper trees to help alleviate the stresses the trees put on the sage grouse and water supply in Eastern Oregon. However, there is not much of a market for juniper wood. Part of the reason is that there are no design values for juniper available, making engineers and designers reluctant to choose juniper for structural applications. The goal of this project is to increase the amount of available information about juniper wood in order to encourage its use in structural applications. To contribute to this goal, this project evaluated the performance of connections involving Western juniper wood and other common wood-based building materials. The tests for this project will include edge lateral nail connection test as per ASTM D 1575, dowel bearing strength test as per ASTM D 5764, and withdrawal test as per ASTM D 1761. Following the testing, the data was analyzed and inferences were drawn about the performance of the species in these types of connections. The results were also evaluated against predictive design equations found in the National Design Specification. The result of this project will help form a material statistic on performance of connections involving western juniper. Western juniper can potentially be an economically important species for rural Eastern Oregon. However, lack of engineering design values for the species and a performance metric for connections impedes its acceptance in mainstream construction. The data obtained in this study suggests that NDS equations can adequately predict connection performance of juniper, provided the specific gravity is known. Title: Lateral Edge Connection and Withdrawal Capacity of Western Juniper Author: Girod, Hayley E. Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) is a “native invasive” tree species in Eastern Oregon. It is extremely good at finding and consuming water in arid climates, which makes it difficult for other plant species, especially sagebrush and grasses to survive. Sagebrush and grasses are necessary for the survival of the sage grouse, a threatened species. There is much discussion about harvesting juniper trees to help alleviate the stresses the trees put on the sage grouse and water supply in Eastern Oregon. However, there is not much of a market for juniper wood. Part of the reason is that there are no design values for juniper available, making engineers and designers reluctant to choose juniper for structural applications. The goal of this project is to increase the amount of available information about juniper wood in order to encourage its use in structural applications. To contribute to this goal, this project evaluated the performance of connections involving Western juniper wood and other common wood-based building materials. The tests for this project will include edge lateral nail connection test as per ASTM D 1575, dowel bearing strength test as per ASTM D 5764, and withdrawal test as per ASTM D 1761. Following the testing, the data was analyzed and inferences were drawn about the performance of the species in these types of connections. The results were also evaluated against predictive design equations found in the National Design Specification. The result of this project will help form a material statistic on performance of connections involving western juniper. Western juniper can potentially be an economically important species for rural Eastern Oregon. However, lack of engineering design values for the species and a performance metric for connections impedes its acceptance in mainstream construction. The data obtained in this study suggests that NDS equations can adequately predict connection performance of juniper, provided the specific gravity is known. Close

• 16. [Article] Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) and invasive annual grass mapping in Eastern Oregon

  In 2011, the Institute for Natural Resources – Portland (INR) entered into an agreement with the Natural Resources Conservation Service through the Cooperative Ecosystem Study Unit to assist in evaluation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) and invasive annual grass mapping in Eastern Oregon Author: Nielsen, Eric, Noone, Matthew, Kagan, James S. In 2011, the Institute for Natural Resources – Portland (INR) entered into an agreement with the Natural Resources Conservation Service through the Cooperative Ecosystem Study Unit to assist in evaluation of a targeted watershed restoration area in central Oregon. The primary objective of the agreement was to use remote sensing methodologies and widely available data sets to establish baseline landscape conditions that could be utilized by land managers as a planning tool and a measure of restoration project treatment success. Products and analysis developed by INR included: 1) A juniper percent canopy cover map for about 20 million acres in eastern Oregon and a juniper canopy cover increase/decrease map for a 17-year time interval between 1994 and 2011; 2) An exploratory analysis examining the feasibility of utilizing historic aerial photos to map historic juniper conditions; 3) A paired watershed analysis in Wheeler county examining outcomes of recent management activities; and 4) An exotic invasive annual map for 4.3 million acres spanning selected weed prioritization areas. The project was focused on using innovative remote sensing methods to identify the areas with existing juniper and invasive species concentrations. The resulting maps were intended to provide land managers with a preliminary planning tool describing existing baseline conditions across the region to help evaluate the effectiveness of different restoration treatments and identify priority areas for treatments. Title: Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) and invasive annual grass mapping in Eastern Oregon Author: Nielsen, Eric, Noone, Matthew, Kagan, James S. In 2011, the Institute for Natural Resources – Portland (INR) entered into an agreement with the Natural Resources Conservation Service through the Cooperative Ecosystem Study Unit to assist in evaluation of a targeted watershed restoration area in central Oregon. The primary objective of the agreement was to use remote sensing methodologies and widely available data sets to establish baseline landscape conditions that could be utilized by land managers as a planning tool and a measure of restoration project treatment success. Products and analysis developed by INR included: 1) A juniper percent canopy cover map for about 20 million acres in eastern Oregon and a juniper canopy cover increase/decrease map for a 17-year time interval between 1994 and 2011; 2) An exploratory analysis examining the feasibility of utilizing historic aerial photos to map historic juniper conditions; 3) A paired watershed analysis in Wheeler county examining outcomes of recent management activities; and 4) An exotic invasive annual map for 4.3 million acres spanning selected weed prioritization areas. The project was focused on using innovative remote sensing methods to identify the areas with existing juniper and invasive species concentrations. The resulting maps were intended to provide land managers with a preliminary planning tool describing existing baseline conditions across the region to help evaluate the effectiveness of different restoration treatments and identify priority areas for treatments. Close

• 17. [Article] Physiological ecology of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis hook. subsp. occidentalis)

  Patterns and costs of root/shoot allocations, response to reductions of above and below-ground tissue and to fertilization with nitrate and ammonium, and seasonal courses of physiological processes were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Physiological ecology of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis hook. subsp. occidentalis) Author: Miller, Patricia M. Patterns and costs of root/shoot allocations, response to reductions of above and below-ground tissue and to fertilization with nitrate and ammonium, and seasonal courses of physiological processes were measured on juvenile, small-adult, and large-adult Juniperus occidentalis growing in the field under ambient environmental conditions in eastern Oregon. Adult foliage had the highest heat of combustion, nitrogen concentrations, and construction cost. Allocation patterns indicated a larger investment in resources to above than below-ground tissue. J. occidentalis allocated larger proportions of dry mass to foliage, to maximize photosynthetic capacity, and to roots, to optimize water and nutrient acquisition; this was accomplished through reduction of allocation to branches and trunk. Removing [approximately] 50% of the foliage increased rates of CO₂ assimilation but did not increase growth, improve water status, or increase nitrogen concentration of remaining foliage. Cutting lateral roots reduced physiological processes and quantum-use-efficiencies and water-use-efficiencies. Fertilization increased foliar nitrogen concentrations and reduced CO₂ assimilation, leaf conductance, and transpiration. Juniperus occidentalis appears to be adapted to the low, ambient levels of soil nitrate and does not preferentially utilize ammonium. Highest daily total assimilation occurred during July and August. Juveniles had significantly higher assimilation and transpiration per gram foliage than did small or large-adults. Juveniles had the tightest control over water loss, but were not more water-use-efficient than small-adults or large-adults. Soil drought affected conductance independent of plant water potentials or vapor pressure deficits. Branchlet elongation was greatest in June and July. Juveniles were more responsive to the changing environment that were small-adults or large adults. Title: Physiological ecology of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis hook. subsp. occidentalis) Author: Miller, Patricia M. Patterns and costs of root/shoot allocations, response to reductions of above and below-ground tissue and to fertilization with nitrate and ammonium, and seasonal courses of physiological processes were measured on juvenile, small-adult, and large-adult Juniperus occidentalis growing in the field under ambient environmental conditions in eastern Oregon. Adult foliage had the highest heat of combustion, nitrogen concentrations, and construction cost. Allocation patterns indicated a larger investment in resources to above than below-ground tissue. J. occidentalis allocated larger proportions of dry mass to foliage, to maximize photosynthetic capacity, and to roots, to optimize water and nutrient acquisition; this was accomplished through reduction of allocation to branches and trunk. Removing [approximately] 50% of the foliage increased rates of CO₂ assimilation but did not increase growth, improve water status, or increase nitrogen concentration of remaining foliage. Cutting lateral roots reduced physiological processes and quantum-use-efficiencies and water-use-efficiencies. Fertilization increased foliar nitrogen concentrations and reduced CO₂ assimilation, leaf conductance, and transpiration. Juniperus occidentalis appears to be adapted to the low, ambient levels of soil nitrate and does not preferentially utilize ammonium. Highest daily total assimilation occurred during July and August. Juveniles had significantly higher assimilation and transpiration per gram foliage than did small or large-adults. Juveniles had the tightest control over water loss, but were not more water-use-efficient than small-adults or large-adults. Soil drought affected conductance independent of plant water potentials or vapor pressure deficits. Branchlet elongation was greatest in June and July. Juveniles were more responsive to the changing environment that were small-adults or large adults. Close

• 18. [Article] Restoration of Mountain Big Sagebrush Steppe Following Prescribed Burning to Control Western Juniper

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Restoration of Mountain Big Sagebrush Steppe Following Prescribed Burning to Control Western Juniper Author: Nafus, A. M., Davies, K. W., Madsen, M. D., Bates, Jonathan D. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/267. Title: Restoration of Mountain Big Sagebrush Steppe Following Prescribed Burning to Control Western Juniper Author: Nafus, A. M., Davies, K. W., Madsen, M. D., Bates, Jonathan D. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/267. Close

• 19. [Article] Biology, ecology, and management of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis)

  Published June 2005. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biology, ecology, and management of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) Author: Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Miller, Richard F. Published June 2005. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Biology, ecology, and management of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) Author: Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Miller, Richard F. Published June 2005. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 20. [Article] Understanding names of Oregon trees

  Revised April 2012. Received May 2016. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Understanding names of Oregon trees Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Leavengood, Scott A. Revised April 2012. Received May 2016. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Understanding names of Oregon trees Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Leavengood, Scott A. Revised April 2012. Received May 2016. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close