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• 11. [Article] Comparative Analysis of Fresh and Dried Fish Consumption in Rural and Urban Households in Ondo State, Nigeria

  A sine-qua-non for eradicating protein malnutrition in Nigeria is increased ingestion of high-value proteins found in various fish forms. This study attempted to give empirical backing or refutation to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative Analysis of Fresh and Dried Fish Consumption in Rural and Urban Households in Ondo State, Nigeria Author: Mafimisebi, Taiwo Ejiola A sine-qua-non for eradicating protein malnutrition in Nigeria is increased ingestion of high-value proteins found in various fish forms. This study attempted to give empirical backing or refutation to the assertion that dried fish is consumed more than fresh fish in Nigeria. Data used were gathered in 90 rural and urban households selected through multi-stage sampling technique. Analytical tools used included descriptive, Z-test and Chi-square statistics and regression model. Empirical results revealed mean household size of 7 in both households while average annual income was N471,200.04 ($2,908.6) and N326,466.58 ($2015.2) in urban and rural households, respectively. The average quantity of fresh and dried fish consumed per household per year was 13.0kg and 47.0kg in urban, and 11.5kg and 38.0kg in rural households, respectively. There was no significant difference in the consumption of the dried (1.779, p > 0.10,) and fresh (1.904, p > 0.10) fish forms in both households. OLS regression result revealed that household head’s age and numbers of children below 15 years were not significant in influencing consumption (p> 0.10). Contrariwise, household size and fish price significantly negatively influenced quantity of fish consumed while household income exhibited significant positive effect on consumption. The education variable, which was not significant in dried fish consumption, had significant positive influence on fresh fish consumption. However, 50.0% and 27.0% of the respondents rated affordability and accessibility as the main hindrances to consumption. Policy options directed at tackling the high cost of fresh fish to achieve reduced price and increased consumption, were recommended. Title: Comparative Analysis of Fresh and Dried Fish Consumption in Rural and Urban Households in Ondo State, Nigeria Author: Mafimisebi, Taiwo Ejiola A sine-qua-non for eradicating protein malnutrition in Nigeria is increased ingestion of high-value proteins found in various fish forms. This study attempted to give empirical backing or refutation to the assertion that dried fish is consumed more than fresh fish in Nigeria. Data used were gathered in 90 rural and urban households selected through multi-stage sampling technique. Analytical tools used included descriptive, Z-test and Chi-square statistics and regression model. Empirical results revealed mean household size of 7 in both households while average annual income was N471,200.04 ($2,908.6) and N326,466.58 ($2015.2) in urban and rural households, respectively. The average quantity of fresh and dried fish consumed per household per year was 13.0kg and 47.0kg in urban, and 11.5kg and 38.0kg in rural households, respectively. There was no significant difference in the consumption of the dried (1.779, p > 0.10,) and fresh (1.904, p > 0.10) fish forms in both households. OLS regression result revealed that household head’s age and numbers of children below 15 years were not significant in influencing consumption (p> 0.10). Contrariwise, household size and fish price significantly negatively influenced quantity of fish consumed while household income exhibited significant positive effect on consumption. The education variable, which was not significant in dried fish consumption, had significant positive influence on fresh fish consumption. However, 50.0% and 27.0% of the respondents rated affordability and accessibility as the main hindrances to consumption. Policy options directed at tackling the high cost of fresh fish to achieve reduced price and increased consumption, were recommended. Close

• 12. [Article] Trade-offs: The Production of Sustainability in Households

  Over the past half-century, environmental problems have become increasingly serious and seemingly intractable, and a careless, clueless, or contemptuous consumer is often portrayed as the root cause of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trade-offs: The Production of Sustainability in Households Author: Munro, Kirstin Marie Elizabeth Year: 2017 Over the past half-century, environmental problems have become increasingly serious and seemingly intractable, and a careless, clueless, or contemptuous consumer is often portrayed as the root cause of this environmental decline. This study takes a different approach to evaluating the demand for resources by households, assessing possible pro-environmental paths forward through a study of highly ecologically-conscious households. By modeling "green" households as producers of sustainability rather than consumers of environmental products, the sustainability work that takes place in households is brought into focus. An investigation of household sustainability production makes possible the evaluation of the trade-offs inherent in these pro-environmental activities. Ethnographic interviews with 23 sustainability-oriented households with young children living in and near Portland, Oregon, provide data on how households balance priorities and get things done in day-to-day life by employing the available resources, limited by constraining factors. An orienting perspective combining neoclassical and radical political economic theories of household production frames the analysis of how households make choices between alternatives. Sociological theories of consumption and theories of social practice aid in the analysis of how these choices have evolved over time, and how household members view the social meanings of these choices. Particular attention is paid to areas of day-to-day life neglected in previous research--household waste, comfort, and cleanliness. The results indicate that there is not one "sustainability" with varying degrees across a "green" spectrum, but rather varying priorities in the sustainability realm--personal health, nature, waste avoidance, technology, and community. This analysis reveals some of the negative consequences of shifting the responsibility for environmental protection to households. Ecologically-conscious households devote substantial time and money to these sustainability efforts, but their efforts frequently stimulate conflicts, and the end results are rarely perfect. Constrained resources and limited information mean household members must make trade-offs between competing priorities, often under duress. The results suggest that policies promoting household-level sustainability efforts may be misguided, as this transfer of institutional responsibility for environmental protection to individuals and groups results in even greater burdens on households, whose time and money are already stretched to their limits. Title: Trade-offs: The Production of Sustainability in Households Author: Munro, Kirstin Marie Elizabeth Year: 2017 Over the past half-century, environmental problems have become increasingly serious and seemingly intractable, and a careless, clueless, or contemptuous consumer is often portrayed as the root cause of this environmental decline. This study takes a different approach to evaluating the demand for resources by households, assessing possible pro-environmental paths forward through a study of highly ecologically-conscious households. By modeling "green" households as producers of sustainability rather than consumers of environmental products, the sustainability work that takes place in households is brought into focus. An investigation of household sustainability production makes possible the evaluation of the trade-offs inherent in these pro-environmental activities. Ethnographic interviews with 23 sustainability-oriented households with young children living in and near Portland, Oregon, provide data on how households balance priorities and get things done in day-to-day life by employing the available resources, limited by constraining factors. An orienting perspective combining neoclassical and radical political economic theories of household production frames the analysis of how households make choices between alternatives. Sociological theories of consumption and theories of social practice aid in the analysis of how these choices have evolved over time, and how household members view the social meanings of these choices. Particular attention is paid to areas of day-to-day life neglected in previous research--household waste, comfort, and cleanliness. The results indicate that there is not one "sustainability" with varying degrees across a "green" spectrum, but rather varying priorities in the sustainability realm--personal health, nature, waste avoidance, technology, and community. This analysis reveals some of the negative consequences of shifting the responsibility for environmental protection to households. Ecologically-conscious households devote substantial time and money to these sustainability efforts, but their efforts frequently stimulate conflicts, and the end results are rarely perfect. Constrained resources and limited information mean household members must make trade-offs between competing priorities, often under duress. The results suggest that policies promoting household-level sustainability efforts may be misguided, as this transfer of institutional responsibility for environmental protection to individuals and groups results in even greater burdens on households, whose time and money are already stretched to their limits. Close

• 13. [Article] A comparative analysis of household owned woodlots and fuelwood sufficiency between female and male headed households : a pilot study in rural Malawi, Africa

  Fuelwood is a basic need for rural households in Malawi. However, deforestation has reduced the quantity of forest products such as fuelwood available to households. This has negatively affected rural ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparative analysis of household owned woodlots and fuelwood sufficiency between female and male headed households : a pilot study in rural Malawi, Africa Author: Chikoko, Mercy Gwazeni Fuelwood is a basic need for rural households in Malawi. However, deforestation has reduced the quantity of forest products such as fuelwood available to households. This has negatively affected rural Malawian quality of life, especially for women who are forced to walk long distances to collect fuelwood, prepare foods with short cooking times, or reduce the number of meals. The Malawi government has encouraged the establishment of household owned woodlots, as a part of reforestation programs, to address the supply side of the forest product scarcity. However, fuelwood supply and use is also a gender-based issue; men plant trees and make decisions over harvesting, while women gather and use fuelwood. Within the household, woodlot products also have multiple and competing uses between men and women. It is critical to examine how gender dynamics affect women's fuelwood procurement and use from the woodlot. This study investigated how gender of the household head and women's access to woodlots affects fuelwood shortage, controlling for number of trees, household size, and use of other fuels. Fifty-one female and sixty-three male-headed households with household owned woodlots were interviewed, using questionnaire and focus group interviews. Results show that one-third of both household types reported experiencing fuelwood shortages in the past year. Logistic regression indicates that gender of household head is an important factor, along with number of trees in the woodlot, in determining fuelwood sufficiency. Female-headed households were less likely to experience fuelwood shortage than male-headed households when the interaction with number of trees was included. Whether a woman in male-headed households must seek permission to harvest fuelwood, number of trees, and cooking with maize stalk were factors that predicted fuelwood shortage. Suggestions for several interventions to address fuelwood supply and access were included. Planting more trees in woodlots and use of fuelwood efficient stoves are two important strategies. It is important to address gender-specific priorities as they relate to woodlot use. This can be done through gender sensitizations that target program planners and male household heads. For successful programs, men and women should participate in both program planning and implementation. Title: A comparative analysis of household owned woodlots and fuelwood sufficiency between female and male headed households : a pilot study in rural Malawi, Africa Author: Chikoko, Mercy Gwazeni Fuelwood is a basic need for rural households in Malawi. However, deforestation has reduced the quantity of forest products such as fuelwood available to households. This has negatively affected rural Malawian quality of life, especially for women who are forced to walk long distances to collect fuelwood, prepare foods with short cooking times, or reduce the number of meals. The Malawi government has encouraged the establishment of household owned woodlots, as a part of reforestation programs, to address the supply side of the forest product scarcity. However, fuelwood supply and use is also a gender-based issue; men plant trees and make decisions over harvesting, while women gather and use fuelwood. Within the household, woodlot products also have multiple and competing uses between men and women. It is critical to examine how gender dynamics affect women's fuelwood procurement and use from the woodlot. This study investigated how gender of the household head and women's access to woodlots affects fuelwood shortage, controlling for number of trees, household size, and use of other fuels. Fifty-one female and sixty-three male-headed households with household owned woodlots were interviewed, using questionnaire and focus group interviews. Results show that one-third of both household types reported experiencing fuelwood shortages in the past year. Logistic regression indicates that gender of household head is an important factor, along with number of trees in the woodlot, in determining fuelwood sufficiency. Female-headed households were less likely to experience fuelwood shortage than male-headed households when the interaction with number of trees was included. Whether a woman in male-headed households must seek permission to harvest fuelwood, number of trees, and cooking with maize stalk were factors that predicted fuelwood shortage. Suggestions for several interventions to address fuelwood supply and access were included. Planting more trees in woodlots and use of fuelwood efficient stoves are two important strategies. It is important to address gender-specific priorities as they relate to woodlot use. This can be done through gender sensitizations that target program planners and male household heads. For successful programs, men and women should participate in both program planning and implementation. Close

• 14. [Article] Job-related expenditures of gainfully employed female household heads in Corvallis, Oregon

  The purpose of this study was to examine the job-related expenditures of female household heads. Also examined were levels of education, occupations, presence of dependent children, employment benefits ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Job-related expenditures of gainfully employed female household heads in Corvallis, Oregon Author: Blackburn, Virginia Lee The purpose of this study was to examine the job-related expenditures of female household heads. Also examined were levels of education, occupations, presence of dependent children, employment benefits and reasons for working. A random sample of 75 female household heads was drawn from the 1973 Polk's Corvallis City Directory. The sample was composed of 28 divorced, 3 separated, 15 single and 28 widowed women living in Corvallis, Oregon. The interviews were conducted during March and April of 1974. The median age for the 75 household heads was 51 years. They had completed a mean of 15 years of schooling. Single household heads were both younger, with a median age of 32, and had a higher level of education, 17 years, than widows and divorced women. Forty-nine percent of the female household heads were professional workers; 39 percent were clerical and sales workers; and the remaining 12 percent were semiskilled workers. Eighty percent of the single household heads were employed in professional occupations, compared with 45 percent of the widows and 38 percent of the divorced and separated women. Median employment income for all 75 household heads was $7, 249. For the 68 women who had worked the entire year, the median employment income was $7, 500 and the mean, $8, 162. Hypothesis 1. Hypothesis 1, there is no relationship between level of education of the female household head and amount of earnings, was not supported by the data and it was rejected. As the level of education increased, the employment income also increased. Household heads who had not completed high school were employed in the lowest-paying occupations. Full-time workers who were college graduates earned 52 percent more than high school graduates and 14 percent more than household heads with some college education. Household heads who had master's degrees earned 36 percent more than college graduates. Household heads with doctoral degrees earned 28 percent more than those with master's degrees. Hypothesis 2. Hypothesis 2, between 40 and 50 percent of the employed female household heads' income from gainful employment was absorbed by job-related expenditures, was not supported by the data. There was a significant difference at the .01 level and the hypothesis was rejected. Female household heads in the study reported 35.8 percent of their cash employment income was used for job-related expenditures or a mean of $2, 930. Payroll deductions absorbed the highest percentage of employment income, 26.5 percent or a mean of $2, 164. Federal income taxes were the highest reported expense, 13.7 percent, with a mean of $1, 122 and a range of $1. 15 to $4, 441. Directly-related expenses were reported as 5.2 percent of the employment income. Education related to the job and transportation were the highest directly-related expenses, 1.5 and 1.6 percent, respectively. Indirectly-related expenses amounted to 4.1 percent of the employment income. Clothing needed for work was the most expensive indirectly-related expense reported, 1.5 percent. Hypothesis 3. Hypothesis 3, there is no difference in percentage of employment income spent for job-related expenses of female household heads with dependent children aged 18 and under and those without dependent children, was accepted since no significant difference in the percentage of income spent was found at the .025 level in a two-tailed "t" test. Female household heads with dependent children reported 36.9 percent of their employment income was spent on job-related expenses and those without children reported 35. 8 percent. Hypothesis 4. For female household heads with dependent children aged 18 and under, there is no difference in the percentage of employment income spent for job-related expenses of household heads with preschool children and those with no preschool children. Hypothesis 4 was not tested. Only two household heads in the study had children of preschool age. Female household heads reported receiving a mean dollar value of $168 in employment benefits. Eighty-three percent of the 75 workers reported receiving health insurance with a mean value of $79. Cash bonuses were valued at a mean of $22 and employer discounts at $21 for all workers. A combined mean dollar value of $44 was received for meals, coffee and snacks, life insurance, gifts from the employer, laundering and drycleaning of work clothing and discounts from other organizations. Only two reasons for working were given by more than 50 percent of the 75 household heads, These reasons were to pay for current living expenses and because they enjoyed working. Title: Job-related expenditures of gainfully employed female household heads in Corvallis, Oregon Author: Blackburn, Virginia Lee The purpose of this study was to examine the job-related expenditures of female household heads. Also examined were levels of education, occupations, presence of dependent children, employment benefits and reasons for working. A random sample of 75 female household heads was drawn from the 1973 Polk's Corvallis City Directory. The sample was composed of 28 divorced, 3 separated, 15 single and 28 widowed women living in Corvallis, Oregon. The interviews were conducted during March and April of 1974. The median age for the 75 household heads was 51 years. They had completed a mean of 15 years of schooling. Single household heads were both younger, with a median age of 32, and had a higher level of education, 17 years, than widows and divorced women. Forty-nine percent of the female household heads were professional workers; 39 percent were clerical and sales workers; and the remaining 12 percent were semiskilled workers. Eighty percent of the single household heads were employed in professional occupations, compared with 45 percent of the widows and 38 percent of the divorced and separated women. Median employment income for all 75 household heads was $7, 249. For the 68 women who had worked the entire year, the median employment income was $7, 500 and the mean, $8, 162. Hypothesis 1. Hypothesis 1, there is no relationship between level of education of the female household head and amount of earnings, was not supported by the data and it was rejected. As the level of education increased, the employment income also increased. Household heads who had not completed high school were employed in the lowest-paying occupations. Full-time workers who were college graduates earned 52 percent more than high school graduates and 14 percent more than household heads with some college education. Household heads who had master's degrees earned 36 percent more than college graduates. Household heads with doctoral degrees earned 28 percent more than those with master's degrees. Hypothesis 2. Hypothesis 2, between 40 and 50 percent of the employed female household heads' income from gainful employment was absorbed by job-related expenditures, was not supported by the data. There was a significant difference at the .01 level and the hypothesis was rejected. Female household heads in the study reported 35.8 percent of their cash employment income was used for job-related expenditures or a mean of $2, 930. Payroll deductions absorbed the highest percentage of employment income, 26.5 percent or a mean of $2, 164. Federal income taxes were the highest reported expense, 13.7 percent, with a mean of $1, 122 and a range of $1. 15 to $4, 441. Directly-related expenses were reported as 5.2 percent of the employment income. Education related to the job and transportation were the highest directly-related expenses, 1.5 and 1.6 percent, respectively. Indirectly-related expenses amounted to 4.1 percent of the employment income. Clothing needed for work was the most expensive indirectly-related expense reported, 1.5 percent. Hypothesis 3. Hypothesis 3, there is no difference in percentage of employment income spent for job-related expenses of female household heads with dependent children aged 18 and under and those without dependent children, was accepted since no significant difference in the percentage of income spent was found at the .025 level in a two-tailed "t" test. Female household heads with dependent children reported 36.9 percent of their employment income was spent on job-related expenses and those without children reported 35. 8 percent. Hypothesis 4. For female household heads with dependent children aged 18 and under, there is no difference in the percentage of employment income spent for job-related expenses of household heads with preschool children and those with no preschool children. Hypothesis 4 was not tested. Only two household heads in the study had children of preschool age. Female household heads reported receiving a mean dollar value of $168 in employment benefits. Eighty-three percent of the 75 workers reported receiving health insurance with a mean value of $79. Cash bonuses were valued at a mean of $22 and employer discounts at $21 for all workers. A combined mean dollar value of $44 was received for meals, coffee and snacks, life insurance, gifts from the employer, laundering and drycleaning of work clothing and discounts from other organizations. Only two reasons for working were given by more than 50 percent of the 75 household heads, These reasons were to pay for current living expenses and because they enjoyed working. Close

• 15. [Article] Travel time : an analysis in two-parent, two-child Oregon households

  Uses of travel time and mode of transportation in selected two-parent, two-child Oregon households was researched in this study. The relationship between a number of demographic characteristics and amounts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Travel time : an analysis in two-parent, two-child Oregon households Author: Bradford, Nancy Ellen Uses of travel time and mode of transportation in selected two-parent, two-child Oregon households was researched in this study. The relationship between a number of demographic characteristics and amounts of travel time as well as mode of transportation was also examined. The study used the Oregon data from the Northeast Regional Research Project, NE-113, "An Interstate Urban/Rural Comparison of Families' Time Use. " A sample of 210 families divided into 5 groups by age of the youngest child was selected. The sample consisted of 105 rural Linn and Benton County families and 105 urban Portland families with a 59% completion rate and 41% refusal rate for the rural portion. Seventy-three percent of the urban portion had a completion rate of 41% and a 59% refusal rate. The mean age of the homemakers and their spouses was approximately 32 and 35 years, respectively. One hundred and forty-four homemakers (69%) were not employed outside the household while two hundred and two spouses (96%) reported employment outside the household. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire and time charts. Families recorded the time use in specified activities of members over the age of six for two days, with the first day being charted by recall and the second by record. In general, the rural households spent a greater amount of total time on travel, with a weighted mean of 460 minutes per day, than did the urban households with a weighted mean of 346 minutes per day. Both urban and rural homemakers spent more time on travel in relation to household activities than did urban and rural spouses while the spouses used more time on travel to and from paid work. Social and recreational travel activity accounted for the greatest proportion of urban and rural homemaker's travel time. Women in the total sample used less time for daily travel than did the men. Using a stepwise regression model, age of the youngest child showed a positive significant relationship (p < . 05) while age of the spouse showed a negative significant relationship (p < . 05) to amount of household travel time used. A positive significant relationship was also established using an analysis of variance between age stratum of the youngest child and amount of household travel time used. There was a significant relationship (p <. 05) between area of residence and amount of household travel time used when a t-test was applied, i. e. rural households are more likely to use greater amounts of travel time than urban households. The family car was the most frequently used mode of transportation, with school bus and company car second and third, respectively. The city taxi was the least used mode. There was a significant relationship (p < . 05) between age of youngest child and the major mode of transportation used by the household when an analysis of variance was applied, i. e. age had an effect on what type of transportation was used. However, further statistical investigation was conducted and it was found that the age of the youngest child had an effect upon the rate of use within a specified mode of transportation, but there was no relationship between modes. There was a significant relationship (p < 05) between area of residence and the major mode of transportation used by the household when a Chi-square Test of Independence was applied, i. e. area of residence made a difference in the major mode of transportation used by the household. This researcher concluded that there were distinct rural/urban, male/female, and stage-in-the-family-life-cycle differences in the travel behavior of the households studied. Title: Travel time : an analysis in two-parent, two-child Oregon households Author: Bradford, Nancy Ellen Uses of travel time and mode of transportation in selected two-parent, two-child Oregon households was researched in this study. The relationship between a number of demographic characteristics and amounts of travel time as well as mode of transportation was also examined. The study used the Oregon data from the Northeast Regional Research Project, NE-113, "An Interstate Urban/Rural Comparison of Families' Time Use. " A sample of 210 families divided into 5 groups by age of the youngest child was selected. The sample consisted of 105 rural Linn and Benton County families and 105 urban Portland families with a 59% completion rate and 41% refusal rate for the rural portion. Seventy-three percent of the urban portion had a completion rate of 41% and a 59% refusal rate. The mean age of the homemakers and their spouses was approximately 32 and 35 years, respectively. One hundred and forty-four homemakers (69%) were not employed outside the household while two hundred and two spouses (96%) reported employment outside the household. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire and time charts. Families recorded the time use in specified activities of members over the age of six for two days, with the first day being charted by recall and the second by record. In general, the rural households spent a greater amount of total time on travel, with a weighted mean of 460 minutes per day, than did the urban households with a weighted mean of 346 minutes per day. Both urban and rural homemakers spent more time on travel in relation to household activities than did urban and rural spouses while the spouses used more time on travel to and from paid work. Social and recreational travel activity accounted for the greatest proportion of urban and rural homemaker's travel time. Women in the total sample used less time for daily travel than did the men. Using a stepwise regression model, age of the youngest child showed a positive significant relationship (p < . 05) while age of the spouse showed a negative significant relationship (p < . 05) to amount of household travel time used. A positive significant relationship was also established using an analysis of variance between age stratum of the youngest child and amount of household travel time used. There was a significant relationship (p <. 05) between area of residence and amount of household travel time used when a t-test was applied, i. e. rural households are more likely to use greater amounts of travel time than urban households. The family car was the most frequently used mode of transportation, with school bus and company car second and third, respectively. The city taxi was the least used mode. There was a significant relationship (p < . 05) between age of youngest child and the major mode of transportation used by the household when an analysis of variance was applied, i. e. age had an effect on what type of transportation was used. However, further statistical investigation was conducted and it was found that the age of the youngest child had an effect upon the rate of use within a specified mode of transportation, but there was no relationship between modes. There was a significant relationship (p < 05) between area of residence and the major mode of transportation used by the household when a Chi-square Test of Independence was applied, i. e. area of residence made a difference in the major mode of transportation used by the household. This researcher concluded that there were distinct rural/urban, male/female, and stage-in-the-family-life-cycle differences in the travel behavior of the households studied. Close

• 16. [Article] Looking at the Relationship between Household Electricity Consumption and Annual Household Income Using an Agent-Based Integrated Framework

  Electricity is a vital energy source for modern life, and is used in almost every aspect of daily life. United States electricity consumption totaled nearly 3,886,403 gigawatt hours in 2011. Residential ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Looking at the Relationship between Household Electricity Consumption and Annual Household Income Using an Agent-Based Integrated Framework Author: Sorce, Evan C. Electricity is a vital energy source for modern life, and is used in almost every aspect of daily life. United States electricity consumption totaled nearly 3,886,403 gigawatt hours in 2011. Residential electricity consumption accounts for 37 percent of total electricity consumption in the United States. Between 1990 and 2007, the total volume of electricity sold in the United States grew at an average annual rate of 1.9%. The growth rate in residential energy usage was even higher, growing at an annual rate of 2.4% The oil shocks of the 1970s and major blackouts in 1965, 1977, and 2003 raised energy supply and security concerns. This paper uses the United States Energy Information Agencies Residential Energy Consumption Survey from 1997, 2001, and 2005 and an integrated framework of residential energy consumption to examine the relationship between annual household income and household electricity consumption. Even when controlling for various aspects of household electricity consumption, household annual income is found to be a significant factor in determining residential electricity consumption. Title: Looking at the Relationship between Household Electricity Consumption and Annual Household Income Using an Agent-Based Integrated Framework Author: Sorce, Evan C. Electricity is a vital energy source for modern life, and is used in almost every aspect of daily life. United States electricity consumption totaled nearly 3,886,403 gigawatt hours in 2011. Residential electricity consumption accounts for 37 percent of total electricity consumption in the United States. Between 1990 and 2007, the total volume of electricity sold in the United States grew at an average annual rate of 1.9%. The growth rate in residential energy usage was even higher, growing at an annual rate of 2.4% The oil shocks of the 1970s and major blackouts in 1965, 1977, and 2003 raised energy supply and security concerns. This paper uses the United States Energy Information Agencies Residential Energy Consumption Survey from 1997, 2001, and 2005 and an integrated framework of residential energy consumption to examine the relationship between annual household income and household electricity consumption. Even when controlling for various aspects of household electricity consumption, household annual income is found to be a significant factor in determining residential electricity consumption. Close

• 17. [Article] Household Survey Data 2010: Dams and Population Displacement on China’s Upper Mekong River

  Suggested citation: "Tilt, Bryan; Gerkey, Drew (2015). Household Survey Data 2010: Dams and Population Displacement on China’s Upper Mekong River. Dataset. Oregon State University Libraries. http://dx....

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Household Survey Data 2010: Dams and Population Displacement on China’s Upper Mekong River Author: Tilt, Bryan, Gerkey, Drew Suggested citation: "Tilt, Bryan; Gerkey, Drew (2015). Household Survey Data 2010: Dams and Population Displacement on China’s Upper Mekong River. Dataset. Oregon State University Libraries. http://dx.doi.org/10.7267/N94Q7RW1." Title: Household Survey Data 2010: Dams and Population Displacement on China’s Upper Mekong River Author: Tilt, Bryan, Gerkey, Drew Suggested citation: "Tilt, Bryan; Gerkey, Drew (2015). Household Survey Data 2010: Dams and Population Displacement on China’s Upper Mekong River. Dataset. Oregon State University Libraries. http://dx.doi.org/10.7267/N94Q7RW1." Close

• 18. [Article] Salmon consumption at the household level in Japan

  The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the salmon demand of Japanese households. The specific goals are to illuminate the substitutional relationship between salmon and other foods and to examine ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon consumption at the household level in Japan Author: Kikuchi, Akihiro The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the salmon demand of Japanese households. The specific goals are to illuminate the substitutional relationship between salmon and other foods and to examine seasonal and regional differences in salmon demand. To analyze substitutional relationships and seasonal differences, monthly data on consumption by Japanese households are used. An econometric model was developed in which salmon demand was specified with quantity of salmon consumed as the dependent variable and income (food expenditure), price of salmon and the price of possible substitute commodities as independent variables. To investigate the regional differences, five geographically different regions were selected. Analysis was conducted with annual data. Among the findings are that pork may be a substitute commodity for salmon in Japanese households, and that there are clear seasonal and regional differences in terms of salmon demand at the household level in Japan. Title: Salmon consumption at the household level in Japan Author: Kikuchi, Akihiro The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the salmon demand of Japanese households. The specific goals are to illuminate the substitutional relationship between salmon and other foods and to examine seasonal and regional differences in salmon demand. To analyze substitutional relationships and seasonal differences, monthly data on consumption by Japanese households are used. An econometric model was developed in which salmon demand was specified with quantity of salmon consumed as the dependent variable and income (food expenditure), price of salmon and the price of possible substitute commodities as independent variables. To investigate the regional differences, five geographically different regions were selected. Analysis was conducted with annual data. Among the findings are that pork may be a substitute commodity for salmon in Japanese households, and that there are clear seasonal and regional differences in terms of salmon demand at the household level in Japan. Close

• 19. [Article] Expanding responsibilities and shifting demands : an analysis of the effects of migration and employment on immigrant women's negotiating power in the household

  This study's objective was to examine the affect that migration and employment have on immigrant women's negotiating position within the household. Depth interviews were conducted with nine women who migrated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Expanding responsibilities and shifting demands : an analysis of the effects of migration and employment on immigrant women's negotiating power in the household Author: Greer, Kerry Year: 2006 This study's objective was to examine the affect that migration and employment have on immigrant women's negotiating position within the household. Depth interviews were conducted with nine women who migrated to Portland, Oregon from Ethiopia or Eritrea. Women were encouraged to share a narrative history of their migration and employment experience. These interviews were analyzed to answer three primary questions: Who are immigrant women supporting through their participation in the paid labor market? How do women utilize gain access to employment opportunities and what strategies do women use once employed to meet competing demands on them at work and in the household? And finally, to what extent do women maintain control over their income and influence household decisions? This study found that women, particularly women who migrate prior to marriage, support natal households more than women who migrate after marriage. Women use social networks to find information about jobs, and once employed use an array of strategies to meet domestic demands. These strategies include joining households with other women to share household labor, finding employment opportunities that allow them to care for children while working, and having their mothers come to care for small children. Women who have recently married and have lived in the United States a short amount of time are most likely to express desire to maintain control over their income, while women who have lived in the United States for a longer time are more likely to pool their income with their husbands. Many women felt that they had an equal influence in household decisions as their husbands, but little evidence was provided that this was the case. Instead this study concludes that working outside of the home increases the perceived contribution that women make to the household leads to their empowerment and improves their negotiating position. Title: Expanding responsibilities and shifting demands : an analysis of the effects of migration and employment on immigrant women's negotiating power in the household Author: Greer, Kerry Year: 2006 This study's objective was to examine the affect that migration and employment have on immigrant women's negotiating position within the household. Depth interviews were conducted with nine women who migrated to Portland, Oregon from Ethiopia or Eritrea. Women were encouraged to share a narrative history of their migration and employment experience. These interviews were analyzed to answer three primary questions: Who are immigrant women supporting through their participation in the paid labor market? How do women utilize gain access to employment opportunities and what strategies do women use once employed to meet competing demands on them at work and in the household? And finally, to what extent do women maintain control over their income and influence household decisions? This study found that women, particularly women who migrate prior to marriage, support natal households more than women who migrate after marriage. Women use social networks to find information about jobs, and once employed use an array of strategies to meet domestic demands. These strategies include joining households with other women to share household labor, finding employment opportunities that allow them to care for children while working, and having their mothers come to care for small children. Women who have recently married and have lived in the United States a short amount of time are most likely to express desire to maintain control over their income, while women who have lived in the United States for a longer time are more likely to pool their income with their husbands. Many women felt that they had an equal influence in household decisions as their husbands, but little evidence was provided that this was the case. Instead this study concludes that working outside of the home increases the perceived contribution that women make to the household leads to their empowerment and improves their negotiating position. Close

• 20. [Article] Household Determinants and the Resource Consumption: A Case Study of Baghmara Community Forestry in Nepal

  This study examines the association of household characteristics with forest product consumption and other benefits derived from community forest in Nepal. The analysis is based on random sample data of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Household Determinants and the Resource Consumption: A Case Study of Baghmara Community Forestry in Nepal Author: Timilsina, Dinesh This study examines the association of household characteristics with forest product consumption and other benefits derived from community forest in Nepal. The analysis is based on random sample data of 80 households from a Community Forest User Groups of Baghmara Community Forestry (BCF) in Nepal. Using an OLS regression to examine the impact of household determinants over the consumption of subsistence resources like firewood, grass and timber. We find that geophysical variable distance has negatively significant association with consumption of natural resources. Likewise, socio-economic variables: household size, wealth, participation, caste and household income have also a significant correlation with consumption of at least few of natural resources. Moreover, a second OLS regression was conducted to explore the correlation between household attributes and other benefits from BCF like financial assistance for toilet construction, assistance for child education and training programs. The result showed significant correlation of distance and some socio-economic attributes with those benefits. Based on this analysis, it can be inferred that upper caste, wealthier, nearby and bigger family size households get more benefits in term of both resources and assistance in comparison to lower caste, less wealthier, distant and smaller households, in contrast with the stated resource distribution mechanism in the institutional arrangement of the community forestry program. Thus, the study emphasized on more inclusive and participatory management approach; compensatory transfer schemes; transferable property rights over forest products as the policy implications to ensure efficient and equitable distribution of resources and benefits. Title: Household Determinants and the Resource Consumption: A Case Study of Baghmara Community Forestry in Nepal Author: Timilsina, Dinesh This study examines the association of household characteristics with forest product consumption and other benefits derived from community forest in Nepal. The analysis is based on random sample data of 80 households from a Community Forest User Groups of Baghmara Community Forestry (BCF) in Nepal. Using an OLS regression to examine the impact of household determinants over the consumption of subsistence resources like firewood, grass and timber. We find that geophysical variable distance has negatively significant association with consumption of natural resources. Likewise, socio-economic variables: household size, wealth, participation, caste and household income have also a significant correlation with consumption of at least few of natural resources. Moreover, a second OLS regression was conducted to explore the correlation between household attributes and other benefits from BCF like financial assistance for toilet construction, assistance for child education and training programs. The result showed significant correlation of distance and some socio-economic attributes with those benefits. Based on this analysis, it can be inferred that upper caste, wealthier, nearby and bigger family size households get more benefits in term of both resources and assistance in comparison to lower caste, less wealthier, distant and smaller households, in contrast with the stated resource distribution mechanism in the institutional arrangement of the community forestry program. Thus, the study emphasized on more inclusive and participatory management approach; compensatory transfer schemes; transferable property rights over forest products as the policy implications to ensure efficient and equitable distribution of resources and benefits. Close