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• 51. [Article] Coastal steelhead trout : life in the watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coastal steelhead trout : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Title: Coastal steelhead trout : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Close

• 52. [Article] Lake classification in the glacially influenced landscape of the north Cascade mountains, Washington, USA

  Factors affecting physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of lakes were investigated through the development of a lake-classification system for 162 lakes in North Cascades National Park Service ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lake classification in the glacially influenced landscape of the north Cascade mountains, Washington, USA Author: Lomnicky, Gregg A. Factors affecting physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of lakes were investigated through the development of a lake-classification system for 162 lakes in North Cascades National Park Service Complex. A conceptual view of lake development and its relationship to the expression of lake and watershed characteristics was derived. Water quality and biological assemblages of these primarily glacially formed high-mountain oligotrophic lakes were influenced by elevation, lake morphology, and certain watershed characteristics: aspect, vegetation, soils, hydrology, and degree of glacial influence. Lakes continually evolve relative to changes in their watershed environments. A watershed-based, three-level hierarchical classification was created to include 1) lake position relative to the hydrologic crest of the North Cascade Mountain Range, 2) vegetation zone (alpine, subalpine, low elevation forest, high elevation forest), and 3) basin origin. Hydrologic crest position differentiated broad-scale climatic differences in precipitation and air temperature. Vegetation zones reflected the localized geology (soil maturation) and climate (precipitation, aspect). Morphogenetic class identified differences in lake morphology, landscape position, and potential for persistence, and were unequally distributed across vegetation zones with forest zones most diverse. Time of ice-out increased from low-forest lakes to alpine lakes; eastslope lakes iced-out earlier. Epilimnetic temperature was warmest in low-forest lakes and coolest in alpine lakes. Classification did not clearly order lakes relative to chemical characteristics, though westslope low-forest lakes differed significantly from other lake classes and were most productive. Little seasonal or annual variation for most chemical characteristics were found. However, chemical differences did mirror environmental and physical differences between lakes. High phosphorus levels separated glacially influenced lakes. Total Kjeldahl-N and total phosphorus concentrations decreased with increasing lake depth. For a given flushing ratio, Kjeldahl-N decreased from low-forest to alpine zones. Depth and vegetation class ordered the diversity and composition of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages. Nutrients, conductivity, pH, alkalinity, and cations were correlated with phytoplankton and zooplankton assemblages. Non-native trout presence was associated with large, deep [greater than or equal to] 3 m) lakes. Title: Lake classification in the glacially influenced landscape of the north Cascade mountains, Washington, USA Author: Lomnicky, Gregg A. Factors affecting physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of lakes were investigated through the development of a lake-classification system for 162 lakes in North Cascades National Park Service Complex. A conceptual view of lake development and its relationship to the expression of lake and watershed characteristics was derived. Water quality and biological assemblages of these primarily glacially formed high-mountain oligotrophic lakes were influenced by elevation, lake morphology, and certain watershed characteristics: aspect, vegetation, soils, hydrology, and degree of glacial influence. Lakes continually evolve relative to changes in their watershed environments. A watershed-based, three-level hierarchical classification was created to include 1) lake position relative to the hydrologic crest of the North Cascade Mountain Range, 2) vegetation zone (alpine, subalpine, low elevation forest, high elevation forest), and 3) basin origin. Hydrologic crest position differentiated broad-scale climatic differences in precipitation and air temperature. Vegetation zones reflected the localized geology (soil maturation) and climate (precipitation, aspect). Morphogenetic class identified differences in lake morphology, landscape position, and potential for persistence, and were unequally distributed across vegetation zones with forest zones most diverse. Time of ice-out increased from low-forest lakes to alpine lakes; eastslope lakes iced-out earlier. Epilimnetic temperature was warmest in low-forest lakes and coolest in alpine lakes. Classification did not clearly order lakes relative to chemical characteristics, though westslope low-forest lakes differed significantly from other lake classes and were most productive. Little seasonal or annual variation for most chemical characteristics were found. However, chemical differences did mirror environmental and physical differences between lakes. High phosphorus levels separated glacially influenced lakes. Total Kjeldahl-N and total phosphorus concentrations decreased with increasing lake depth. For a given flushing ratio, Kjeldahl-N decreased from low-forest to alpine zones. Depth and vegetation class ordered the diversity and composition of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages. Nutrients, conductivity, pH, alkalinity, and cations were correlated with phytoplankton and zooplankton assemblages. Non-native trout presence was associated with large, deep [greater than or equal to] 3 m) lakes. Close

• 53. [Article] Chapter 1NNWC.mht

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chapter 1NNWC.mht Author: Nestucca-Neskowin Watersheds Council Title: Chapter 1NNWC.mht Author: Nestucca-Neskowin Watersheds Council Close

• 54. [Article] Chapter 2 Habitat Protection & E.mht

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chapter 2 Habitat Protection & E.mht Author: Nestucca-Neskowin Watersheds Council Title: Chapter 2 Habitat Protection & E.mht Author: Nestucca-Neskowin Watersheds Council Close

• 55. [Article] Chapter 3 Water Quality Improvem.mht

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chapter 3 Water Quality Improvem.mht Author: Nestucca-Neskowin Watersheds Council Title: Chapter 3 Water Quality Improvem.mht Author: Nestucca-Neskowin Watersheds Council Close

• 56. [Article] Chapter 4 Public Education and Involvement.mht

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chapter 4 Public Education and Involvement.mht Author: Nestucca-Neskowin Watersheds Council Title: Chapter 4 Public Education and Involvement.mht Author: Nestucca-Neskowin Watersheds Council Close

• 57. [Article] Studies of plant establishment limitations in wetlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Studies of plant establishment limitations in wetlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station Title: Studies of plant establishment limitations in wetlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station Close

• 58. [Article] Watershed restoration, jobs-in-the-woods, and community assistance : Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan

  There are many parallels between the 1978 legislation to expand Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan, which together with the Northwest Economic Adjustment Initiative formed the 1993 Pacific ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Watershed restoration, jobs-in-the-woods, and community assistance : Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan Author: DeForest, Christopher E., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.) There are many parallels between the 1978 legislation to expand Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan, which together with the Northwest Economic Adjustment Initiative formed the 1993 Pacific Northwest Initiative. In both situations, the Federal Government sought to promote retraining for displaced workers, to undertake watershed assessment and restoration work, and to assist communities with economic planning, grants, and transitions. Both of these efforts point out the inherent conflicts between the economic and ecological objectives of watershed restoration. No one wants to have to choose between reducing sediment an reducing unemployment in coastal forests. Title: Watershed restoration, jobs-in-the-woods, and community assistance : Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan Author: DeForest, Christopher E., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.) There are many parallels between the 1978 legislation to expand Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan, which together with the Northwest Economic Adjustment Initiative formed the 1993 Pacific Northwest Initiative. In both situations, the Federal Government sought to promote retraining for displaced workers, to undertake watershed assessment and restoration work, and to assist communities with economic planning, grants, and transitions. Both of these efforts point out the inherent conflicts between the economic and ecological objectives of watershed restoration. No one wants to have to choose between reducing sediment an reducing unemployment in coastal forests. Close

• 59. [Article] Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Double O Unit, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon

  Jess Wenick and Chad Karges of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR) provided guidance, logistical support, and funding to The Wetlands Conservancy (TWC) for this project. Esther Lev of TWC coordinated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Double O Unit, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon Author: Christy, John A. Jess Wenick and Chad Karges of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR) provided guidance, logistical support, and funding to The Wetlands Conservancy (TWC) for this project. Esther Lev of TWC coordinated the project and provided guidance as a member of the Ecology Woring Group (EWG). Vegetation sampling was done by Bruce Newhouse, Richard Brainerd, Jess Wenick, and Barry Smith. Title: Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Double O Unit, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon Author: Christy, John A. Jess Wenick and Chad Karges of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR) provided guidance, logistical support, and funding to The Wetlands Conservancy (TWC) for this project. Esther Lev of TWC coordinated the project and provided guidance as a member of the Ecology Woring Group (EWG). Vegetation sampling was done by Bruce Newhouse, Richard Brainerd, Jess Wenick, and Barry Smith. Close

• 60. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 61. [Article] Chinook salmon : life in the watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chinook salmon : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Title: Chinook salmon : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Close

• 62. [Article] Coastal cutthroat trout : life in the watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coastal cutthroat trout : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Title: Coastal cutthroat trout : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Close

• 63. [Article] Regional Biodiversity Monitoring: Partnership Workshop

  Oregon's perspectives, differences, and objectives as they pertain to monitoring biodiversity. Presented at the Regional Biodiversity Monitoring: Partnership Workshop on May 18, 2006.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Regional Biodiversity Monitoring: Partnership Workshop Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Oregon's perspectives, differences, and objectives as they pertain to monitoring biodiversity. Presented at the Regional Biodiversity Monitoring: Partnership Workshop on May 18, 2006. Title: Regional Biodiversity Monitoring: Partnership Workshop Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Oregon's perspectives, differences, and objectives as they pertain to monitoring biodiversity. Presented at the Regional Biodiversity Monitoring: Partnership Workshop on May 18, 2006. Close

• 64. [Article] An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  The identification and mapping of surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, has been effectively completed through the utilization of LANDSAT digital data and NASA U-2 color infrared ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Walsh, Stephen Joseph, 1951- The identification and mapping of surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, has been effectively completed through the utilization of LANDSAT digital data and NASA U-2 color infrared aerial photography. Classification of LANDSAT data for surface cover type identification and mapping was accomplished through use of the Interactive Digital Image Manipulation System (IDIMS) which provided enormous classification flexibility due to the interactive capability of IDIMS and its color video display. LANDSAT data extraction techniques employed in this research include the generation of grayscales; density slice; spectral reflectance plots versus pixel frequency and LANDSAT bands for low sun angle and medium to high sun angle LANDSAT digital tape dates; spectral relationship plots; and control clustering of training set selection. The use of these techniques produced training statistics which show "good" class discrimination for study area classification. A covariance matrix, weighted divergence, and distance between clusters were generated for each of the 59 training classes to determine if any of the classes were statistically related and should be combined. Slope angle, slope aspect, and surface cover type variation, and to a lesser degree, crown size and crown density are the main environmental factors which account for spectral reflectance variation of surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park. Through an understanding of the influence of environmental factors in the reflectance value of surface cover types, one can evaluate the quality of training statistics and the location of training areas in order to reduce mis-classification or non-classification possibilities. A regression analysis, analysis of variance, T-values, F-values, and beta values were used to determine the relative degree that certain environmental factors influence the spectral reflectance of surface cover types producing a change in the mean reflectance of surface cover types per LANDSAT band. LANDSAT classification accuracy levels for 12 major surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park range from 84 to 98 percent. Accuracy levels are inversely related to the level of detail sought and obtained. LANDSAT's primary advantages over NASA U-2 color infrared aerial photography for surface cover type identification and mapping include: repetitive coverage; computer compatibility of data without photographic digitizing; multi-spectral scanner capability; and the further extension of wavelengths into the near infrared. The NASA U-2 aerial photography's primary advantages (over LANDSAT) for surface cover type identification and mapping include: increased scale; greater resolution; and stereoscopic viewing. Stereoscopic viewing was accomplished through use of an Old Delft Scanning stereoscope which provided 1.5 to 4.5 magnification. "Ground truth" is the link between LANDSAT data, aerial photography, and actual ground conditions. "Ground truth" should measure and/or observe surface cover types and parameters which are capable of influencing the spectral reflectance as detected by LANDSAT. Geologic activity, soil conditions, vegetation, and climate have in the past and do in the present influence the spectral reflectance of surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. Title: An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Walsh, Stephen Joseph, 1951- The identification and mapping of surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, has been effectively completed through the utilization of LANDSAT digital data and NASA U-2 color infrared aerial photography. Classification of LANDSAT data for surface cover type identification and mapping was accomplished through use of the Interactive Digital Image Manipulation System (IDIMS) which provided enormous classification flexibility due to the interactive capability of IDIMS and its color video display. LANDSAT data extraction techniques employed in this research include the generation of grayscales; density slice; spectral reflectance plots versus pixel frequency and LANDSAT bands for low sun angle and medium to high sun angle LANDSAT digital tape dates; spectral relationship plots; and control clustering of training set selection. The use of these techniques produced training statistics which show "good" class discrimination for study area classification. A covariance matrix, weighted divergence, and distance between clusters were generated for each of the 59 training classes to determine if any of the classes were statistically related and should be combined. Slope angle, slope aspect, and surface cover type variation, and to a lesser degree, crown size and crown density are the main environmental factors which account for spectral reflectance variation of surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park. Through an understanding of the influence of environmental factors in the reflectance value of surface cover types, one can evaluate the quality of training statistics and the location of training areas in order to reduce mis-classification or non-classification possibilities. A regression analysis, analysis of variance, T-values, F-values, and beta values were used to determine the relative degree that certain environmental factors influence the spectral reflectance of surface cover types producing a change in the mean reflectance of surface cover types per LANDSAT band. LANDSAT classification accuracy levels for 12 major surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park range from 84 to 98 percent. Accuracy levels are inversely related to the level of detail sought and obtained. LANDSAT's primary advantages over NASA U-2 color infrared aerial photography for surface cover type identification and mapping include: repetitive coverage; computer compatibility of data without photographic digitizing; multi-spectral scanner capability; and the further extension of wavelengths into the near infrared. The NASA U-2 aerial photography's primary advantages (over LANDSAT) for surface cover type identification and mapping include: increased scale; greater resolution; and stereoscopic viewing. Stereoscopic viewing was accomplished through use of an Old Delft Scanning stereoscope which provided 1.5 to 4.5 magnification. "Ground truth" is the link between LANDSAT data, aerial photography, and actual ground conditions. "Ground truth" should measure and/or observe surface cover types and parameters which are capable of influencing the spectral reflectance as detected by LANDSAT. Geologic activity, soil conditions, vegetation, and climate have in the past and do in the present influence the spectral reflectance of surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. Close

• 65. [Article] Recommended NWI revisions and GIS layer development for tidal wetlands of the Yaquina and Alsea River Estuaries

  This project report provides a GIS map to accompany the 1999 tidal wetland prioritization in these estuaries. updates information on major changes at 1999 study sites, and recommends revisions to the NWI ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recommended NWI revisions and GIS layer development for tidal wetlands of the Yaquina and Alsea River Estuaries Author: Brophy, Laura This project report provides a GIS map to accompany the 1999 tidal wetland prioritization in these estuaries. updates information on major changes at 1999 study sites, and recommends revisions to the NWI wetland classification for tidal wetlands. Study included emergent, scrub-shrub and forested tidal wetlands but excluded other tidal wetland habitat classes. Title: Recommended NWI revisions and GIS layer development for tidal wetlands of the Yaquina and Alsea River Estuaries Author: Brophy, Laura This project report provides a GIS map to accompany the 1999 tidal wetland prioritization in these estuaries. updates information on major changes at 1999 study sites, and recommends revisions to the NWI wetland classification for tidal wetlands. Study included emergent, scrub-shrub and forested tidal wetlands but excluded other tidal wetland habitat classes. Close

• 66. [Article] Meadow classification in the Willamette National Forest and conifer encroachment patterns in the Chucksney-Grasshopper meadow complex, Western Cascade Range, Oregon

  This study delineates and characterizes the distribution of montane meadows in the Willamette National Forest, identifies encroachment patterns in relation to topographic features and proximity to trees ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Meadow classification in the Willamette National Forest and conifer encroachment patterns in the Chucksney-Grasshopper meadow complex, Western Cascade Range, Oregon Author: Dailey, Michele Meadows This study delineates and characterizes the distribution of montane meadows in the Willamette National Forest, identifies encroachment patterns in relation to topographic features and proximity to trees in the Chucksney-Grasshopper meadow complex, and examines tree species and age distributions in relation to distance from forest edges or isolated tree clusters in the West Middle Prairie meadow. The Willamette National Forest covers approximately 6780 km² and intersects two main physiographic provinces comprised of the Cascade Crest Montane Forests and Subalpine/Alpine regions to the east, and the Western Cascades Montane, Lowland, and Valley regions to the west. Tree species commonly found in the study area include firs, cedar, pine, larch, spruce, and hemlock. Non-forested openings, including meadows, are distributed throughout the study area. Matched Filtering analysis was applied to Landsat ETM+ imagery acquired in September 2002 and combined with ancillary data that delineates stand replacing fire and harvest disturbances that occurred between 1972 and 2004 to create a vegetation classification of the Willamette National Forest that identifies meadows. The meadow classification was then combined with data depicting topographic position, slope, aspect, and elevation. Chi-squared statistics were applied to determine if meadows were significantly concentrated in areas characterized by these physical factors. In the western extent of the Willamette National Forest, meadows are concentrated on steep, south and east facing ridges between 1000 and 2000m in elevation. In the eastern extent of the Willamette National Forest, meadows are concentrated in valleys between 500 and 1000 meters in elevation and occur on both gentle and steep, east and south facing slopes. The vegetation classification provides a consistent and comprehensive dataset of meadow distribution in the Willamette National Forest. The Chucksney-Grasshopper meadow complex is contained by the Chucksney Mountain roadless area and comprised of approximately 8 distinct meadows located 27 kilometers northeast of Oakridge in the Willamette National Forest. The meadows occur on mostly south and east facing steep slopes near the ridgeline, and host varied dry and mesic plant communities. Herbaceous cover for three snapshots in time was classified using aerial photographs taken in 1947, 1972, and 2005 to determine conifer encroachment into the meadows. Chi-squared statistics were applied to determine if encroachment patterns were associated with slope, aspect, or proximity to tree cover. Encroachment occurred significantly closer to existing trees in all meadows suggesting the ameliorating effects of forest create conditions favorable for seedling establishment. Encroachment was also significant on steep, south and east facing slopes in some meadows, but also on gentle, west facing slopes in other meadows indicating a complex interaction of land use history, physical, and biological factors. The encroachment history analysis provides the preliminary framework for a model that can be used to identify meadows at risk for invasion. The West Middle Prairie of the Chucksney-Grasshopper complex, also known as Meadow 4, is a 21 hectare meadow characterized by a dry meadow community at the northern boundary, a mesic forest-meadow mosaic towards the southern boundary, and a rock garden at the western boundary. This meadow underwent mechanical tree removal in 1964 and a prescribed burn in 1996 to thwart conifer invasion. Four transects intersecting burned and unburned areas at the forest edge and through isolated tree clusters were sampled to determine the distribution of tree species and ages relative to their position in the transect. Data imply Pinus contorta invasion was promoted by the 1996 burns and that seedling establishment has occurred progressively from forest edges as well as simultaneously in a band along the forest edge. These findings suggest the prescribed burn was not adequate to control invasion and such management methods should be reviewed in the context of on-going research into alternate eradication measures. This research also supports other work that suggests initial seedling establishment accelerates subsequent seedling establishment and that eradication of early invaders is important for efficient management. This study can inform meadow habitat maintenance and restoration in three ways: it provides and inventory of meadows in the Willamette National Forest, a framework for a tool to predict which meadows are at risk for invasion and therefore are potential targets for action, and finally a report on past maintenance efforts and observation of invasion patterns at a fine scale. Title: Meadow classification in the Willamette National Forest and conifer encroachment patterns in the Chucksney-Grasshopper meadow complex, Western Cascade Range, Oregon Author: Dailey, Michele Meadows This study delineates and characterizes the distribution of montane meadows in the Willamette National Forest, identifies encroachment patterns in relation to topographic features and proximity to trees in the Chucksney-Grasshopper meadow complex, and examines tree species and age distributions in relation to distance from forest edges or isolated tree clusters in the West Middle Prairie meadow. The Willamette National Forest covers approximately 6780 km² and intersects two main physiographic provinces comprised of the Cascade Crest Montane Forests and Subalpine/Alpine regions to the east, and the Western Cascades Montane, Lowland, and Valley regions to the west. Tree species commonly found in the study area include firs, cedar, pine, larch, spruce, and hemlock. Non-forested openings, including meadows, are distributed throughout the study area. Matched Filtering analysis was applied to Landsat ETM+ imagery acquired in September 2002 and combined with ancillary data that delineates stand replacing fire and harvest disturbances that occurred between 1972 and 2004 to create a vegetation classification of the Willamette National Forest that identifies meadows. The meadow classification was then combined with data depicting topographic position, slope, aspect, and elevation. Chi-squared statistics were applied to determine if meadows were significantly concentrated in areas characterized by these physical factors. In the western extent of the Willamette National Forest, meadows are concentrated on steep, south and east facing ridges between 1000 and 2000m in elevation. In the eastern extent of the Willamette National Forest, meadows are concentrated in valleys between 500 and 1000 meters in elevation and occur on both gentle and steep, east and south facing slopes. The vegetation classification provides a consistent and comprehensive dataset of meadow distribution in the Willamette National Forest. The Chucksney-Grasshopper meadow complex is contained by the Chucksney Mountain roadless area and comprised of approximately 8 distinct meadows located 27 kilometers northeast of Oakridge in the Willamette National Forest. The meadows occur on mostly south and east facing steep slopes near the ridgeline, and host varied dry and mesic plant communities. Herbaceous cover for three snapshots in time was classified using aerial photographs taken in 1947, 1972, and 2005 to determine conifer encroachment into the meadows. Chi-squared statistics were applied to determine if encroachment patterns were associated with slope, aspect, or proximity to tree cover. Encroachment occurred significantly closer to existing trees in all meadows suggesting the ameliorating effects of forest create conditions favorable for seedling establishment. Encroachment was also significant on steep, south and east facing slopes in some meadows, but also on gentle, west facing slopes in other meadows indicating a complex interaction of land use history, physical, and biological factors. The encroachment history analysis provides the preliminary framework for a model that can be used to identify meadows at risk for invasion. The West Middle Prairie of the Chucksney-Grasshopper complex, also known as Meadow 4, is a 21 hectare meadow characterized by a dry meadow community at the northern boundary, a mesic forest-meadow mosaic towards the southern boundary, and a rock garden at the western boundary. This meadow underwent mechanical tree removal in 1964 and a prescribed burn in 1996 to thwart conifer invasion. Four transects intersecting burned and unburned areas at the forest edge and through isolated tree clusters were sampled to determine the distribution of tree species and ages relative to their position in the transect. Data imply Pinus contorta invasion was promoted by the 1996 burns and that seedling establishment has occurred progressively from forest edges as well as simultaneously in a band along the forest edge. These findings suggest the prescribed burn was not adequate to control invasion and such management methods should be reviewed in the context of on-going research into alternate eradication measures. This research also supports other work that suggests initial seedling establishment accelerates subsequent seedling establishment and that eradication of early invaders is important for efficient management. This study can inform meadow habitat maintenance and restoration in three ways: it provides and inventory of meadows in the Willamette National Forest, a framework for a tool to predict which meadows are at risk for invasion and therefore are potential targets for action, and finally a report on past maintenance efforts and observation of invasion patterns at a fine scale. Close

• 67. [Article] Distribution of nearshore macroinvertebrates in lakes of the northern Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA

  Although nearshore macroinvertebrates are integral members of high mountain lentic systems, knowledge of ecological factors influencing their distributions is limited. Factors affecting distributions of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution of nearshore macroinvertebrates in lakes of the northern Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA Author: Hoffman, Robert L. Although nearshore macroinvertebrates are integral members of high mountain lentic systems, knowledge of ecological factors influencing their distributions is limited. Factors affecting distributions of nearshore macroinvertebrates were investigated, including microhabitat use and vertebrate predation, in the oligotrophic lakes of North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Washington, USA, and the conformity of distribution with a lake classification system was assessed (Lomnicky, unpublished manuscript; Liss et al. 1991). Forty-one lakes were assigned to six classification categories based on vegetation zone (forest, subalpine, alpine), elevation, and position relative to the west or east side of the crest of the Cascade Range. These classification variables represented fundamental characteristics of the terrestrial environment that indirectly reflected geology and climate. This geoclimatic perspective provided a broad, integrative framework for expressing the physical environment of lakes. Habitat conditions and macroinvertebrate distributions in study lakes were studied from 1989 through 1991. Distributions varied according to vegetation zone, elevation, and crest position, and reflected the concordance between habitat conditions and organism life history requirements. Habitat parameters affecting distributions included water temperature, the kinds of substrates in benthic microhabitats, water chemistry, and, to a limited extent, the presence of vertebrate predators. The number of taxa per lake was positively correlated with maximum temperature and negatively correlated with elevation. Forest zone lakes tended to have the highest number of taxa and alpine lakes the lowest. Substrates in nearshore microhabitats varied with vegetation zone. Organic substrates were more predominant than inorganic substrates in forest zone lakes. Organic substrates declined and inorganic substrates increased in the subalpine zone. There were virtually no organic substrates in alpine lakes. Taxa were placed into groups based on substrate preference. Ordinations indicated that the proportion of taxa in inorganic and organic-based substrate preference groups paralleled vegetation zone-substrate relationships. Lake water hardness and pH, as well as the presence of vertebrate predators affected the distribution of several taxa. Gastropods were limited to three forest lakes by their water hardness and pH requirements, and the dytiscid beetle, Potamonectes qriseostriatus appeared to be absent from forest lakes due, in part, to the pH requirements of this taxon. The distribution of three taxa (Taenionema, Ameletus, Desmona) appeared to be affected by the presence of vertebrate predators (salamanders and trout). Discriminant analysis was used to test the reliability of lake classification based on terrestrial characteristics. Discriminant analysis assigned lakes to categories based on similarities in kinds of substrates, substrate preference groups, and taxa. Strong concordance between both methods of lake classification supported the interconnection between terrestrial characteristics and processes and the abiotic and biotic conditions in lakes. Title: Distribution of nearshore macroinvertebrates in lakes of the northern Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA Author: Hoffman, Robert L. Although nearshore macroinvertebrates are integral members of high mountain lentic systems, knowledge of ecological factors influencing their distributions is limited. Factors affecting distributions of nearshore macroinvertebrates were investigated, including microhabitat use and vertebrate predation, in the oligotrophic lakes of North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Washington, USA, and the conformity of distribution with a lake classification system was assessed (Lomnicky, unpublished manuscript; Liss et al. 1991). Forty-one lakes were assigned to six classification categories based on vegetation zone (forest, subalpine, alpine), elevation, and position relative to the west or east side of the crest of the Cascade Range. These classification variables represented fundamental characteristics of the terrestrial environment that indirectly reflected geology and climate. This geoclimatic perspective provided a broad, integrative framework for expressing the physical environment of lakes. Habitat conditions and macroinvertebrate distributions in study lakes were studied from 1989 through 1991. Distributions varied according to vegetation zone, elevation, and crest position, and reflected the concordance between habitat conditions and organism life history requirements. Habitat parameters affecting distributions included water temperature, the kinds of substrates in benthic microhabitats, water chemistry, and, to a limited extent, the presence of vertebrate predators. The number of taxa per lake was positively correlated with maximum temperature and negatively correlated with elevation. Forest zone lakes tended to have the highest number of taxa and alpine lakes the lowest. Substrates in nearshore microhabitats varied with vegetation zone. Organic substrates were more predominant than inorganic substrates in forest zone lakes. Organic substrates declined and inorganic substrates increased in the subalpine zone. There were virtually no organic substrates in alpine lakes. Taxa were placed into groups based on substrate preference. Ordinations indicated that the proportion of taxa in inorganic and organic-based substrate preference groups paralleled vegetation zone-substrate relationships. Lake water hardness and pH, as well as the presence of vertebrate predators affected the distribution of several taxa. Gastropods were limited to three forest lakes by their water hardness and pH requirements, and the dytiscid beetle, Potamonectes qriseostriatus appeared to be absent from forest lakes due, in part, to the pH requirements of this taxon. The distribution of three taxa (Taenionema, Ameletus, Desmona) appeared to be affected by the presence of vertebrate predators (salamanders and trout). Discriminant analysis was used to test the reliability of lake classification based on terrestrial characteristics. Discriminant analysis assigned lakes to categories based on similarities in kinds of substrates, substrate preference groups, and taxa. Strong concordance between both methods of lake classification supported the interconnection between terrestrial characteristics and processes and the abiotic and biotic conditions in lakes. Close

• 68. [Article] The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish Author: Souder, Jon A., Giannico, Guillermo R. Title: The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish Author: Souder, Jon A., Giannico, Guillermo R. Close

• 69. [Article] A guide to placing large wood in streams

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A guide to placing large wood in streams Author: Oregon. Forest Practices Section, Oregon. Habitat Conservation Division Title: A guide to placing large wood in streams Author: Oregon. Forest Practices Section, Oregon. Habitat Conservation Division Close

• 70. [Article] Vegetation-soil relations as a basis for resource management on the Ochoco National Forest of central Oregon

  The study was conducted on the Ochoco National Forest in central Oregon. Vegetation-soil relationships were evaluated for the following objectives: 1. Develop a sound ecological foundation on which total ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation-soil relations as a basis for resource management on the Ochoco National Forest of central Oregon Author: Hall, Frederick C. The study was conducted on the Ochoco National Forest in central Oregon. Vegetation-soil relationships were evaluated for the following objectives: 1. Develop a sound ecological foundation on which total land management decisions may be based. 2. Evaluate forest succession, stocking, and growth to improve management. 3. Develop accurate range condition and trend guides. The concept of non-random distribution of plant communities in a continuum gradient was used to guide the investigation. This philosophy requires sampling the entire spectrum of vegetation and environmental variability in order to determine plant community groupings for classification purposes. Data were collected on a fifth-acre plot for trees, and on two 100-foot three-quarter-inch loop transects for subordinate vegetation. Forage production was determined on ten 9.6-square foot plots. Soil profiles were described according to standard procedure. Only vegetation free from grazing or logging disturbance was sampled. Vegetation was classified by use of association tables. Mathematical computations included standard errors and correlation analysis. Non-forest associations were: Artemisia rigida/Poa secunda on about six inches of soil, Artemisia arbuscula/Festuca idahoensis on about 14 inches of clayey soil derived from acid igneous rock, and Artemisia arbuscula/Agropyron spicatum on about 14 inches of clayey soil derived from basic igneous rock. These associations occur as natural openings in the forest zone due to soil properties inimical to tree establishment. Climax pine associations occurred on 12 to 30 inches of sandy, stony soil. Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Agropyron spicatum occurs at lower elevations. Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Sitanion hystrix occurs on acid igneous derived soils. Pinus ponderosa/Carex geyeri occurs on basic igneous derived soils. All are grazed by livestock and require open tree stocking for optimum tree growth. The Abies grandis/Calamagrostis rubescens association occupies more land area than all other forest types combined. It has been maintained in open Pinus ponderosa by natural, recurrent ground fires. With fire control, this association gradually moves toward a climax of fir. The Abies grandis/Bromus vulgaris association occurs at upper elevations. Dense forest cover makes it unsuitable for grazing. Management is different than for the Abies/Calamagrostis. Even though the Pinus contorta/Vaccnium scoparurn/Calamagrostis rubescens is successional, it was classified as an associes for management purposes. It pioneers on Abies/Bromus sites following conflagration fires. Four other vegetation associations were briefly described. Numerical variability within associations poses problems for development of range and forest management guides. In most cases, correlation analysis permits refinement of data. Variability is caused by the continuum effect of vegetation and environment. The information derived from this study is discussed for application in management. Mapping recommendations include a basic vegetation map with overlays for timber and range management use. Guides are presented for development of range condition and trend standards, interpretation of trend, and evaluation of management. Forestry guides include suggestions for silviculture, stocking and growth, and timber management. In addition, application in watershed and multiple use is briefly discussed. Title: Vegetation-soil relations as a basis for resource management on the Ochoco National Forest of central Oregon Author: Hall, Frederick C. The study was conducted on the Ochoco National Forest in central Oregon. Vegetation-soil relationships were evaluated for the following objectives: 1. Develop a sound ecological foundation on which total land management decisions may be based. 2. Evaluate forest succession, stocking, and growth to improve management. 3. Develop accurate range condition and trend guides. The concept of non-random distribution of plant communities in a continuum gradient was used to guide the investigation. This philosophy requires sampling the entire spectrum of vegetation and environmental variability in order to determine plant community groupings for classification purposes. Data were collected on a fifth-acre plot for trees, and on two 100-foot three-quarter-inch loop transects for subordinate vegetation. Forage production was determined on ten 9.6-square foot plots. Soil profiles were described according to standard procedure. Only vegetation free from grazing or logging disturbance was sampled. Vegetation was classified by use of association tables. Mathematical computations included standard errors and correlation analysis. Non-forest associations were: Artemisia rigida/Poa secunda on about six inches of soil, Artemisia arbuscula/Festuca idahoensis on about 14 inches of clayey soil derived from acid igneous rock, and Artemisia arbuscula/Agropyron spicatum on about 14 inches of clayey soil derived from basic igneous rock. These associations occur as natural openings in the forest zone due to soil properties inimical to tree establishment. Climax pine associations occurred on 12 to 30 inches of sandy, stony soil. Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Agropyron spicatum occurs at lower elevations. Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Sitanion hystrix occurs on acid igneous derived soils. Pinus ponderosa/Carex geyeri occurs on basic igneous derived soils. All are grazed by livestock and require open tree stocking for optimum tree growth. The Abies grandis/Calamagrostis rubescens association occupies more land area than all other forest types combined. It has been maintained in open Pinus ponderosa by natural, recurrent ground fires. With fire control, this association gradually moves toward a climax of fir. The Abies grandis/Bromus vulgaris association occurs at upper elevations. Dense forest cover makes it unsuitable for grazing. Management is different than for the Abies/Calamagrostis. Even though the Pinus contorta/Vaccnium scoparurn/Calamagrostis rubescens is successional, it was classified as an associes for management purposes. It pioneers on Abies/Bromus sites following conflagration fires. Four other vegetation associations were briefly described. Numerical variability within associations poses problems for development of range and forest management guides. In most cases, correlation analysis permits refinement of data. Variability is caused by the continuum effect of vegetation and environment. The information derived from this study is discussed for application in management. Mapping recommendations include a basic vegetation map with overlays for timber and range management use. Guides are presented for development of range condition and trend standards, interpretation of trend, and evaluation of management. Forestry guides include suggestions for silviculture, stocking and growth, and timber management. In addition, application in watershed and multiple use is briefly discussed. Close

• 71. [Article] Vegetation changes in the Willamette River Greenway, Benton and Linn Counties, Oregon, 1972-1981

  The nature and extent of niparian vegetation change from 1972 to 1981 in the Willamette River Greenway in Benton and Linn Counties, Oregon was quantitatively investigated. The study was primarily by aerial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation changes in the Willamette River Greenway, Benton and Linn Counties, Oregon, 1972-1981 Author: Wickramaratne, Siri Nimal The nature and extent of niparian vegetation change from 1972 to 1981 in the Willamette River Greenway in Benton and Linn Counties, Oregon was quantitatively investigated. The study was primarily by aerial imagery analysis and associated field verification. A classification of vegetation and land cover within the study area was developed and employed in imagery interpretation. Vegetation cover within the Greenway based on this classification was mapped at a scale of 1:12,000 using 1981 color infrared and 1976 natural color imagery. Two additional sets of working maps, each consisting of 29 sheets, were prepared from 1972 and 1981 airphoto coverage respectively. Each set portrayed total vegetation cover, agricultural cover, and urban/industrial cover. Comparison of the two sets of maps facilitated completion of a single set of vegetation and land cover change maps depicting loss of vegetation at the expense of gains in agricultural and urban/industrial cover within the Greenway. Area in vegetation, agriculture, and urban/industrial development was measured for 1972 and 1981 for Benton and Linn Counties and change in each category determined. In Benton County a total loss of 436 acres of vegetation within the Greenway was found. This is about 8% of the total Benton County Greenway area of 5,505 acres. In Linri County the total loss was 290 acres which amounts to about 4% of the total Linn County Greenway area of 7,308 acres. Of the total Greenway vegetation lost in both counties, 60% was in Benton County and 40% was in Linn County. No gain in vegetation in the Willainette River Greenway was observed. A net loss of vegetation to agriculture and development was found in each county. Title: Vegetation changes in the Willamette River Greenway, Benton and Linn Counties, Oregon, 1972-1981 Author: Wickramaratne, Siri Nimal The nature and extent of niparian vegetation change from 1972 to 1981 in the Willamette River Greenway in Benton and Linn Counties, Oregon was quantitatively investigated. The study was primarily by aerial imagery analysis and associated field verification. A classification of vegetation and land cover within the study area was developed and employed in imagery interpretation. Vegetation cover within the Greenway based on this classification was mapped at a scale of 1:12,000 using 1981 color infrared and 1976 natural color imagery. Two additional sets of working maps, each consisting of 29 sheets, were prepared from 1972 and 1981 airphoto coverage respectively. Each set portrayed total vegetation cover, agricultural cover, and urban/industrial cover. Comparison of the two sets of maps facilitated completion of a single set of vegetation and land cover change maps depicting loss of vegetation at the expense of gains in agricultural and urban/industrial cover within the Greenway. Area in vegetation, agriculture, and urban/industrial development was measured for 1972 and 1981 for Benton and Linn Counties and change in each category determined. In Benton County a total loss of 436 acres of vegetation within the Greenway was found. This is about 8% of the total Benton County Greenway area of 5,505 acres. In Linri County the total loss was 290 acres which amounts to about 4% of the total Linn County Greenway area of 7,308 acres. Of the total Greenway vegetation lost in both counties, 60% was in Benton County and 40% was in Linn County. No gain in vegetation in the Willainette River Greenway was observed. A net loss of vegetation to agriculture and development was found in each county. Close

• 72. [Article] Numerical classification of range vegetation and statistical analysis of its ecology

  The purpose of the research was to computerize mathematical procedures for the analysis of range vegetation and environmental data. The specific objectives were as follows: 1. to develop and apply computer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Numerical classification of range vegetation and statistical analysis of its ecology Author: Pyott, William Tucker, 1936- The purpose of the research was to computerize mathematical procedures for the analysis of range vegetation and environmental data. The specific objectives were as follows: 1. to develop and apply computer techniques to the classification of vegetation in order to provide a phytosociological framework within which to investigate the ecology of range vegetation, and 2. to adapt computer software for multivariate statistical techniques to the analysis of vegetation-environment relationships. In fulfilling these objectives a synthesis of classical phytosociological principles and methods with techniques of numerical taxonomy was achieved. A Euclidean mathematical model for numerical taxonomy was selected. Hierarchical, polythetic-agglomerative classification procedures, measures of interspecies and interstand relationships, and forms of data (species presence vs. species amount) were compared. Computer programs were written in FORTRAN for classification. Data used were from sagebrush-grass ranges of eastern Oregon as well as from the literature. Classification results were evaluated according to the principles of the Braun-Blanquet system, by the chaining coefficient, and by stepwise discriminant analysis. The latter analysis was also used to determine the degree of correlation of environmental variables with vegetation pattern (from classification). Ward's method, which minimizes the within groups sum of squares (error S. S.), was selected as the classification strategy for both species and stands. Squared Euclidean distance for presence only data was selected as the coefficient of interspecies relationships. It produced the best definition of species groups and had the lowest chaining coefficient. Squared Euclidean distance calculated from standardized vegetation data (such as % foliage cover transformed to zero mean and unit variance by species) gave as good or better results for stand classification as the squared distance calculated from presence only data (depending on the data set). Species were classified first to determine groups of potential differential species (internally cohesive, mutually exclusive species groups). Only these species were retained as the basis of stand classification. In the stepwise discriminant analysis of stand groups, differential species were invariably the first few entered as discriminating variables. Patterns of similarities and differences appeared in the environmental data which were highly similar to patterns in the results of the vegetation classification. In stepwise discriminant analysis of environmental data, site variables and soil physical and chemical variables were equally prominent as the first discriminants entered. The hierarchical nature of the classification procedure makes possible the determination of species groups which identify vegetation units (and thus environments) at different levels of synthesis. Thus the same data base can be used for broad land use planning purposes as well as for intensive management of individual range units. The necessarily large sample sizes make computer aid essential for efficient data analysis. These computer classification procedures take only a few hours (11 hours maximum total elapsed time at a remote console) in contrast with weeks (at best) for error-prone classical phytosociological data manipulation. The substantial time-saving frees the researcher to concentrate on classification results interpretation and application to land use and management problems rather than data manipulation. Title: Numerical classification of range vegetation and statistical analysis of its ecology Author: Pyott, William Tucker, 1936- The purpose of the research was to computerize mathematical procedures for the analysis of range vegetation and environmental data. The specific objectives were as follows: 1. to develop and apply computer techniques to the classification of vegetation in order to provide a phytosociological framework within which to investigate the ecology of range vegetation, and 2. to adapt computer software for multivariate statistical techniques to the analysis of vegetation-environment relationships. In fulfilling these objectives a synthesis of classical phytosociological principles and methods with techniques of numerical taxonomy was achieved. A Euclidean mathematical model for numerical taxonomy was selected. Hierarchical, polythetic-agglomerative classification procedures, measures of interspecies and interstand relationships, and forms of data (species presence vs. species amount) were compared. Computer programs were written in FORTRAN for classification. Data used were from sagebrush-grass ranges of eastern Oregon as well as from the literature. Classification results were evaluated according to the principles of the Braun-Blanquet system, by the chaining coefficient, and by stepwise discriminant analysis. The latter analysis was also used to determine the degree of correlation of environmental variables with vegetation pattern (from classification). Ward's method, which minimizes the within groups sum of squares (error S. S.), was selected as the classification strategy for both species and stands. Squared Euclidean distance for presence only data was selected as the coefficient of interspecies relationships. It produced the best definition of species groups and had the lowest chaining coefficient. Squared Euclidean distance calculated from standardized vegetation data (such as % foliage cover transformed to zero mean and unit variance by species) gave as good or better results for stand classification as the squared distance calculated from presence only data (depending on the data set). Species were classified first to determine groups of potential differential species (internally cohesive, mutually exclusive species groups). Only these species were retained as the basis of stand classification. In the stepwise discriminant analysis of stand groups, differential species were invariably the first few entered as discriminating variables. Patterns of similarities and differences appeared in the environmental data which were highly similar to patterns in the results of the vegetation classification. In stepwise discriminant analysis of environmental data, site variables and soil physical and chemical variables were equally prominent as the first discriminants entered. The hierarchical nature of the classification procedure makes possible the determination of species groups which identify vegetation units (and thus environments) at different levels of synthesis. Thus the same data base can be used for broad land use planning purposes as well as for intensive management of individual range units. The necessarily large sample sizes make computer aid essential for efficient data analysis. These computer classification procedures take only a few hours (11 hours maximum total elapsed time at a remote console) in contrast with weeks (at best) for error-prone classical phytosociological data manipulation. The substantial time-saving frees the researcher to concentrate on classification results interpretation and application to land use and management problems rather than data manipulation. Close

• 73. [Article] Tillamook Bay, Oregon, geographic response plan (GRP)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tillamook Bay, Oregon, geographic response plan (GRP) Title: Tillamook Bay, Oregon, geographic response plan (GRP) Close

• 74. [Image] An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1978; Includes bibliographical references
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Walsh, Stephen Joseph, Year: 1977, 2009 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1978; Includes bibliographical references Title: An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Walsh, Stephen Joseph, Year: 1977, 2009 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1978; Includes bibliographical references Close

• 75. [Article] Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring

  The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring Author: Fiorella, M., Barker, Jerry R., Ringold, P.L., Bradshaw, Gay, Bollman, Mike The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. The multispectral, digital data characterized riparian areas with the intent to develop ecological indicators for long-term monitoring. Title: Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring Author: Fiorella, M., Barker, Jerry R., Ringold, P.L., Bradshaw, Gay, Bollman, Mike The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. The multispectral, digital data characterized riparian areas with the intent to develop ecological indicators for long-term monitoring. Close

• 76. [Article] Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Double O Unit, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon

  This report summarizes vegetation data collected in July 2015 in wet meadow and marshy habitats on the Double O Unit of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR). Because vegetation sampled at the Double ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Double O Unit, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon Author: Christy, John A. Year: 2016 This report summarizes vegetation data collected in July 2015 in wet meadow and marshy habitats on the Double O Unit of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR). Because vegetation sampled at the Double O was wetter and more alkaline than wet meadows sampled at the south end of the refuge in 2012 and 2013 (Christy 2014), data from the Double O Unit were analyzed and summarized separately. A total of 83 plots were sampled in 2015, and analysis of the data identified 14 plant associations: Alopecurus aequalis - Juncus balticus, Alopecurus pratensis - Potentilla anserina, Carex praegracilis - Juncus balticus, Cicuta douglasii - Carex nebrascensis, Distichlis spicata - Amphiscirpus nevadensis, Distichlis spicata - Nitrophila occidentalis, Eleocharis palustris - Juncus balticus, Eleocharis rostellata, Juncus balticus - Glaux maritima, Hippuris vulgaris - Triglochin maritima, Leymus triticoides - Juncus balticus, Schoenoplectus americanus, Spartina gracilis, and Triglochin maritima. Plant associations spanned a wetland gradient from seasonally moist to seasonally or perennially flooded, but surface water had left most stands at time of sampling. Mean Wetland Indicator Status scores and species composition help to place the plant associations within gradients in soil moisture and alkalinity. Seven of the 14 plant associations are listed in the International Vegetation Classification, and the remaining types are provisional Title: Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Double O Unit, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon Author: Christy, John A. Year: 2016 This report summarizes vegetation data collected in July 2015 in wet meadow and marshy habitats on the Double O Unit of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR). Because vegetation sampled at the Double O was wetter and more alkaline than wet meadows sampled at the south end of the refuge in 2012 and 2013 (Christy 2014), data from the Double O Unit were analyzed and summarized separately. A total of 83 plots were sampled in 2015, and analysis of the data identified 14 plant associations: Alopecurus aequalis - Juncus balticus, Alopecurus pratensis - Potentilla anserina, Carex praegracilis - Juncus balticus, Cicuta douglasii - Carex nebrascensis, Distichlis spicata - Amphiscirpus nevadensis, Distichlis spicata - Nitrophila occidentalis, Eleocharis palustris - Juncus balticus, Eleocharis rostellata, Juncus balticus - Glaux maritima, Hippuris vulgaris - Triglochin maritima, Leymus triticoides - Juncus balticus, Schoenoplectus americanus, Spartina gracilis, and Triglochin maritima. Plant associations spanned a wetland gradient from seasonally moist to seasonally or perennially flooded, but surface water had left most stands at time of sampling. Mean Wetland Indicator Status scores and species composition help to place the plant associations within gradients in soil moisture and alkalinity. Seven of the 14 plant associations are listed in the International Vegetation Classification, and the remaining types are provisional Close

• 77. [Article] U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon

  On February 11, 1998, the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) requested that a representative of NIOSH conduct a health hazard evaluation (HHE) to evaluate and compare timber marker's (also called Forestry Technicians) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon Author: Esswein, Eric J., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health., Roegner, Kevin C. On February 11, 1998, the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) requested that a representative of NIOSH conduct a health hazard evaluation (HHE) to evaluate and compare timber marker's (also called Forestry Technicians) exposures to a new waterborne formulation of tree marking paint developed for use by the U.S. Forestry Service. NIOSH performed several previous investigations to document Forestry Technician's exposures to alkyd enamel tree marking paint traditionally used by the USFS for timber marking operations. On May 18, 1998, two NIOSH industrial hygienists met with USFS employees and management representatives in LaGrande, Oregon, where an opening conference was conducted to discuss details of this investigation which occurred on may 19-21, 1998, at the Little Bear timber sale in the Catherine Creek Wildlife Unit located approximately 25 miles southeast of LaGrande. Title: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon Author: Esswein, Eric J., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health., Roegner, Kevin C. On February 11, 1998, the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) requested that a representative of NIOSH conduct a health hazard evaluation (HHE) to evaluate and compare timber marker's (also called Forestry Technicians) exposures to a new waterborne formulation of tree marking paint developed for use by the U.S. Forestry Service. NIOSH performed several previous investigations to document Forestry Technician's exposures to alkyd enamel tree marking paint traditionally used by the USFS for timber marking operations. On May 18, 1998, two NIOSH industrial hygienists met with USFS employees and management representatives in LaGrande, Oregon, where an opening conference was conducted to discuss details of this investigation which occurred on may 19-21, 1998, at the Little Bear timber sale in the Catherine Creek Wildlife Unit located approximately 25 miles southeast of LaGrande. Close

• 78. [Image] Vegetation and fire history of Ponderosa Pine - White Fir forest in Crater Lake National Park

  	ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)-Oregon State University, 1975; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-127)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation and fire history of Ponderosa Pine - White Fir forest in Crater Lake National Park Author: McNeil, Robert Curlan Year: 1975, 2009, 2010 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)-Oregon State University, 1975; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-127) Title: Vegetation and fire history of Ponderosa Pine - White Fir forest in Crater Lake National Park Author: McNeil, Robert Curlan Year: 1975, 2009, 2010 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)-Oregon State University, 1975; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-127) Close

• 79. [Article] Biological opinion on effects of issuance of license for McKenzie (Bigelow) Hydropower Project on Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, its proposed critical habitat, and bull trout

  On March 24, 1999, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) published its final decision to list the Upper Willamette River evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of chinook salmon as threatened under ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological opinion on effects of issuance of license for McKenzie (Bigelow) Hydropower Project on Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, its proposed critical habitat, and bull trout On March 24, 1999, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) published its final decision to list the Upper Willamette River evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of chinook salmon as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The effective date for the final listing was May 24, 1999, and the ESU is defined as 'all naturally spawned populations of spring-run chinook salmon residing below impassable natural barriers' (64 FR 14308). Critical habitat for this ESU was proposed on March 9, 1998 (63 FR 11482), and this proposed designation is still pending at the time of this Biological Opinion. Upper Willamette River chinook salmon occur within the action area of this consultation. The Upper Willamette River steelhead ESU was listed as threatened under the ESA (64 FR 14517; March 25, 1999) simultaneously with Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, but its range does not include the action area for this consultation 1 , and it is not addressed in this Biological Opinion. The objective of this Biological Opinion is to address the effects of providing a license to operate the McKenzie project, as proposed by FERC, on listed UW chinook salmon and bull trout, and to determine if this federal action by FERC will jeopardize the continued existence of either species. It will also serve as a conference opinion on the effects of the proposed action on proposed UW chinook salmon critical habitat. Until FERC issues a license for the McKenzie project incorporating the reasonable and prudent measures of this Biological Opinion, the existing project has no authorization for take of listed species Title: Biological opinion on effects of issuance of license for McKenzie (Bigelow) Hydropower Project on Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, its proposed critical habitat, and bull trout On March 24, 1999, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) published its final decision to list the Upper Willamette River evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of chinook salmon as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The effective date for the final listing was May 24, 1999, and the ESU is defined as 'all naturally spawned populations of spring-run chinook salmon residing below impassable natural barriers' (64 FR 14308). Critical habitat for this ESU was proposed on March 9, 1998 (63 FR 11482), and this proposed designation is still pending at the time of this Biological Opinion. Upper Willamette River chinook salmon occur within the action area of this consultation. The Upper Willamette River steelhead ESU was listed as threatened under the ESA (64 FR 14517; March 25, 1999) simultaneously with Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, but its range does not include the action area for this consultation 1 , and it is not addressed in this Biological Opinion. The objective of this Biological Opinion is to address the effects of providing a license to operate the McKenzie project, as proposed by FERC, on listed UW chinook salmon and bull trout, and to determine if this federal action by FERC will jeopardize the continued existence of either species. It will also serve as a conference opinion on the effects of the proposed action on proposed UW chinook salmon critical habitat. Until FERC issues a license for the McKenzie project incorporating the reasonable and prudent measures of this Biological Opinion, the existing project has no authorization for take of listed species Close

• 80. [Article] Classification of native vegetation of Oregon

  This classification lists the native plant associations known to occur in Oregon, and includes both successional and climax vegetation types that were an important part of the presettlement landscape of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Classification of native vegetation of Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Christy, John A., Titus, Jonathan A., Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center, Kagan, James S., Murray, Michael P. This classification lists the native plant associations known to occur in Oregon, and includes both successional and climax vegetation types that were an important part of the presettlement landscape of Oregon. It serves as an index to the diversity, distribution and relative rarity of the state's native plant associations, and as a guide to their literature. Plant assocations are listed by scientific name, followed by common name and acronym. Listings include the global and state rank of each association, the ecoregion in which it occurs, its status as wetland or upland, and references describing the association. A bibliography lists all cited references. The classification is presented in a spreadsheet format, but can also be imported into a database format. Published and unpublished reports were the primary sources for the classification. Descriptions supported by quantitative data were used whenever possible. Publications from other states or provinces in the Pacific Northwest were used for associations known to occur in, but not described from Oregon. Sampling methods and concepts of species and associations differ greatly among researchers. To accommodate variation occurring in the field, some associations have been lumped. Title: Classification of native vegetation of Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Christy, John A., Titus, Jonathan A., Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center, Kagan, James S., Murray, Michael P. This classification lists the native plant associations known to occur in Oregon, and includes both successional and climax vegetation types that were an important part of the presettlement landscape of Oregon. It serves as an index to the diversity, distribution and relative rarity of the state's native plant associations, and as a guide to their literature. Plant assocations are listed by scientific name, followed by common name and acronym. Listings include the global and state rank of each association, the ecoregion in which it occurs, its status as wetland or upland, and references describing the association. A bibliography lists all cited references. The classification is presented in a spreadsheet format, but can also be imported into a database format. Published and unpublished reports were the primary sources for the classification. Descriptions supported by quantitative data were used whenever possible. Publications from other states or provinces in the Pacific Northwest were used for associations known to occur in, but not described from Oregon. Sampling methods and concepts of species and associations differ greatly among researchers. To accommodate variation occurring in the field, some associations have been lumped. Close

• 81. [Article] Documentation of Land Use Plan Conformance and NEPA Adequacy (DNA)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of Land Use Plan Conformance and NEPA Adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of Land Use Plan Conformance and NEPA Adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 82. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 83. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 84. [Article] Charlotte Creek Quarry Rock Production Project, Oregon Route 38, Douglas County, Oregon : biological opinion

  On November 19, 1998 (OSB1998-0088), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) completed an Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 informal consultation with Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Charlotte Creek Quarry Rock Production Project, Oregon Route 38, Douglas County, Oregon : biological opinion Author: National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Region On November 19, 1998 (OSB1998-0088), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) completed an Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 informal consultation with Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) for the Charlotte Creek Quarry Rock Production project. NMFS concurred that the proposed action was not likely to adversely affect Oregon Coast coho salmon (OC coho) or Umpqua cutthroat trout because no in-water work was proposed and a vegetated buffer was to remain between Charlotte Creek and the quarry operations. However, during a production blast at the quarry on February 17, 2000, a substantial amount of rock landed in the creek and covered the riparian area. Since moving the rock would cause additional adverse impacts, the project was stopped until formal consultation could be completed. On June 26, 2000, NMFS received a request for formal consultation from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to address impacts during the removal of the quarry rock from the riparian area and quarry production area, and remediation of the site.The objective of this Opinion is to determine whether the action to remove the quarry rock from the Charlotte Creek Quarry Rock Production site and subsequent site remediation is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the OC coho salmon, or destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Title: Charlotte Creek Quarry Rock Production Project, Oregon Route 38, Douglas County, Oregon : biological opinion Author: National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Region On November 19, 1998 (OSB1998-0088), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) completed an Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 informal consultation with Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) for the Charlotte Creek Quarry Rock Production project. NMFS concurred that the proposed action was not likely to adversely affect Oregon Coast coho salmon (OC coho) or Umpqua cutthroat trout because no in-water work was proposed and a vegetated buffer was to remain between Charlotte Creek and the quarry operations. However, during a production blast at the quarry on February 17, 2000, a substantial amount of rock landed in the creek and covered the riparian area. Since moving the rock would cause additional adverse impacts, the project was stopped until formal consultation could be completed. On June 26, 2000, NMFS received a request for formal consultation from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to address impacts during the removal of the quarry rock from the riparian area and quarry production area, and remediation of the site.The objective of this Opinion is to determine whether the action to remove the quarry rock from the Charlotte Creek Quarry Rock Production site and subsequent site remediation is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the OC coho salmon, or destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Close

• 85. [Image] Sphagnum Bog, an ecological inventory and recommendations for management and use

  	ill., maps; June, 1980; Abridgement of Susan C. Seyer's thesis (M.S.--Oregon State University, 1979) under the title: Vegetative ecology of a montane mire, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon; Includes bibliographical ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sphagnum Bog, an ecological inventory and recommendations for management and use Author: Seyer, Susan C. Year: 1980, 2008 ill., maps; June, 1980; Abridgement of Susan C. Seyer's thesis (M.S.--Oregon State University, 1979) under the title: Vegetative ecology of a montane mire, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-50) Title: Sphagnum Bog, an ecological inventory and recommendations for management and use Author: Seyer, Susan C. Year: 1980, 2008 ill., maps; June, 1980; Abridgement of Susan C. Seyer's thesis (M.S.--Oregon State University, 1979) under the title: Vegetative ecology of a montane mire, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-50) Close

• 86. [Article] No place for nature: the limits of Oregon's Land Use Program in protecting fish and wildlife habitat in the Willamette Valley

  The purpose of this report is to explore some of the questions raised about Oregon's statewide land use planning program.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: No place for nature: the limits of Oregon's Land Use Program in protecting fish and wildlife habitat in the Willamette Valley Author: Wiley, Pam The purpose of this report is to explore some of the questions raised about Oregon's statewide land use planning program. Title: No place for nature: the limits of Oregon's Land Use Program in protecting fish and wildlife habitat in the Willamette Valley Author: Wiley, Pam The purpose of this report is to explore some of the questions raised about Oregon's statewide land use planning program. Close

• 87. [Article] An analysis technique for testing log grades

  Workable log grading systems are needed as aids to marketing timber and other phases of forest management. How can on system be evaluated and compared with other systems. The question of comparisons arose ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis technique for testing log grades Author: O'Regan, William G., Newport, Carl A. (Carl Allen), 1925- Workable log grading systems are needed as aids to marketing timber and other phases of forest management. How can on system be evaluated and compared with other systems. The question of comparisons arose soon after the Western Pine Section of the Forest Service's National Log Grade Project was established in 1958. The analytical technique described in this report was developed as an objective, statistically sound method of evaluating log-grading systems. It has been used as the major analytical procedure in developing an advanced system for grading ponderosa pine and sugar pine saw logs in trees. Computations were done first on an IBM 701 computer. These operations demonstrated the usefulness of the technique and confirmed some anticipated limitations. Title: An analysis technique for testing log grades Author: O'Regan, William G., Newport, Carl A. (Carl Allen), 1925- Workable log grading systems are needed as aids to marketing timber and other phases of forest management. How can on system be evaluated and compared with other systems. The question of comparisons arose soon after the Western Pine Section of the Forest Service's National Log Grade Project was established in 1958. The analytical technique described in this report was developed as an objective, statistically sound method of evaluating log-grading systems. It has been used as the major analytical procedure in developing an advanced system for grading ponderosa pine and sugar pine saw logs in trees. Computations were done first on an IBM 701 computer. These operations demonstrated the usefulness of the technique and confirmed some anticipated limitations. Close

• 88. [Article] The natural resources and human utilization of Netarts Bay, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The natural resources and human utilization of Netarts Bay, Oregon Author: Stout, Heather Title: The natural resources and human utilization of Netarts Bay, Oregon Author: Stout, Heather Close

• 89. [Article] A comparative study of salt marshes in the Coos Bay Estuary

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparative study of salt marshes in the Coos Bay Estuary Author: Hoffnagle, John Title: A comparative study of salt marshes in the Coos Bay Estuary Author: Hoffnagle, John Close

• 90. [Article] The natural resources and human utilization of Netarts Bay, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The natural resources and human utilization of Netarts Bay, Oregon Author: Stout, Heather Title: The natural resources and human utilization of Netarts Bay, Oregon Author: Stout, Heather Close

• 91. [Article] Legislative fellowship final report, 1993

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Legislative fellowship final report, 1993 Author: Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Brennan, Sean, Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Title: Legislative fellowship final report, 1993 Author: Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Brennan, Sean, Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Close

• 92. [Article] Legislative fellowship final report, 1995

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Legislative fellowship final report, 1995 Author: Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Coontz, Julie, Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Title: Legislative fellowship final report, 1995 Author: Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Coontz, Julie, Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Close

• 93. [Article] Legislative fellowship final report, 1989

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Legislative fellowship final report, 1989 Author: Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Husing, Onno, Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Title: Legislative fellowship final report, 1989 Author: Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Husing, Onno, Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Close

• 94. [Article] Legislative Fellowship final report, 1991

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Legislative Fellowship final report, 1991 Author: Brown, Mara Arwyn, Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Title: Legislative Fellowship final report, 1991 Author: Brown, Mara Arwyn, Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Close

• 95. [Article] Effects of Construction of an Infiltration Gallery Water Intake (Permit ID No. 00-32) on Cow Creek on Umpqua River Cutthroat Trout and Oregon Coast Coho Salmon : Biological Opinion

  In a January 26, 2000 letter, the Portland District Army Corps of Engineers (COE) requested Endangered Species Act (ESA) Section 7 informal consultation with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of Construction of an Infiltration Gallery Water Intake (Permit ID No. 00-32) on Cow Creek on Umpqua River Cutthroat Trout and Oregon Coast Coho Salmon : Biological Opinion In a January 26, 2000 letter, the Portland District Army Corps of Engineers (COE) requested Endangered Species Act (ESA) Section 7 informal consultation with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) on the proposed issuance of a Clean Water Act Section 404 permit (Permit ID No. 00-32) to allow an instream construction project. The applicant for this permit, the City of Glendale (City) proposes to construct an infiltration gallery-type municipal water intake in Cow Creek, a tributary of the South Umpqua River in Douglas County, Oregon. The new water intake, which would be buried beneath the bed of the creek, would replace an existing screened intake in the creek which has deteriorated and which is thought to have insufficient capacity. The COE has proposed conditions on the permit that would lessen the adverse effects of the proposed actions on aquatic organisms. In the January 26 letter, the COE determined that the Umpqua River (UR) cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), listed as endangered under the ESA, and Oregon Coast (OC) coho salmon (O. kisutch), listed as threatened under the ESA, may occur within the project area, which has been proposed as critical habitat for these species. The COE also determined that these species may be affected by the proposed projects, but that individuals of the species would not be adversely affected. After review of the information provided by the COE and additional investigation, however, the NMFS concluded that more than a negligible likelihood of adverse effect to individuals of the listed species is likely because substantial in-water work is proposed during a period in which individuals of one or both species is likely to occur at and near the site. Based on this information, the COE agreed to modify its effect determination to likely to adversely affect. Title: Effects of Construction of an Infiltration Gallery Water Intake (Permit ID No. 00-32) on Cow Creek on Umpqua River Cutthroat Trout and Oregon Coast Coho Salmon : Biological Opinion In a January 26, 2000 letter, the Portland District Army Corps of Engineers (COE) requested Endangered Species Act (ESA) Section 7 informal consultation with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) on the proposed issuance of a Clean Water Act Section 404 permit (Permit ID No. 00-32) to allow an instream construction project. The applicant for this permit, the City of Glendale (City) proposes to construct an infiltration gallery-type municipal water intake in Cow Creek, a tributary of the South Umpqua River in Douglas County, Oregon. The new water intake, which would be buried beneath the bed of the creek, would replace an existing screened intake in the creek which has deteriorated and which is thought to have insufficient capacity. The COE has proposed conditions on the permit that would lessen the adverse effects of the proposed actions on aquatic organisms. In the January 26 letter, the COE determined that the Umpqua River (UR) cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), listed as endangered under the ESA, and Oregon Coast (OC) coho salmon (O. kisutch), listed as threatened under the ESA, may occur within the project area, which has been proposed as critical habitat for these species. The COE also determined that these species may be affected by the proposed projects, but that individuals of the species would not be adversely affected. After review of the information provided by the COE and additional investigation, however, the NMFS concluded that more than a negligible likelihood of adverse effect to individuals of the listed species is likely because substantial in-water work is proposed during a period in which individuals of one or both species is likely to occur at and near the site. Based on this information, the COE agreed to modify its effect determination to likely to adversely affect. Close

• 96. [Article] Trees, snow and flooding: an investigation of forest canopy effects on snow accumulation and melt at the plot and watershed scales in the Pacific Northwest

  Concerns about the extent to which major Pacific Northwest floods over the last decade might have been exacerbated by logging have heightened the need for a better scientific understanding of the role ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trees, snow and flooding: an investigation of forest canopy effects on snow accumulation and melt at the plot and watershed scales in the Pacific Northwest Author: Storck, Pascal Concerns about the extent to which major Pacific Northwest floods over the last decade might have been exacerbated by logging have heightened the need for a better scientific understanding of the role of forest maturity on snow accumulation and melt. To address this need, a multi-scale field and modeling study of the effects of forest canopies on snow accumulation and melt was conducted. Over a three year period, weighing lysimeters and cut-tree experiments were used to measure the process controlling snow interception and its fate at a site in the Umpqua National Forest, OR (elevation 1200 m). Continuous observations of below-canopy snowpack evolution were made over the same period. Over the study period, approximately 60 percent of annual snowfall was intercepted by the canopy (up to a maximum of 40 mm water equivalent). Approximately 72 percent and 28 percent of the intercepted snow was removed as meltwater drip and large snow masses, respectively. Apparent average sublimation rates from the intercepted snow were less than 1 mm per day and totaled approximately 100 mm per winter season. Title: Trees, snow and flooding: an investigation of forest canopy effects on snow accumulation and melt at the plot and watershed scales in the Pacific Northwest Author: Storck, Pascal Concerns about the extent to which major Pacific Northwest floods over the last decade might have been exacerbated by logging have heightened the need for a better scientific understanding of the role of forest maturity on snow accumulation and melt. To address this need, a multi-scale field and modeling study of the effects of forest canopies on snow accumulation and melt was conducted. Over a three year period, weighing lysimeters and cut-tree experiments were used to measure the process controlling snow interception and its fate at a site in the Umpqua National Forest, OR (elevation 1200 m). Continuous observations of below-canopy snowpack evolution were made over the same period. Over the study period, approximately 60 percent of annual snowfall was intercepted by the canopy (up to a maximum of 40 mm water equivalent). Approximately 72 percent and 28 percent of the intercepted snow was removed as meltwater drip and large snow masses, respectively. Apparent average sublimation rates from the intercepted snow were less than 1 mm per day and totaled approximately 100 mm per winter season. Close

• 97. [Article] FHWA/ODOT Butte Creek Bridge Replacement, Marion County, Oregon : biological opinion

  On June 27, 2000, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a biological assessment (BA) and request from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for Endangered Species Act (ESA) section ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: FHWA/ODOT Butte Creek Bridge Replacement, Marion County, Oregon : biological opinion On June 27, 2000, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a biological assessment (BA) and request from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 formal consultation for a bridge replacement project over Butte Creek along Oregon Highway 211 (Woodburn to Estacada Highway) in Marion County, Oregon. NMFS reviewed the BA and requested additional information. The additional information was received from Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) on August 11, 2000, and a request for extending the in-water work period was received on September 25 and October 2, 2000. The FHWA is partially funding the action and is the lead Federal agency for the consultation. The ODOT has designed the project and will administer the construction contract. ODOT has also prepared the BA. This biological opinion (Opinion) is based on the information presented in the BA and during the consultation process. FHWA/ODOT is proposing to replace the bridge beginning in 2001. Construction would last approximately one year. Butte Creek is a tributary to the Pudding River within the Willamette River basin. The new two-lane bridge will be built along the same alignment as the old bridge, with a detour bridge required to carry traffic during construction. The detour bridge will have a series of pilings driven into the creeks floodplain. Approximately 445 cubic yards of riprap will be used below the two-year flood elevation to stabilize the banks under the bridge. Title: FHWA/ODOT Butte Creek Bridge Replacement, Marion County, Oregon : biological opinion On June 27, 2000, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a biological assessment (BA) and request from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 formal consultation for a bridge replacement project over Butte Creek along Oregon Highway 211 (Woodburn to Estacada Highway) in Marion County, Oregon. NMFS reviewed the BA and requested additional information. The additional information was received from Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) on August 11, 2000, and a request for extending the in-water work period was received on September 25 and October 2, 2000. The FHWA is partially funding the action and is the lead Federal agency for the consultation. The ODOT has designed the project and will administer the construction contract. ODOT has also prepared the BA. This biological opinion (Opinion) is based on the information presented in the BA and during the consultation process. FHWA/ODOT is proposing to replace the bridge beginning in 2001. Construction would last approximately one year. Butte Creek is a tributary to the Pudding River within the Willamette River basin. The new two-lane bridge will be built along the same alignment as the old bridge, with a detour bridge required to carry traffic during construction. The detour bridge will have a series of pilings driven into the creeks floodplain. Approximately 445 cubic yards of riprap will be used below the two-year flood elevation to stabilize the banks under the bridge. Close

• 98. [Article] Proposed regional general permit for stream restoration : programmatic biological opinion

  On April 7, 2000, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a request from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District (COE) for Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 formal consultation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Proposed regional general permit for stream restoration : programmatic biological opinion On April 7, 2000, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a request from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District (COE) for Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 formal consultation for programmatic coverage for a proposed Regional General Permit (RGP) for certain stream restoration activities (habitat restoration using large wood or boulders throughout the State of Oregon) requiring COE approval. The Biological Assessment (BA) provided with the request determined that the proposed activities covered under the RGP would be likely to adversely affect anadromous fish species listed under the ESA (Table 1). Species considered in this Biological Opinion (Opinion) are: Snake River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka); Snake River spring /summer chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Snake River fall chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Lower Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Upper Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Snake River steelhead (O. mykiss); Upper Willamette River steelhead (O. mykiss); Middle Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Columbia River chum salmon (O. keta); Lower Columbia River chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Upper Willamette River chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Upper Columbia River spring run chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); S. Oregon/N. California Coast coho salmon (O. kisutch); and Oregon Coast coho salmon (O. kisutch). On April 18, 2000, NMFS received a letter from COE providing additional information on proposed criteria to be included in the RGP. On May 12, 2000, NMFS received an e-mail with further proposed criteria to be included in the RGP. Title: Proposed regional general permit for stream restoration : programmatic biological opinion On April 7, 2000, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a request from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District (COE) for Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 formal consultation for programmatic coverage for a proposed Regional General Permit (RGP) for certain stream restoration activities (habitat restoration using large wood or boulders throughout the State of Oregon) requiring COE approval. The Biological Assessment (BA) provided with the request determined that the proposed activities covered under the RGP would be likely to adversely affect anadromous fish species listed under the ESA (Table 1). Species considered in this Biological Opinion (Opinion) are: Snake River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka); Snake River spring /summer chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Snake River fall chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Lower Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Upper Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Snake River steelhead (O. mykiss); Upper Willamette River steelhead (O. mykiss); Middle Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Columbia River chum salmon (O. keta); Lower Columbia River chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Upper Willamette River chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Upper Columbia River spring run chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); S. Oregon/N. California Coast coho salmon (O. kisutch); and Oregon Coast coho salmon (O. kisutch). On April 18, 2000, NMFS received a letter from COE providing additional information on proposed criteria to be included in the RGP. On May 12, 2000, NMFS received an e-mail with further proposed criteria to be included in the RGP. Close

• 99. [Article] Simulating vegetation shifts and carbon cycling in Yosemite National Park

  The vegetation in Yosemite National Park changed during the 20th century and may change in the 21st century in response to climate change. Vegetation surveys made during the 1930s and the 1990s provide ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Simulating vegetation shifts and carbon cycling in Yosemite National Park Author: Conklin, David R. The vegetation in Yosemite National Park changed during the 20th century and may change in the 21st century in response to climate change. Vegetation surveys made during the 1930s and the 1990s provide benchmark records separated by 60 years. This study uses the MC1 dynamic global vegetation model to forecast and hindcast spatially explicit potential vegetation patterns in Yosemite National Park for the 20th and 21st centuries, and uses the vegetation surveys to calibrate the model and assess model performance. The model hindcast for the 20th century was for minor vegetation changes, the most significant being a shift from montane conifer forest to mixed forest in 5% of the Park area. However the vegetation surveys record an increase of montane conifer forest amounting to 15% of the Park area, most coming from subalpine forest. The fact that the 1997 survey is more closely matched by simulation results from earlier in the 20th century than by the simulation results for the late 20th century leads to an interpretation of the “hindcast” as being temporally ahead of the observed vegetation, and of the observed vegetation change as reflecting a transition from earlier climates. In contrast to the minimal change simulated for the 20th century, the simulations for the future show large changes in potential vegetation in the mid and late 21st century, brought about by rising temperatures and by a large increase in wildfire, especially near the end of the century. Results of these simulations at 800 m resolution are compared with results from earlier studies at coarser spatial resolution. The biogeography algorithm used in this study is described in detail. A metric for comparing two time series of annual vegetation maps is developed. Title: Simulating vegetation shifts and carbon cycling in Yosemite National Park Author: Conklin, David R. The vegetation in Yosemite National Park changed during the 20th century and may change in the 21st century in response to climate change. Vegetation surveys made during the 1930s and the 1990s provide benchmark records separated by 60 years. This study uses the MC1 dynamic global vegetation model to forecast and hindcast spatially explicit potential vegetation patterns in Yosemite National Park for the 20th and 21st centuries, and uses the vegetation surveys to calibrate the model and assess model performance. The model hindcast for the 20th century was for minor vegetation changes, the most significant being a shift from montane conifer forest to mixed forest in 5% of the Park area. However the vegetation surveys record an increase of montane conifer forest amounting to 15% of the Park area, most coming from subalpine forest. The fact that the 1997 survey is more closely matched by simulation results from earlier in the 20th century than by the simulation results for the late 20th century leads to an interpretation of the “hindcast” as being temporally ahead of the observed vegetation, and of the observed vegetation change as reflecting a transition from earlier climates. In contrast to the minimal change simulated for the 20th century, the simulations for the future show large changes in potential vegetation in the mid and late 21st century, brought about by rising temperatures and by a large increase in wildfire, especially near the end of the century. Results of these simulations at 800 m resolution are compared with results from earlier studies at coarser spatial resolution. The biogeography algorithm used in this study is described in detail. A metric for comparing two time series of annual vegetation maps is developed. Close

• 100. [Article] Canyon Grasslands of the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area : How have they changed over time and what is their future trajectory?

  The canyon grasslands of the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area (HCNRA) are a unique ecosystem within the Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Region (PNWBR) with a long history of natural and anthropogenic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Canyon Grasslands of the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area : How have they changed over time and what is their future trajectory? Author: Pack, Samantha J. The canyon grasslands of the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area (HCNRA) are a unique ecosystem within the Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Region (PNWBR) with a long history of natural and anthropogenic disturbances including fire, invasive species introduction, historical livestock grazing, and cultivation. Even with this history, these canyon grasslands contain some of the last remnants of the Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Region. For thousands of years, these grasslands were occupied by the Nez Perce Tribe and have been grazed since the 1700s. In addition to grazing, settlers cultivated many parts of the HCNRA and some of these homesteads can still be seen today. Both historical and current land uses are strongly influenced by the natural topography of these canyon grasslands, with the highest concentration of land use centered on benchlands while steep canyon slopes avoided cultivation and were used less by livestock. The different plant associations of these grasslands are also influenced by the unique topography of the HCNRA due to the relationships between soil moisture and depth and abrupt alterations in aspect, slope, and elevation. Very few studies have examined the plant associations of the canyon grasslands of the HCNRA, even fewer have asked how they have changed over time, and there are no studies looking into their future trajectory by assessing the seed bank. The first study in my thesis (Chapter 2) focused on how canyon grasslands have changed over time using a repeated survey of vegetation from four different plant associations within the Lower Imnaha Subbasin. From the original study conducted in 1981, a total of 19 different plots in four plant associations were chosen to be resampled in 2014. Since the original study was used to classify seral stages within the plant associations, these successional stages were used to determine if the plant communities had transitioned between the seral classes over the 33 year-time-period. In addition, given the importance of topography to these grasslands, elevation, slope, and aspect were evaluated for their relationship to successional changes. Both Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) and Indicator Species Analysis were used to verify the seral stage classifications for each plot in 1981 and 2014. To evaluate how each association had changed between sampling years, Multi-response Permutation Procedures (MRPP) and NMS were used. Most of these plant associations were relatively stable and had, for the most part, remained at the same seral stage or transitioned to a later seral stage. Among the plant associations, slope was the topographical variable that appeared most related to the transitions in seral stages. Steeper slopes either remained at the same seral stage or transitioned to a later one, while gentler slopes (< 20%) tended to shift from later to earlier seral stages. A relatively new introduced annual grass to the region, Ventenata dubia (not present in the 1981 sampling), was found in three of the four plant associations and was most abundant on the benchlands. The results of this resurvey suggest that topography is related to both the distribution of plant associations and which sites will shift in seral stage over time across the canyon grasslands of the Lower Imnaha Subbasin. The second study of my thesis (Chapter 3) focused on using a seed bank study as one of the many ways to examine the future trajectory of the plant communities in the canyon grasslands of the Lower Imnaha Subbasin, with a particular focus on the benchlands. The seed bank contains the regenerative pool for plant communities and represents the potential for a community to respond to disturbances. The seed bank from benchland sites in one plant association was evaluated in relation to the standing vegetation, successional stage, and historical cultivation. To my knowledge, this was the first seed bank study for the grasslands of this region. Vegetation cover and soil samples were collected from 8 sites, including two previously cultivated and two reference noncultivated sites. NMS was used to extract the strongest community gradients, which naturally separated out the seral stage classifications of the vegetation. To evaluate differences between the vegetation and the seed bank, between successional stages, and between cultivation histories, MRPP was used. Results from the seed bank study are consistent with many other studies around the world in perennial grasslands showing that the vegetation and seed bank are often dissimilar. Similarities between the vegetation and seed bank were highest in the annual grass dominated stage compared to the early seral stage. The effects of cultivation appear to still be evident in the seed bank, where cultivated sites have significantly more introduced grasses compared to noncultivated sites (p < 0.05). There was an overall greater abundance of introduced annual forb and grass species in the seed bank on these benchland sites, suggesting that they may be native seed limited and could easily shift to invasive species dominance after further disturbance, especially on previously cultivated areas. The results of both of these studies suggest that benchlands and lower sloped sites surrounding them in the canyon grasslands of the Lower Imnaha Subbasin may less resistant and resilient to disturbance. Priorities for future research and management may also need to focus on the plant communities of benchlands in these unique grasslands. Title: Canyon Grasslands of the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area : How have they changed over time and what is their future trajectory? Author: Pack, Samantha J. The canyon grasslands of the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area (HCNRA) are a unique ecosystem within the Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Region (PNWBR) with a long history of natural and anthropogenic disturbances including fire, invasive species introduction, historical livestock grazing, and cultivation. Even with this history, these canyon grasslands contain some of the last remnants of the Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Region. For thousands of years, these grasslands were occupied by the Nez Perce Tribe and have been grazed since the 1700s. In addition to grazing, settlers cultivated many parts of the HCNRA and some of these homesteads can still be seen today. Both historical and current land uses are strongly influenced by the natural topography of these canyon grasslands, with the highest concentration of land use centered on benchlands while steep canyon slopes avoided cultivation and were used less by livestock. The different plant associations of these grasslands are also influenced by the unique topography of the HCNRA due to the relationships between soil moisture and depth and abrupt alterations in aspect, slope, and elevation. Very few studies have examined the plant associations of the canyon grasslands of the HCNRA, even fewer have asked how they have changed over time, and there are no studies looking into their future trajectory by assessing the seed bank. The first study in my thesis (Chapter 2) focused on how canyon grasslands have changed over time using a repeated survey of vegetation from four different plant associations within the Lower Imnaha Subbasin. From the original study conducted in 1981, a total of 19 different plots in four plant associations were chosen to be resampled in 2014. Since the original study was used to classify seral stages within the plant associations, these successional stages were used to determine if the plant communities had transitioned between the seral classes over the 33 year-time-period. In addition, given the importance of topography to these grasslands, elevation, slope, and aspect were evaluated for their relationship to successional changes. Both Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) and Indicator Species Analysis were used to verify the seral stage classifications for each plot in 1981 and 2014. To evaluate how each association had changed between sampling years, Multi-response Permutation Procedures (MRPP) and NMS were used. Most of these plant associations were relatively stable and had, for the most part, remained at the same seral stage or transitioned to a later seral stage. Among the plant associations, slope was the topographical variable that appeared most related to the transitions in seral stages. Steeper slopes either remained at the same seral stage or transitioned to a later one, while gentler slopes (< 20%) tended to shift from later to earlier seral stages. A relatively new introduced annual grass to the region, Ventenata dubia (not present in the 1981 sampling), was found in three of the four plant associations and was most abundant on the benchlands. The results of this resurvey suggest that topography is related to both the distribution of plant associations and which sites will shift in seral stage over time across the canyon grasslands of the Lower Imnaha Subbasin. The second study of my thesis (Chapter 3) focused on using a seed bank study as one of the many ways to examine the future trajectory of the plant communities in the canyon grasslands of the Lower Imnaha Subbasin, with a particular focus on the benchlands. The seed bank contains the regenerative pool for plant communities and represents the potential for a community to respond to disturbances. The seed bank from benchland sites in one plant association was evaluated in relation to the standing vegetation, successional stage, and historical cultivation. To my knowledge, this was the first seed bank study for the grasslands of this region. Vegetation cover and soil samples were collected from 8 sites, including two previously cultivated and two reference noncultivated sites. NMS was used to extract the strongest community gradients, which naturally separated out the seral stage classifications of the vegetation. To evaluate differences between the vegetation and the seed bank, between successional stages, and between cultivation histories, MRPP was used. Results from the seed bank study are consistent with many other studies around the world in perennial grasslands showing that the vegetation and seed bank are often dissimilar. Similarities between the vegetation and seed bank were highest in the annual grass dominated stage compared to the early seral stage. The effects of cultivation appear to still be evident in the seed bank, where cultivated sites have significantly more introduced grasses compared to noncultivated sites (p < 0.05). There was an overall greater abundance of introduced annual forb and grass species in the seed bank on these benchland sites, suggesting that they may be native seed limited and could easily shift to invasive species dominance after further disturbance, especially on previously cultivated areas. The results of both of these studies suggest that benchlands and lower sloped sites surrounding them in the canyon grasslands of the Lower Imnaha Subbasin may less resistant and resilient to disturbance. Priorities for future research and management may also need to focus on the plant communities of benchlands in these unique grasslands. Close