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• 21. [Article] Selected risk factors contribute to homelessness among youth: a comparative study of Chile and the United States

  Youth who are at-risk of homelessness are placed into jeopardizing situations because they are often pushed toward the outer edges of society, disconnected from healthy support networks, involved in illegal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Selected risk factors contribute to homelessness among youth: a comparative study of Chile and the United States Author: Minks, Kelly Youth who are at-risk of homelessness are placed into jeopardizing situations because they are often pushed toward the outer edges of society, disconnected from healthy support networks, involved in illegal activities, and their chances of having successful futures are, in turn, diminished. The goals of this project were to: review current literature of homelessness among youth in the United States and Chile and identify parallel risk factors occurring in both countries; determine causes and effects of selected risk factors; and identify methods cited in the literature that may prevent the occurrence of selected risk factors, and provide them to one social welfare agency in each of the two countries (SEDEJ and JSYSI). In order to identify these risk factors, I chose to conduct a literature review which resulted in the following: substance abuse, lack of education, single parent household, low social class, childhood abuse, mental illness, involvement in criminal activity, and lack of healthy support networks. I subsequently decided to conduct interviews with Chilean and American social workers so that I could determine whether the literature corresponded with actual experience. These interviews proved there to be a strong correlation between the literature and experiences that the social workers have had while working with youth who are at-risk of homelessness. Although I discovered many parallels in my research about the populations of at-risk youth in Chile and the United States, I also observed several differences that clearly relate to the cultural values that are distinct to each of these countries. Title: Selected risk factors contribute to homelessness among youth: a comparative study of Chile and the United States Author: Minks, Kelly Youth who are at-risk of homelessness are placed into jeopardizing situations because they are often pushed toward the outer edges of society, disconnected from healthy support networks, involved in illegal activities, and their chances of having successful futures are, in turn, diminished. The goals of this project were to: review current literature of homelessness among youth in the United States and Chile and identify parallel risk factors occurring in both countries; determine causes and effects of selected risk factors; and identify methods cited in the literature that may prevent the occurrence of selected risk factors, and provide them to one social welfare agency in each of the two countries (SEDEJ and JSYSI). In order to identify these risk factors, I chose to conduct a literature review which resulted in the following: substance abuse, lack of education, single parent household, low social class, childhood abuse, mental illness, involvement in criminal activity, and lack of healthy support networks. I subsequently decided to conduct interviews with Chilean and American social workers so that I could determine whether the literature corresponded with actual experience. These interviews proved there to be a strong correlation between the literature and experiences that the social workers have had while working with youth who are at-risk of homelessness. Although I discovered many parallels in my research about the populations of at-risk youth in Chile and the United States, I also observed several differences that clearly relate to the cultural values that are distinct to each of these countries. Close

• 22. [Article] Factors related to the use of pediatricians as resources for child behavior problems

  All parents experience some problems with their children and may look to various parenting resources for guidance and reassurance (Stoltz, 1967). The literature on the problems parents experience, including ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors related to the use of pediatricians as resources for child behavior problems Author: Jones, Laura Lynn All parents experience some problems with their children and may look to various parenting resources for guidance and reassurance (Stoltz, 1967). The literature on the problems parents experience, including tantrums, bedwetting, whining/crying, has not comprehensively explored the range and co-occurrence of child behavior problems across all ages (Kanoy and Schroeder, 1985). Many resources are available to parents experiencing difficulties; these include books and magazines, parenting classes, and other health professionals. The role of the pediatrician as a resource for information and guidance has received minimal attention. Two hundred parents and ten pediatricians served as respondents in this study. Of the parents, 94% were female and 97% were white. Ages of the children ranged from 9 months to 13 years. The parents' questionnaire explored the types of child behavior problems perceived by parents, their attitudes concerning the use of resources including the pediatrician, and demographic information about the structure of the family. The pediatricians themselves reported on their backgrounds and their attitudes about providing parenting assistance. A principal components factor analysis reveals that the child behavior problems group into two factors. Assertiveness includes problems such as talking back and destructiveness. Reliance includes problems during mealtime and bedtime. Age is related to assertiveness and reliance; in general younger children are viewed by their parents as more assertive and more reliant (ANOVA for assertiveness, F = 2.34, df = 4, E < .05) (ANOVA for reliance, F = 4.11, df = 4, p < .01). Families with lower income and single parent families reported more assertive children as well. The next step of data analysis was to examine the resources parents use when faced with child behavior problems. Relatives (99%) are the most frequently used resources. Consulting friends (98%) and reading books and magazines (93%) were also frequently reported. However, when parents were asked the value of resources, the pediatrician was ranked as the most valuable. Pediatrician characteristics, including the number of years in practice and number of patients per day, are positively related to the parents' rating of pediatricians as a valued resource for parenting information. It appears that parents tend to consult resources, not solely on value, but instead on convenience. Characteristics of the pediatricians' background and work schedules seem to influence how valuable their guidance is to parents. This study answers the questions of which problems occur together, and which resources are used by parents to aid them with child behavior problems. The results provide valuable information for pediatricians and other family health professionals interested in becoming more active in "well-child" work. Title: Factors related to the use of pediatricians as resources for child behavior problems Author: Jones, Laura Lynn All parents experience some problems with their children and may look to various parenting resources for guidance and reassurance (Stoltz, 1967). The literature on the problems parents experience, including tantrums, bedwetting, whining/crying, has not comprehensively explored the range and co-occurrence of child behavior problems across all ages (Kanoy and Schroeder, 1985). Many resources are available to parents experiencing difficulties; these include books and magazines, parenting classes, and other health professionals. The role of the pediatrician as a resource for information and guidance has received minimal attention. Two hundred parents and ten pediatricians served as respondents in this study. Of the parents, 94% were female and 97% were white. Ages of the children ranged from 9 months to 13 years. The parents' questionnaire explored the types of child behavior problems perceived by parents, their attitudes concerning the use of resources including the pediatrician, and demographic information about the structure of the family. The pediatricians themselves reported on their backgrounds and their attitudes about providing parenting assistance. A principal components factor analysis reveals that the child behavior problems group into two factors. Assertiveness includes problems such as talking back and destructiveness. Reliance includes problems during mealtime and bedtime. Age is related to assertiveness and reliance; in general younger children are viewed by their parents as more assertive and more reliant (ANOVA for assertiveness, F = 2.34, df = 4, E < .05) (ANOVA for reliance, F = 4.11, df = 4, p < .01). Families with lower income and single parent families reported more assertive children as well. The next step of data analysis was to examine the resources parents use when faced with child behavior problems. Relatives (99%) are the most frequently used resources. Consulting friends (98%) and reading books and magazines (93%) were also frequently reported. However, when parents were asked the value of resources, the pediatrician was ranked as the most valuable. Pediatrician characteristics, including the number of years in practice and number of patients per day, are positively related to the parents' rating of pediatricians as a valued resource for parenting information. It appears that parents tend to consult resources, not solely on value, but instead on convenience. Characteristics of the pediatricians' background and work schedules seem to influence how valuable their guidance is to parents. This study answers the questions of which problems occur together, and which resources are used by parents to aid them with child behavior problems. The results provide valuable information for pediatricians and other family health professionals interested in becoming more active in "well-child" work. Close

• 23. [Article] Fantasy in stories spontaneously told by two relatively privileged groups of preschoolers

  The purpose of this investigation was to duplicate the methodology of the Pitcher and Prelinger (1963) study, using their theoretical framework and category system, to examine the cultural impact upon ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fantasy in stories spontaneously told by two relatively privileged groups of preschoolers Author: Lai, Shirley Tak Yan The purpose of this investigation was to duplicate the methodology of the Pitcher and Prelinger (1963) study, using their theoretical framework and category system, to examine the cultural impact upon the development of a group of socioeconomically disadvantaged preschool children as reflected in their fantasy products, specifically in their spontaneously told stories. The results for this disadvantaged group were analyzed separately, and were compared, where possible, with the Pitcher and Prelinger data on a socioeconomically privileged group of children. The general assumption underlying the hypotheses is that experiences due to cultural impact will be differentially expressed in the fantasy products of two socioeconomically different groups of children and will be reflected in their spontaneously told stories. The three null hypotheses formulated to test for differences within the less privileged group were: formal aspects of the stories, which presumably represent the child's ego structure, do not differ for boys and girls of the two age groups; story contents, which presumably represent the range of experience stored in the child, are independent of age, sex, and number of parents; and, the predominant psychosocial issue in the stories do not differ for boys and girls of the two age groups. The hypotheses formulated for comparison of the two different socioeconomic groups were: formal story aspects and psychosocial modalities do not differ for privilege group; and, story contents are independent of privilege group. The data (60 stories) were collected by the investigator using Jung's "free association" method and were rated by three judges using the Pitcher and Prelinger category system. Satisfactory interjudge reliability agreement was established on the ratings. Analysis of variance and the x² test of independence were used to analyze the data for tests within the less privileged group; whereas, analysis for the comparison of the two groups, with the exception of one modified x² test, had to be carried out on the basis of inspection alone due to the particular manner in which Pitcher and Prelinger reported their data. Stories were collected from 30 socioeconomically disadvantaged three- and four-year-old children enrolled in a United-Fund-supported day nursery in Portland, Oregon in the summer of 1964. The subjects, designated as socioeconomically disadvantaged (or less privileged) children were from families for whom the median annual take-home income is $3234.00; 53% of the sample were from single-parent families and 47% were from two-parent families; and, 21% of the parents had college or graduate education while 79% had high school education. The socioeconomically privileged subjects of the Pitcher and Prelinger study were from two-parent families of professional people, attended exclusive private nursery schools, and 60% of them showed superior capacity on intelligence tests. The results obtained within the less privileged group indicated that interaction of sex and age accounts for the significant difference in formal aspects as well as in relevant material on psychosocial modalities expressed in the stories; and, that the choice of the two major themes in the story contents category was dependent upon the sex of the child. Outstanding differences on the means for the sex and age groups were described and discussed. Findings on the comparison of data for the two relatively privileged groups showed that choice of themes in the stories was dependent on socioeconomic (privilege) group; the privileged group used themes reflecting socialization more often than the less privileged group and the less privileged group used themes centering in the self more often. Outstanding differences in the group means for the two relatively privileged groups were reported and discussed. Tentative explanations of the results in light of socio-cultural factors were considered and obvious weaknesses of the study were pointed up. It was concluded that fantasy products, in the form of spontaneously told stories, for the two relatively privileged socioeconomic groups of preschoolers do, at least to some degree, differentially reflect socio-cultural impact on child development. Title: Fantasy in stories spontaneously told by two relatively privileged groups of preschoolers Author: Lai, Shirley Tak Yan The purpose of this investigation was to duplicate the methodology of the Pitcher and Prelinger (1963) study, using their theoretical framework and category system, to examine the cultural impact upon the development of a group of socioeconomically disadvantaged preschool children as reflected in their fantasy products, specifically in their spontaneously told stories. The results for this disadvantaged group were analyzed separately, and were compared, where possible, with the Pitcher and Prelinger data on a socioeconomically privileged group of children. The general assumption underlying the hypotheses is that experiences due to cultural impact will be differentially expressed in the fantasy products of two socioeconomically different groups of children and will be reflected in their spontaneously told stories. The three null hypotheses formulated to test for differences within the less privileged group were: formal aspects of the stories, which presumably represent the child's ego structure, do not differ for boys and girls of the two age groups; story contents, which presumably represent the range of experience stored in the child, are independent of age, sex, and number of parents; and, the predominant psychosocial issue in the stories do not differ for boys and girls of the two age groups. The hypotheses formulated for comparison of the two different socioeconomic groups were: formal story aspects and psychosocial modalities do not differ for privilege group; and, story contents are independent of privilege group. The data (60 stories) were collected by the investigator using Jung's "free association" method and were rated by three judges using the Pitcher and Prelinger category system. Satisfactory interjudge reliability agreement was established on the ratings. Analysis of variance and the x² test of independence were used to analyze the data for tests within the less privileged group; whereas, analysis for the comparison of the two groups, with the exception of one modified x² test, had to be carried out on the basis of inspection alone due to the particular manner in which Pitcher and Prelinger reported their data. Stories were collected from 30 socioeconomically disadvantaged three- and four-year-old children enrolled in a United-Fund-supported day nursery in Portland, Oregon in the summer of 1964. The subjects, designated as socioeconomically disadvantaged (or less privileged) children were from families for whom the median annual take-home income is $3234.00; 53% of the sample were from single-parent families and 47% were from two-parent families; and, 21% of the parents had college or graduate education while 79% had high school education. The socioeconomically privileged subjects of the Pitcher and Prelinger study were from two-parent families of professional people, attended exclusive private nursery schools, and 60% of them showed superior capacity on intelligence tests. The results obtained within the less privileged group indicated that interaction of sex and age accounts for the significant difference in formal aspects as well as in relevant material on psychosocial modalities expressed in the stories; and, that the choice of the two major themes in the story contents category was dependent upon the sex of the child. Outstanding differences on the means for the sex and age groups were described and discussed. Findings on the comparison of data for the two relatively privileged groups showed that choice of themes in the stories was dependent on socioeconomic (privilege) group; the privileged group used themes reflecting socialization more often than the less privileged group and the less privileged group used themes centering in the self more often. Outstanding differences in the group means for the two relatively privileged groups were reported and discussed. Tentative explanations of the results in light of socio-cultural factors were considered and obvious weaknesses of the study were pointed up. It was concluded that fantasy products, in the form of spontaneously told stories, for the two relatively privileged socioeconomic groups of preschoolers do, at least to some degree, differentially reflect socio-cultural impact on child development. Close

• 24. [Article] Supporting children who struggle with self-regulation : the role of early family risk and child care quality

  Children's early self-regulation skills have long-term implications for a variety of academic, social, and health outcomes. Unfortunately, children facing multiple family risk factors (e.g., harsh parenting, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Supporting children who struggle with self-regulation : the role of early family risk and child care quality Author: Pratt, Megan E. Children's early self-regulation skills have long-term implications for a variety of academic, social, and health outcomes. Unfortunately, children facing multiple family risk factors (e.g., harsh parenting, economic disadvantage) are more likely to struggle with early self-regulation. Despite early disparities in self-regulation, promising intervention evidence suggests that high quality prekindergarten experiences can improve children's self-regulation skills, especially for children with self-regulatory challenges. At this point, few studies have examined how children's self-regulation may differ according to the unique combinations of family risks they experience during their first three years of life. Furthermore, it remains largely unknown how children's experiences in typical early care and education settings relate to their self-regulation development. To address these gaps in the literature, this dissertation includes two studies focused on understanding children with low early self-regulation. The first study addressed how distinct combinations of family risk factors (i.e., family risk profiles), as experienced during the first three years of life, predicted children's self-regulation at 36-months. Person-centered analyses indicated children's family risk experiences were captured by three distinct family risk profiles: 1) low risk, 2) low-income/low cognitive stimulation/single parent (ICS), and 3) low-income/low cognitive stimulation/high parental harshness (ICH). Each of the three profiles predicted significant differences in children's early self-regulation, with children characterized by the profile including high harshness (ICH) exhibiting the lowest self-regulation skills. Study 2 examined how two dimensions of early care and education process quality (positivity/responsivity and cognitive stimulation) experienced during children's prekindergarten year predicted their subsequent self-regulation in the fall of kindergarten. This study also considered children's earlier self-regulation as a moderator of both quality dimensions. Results indicated that higher positivity/responsivity predicted stronger self-regulation in the fall of kindergarten for children with low early self-regulation, but not for the overall sample. Cognitive stimulation did not predict children's self-regulation in kindergarten, regardless of early self-regulation skills. Overall, findings from these studies help explain why some children struggle more with early self-regulation than others, and how high quality early care and education can support children's transition to kindergarten, particularly for children with low early self-regulation. Title: Supporting children who struggle with self-regulation : the role of early family risk and child care quality Author: Pratt, Megan E. Children's early self-regulation skills have long-term implications for a variety of academic, social, and health outcomes. Unfortunately, children facing multiple family risk factors (e.g., harsh parenting, economic disadvantage) are more likely to struggle with early self-regulation. Despite early disparities in self-regulation, promising intervention evidence suggests that high quality prekindergarten experiences can improve children's self-regulation skills, especially for children with self-regulatory challenges. At this point, few studies have examined how children's self-regulation may differ according to the unique combinations of family risks they experience during their first three years of life. Furthermore, it remains largely unknown how children's experiences in typical early care and education settings relate to their self-regulation development. To address these gaps in the literature, this dissertation includes two studies focused on understanding children with low early self-regulation. The first study addressed how distinct combinations of family risk factors (i.e., family risk profiles), as experienced during the first three years of life, predicted children's self-regulation at 36-months. Person-centered analyses indicated children's family risk experiences were captured by three distinct family risk profiles: 1) low risk, 2) low-income/low cognitive stimulation/single parent (ICS), and 3) low-income/low cognitive stimulation/high parental harshness (ICH). Each of the three profiles predicted significant differences in children's early self-regulation, with children characterized by the profile including high harshness (ICH) exhibiting the lowest self-regulation skills. Study 2 examined how two dimensions of early care and education process quality (positivity/responsivity and cognitive stimulation) experienced during children's prekindergarten year predicted their subsequent self-regulation in the fall of kindergarten. This study also considered children's earlier self-regulation as a moderator of both quality dimensions. Results indicated that higher positivity/responsivity predicted stronger self-regulation in the fall of kindergarten for children with low early self-regulation, but not for the overall sample. Cognitive stimulation did not predict children's self-regulation in kindergarten, regardless of early self-regulation skills. Overall, findings from these studies help explain why some children struggle more with early self-regulation than others, and how high quality early care and education can support children's transition to kindergarten, particularly for children with low early self-regulation. Close

• 25. [Article] Participation, persistence, and progression : motivating factors in the success of Hispanic community college students who moved from mastering English as a second language to a certificate or degree program

  This interpretive research sought to understand how eight Hispanic students who mastered English as a Second Language (ESL) matriculated at a rural community college, and what motivating factors encouraged ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Participation, persistence, and progression : motivating factors in the success of Hispanic community college students who moved from mastering English as a second language to a certificate or degree program Author: Bennett, Judith N This interpretive research sought to understand how eight Hispanic students who mastered English as a Second Language (ESL) matriculated at a rural community college, and what motivating factors encouraged or encumbered their academic persistence and success. Particularly the study focused on student backgrounds, motivations, and persistence factors influencing their success. Participants were chosen as follows: + Spanish is their first language. + English is their second language. + They are over the age of 21. + They are or were enrolled in a certificate or degree program. + They had earned at least 21 credits at a community college. + They had a grade point average of at least 2.0. In-depth student interviews, conversations with staff, and examination of student records supplied data for the progression of case records. Data analysis resulted in the generation of eight hypotheses for academic success: (a) participatory learning; (b) appropriate support system, such as developmental classes, tutoring services, and mentoring instructors; (c) trust in the educational system; (d) social integration, (e) English and Spanish language fluency; (0 use of personal and community resources to combat racism; (g) family support; and (h) financial backing. Redacted for Privacy Theoretical frameworks used for data collection and analysis primarily were those of Paulo Freire and Margaret Wheatley. Both espoused participatory learning and leadership. I also found the literature that focused on multiculturalism valuable. The study revealed that Hispanic ESL students persisted despite major obstacles which might have been devastating. They had ethnic bias to overcome and the need to master the English language. Some were working single parents, some in full-time jobs. The initiative to become economically self-sufficient and to maintain a strong trust in education empowered students to persist and succeed. Participants supplied proof that Hispanic ESL students can succeed in community college when there is an appropriate support system. The study suggests that although the elements for moving toward multiculturalism are being put in place, they are not, as yet, attaining the necessary synthesis. The criteria for efficient use of participatory learning, improved curricula and environment, and administration committed to developing self-efficacy of ESL students are necessary conditions for success. Title: Participation, persistence, and progression : motivating factors in the success of Hispanic community college students who moved from mastering English as a second language to a certificate or degree program Author: Bennett, Judith N This interpretive research sought to understand how eight Hispanic students who mastered English as a Second Language (ESL) matriculated at a rural community college, and what motivating factors encouraged or encumbered their academic persistence and success. Particularly the study focused on student backgrounds, motivations, and persistence factors influencing their success. Participants were chosen as follows: + Spanish is their first language. + English is their second language. + They are over the age of 21. + They are or were enrolled in a certificate or degree program. + They had earned at least 21 credits at a community college. + They had a grade point average of at least 2.0. In-depth student interviews, conversations with staff, and examination of student records supplied data for the progression of case records. Data analysis resulted in the generation of eight hypotheses for academic success: (a) participatory learning; (b) appropriate support system, such as developmental classes, tutoring services, and mentoring instructors; (c) trust in the educational system; (d) social integration, (e) English and Spanish language fluency; (0 use of personal and community resources to combat racism; (g) family support; and (h) financial backing. Redacted for Privacy Theoretical frameworks used for data collection and analysis primarily were those of Paulo Freire and Margaret Wheatley. Both espoused participatory learning and leadership. I also found the literature that focused on multiculturalism valuable. The study revealed that Hispanic ESL students persisted despite major obstacles which might have been devastating. They had ethnic bias to overcome and the need to master the English language. Some were working single parents, some in full-time jobs. The initiative to become economically self-sufficient and to maintain a strong trust in education empowered students to persist and succeed. Participants supplied proof that Hispanic ESL students can succeed in community college when there is an appropriate support system. The study suggests that although the elements for moving toward multiculturalism are being put in place, they are not, as yet, attaining the necessary synthesis. The criteria for efficient use of participatory learning, improved curricula and environment, and administration committed to developing self-efficacy of ESL students are necessary conditions for success. Close

• 26. [Article] Off to the (labor) market: Women, work, and welfare reform in 21st century American cities

  xvi, 307 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Off to the (labor) market: Women, work, and welfare reform in 21st century American cities Author: Haney, Timothy James, 1980- Year: 2010, 2009 xvi, 307 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Title: Off to the (labor) market: Women, work, and welfare reform in 21st century American cities Author: Haney, Timothy James, 1980- Year: 2010, 2009 xvi, 307 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Close

• 27. [Article] One-Child Families in Urban Dalian: A Case Study of the Consequences of Current Family Planning Practices in China

  xi, 94 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: One-Child Families in Urban Dalian: A Case Study of the Consequences of Current Family Planning Practices in China Author: Hou, Xueyuan, 1983- Year: 2009 xi, 94 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Title: One-Child Families in Urban Dalian: A Case Study of the Consequences of Current Family Planning Practices in China Author: Hou, Xueyuan, 1983- Year: 2009 xi, 94 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Close

• 28. [Article] Genesis of some soils in the central western Cascades of Oregon

  Soils representative of several landscape units in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Western Cascade Range, were sampled, analyzed, and tentatively classified. Genetic inferences were drawn relating ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Genesis of some soils in the central western Cascades of Oregon Author: Brown, R. B. Soils representative of several landscape units in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Western Cascade Range, were sampled, analyzed, and tentatively classified. Genetic inferences were drawn relating soils to landscape position and other factors of soil formation. Descriptive information and nutrient capital data were provided to support ecosystem modelling efforts by the Coniferous Forest Biome study group of the U. S./International Biological Program (IBP). To meet the "nutrient capital" requirements of IBP, and to gain insight particularly into the effects of coarse fragments on soil genesis, a volumetric approach was used. Soil organic matter, total N, extractable P, exchangeable cations, free Fe oxides, and cation exchange capacity were expressed in terms of weight or equivalents per unit volume of "whole soil," defined as organic and mineral fine earth components plus pore space plus coarse fragments. The various entities, in grams or equivalents per liter of whole soil, were observed as to their variation with depth. Additional calculations showed levels of the various entities per surface meter ³ of whole soil. Soil temperature data from several sites within the Andrews Forest showed the mesic-frigid soil temperature regime boundary to fall at about the 600 m (2, 000 ft) elevation on south slopes and at about the 450 m (1, 500 ft) elevation on north slopes. The frigidcryic boundary apparently was above the 1, 500 m (4,900 ft) elevation in the Andrews Forest. A sequence of three fluvial and two colluvial soils ranging in elevation from 440 to 460 m was studied in conjunction with concurrent IBP investigations into the geomorphic history of the area The soil on a floodplain adjacent to Lookout Creek, in the sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Hapludolls, was between 500 and 7, 000 yrs in age. The adjacent stream terrace soil, in the loamyskeletal, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Dystrochrepts, was > 7, 000 yrs old as evidenced Mazama pumice erposi tE-; on or near the surface of the terrace. Volumetric analysis suggested that the floodplain soil had a mollic epipedon largely by virtue of its high content of coarse fragments. The coarse fragments caused a concentration of soil organic matter and recycled cations into a smaller volume of fine earth as compared with the terrace soil, which was lower in coarse fragments. An alluvial-colluvial fan emanated from an adjacent slope and lapped onto the terrace. The soil in this fan was a member of the Fluventic Eutrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic. It was high in base status and moderately high in clay content, apparently because the southeast-facing source area for parent material here had experienced only shallow weathering and minimal leaching. Across Lookout Creek from these landscape units was a remnant of a high colluvial terrace emanating from a northwest-facing watershed. At the crest of this fan remnant the soil was a member of the loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Dystrochrepts with a distinct layer of Mazama pumice at the 75 to 85 cm depth. This terrace is cut by the watershed stream, which has deposited a comparatively well sorted fan. Soils are in the coarseloamy, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Dystrochrepts, Eight landscape units in longitudinal and transverse crosssections of upper McRae Creek valley, ranging in elevation from 800 to 1, 200 m, were chosen to study upland soil genesis. Proceeding up the valley, stage of profile development appeared to decrease, indicating a series of depositional events. Soils varied from Eutric Glossoboralfs, fine, mixed on the lowermost surface to Fluventic Dystrochrepts, fine-loamy, mixed, frigid on the next higher surface, to Fluventic Dystrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid on the next higher surface, to Typic Haplumbrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid on the backslope at the valley headwall. The two lowermost soils contrasted markedly with the two uppermost soils, being lower in content of organic matter and N, and higher in base status and clay content. The upper two soils, typical of upper valley bottom and sideslope soils in the region, were extremely low in exchangeable bases and base saturation as measured at pH 7. Compared with the two lower soils, however, these upper soils had relatively high soil: water pH values and relatively small drops in pH from soil:water to soil :KCI measurement. This may be an indication that the upper soils were higher in amorphous content. Greater pH-dependent-CEC would have caused the upper soils to exhibit unrealistically high CEO s--and thus low base saturations--when measured at pH 7. A topoclimosequence of soils on north, east (saddle), and south-facing landscape units with a single parent rock lithology was studied in the transverse valley transect. All three soils were placed tentatively in the Andic Dystrochrepts. The north-facing soil was in a medial - skeletal, frigid family, was the deepest to bedrock ( > 1 1/2 m), aria had the freshest coarse fragments of the three soils. The saddle and south-facing soils were in medial-skeletal, frigid and medial, frigid families, respectively. They were shallow ( <1 m) to saprolite bedrock, with well weathered coarse fragments in the regolith, demonstrating shallower, but apparently more intense weathering on the more exposed sites. These more exposed soils were darker in color than the north-facing soil. Soil organic matter levels were not strikingly different among the three soils. Soil N levels were significantly higher in the south-facing soil than in the east and north-facing soils. Levels of exchangeable bases, while low, were not as low in these three soils as in the upper valley bottom and backslope soils. Saprolite horizons had higher base saturations than overlying horizons. Title: Genesis of some soils in the central western Cascades of Oregon Author: Brown, R. B. Soils representative of several landscape units in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Western Cascade Range, were sampled, analyzed, and tentatively classified. Genetic inferences were drawn relating soils to landscape position and other factors of soil formation. Descriptive information and nutrient capital data were provided to support ecosystem modelling efforts by the Coniferous Forest Biome study group of the U. S./International Biological Program (IBP). To meet the "nutrient capital" requirements of IBP, and to gain insight particularly into the effects of coarse fragments on soil genesis, a volumetric approach was used. Soil organic matter, total N, extractable P, exchangeable cations, free Fe oxides, and cation exchange capacity were expressed in terms of weight or equivalents per unit volume of "whole soil," defined as organic and mineral fine earth components plus pore space plus coarse fragments. The various entities, in grams or equivalents per liter of whole soil, were observed as to their variation with depth. Additional calculations showed levels of the various entities per surface meter ³ of whole soil. Soil temperature data from several sites within the Andrews Forest showed the mesic-frigid soil temperature regime boundary to fall at about the 600 m (2, 000 ft) elevation on south slopes and at about the 450 m (1, 500 ft) elevation on north slopes. The frigidcryic boundary apparently was above the 1, 500 m (4,900 ft) elevation in the Andrews Forest. A sequence of three fluvial and two colluvial soils ranging in elevation from 440 to 460 m was studied in conjunction with concurrent IBP investigations into the geomorphic history of the area The soil on a floodplain adjacent to Lookout Creek, in the sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Hapludolls, was between 500 and 7, 000 yrs in age. The adjacent stream terrace soil, in the loamyskeletal, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Dystrochrepts, was > 7, 000 yrs old as evidenced Mazama pumice erposi tE-; on or near the surface of the terrace. Volumetric analysis suggested that the floodplain soil had a mollic epipedon largely by virtue of its high content of coarse fragments. The coarse fragments caused a concentration of soil organic matter and recycled cations into a smaller volume of fine earth as compared with the terrace soil, which was lower in coarse fragments. An alluvial-colluvial fan emanated from an adjacent slope and lapped onto the terrace. The soil in this fan was a member of the Fluventic Eutrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic. It was high in base status and moderately high in clay content, apparently because the southeast-facing source area for parent material here had experienced only shallow weathering and minimal leaching. Across Lookout Creek from these landscape units was a remnant of a high colluvial terrace emanating from a northwest-facing watershed. At the crest of this fan remnant the soil was a member of the loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Dystrochrepts with a distinct layer of Mazama pumice at the 75 to 85 cm depth. This terrace is cut by the watershed stream, which has deposited a comparatively well sorted fan. Soils are in the coarseloamy, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Dystrochrepts, Eight landscape units in longitudinal and transverse crosssections of upper McRae Creek valley, ranging in elevation from 800 to 1, 200 m, were chosen to study upland soil genesis. Proceeding up the valley, stage of profile development appeared to decrease, indicating a series of depositional events. Soils varied from Eutric Glossoboralfs, fine, mixed on the lowermost surface to Fluventic Dystrochrepts, fine-loamy, mixed, frigid on the next higher surface, to Fluventic Dystrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid on the next higher surface, to Typic Haplumbrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid on the backslope at the valley headwall. The two lowermost soils contrasted markedly with the two uppermost soils, being lower in content of organic matter and N, and higher in base status and clay content. The upper two soils, typical of upper valley bottom and sideslope soils in the region, were extremely low in exchangeable bases and base saturation as measured at pH 7. Compared with the two lower soils, however, these upper soils had relatively high soil: water pH values and relatively small drops in pH from soil:water to soil :KCI measurement. This may be an indication that the upper soils were higher in amorphous content. Greater pH-dependent-CEC would have caused the upper soils to exhibit unrealistically high CEO s--and thus low base saturations--when measured at pH 7. A topoclimosequence of soils on north, east (saddle), and south-facing landscape units with a single parent rock lithology was studied in the transverse valley transect. All three soils were placed tentatively in the Andic Dystrochrepts. The north-facing soil was in a medial - skeletal, frigid family, was the deepest to bedrock ( > 1 1/2 m), aria had the freshest coarse fragments of the three soils. The saddle and south-facing soils were in medial-skeletal, frigid and medial, frigid families, respectively. They were shallow ( <1 m) to saprolite bedrock, with well weathered coarse fragments in the regolith, demonstrating shallower, but apparently more intense weathering on the more exposed sites. These more exposed soils were darker in color than the north-facing soil. Soil organic matter levels were not strikingly different among the three soils. Soil N levels were significantly higher in the south-facing soil than in the east and north-facing soils. Levels of exchangeable bases, while low, were not as low in these three soils as in the upper valley bottom and backslope soils. Saprolite horizons had higher base saturations than overlying horizons. Close

• 29. [Article] A comparison of progeny testing methods and estimates of combining ability for seed yield and associated variables in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.)

  Eight genotypes of tall fescue were selected from a plant population consisting of 9000 individuals. Selection was based on early maturity, self-sterility, seed and forage potential, and nutritive value. Parental ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparison of progeny testing methods and estimates of combining ability for seed yield and associated variables in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) Author: Echeverri, Silvio Eight genotypes of tall fescue were selected from a plant population consisting of 9000 individuals. Selection was based on early maturity, self-sterility, seed and forage potential, and nutritive value. Parental clones, single cross, open pollinated, self pollinated and polycross seeds were organized into a randomized block experiment with five replications each of which contained 63 entries with ten plants to the entry. The distance between entry rows was three feet; plants within the entry were planted one foot apart. The experimental nursery was planted on October 11, 1961, at the Hyslop Agronomy Farm, Corvallis, Oregon. Alta and Kentucky 31 varieties were used as checks. Parchment bags were used to secure information on self sterility and seed production. Height, maturity, disease incidence, number of culms per plant, panicles not harvested and forage yield were also evaluated. Griffing's model 1, experimental method 4, was used to test both general and specific combining ability. Simple correlation coefficients were calculated to measure the association between characters and between progeny testing methods within characters. The height of F₁ progenies was positively correlated with the height of both the mean of the parents and the largest parent. Height was also correlated with the number of culms per plant and the stage of maturity before harvesting. The stage of maturity of the single crosses was positively correlated with the stage of maturity of both the mean of the parents and the largest parent. Either polycross or open pollination may be used for evaluating maturity with comparable results. Although there was an incidence of Helminthisporium dyctioides, it was not serious enough to affect markedly the general performance of the plants in the nursery. The number of culms per plant for single crosses was negatively correlated with the number of culms for both the mean of the parents and the smallest parent. The number of culms per plant was also correlated with seed yield. From parents to S₁ there was a reduction in the number per plant. Title: A comparison of progeny testing methods and estimates of combining ability for seed yield and associated variables in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) Author: Echeverri, Silvio Eight genotypes of tall fescue were selected from a plant population consisting of 9000 individuals. Selection was based on early maturity, self-sterility, seed and forage potential, and nutritive value. Parental clones, single cross, open pollinated, self pollinated and polycross seeds were organized into a randomized block experiment with five replications each of which contained 63 entries with ten plants to the entry. The distance between entry rows was three feet; plants within the entry were planted one foot apart. The experimental nursery was planted on October 11, 1961, at the Hyslop Agronomy Farm, Corvallis, Oregon. Alta and Kentucky 31 varieties were used as checks. Parchment bags were used to secure information on self sterility and seed production. Height, maturity, disease incidence, number of culms per plant, panicles not harvested and forage yield were also evaluated. Griffing's model 1, experimental method 4, was used to test both general and specific combining ability. Simple correlation coefficients were calculated to measure the association between characters and between progeny testing methods within characters. The height of F₁ progenies was positively correlated with the height of both the mean of the parents and the largest parent. Height was also correlated with the number of culms per plant and the stage of maturity before harvesting. The stage of maturity of the single crosses was positively correlated with the stage of maturity of both the mean of the parents and the largest parent. Either polycross or open pollination may be used for evaluating maturity with comparable results. Although there was an incidence of Helminthisporium dyctioides, it was not serious enough to affect markedly the general performance of the plants in the nursery. The number of culms per plant for single crosses was negatively correlated with the number of culms for both the mean of the parents and the smallest parent. The number of culms per plant was also correlated with seed yield. From parents to S₁ there was a reduction in the number per plant. Close

• 30. [Article] Heritabilities and associations of seed yield components and seed yield in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.)

  Estimates of heritability and associations of tiller number, seed number, seed weight, and seed yield were determined in two groups of tall fescue. Group E was early maturing and had eight parental clones, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heritabilities and associations of seed yield components and seed yield in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) Author: Thomas, Johnny Ray Estimates of heritability and associations of tiller number, seed number, seed weight, and seed yield were determined in two groups of tall fescue. Group E was early maturing and had eight parental clones, while group I was intermediate in maturity and had nine parental clones. The parents and five progeny groups were included in the study: first generation selfed progeny (S₁), open-pollinated progeny, polycross progeny, single-cross progeny, and selfed progeny from the single-crosses (F₂). Each entry consisted of ten plants in a nine foot row, with three feet between rows. The plants were established in the field in October 1962, in a randomized block design with four replications. Data were collected during the summers of 1963, 1964, and 1965. Group E plants had slightly higher seed yields than group I plants. This yield advantage was mainly the result of heavier seeds in group E. The parents and the open-pollinated, polycross, and single-cross progeny were generally highest in performance for all four characteristics, while the S₁ progeny were intermediate and the F₂ progeny were lowest in performance. The open-pollinated and polycross progeny were limited in their usefulness for evaluating breeding material since there were no significant differences among the open-pollinated progenies in 13 of 24 analyses of variance and there were no significant differences among the polycross progenies in 12 of 24 analyses of variance. Six methods (regression of the S₁ progeny on the parents, two times the regression of the open-pollinated progeny on the parents, two times the regression of the polycross progeny on the parents, regression of the single-cross progeny on the mid-parents, regression of the F₂ progeny on the mid-parents, and mean squares from the diallel analysis) of estimating heritability were compared for both populations. There were large differences in the heritability estimates among years and among methods. Two methods, 2([superscript b][subscript OP.P]) and [superscript b][subscript SX.MP'] generally resulted in higher heritability estimates than the other four methods. The "average heritability" (averaged across six methods and three years) for tiller number, seed number, seed weight, and seed yield were .187, .371, .506, and .193 respectively for group E and .567, .417, .622, and .374 for group I. The correlation and path-coefficient analysis for groups E and I indicated that tiller number had the largest direct effect in 1963, while seed number was most important in 1964 and both were equally important in 1965. Seed weight had relatively small effects all three years. All indirect effects were minor in both populations. The correlations and the direct and indirect effects for the parent, single-cross and F₂ generations were more variable and they were not always in agreement with the direct and indirect effects for the combined data of the parents and five progeny groups. There were large negative indirect effects in the individual generations which were not evident for the combined data of the parents and five progeny groups. Group E could be improved most by breeding for increased seed number while selection for yield would be most worthwhile in group I. However, maximum improvement could be made by combining the attributes of the two populations. The high seed weight of group E could be incorporated into group I and seed number of group E could be increased by crossing plants of group E with plants of group I. Title: Heritabilities and associations of seed yield components and seed yield in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) Author: Thomas, Johnny Ray Estimates of heritability and associations of tiller number, seed number, seed weight, and seed yield were determined in two groups of tall fescue. Group E was early maturing and had eight parental clones, while group I was intermediate in maturity and had nine parental clones. The parents and five progeny groups were included in the study: first generation selfed progeny (S₁), open-pollinated progeny, polycross progeny, single-cross progeny, and selfed progeny from the single-crosses (F₂). Each entry consisted of ten plants in a nine foot row, with three feet between rows. The plants were established in the field in October 1962, in a randomized block design with four replications. Data were collected during the summers of 1963, 1964, and 1965. Group E plants had slightly higher seed yields than group I plants. This yield advantage was mainly the result of heavier seeds in group E. The parents and the open-pollinated, polycross, and single-cross progeny were generally highest in performance for all four characteristics, while the S₁ progeny were intermediate and the F₂ progeny were lowest in performance. The open-pollinated and polycross progeny were limited in their usefulness for evaluating breeding material since there were no significant differences among the open-pollinated progenies in 13 of 24 analyses of variance and there were no significant differences among the polycross progenies in 12 of 24 analyses of variance. Six methods (regression of the S₁ progeny on the parents, two times the regression of the open-pollinated progeny on the parents, two times the regression of the polycross progeny on the parents, regression of the single-cross progeny on the mid-parents, regression of the F₂ progeny on the mid-parents, and mean squares from the diallel analysis) of estimating heritability were compared for both populations. There were large differences in the heritability estimates among years and among methods. Two methods, 2([superscript b][subscript OP.P]) and [superscript b][subscript SX.MP'] generally resulted in higher heritability estimates than the other four methods. The "average heritability" (averaged across six methods and three years) for tiller number, seed number, seed weight, and seed yield were .187, .371, .506, and .193 respectively for group E and .567, .417, .622, and .374 for group I. The correlation and path-coefficient analysis for groups E and I indicated that tiller number had the largest direct effect in 1963, while seed number was most important in 1964 and both were equally important in 1965. Seed weight had relatively small effects all three years. All indirect effects were minor in both populations. The correlations and the direct and indirect effects for the parent, single-cross and F₂ generations were more variable and they were not always in agreement with the direct and indirect effects for the combined data of the parents and five progeny groups. There were large negative indirect effects in the individual generations which were not evident for the combined data of the parents and five progeny groups. Group E could be improved most by breeding for increased seed number while selection for yield would be most worthwhile in group I. However, maximum improvement could be made by combining the attributes of the two populations. The high seed weight of group E could be incorporated into group I and seed number of group E could be increased by crossing plants of group E with plants of group I. Close

• 31. [Article] Heterosis and inbreeding in the progeney of genetically diverse parental clones of Festuca arundinacea Schreb

  The response of maturity, vigor, plant spread, plant height, three forage harvest yields, and total forage yield to heterosis and inbreeding was studied in tall fescue. Parent clones selected for diverse ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heterosis and inbreeding in the progeney of genetically diverse parental clones of Festuca arundinacea Schreb Author: Johnson, Blaine Earl The response of maturity, vigor, plant spread, plant height, three forage harvest yields, and total forage yield to heterosis and inbreeding was studied in tall fescue. Parent clones selected for diverse anthesis date, origin, and morphology were separated into two groups based on anthesis date, those having early maturity and those having late maturity. Parents, single-cross (SX), and first generation selfed (S₁) progeny were field evaluated. Parents, S₁, and SX progeny were space planted on a . 914 x 1.219 meter basis at the Hyslop Agronomy Field Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, in September, 1969. A randomized block design having four blocks and 14 plant rows as entries was used. Data were collected during the spring, summer, and fall of 1972. Single-cross progeny had a mean performance better than their midparents ' mean performance for all characteristics, with all differences significant except for plant height and third harvest forage yield. Single-cross progeny averaged 7. 03, 13. 18, 13. 50, 3. 89, 42. 93, 51. 72, 15. 14, and 37. 12 percent better than their midparents for maturity rating, vigor rating, plant spread, plant height, first, second, and third harvest forage yield, and forage yield, respectively. There was a greater frequency of individual single-crosses that exhibited significant heterosis in the early x late group than in either the early x early or late x late groups. In addition the average heterotic response of the early x late group was consistently greater than that of either of the other two groups. Thus it appears significant heterosis is more likely to occur, and is likely to be of a greater magnitude, in the progeny of parents having maturity differences, and presumably, greater genetic differences. Significant variation occurred among the single-cross maturity group means for all characteristics with the early x early single crosses most often being the better performers. Consequently the additional heterosis observed in the early x late group was usually insufficient to bring performance of this group up to that of the higher performing but less heterotic early x early single-crosses. This suggests heterosis may be of little practical importance. Inbreeding depression of S₁ progeny was significant for all characteristics. The inbreeding depression was of the greatest magnitude in the progeny of the early parents. Performance of early parents and early S₁ progeny was generally better than that of their late counterparts. Heritability estimates were high, particularly those obtained by regressing single-cross progeny on midparents, although two did not differ significantly from zero. The coefficients of determination for the same associations were likewise high, with over 70 percent of progeny variation being explained by linear association with parents for most characteristics. As superior progeny came from superior parents, this high degree of association suggests clonal evaluation may be an effective screening method in tall fescue. There was strong association among the characteristics of maturity rating, plant spread, plant height, first and third forage yield, and total forage yield, with the lowest of these coefficients of determination, R² = .6031, occurring between maturity rating and plant spread. Vigor rating, second harvest yield, seedling vigor index, and panicle number showed little association among themselves or among the other characteristics, with the highest association, R² = . 3599, occurring between panicle number and third harvest yield. Seed yield was moderately associated with forage characteristics, with R² values of about .5000, but showed no association with panicle number. Title: Heterosis and inbreeding in the progeney of genetically diverse parental clones of Festuca arundinacea Schreb Author: Johnson, Blaine Earl The response of maturity, vigor, plant spread, plant height, three forage harvest yields, and total forage yield to heterosis and inbreeding was studied in tall fescue. Parent clones selected for diverse anthesis date, origin, and morphology were separated into two groups based on anthesis date, those having early maturity and those having late maturity. Parents, single-cross (SX), and first generation selfed (S₁) progeny were field evaluated. Parents, S₁, and SX progeny were space planted on a . 914 x 1.219 meter basis at the Hyslop Agronomy Field Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, in September, 1969. A randomized block design having four blocks and 14 plant rows as entries was used. Data were collected during the spring, summer, and fall of 1972. Single-cross progeny had a mean performance better than their midparents ' mean performance for all characteristics, with all differences significant except for plant height and third harvest forage yield. Single-cross progeny averaged 7. 03, 13. 18, 13. 50, 3. 89, 42. 93, 51. 72, 15. 14, and 37. 12 percent better than their midparents for maturity rating, vigor rating, plant spread, plant height, first, second, and third harvest forage yield, and forage yield, respectively. There was a greater frequency of individual single-crosses that exhibited significant heterosis in the early x late group than in either the early x early or late x late groups. In addition the average heterotic response of the early x late group was consistently greater than that of either of the other two groups. Thus it appears significant heterosis is more likely to occur, and is likely to be of a greater magnitude, in the progeny of parents having maturity differences, and presumably, greater genetic differences. Significant variation occurred among the single-cross maturity group means for all characteristics with the early x early single crosses most often being the better performers. Consequently the additional heterosis observed in the early x late group was usually insufficient to bring performance of this group up to that of the higher performing but less heterotic early x early single-crosses. This suggests heterosis may be of little practical importance. Inbreeding depression of S₁ progeny was significant for all characteristics. The inbreeding depression was of the greatest magnitude in the progeny of the early parents. Performance of early parents and early S₁ progeny was generally better than that of their late counterparts. Heritability estimates were high, particularly those obtained by regressing single-cross progeny on midparents, although two did not differ significantly from zero. The coefficients of determination for the same associations were likewise high, with over 70 percent of progeny variation being explained by linear association with parents for most characteristics. As superior progeny came from superior parents, this high degree of association suggests clonal evaluation may be an effective screening method in tall fescue. There was strong association among the characteristics of maturity rating, plant spread, plant height, first and third forage yield, and total forage yield, with the lowest of these coefficients of determination, R² = .6031, occurring between maturity rating and plant spread. Vigor rating, second harvest yield, seedling vigor index, and panicle number showed little association among themselves or among the other characteristics, with the highest association, R² = . 3599, occurring between panicle number and third harvest yield. Seed yield was moderately associated with forage characteristics, with R² values of about .5000, but showed no association with panicle number. Close

• 32. [Article] An examination of seedling vigor and the effects of genetic diversity on response to heterosis in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)

  Response to heterosis for plant height, anthesis date, panicle number, seed yield, and fall vigor rating was determined in a tall. fescue group selected for diverse morphology, origin, and anthesis date. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An examination of seedling vigor and the effects of genetic diversity on response to heterosis in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Author: Moutray, Jim B., 1939- Response to heterosis for plant height, anthesis date, panicle number, seed yield, and fall vigor rating was determined in a tall. fescue group selected for diverse morphology, origin, and anthesis date. Parents, single-cross progeny (SX), and first generation selfed progeny (S₁) were included in the study. Each experimental plot consisted of 14 plants spaced three feet apart in a row with four feet between rows. Plants were established in the field in September, 1969, in a randomized block design with four replications. Data were collected during the summer and fall of 1970. Single-cross progeny were superior to parents with the exception of seed yield, with parents above S₁ progeny except in plant height. Single-crosses averaged 15. 36, 2. 60, 28.21, 24. 79, and 23. 04 percent above the mid-parent for plant height, early anthesis date, panicle number, seed yield, and fall vigor rating respectively. Single-crosses averaged 5.85 and 10.27 percent above the high-parent for panicle number and fall vigor rating respectively. Crosses between maturity groups resulted in the greatest heterosis above the mid-parent for all characteristics and above the high-parent for panicle number (117.50 percent of the high-parent). Early x early single-crosses were tallest (106. 49 percent of the high-parent) and had the most vegetative vigor (115. 36 percent of the high-parent). Indications are that crosses between parents of diverse morphology and origin result in a greater expression of heterosis than crosses among similar parents. Diverse anthesis date appears to increase response to heterosis. Vigor and associations among vigor characteristics were determined from single-cross and S₁ seed and seedlings. Respiration, germination, root and shoot growth, rate of growth, and unit growth characteristics were measured using a Gilson differential respirometer and a seed germinator. For most seed and seedling vigor characteristics S₁ 's and SX's were very similar. Early S₁ and early x early SX groups were consistently more vigorous than late S₁ and late x late SX groups with the early x late SX group intermediate between early x early and late x late SX groups for all seedling vigor characteristics. Root length and vigor index were two of the better indicators of early seedling vigor, with vigor index favored because it takes less time to measure and requires less space. Selection on the basis of vigor index should be an effective laboratory method of screening for higher seedling vigor in tall fescue. There was a significant association between most seed and seedling vigor characteristics in SX's and S₁'s, and most seed and seedling vigor characteristics were associated with from one to three mature plant characteristics, most often fall vigor rating. Three methods of selection for high and low seedling vigor (seed weight, head selection on shoot length, and emergence from deep seeding) resulted in small changes in seed weight and vigor index of progeny. Clones from a population with low seed weight and seedling vigor were self-pollinated and topcrossed to a source with high seed weight and seedling vigor. Positive associations between topcrosses and S₁'s for seed weight and vigor index suggests a lack of appreciable heterosis for these characteristics. The association of forage and seed yield was studied in duplicate populations of parents and five progeny groups. These were: first generation selfed (S₁), open-pollinated OP), polycross (PX), single-cross (SX), and selfed single-cross (F ). Nurseries were planted in a randomized block design with four replications, with harvests made during the spring and summer of 1969. There were significant associations of forage and seed yield in four progeny groups with no association in parents and polycross progeny. The highest correlation occurred in the S₁ progeny (r .794). High forage and seed yields in certain OP, PX, and SX progenies indicate the possibility of breeding for both characteristics simultaneously. Title: An examination of seedling vigor and the effects of genetic diversity on response to heterosis in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Author: Moutray, Jim B., 1939- Response to heterosis for plant height, anthesis date, panicle number, seed yield, and fall vigor rating was determined in a tall. fescue group selected for diverse morphology, origin, and anthesis date. Parents, single-cross progeny (SX), and first generation selfed progeny (S₁) were included in the study. Each experimental plot consisted of 14 plants spaced three feet apart in a row with four feet between rows. Plants were established in the field in September, 1969, in a randomized block design with four replications. Data were collected during the summer and fall of 1970. Single-cross progeny were superior to parents with the exception of seed yield, with parents above S₁ progeny except in plant height. Single-crosses averaged 15. 36, 2. 60, 28.21, 24. 79, and 23. 04 percent above the mid-parent for plant height, early anthesis date, panicle number, seed yield, and fall vigor rating respectively. Single-crosses averaged 5.85 and 10.27 percent above the high-parent for panicle number and fall vigor rating respectively. Crosses between maturity groups resulted in the greatest heterosis above the mid-parent for all characteristics and above the high-parent for panicle number (117.50 percent of the high-parent). Early x early single-crosses were tallest (106. 49 percent of the high-parent) and had the most vegetative vigor (115. 36 percent of the high-parent). Indications are that crosses between parents of diverse morphology and origin result in a greater expression of heterosis than crosses among similar parents. Diverse anthesis date appears to increase response to heterosis. Vigor and associations among vigor characteristics were determined from single-cross and S₁ seed and seedlings. Respiration, germination, root and shoot growth, rate of growth, and unit growth characteristics were measured using a Gilson differential respirometer and a seed germinator. For most seed and seedling vigor characteristics S₁ 's and SX's were very similar. Early S₁ and early x early SX groups were consistently more vigorous than late S₁ and late x late SX groups with the early x late SX group intermediate between early x early and late x late SX groups for all seedling vigor characteristics. Root length and vigor index were two of the better indicators of early seedling vigor, with vigor index favored because it takes less time to measure and requires less space. Selection on the basis of vigor index should be an effective laboratory method of screening for higher seedling vigor in tall fescue. There was a significant association between most seed and seedling vigor characteristics in SX's and S₁'s, and most seed and seedling vigor characteristics were associated with from one to three mature plant characteristics, most often fall vigor rating. Three methods of selection for high and low seedling vigor (seed weight, head selection on shoot length, and emergence from deep seeding) resulted in small changes in seed weight and vigor index of progeny. Clones from a population with low seed weight and seedling vigor were self-pollinated and topcrossed to a source with high seed weight and seedling vigor. Positive associations between topcrosses and S₁'s for seed weight and vigor index suggests a lack of appreciable heterosis for these characteristics. The association of forage and seed yield was studied in duplicate populations of parents and five progeny groups. These were: first generation selfed (S₁), open-pollinated OP), polycross (PX), single-cross (SX), and selfed single-cross (F ). Nurseries were planted in a randomized block design with four replications, with harvests made during the spring and summer of 1969. There were significant associations of forage and seed yield in four progeny groups with no association in parents and polycross progeny. The highest correlation occurred in the S₁ progeny (r .794). High forage and seed yields in certain OP, PX, and SX progenies indicate the possibility of breeding for both characteristics simultaneously. Close

• 33. [Article] Illuminating the Experiences of Single Fathers

  The purpose of this thesis is to explore the experiences of single fathers and their roles as primary caregiver to their children as men in society adopting traditionally feminine roles. There was one ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Illuminating the Experiences of Single Fathers Author: Esbensen, Heidi Rosa Year: 2014 The purpose of this thesis is to explore the experiences of single fathers and their roles as primary caregiver to their children as men in society adopting traditionally feminine roles. There was one primary research question explored: How do single father's experience parenthood? This is explored through four sub questions and discussions about daily life and childrearing alone; childcare and work and family conflicts; use of services and support networks; and of particular interest, gender and the influence of masculinity. Through an analysis of interviews with 14 fathers of varying class status, age, education, and time spent as a single father, I captured broadly the ways in which these men maneuver their childrearing with their lives, and how they are challenging, yet still upholding aspects of hegemonic masculinity. By exploring how these fathers maneuver childrearing as a male in society I assist in gaining insight and understanding to this population that has been previously overlooked in academic research. Title: Illuminating the Experiences of Single Fathers Author: Esbensen, Heidi Rosa Year: 2014 The purpose of this thesis is to explore the experiences of single fathers and their roles as primary caregiver to their children as men in society adopting traditionally feminine roles. There was one primary research question explored: How do single father's experience parenthood? This is explored through four sub questions and discussions about daily life and childrearing alone; childcare and work and family conflicts; use of services and support networks; and of particular interest, gender and the influence of masculinity. Through an analysis of interviews with 14 fathers of varying class status, age, education, and time spent as a single father, I captured broadly the ways in which these men maneuver their childrearing with their lives, and how they are challenging, yet still upholding aspects of hegemonic masculinity. By exploring how these fathers maneuver childrearing as a male in society I assist in gaining insight and understanding to this population that has been previously overlooked in academic research. Close

• 34. [Article] Heritability estimates for seed and plant characteristics in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

  Genetic differences, extent of hybrid vigor, nature of gene action, heritability estimates, and associations among characteristics, and between progenies and their respective mid-parents were determined for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heritability estimates for seed and plant characteristics in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) Author: Kim, Dal Ung Genetic differences, extent of hybrid vigor, nature of gene action, heritability estimates, and associations among characteristics, and between progenies and their respective mid-parents were determined for seed and plant characteristics in white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Ten seed and seedling vigor characteristics, including seed weight, ATP content in seed, seed respiration, and seedling vigor index were studied for a diallel cross consisting of 28 single crosses, five test-crosses, four checks, and eight open-pollinated seed and seedlings. Twenty-three plant characteristics on stolon, petiole, leaf, and forage were examined on the eight clones diallel cross, five test-crosses, three checks, the eight parental clones of single crosses, and six parent clones of the test-crosses. These 14 parent clones for this study were assembled on the basis of diverse morphology and origin. Most seed and seedling vigor characteristics, except RQ values, and most plant characteristics, except internode length, LAR and diurnal ratio in SLW, expressed significant differences among and within most groups of progenies and parental clones. All seed and seedling vigor characteristics, except RQ values, responded primarily to the nonadditive type of gene action. This suggests that the plant breeder should design his breeding program to develop varieties where hybrid vigor can be used to advantage. Among the criteria used in this study to measure seed and seedling vigor, ATP content per seed was closely associated with seedling vigor index and with certain plant characteristics, including forage yield per plant. The associations of seed weight with other seed and seedling vigor characteristics were negative or poor. Most plant characteristics showed apparent hybrid vigor when progenies were compared with their respective mid-parents. With few exceptions, most plant characteristics, stolon, petiole, leaf and forage yield per plant, responded primarily to the nonadditive gene system. This indicated that the plant breeder may use the hybrid approach to white clover variety development. The exceptions were leaf ratio and SLW which responded primarily to additive gene action, and area and dry weight per leaf appeared to respond equally to additive and nonadditive gene action. Genetic differences were more readily identified for stolon number and length when measurements were taken after 70 days of growth. Yield components, such as number, length, and diameter of stolon, petiole length, number of leaves per plant, and dry weight per leaf were closely related to each other. The leaf components of yield, dry weight per leaf and number of leaves per plant, had the highest direct and indirect effects on forage yields per plant among the yield components. This study showed nonadditive gene action primarily responsible for most seed and plant characteristics. Considering the ease of vegetative propagation in this species along with the self-incompatibility, mechanisms, it is suggested that parent geneotypes may be developed by some recurrent selection procedure, then crossed on a two clone synthetic basis to form experimental lines for testing purposes. Title: Heritability estimates for seed and plant characteristics in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) Author: Kim, Dal Ung Genetic differences, extent of hybrid vigor, nature of gene action, heritability estimates, and associations among characteristics, and between progenies and their respective mid-parents were determined for seed and plant characteristics in white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Ten seed and seedling vigor characteristics, including seed weight, ATP content in seed, seed respiration, and seedling vigor index were studied for a diallel cross consisting of 28 single crosses, five test-crosses, four checks, and eight open-pollinated seed and seedlings. Twenty-three plant characteristics on stolon, petiole, leaf, and forage were examined on the eight clones diallel cross, five test-crosses, three checks, the eight parental clones of single crosses, and six parent clones of the test-crosses. These 14 parent clones for this study were assembled on the basis of diverse morphology and origin. Most seed and seedling vigor characteristics, except RQ values, and most plant characteristics, except internode length, LAR and diurnal ratio in SLW, expressed significant differences among and within most groups of progenies and parental clones. All seed and seedling vigor characteristics, except RQ values, responded primarily to the nonadditive type of gene action. This suggests that the plant breeder should design his breeding program to develop varieties where hybrid vigor can be used to advantage. Among the criteria used in this study to measure seed and seedling vigor, ATP content per seed was closely associated with seedling vigor index and with certain plant characteristics, including forage yield per plant. The associations of seed weight with other seed and seedling vigor characteristics were negative or poor. Most plant characteristics showed apparent hybrid vigor when progenies were compared with their respective mid-parents. With few exceptions, most plant characteristics, stolon, petiole, leaf and forage yield per plant, responded primarily to the nonadditive gene system. This indicated that the plant breeder may use the hybrid approach to white clover variety development. The exceptions were leaf ratio and SLW which responded primarily to additive gene action, and area and dry weight per leaf appeared to respond equally to additive and nonadditive gene action. Genetic differences were more readily identified for stolon number and length when measurements were taken after 70 days of growth. Yield components, such as number, length, and diameter of stolon, petiole length, number of leaves per plant, and dry weight per leaf were closely related to each other. The leaf components of yield, dry weight per leaf and number of leaves per plant, had the highest direct and indirect effects on forage yields per plant among the yield components. This study showed nonadditive gene action primarily responsible for most seed and plant characteristics. Considering the ease of vegetative propagation in this species along with the self-incompatibility, mechanisms, it is suggested that parent geneotypes may be developed by some recurrent selection procedure, then crossed on a two clone synthetic basis to form experimental lines for testing purposes. Close

• 35. [Article] Compensating effects and gene action estimates for the components of grain yield in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell)

  Five winter wheat cultivars and their diallel crosses were evaluated for plant height, harvest index, deading-maturity duration, the components of yield, (spikes per plant, spikelets per spike, kernel ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Compensating effects and gene action estimates for the components of grain yield in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) Author: Abi-Antoun, Michel Five winter wheat cultivars and their diallel crosses were evaluated for plant height, harvest index, deading-maturity duration, the components of yield, (spikes per plant, spikelets per spike, kernel weight and kernels per spikelet)and total plant yield. Two diverse locations, Moro, a dryland site (250 mm annually) located in central Oregon and the Hyslop Agronomy Farm, a high rainfall site (over 1000 mm annually) located in the Willamette Valley, were utilized for one and two cropping seasons, respectively. Three rates of seeding were used as main plots in a split-plot design that was replicated four times. A modified blend method of seeding was used to simulate solid seeding conditions. Experimental seeds were planted 30.5 centimeters apart within the row over a filler cultivar in equally spaced (30.5 centimeters) rows. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance, Griffing's diallel analysis (Method 4, Model 1), correlation, path-coefficient analysis and by parent progeny regression. The correlation between grain yield, its components, harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height was dependent on the particula. r environment of the test. The re waspoorcorrelationbetween yield, tiller number and seed size under all the conditions of these studies. Negative associations between the components of yield indicated the sequential compensatory behavior of these characters under all environments. It would be very hard to select for large grain and short stature wheat because of the positive correlation between plant height and seed size within this population. The low correlations of yield with tiller number and seed size were mainly caused by indirect negative effects through one or more of the other yield components. Harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height had very small direct or indirect influences on grain yield. It was concluded that maximum yield would be obtained from a plant type which produces enough tillers to cover a particular unit of field area with large, fertile spikes, having medium to large kernels and semi-dwarf stature. No significant differences existed between parents and single crosses in the expression of the yield components. Nevertheless, hybrids outyielded their parents in grain yield and demonstrated that heterosis for complex traits was a consequence of multiplicative relationships among the components of these traits. Significant interactions between the genotypes and locations, seeding rates and years were observed in the expression of all characters studied. These interactions indicated that using data from non-competitive conditions to assess performance under competitive conditions could not be justified. Also, limiting the number of testing sites may lead to unsound generalizations and erroneous recommendations regarding gene action estimates of yield and the components of grain yield and three associated characters. Under non-competitive conditions, estimates of the additive type of gene action were more significant and contributed larger effects than the non-additive type for all traits. As competition increased at higher seeding rates, the effects of specific combining ability became more important in the expression of yield, number of spikes, spikelets per spike, and plant height. Heritability estimates confirmed these results except for yield. Of the agronomic characters, harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height, only harvest index showed some promise as a selection criterion under noncompetitive conditions. A breeding procedure utilizing the component approach consisted of selecting early generations under spaced planting with emphasis on avoiding extreme values in any of the components of yield. The balanced combinations of the components of yield should be tested under solid seeding conditions. Title: Compensating effects and gene action estimates for the components of grain yield in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) Author: Abi-Antoun, Michel Five winter wheat cultivars and their diallel crosses were evaluated for plant height, harvest index, deading-maturity duration, the components of yield, (spikes per plant, spikelets per spike, kernel weight and kernels per spikelet)and total plant yield. Two diverse locations, Moro, a dryland site (250 mm annually) located in central Oregon and the Hyslop Agronomy Farm, a high rainfall site (over 1000 mm annually) located in the Willamette Valley, were utilized for one and two cropping seasons, respectively. Three rates of seeding were used as main plots in a split-plot design that was replicated four times. A modified blend method of seeding was used to simulate solid seeding conditions. Experimental seeds were planted 30.5 centimeters apart within the row over a filler cultivar in equally spaced (30.5 centimeters) rows. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance, Griffing's diallel analysis (Method 4, Model 1), correlation, path-coefficient analysis and by parent progeny regression. The correlation between grain yield, its components, harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height was dependent on the particula. r environment of the test. The re waspoorcorrelationbetween yield, tiller number and seed size under all the conditions of these studies. Negative associations between the components of yield indicated the sequential compensatory behavior of these characters under all environments. It would be very hard to select for large grain and short stature wheat because of the positive correlation between plant height and seed size within this population. The low correlations of yield with tiller number and seed size were mainly caused by indirect negative effects through one or more of the other yield components. Harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height had very small direct or indirect influences on grain yield. It was concluded that maximum yield would be obtained from a plant type which produces enough tillers to cover a particular unit of field area with large, fertile spikes, having medium to large kernels and semi-dwarf stature. No significant differences existed between parents and single crosses in the expression of the yield components. Nevertheless, hybrids outyielded their parents in grain yield and demonstrated that heterosis for complex traits was a consequence of multiplicative relationships among the components of these traits. Significant interactions between the genotypes and locations, seeding rates and years were observed in the expression of all characters studied. These interactions indicated that using data from non-competitive conditions to assess performance under competitive conditions could not be justified. Also, limiting the number of testing sites may lead to unsound generalizations and erroneous recommendations regarding gene action estimates of yield and the components of grain yield and three associated characters. Under non-competitive conditions, estimates of the additive type of gene action were more significant and contributed larger effects than the non-additive type for all traits. As competition increased at higher seeding rates, the effects of specific combining ability became more important in the expression of yield, number of spikes, spikelets per spike, and plant height. Heritability estimates confirmed these results except for yield. Of the agronomic characters, harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height, only harvest index showed some promise as a selection criterion under noncompetitive conditions. A breeding procedure utilizing the component approach consisted of selecting early generations under spaced planting with emphasis on avoiding extreme values in any of the components of yield. The balanced combinations of the components of yield should be tested under solid seeding conditions. Close

• 36. [Article] The heritability of agronomic characteristics in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)

  Three genotypes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cultivar Fawn and four genotypes from the cultivar Fortune were used as parents to form 15 of a possible 21 single crosses to study the heritability ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The heritability of agronomic characteristics in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Author: Subhanij, Thiravira Three genotypes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cultivar Fawn and four genotypes from the cultivar Fortune were used as parents to form 15 of a possible 21 single crosses to study the heritability of certain agronomic characteristics. The Fawn variety is considered to be tall in growth habit, vigorous and early in anthesis. The Fortune variety represents germ plasm with a shorter growth habit, less vigor and later anthesis. Crossing was accomplished by mutual pollination in the greenhouse during February 1972. A greenhouse experiment was started in June 1972 using the 15 single crosses in a randomized block with three replications. Plants were supplied with one half strength of a modified Hougland's solution twice weekly until August 3 followed with an application of the same nutrient solution every two weeks until they were taken to the field for establishment. Greenhouse data were collected on July 7, August 4 and September 11. These data indicated that the variation among single crosses for tiller numbers and dry weight were greater as the plant grew older. Nutrient stress affected dry matter yield by reducing the variation and mean performance of the single crosses. Differences among single crosses for shoot length, tiller number, and plant spread were still quite evident under the stress conditions. Shoot length showed significant general combining ability (GCA) with non significant specific combining ability effects (SCA) on July 7 and September 11. GCA effects for tiller numbers were evident on August 4 and September 11. Both GCA and SCA effects were significant for plant spread on September ii. GCA for dry weight were significant only on July 7. Based on the diallel analysis, additive gene action was primarily responsible for shoot length, tiller numbers and dry weight. Both additive and non additive gene action influenced plant spread. The field establishment included the 15 single crosses from greenhouse experiments and the seven parent clones, established in a randomized block design with three replications. From the diallel analysis, it was observed that the GCA:SCA mean square for the characters measured were: plant height (19:1), plant spread (2. 1:1), anthesis date (3.2:1), panicle number (1.4:1), panicle length(l2:1), number of primary pedicels per panicle (7.4:1), five panicle seed weight (0. 2:1), seed yield per plant (0. 4:1) and 100 seed weight (15.1:1). This indicated that additive gene action was of major importance in the expression of plant height, number of primary pedicels and 100 seed weight. Non additive gene action was contributed substantially more to the expression of five panicles seed weight and seed yield. Both additive and non additive gene action contributed to plant spread and anthesis. Inferences about gene action for panicle numbers and panicle length were not as evident. This is because of the low GCA:SCA ratio, a barely significant GCA for panicle number, and no significant GCA or SCA for panicle length. Single cross progeny were superior to mid parent for plant height (9.27 percent), plant spread (20. 33 percent), anthesis (20.90 percent, which suggested earlier anthesis than mid parent), panicle number (36. 69 percent), and panicle length (11. 44 percent). No apparent superiority of single cross progeny over their corresponding mid parent for number of primary pedicels and 100 seed weight was observed. Of all single crosses, only Fawn x Fortune crosses were inferior to mid parents for five panicle seed weight (65.93 percent) and seed yield (60. 22 percent). The Fawn x Fortune performance for both of these characters (0.4062 and 1.23 g per plant, respectively)was low, The diverse parentage of these crosses may have resulted in irregular meiotic behavior in the F₁ which in turn may have caused inviable gametes to be formed. This sterility would result in the low seed yields observed. This is a problem that should be cytologically investigated. Crosses between diverse germ plasm (Fawn x Fortune crosses) did result, however, in heterosis for all characteristics except number of primary pedicels and 100 seed weight. But Fortune x Fortune crosses, for certain characters such as plant height, plant spread, panicle numbers, panicle length,exhibited even more heterosis. No heterosis was observed in the Fawn x Fawn crosses. Medium to high heritability estimates were observed for 100 seed weight, plant spread, anthesis date, panicle number and panicle length, while medium to low heritability were observed for panicle length. Low heritable value was evident for plant height, number of primary pedicels, five panicle seed weight and seed yield. Heritability estimates were based on parent progeny relationships involving all single crosses and mid parents. The relationships among various plant characteristics and seed yield was studied. Five panicle seed weight and panicle numbers were significantly correlated with seed yield. However there was a non-significant association of panicle length with seed yield and number of primary pedicels with seed yield.These relationships suggest that higher yielding genotypes may be identified by observing only few panicles per plants. The panicle characteristics examined in this study (other than seed weight) were of little value in identifying high seed yield genotypes, but panicle seed weight was positively related to plant yield. Title: The heritability of agronomic characteristics in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Author: Subhanij, Thiravira Three genotypes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cultivar Fawn and four genotypes from the cultivar Fortune were used as parents to form 15 of a possible 21 single crosses to study the heritability of certain agronomic characteristics. The Fawn variety is considered to be tall in growth habit, vigorous and early in anthesis. The Fortune variety represents germ plasm with a shorter growth habit, less vigor and later anthesis. Crossing was accomplished by mutual pollination in the greenhouse during February 1972. A greenhouse experiment was started in June 1972 using the 15 single crosses in a randomized block with three replications. Plants were supplied with one half strength of a modified Hougland's solution twice weekly until August 3 followed with an application of the same nutrient solution every two weeks until they were taken to the field for establishment. Greenhouse data were collected on July 7, August 4 and September 11. These data indicated that the variation among single crosses for tiller numbers and dry weight were greater as the plant grew older. Nutrient stress affected dry matter yield by reducing the variation and mean performance of the single crosses. Differences among single crosses for shoot length, tiller number, and plant spread were still quite evident under the stress conditions. Shoot length showed significant general combining ability (GCA) with non significant specific combining ability effects (SCA) on July 7 and September 11. GCA effects for tiller numbers were evident on August 4 and September 11. Both GCA and SCA effects were significant for plant spread on September ii. GCA for dry weight were significant only on July 7. Based on the diallel analysis, additive gene action was primarily responsible for shoot length, tiller numbers and dry weight. Both additive and non additive gene action influenced plant spread. The field establishment included the 15 single crosses from greenhouse experiments and the seven parent clones, established in a randomized block design with three replications. From the diallel analysis, it was observed that the GCA:SCA mean square for the characters measured were: plant height (19:1), plant spread (2. 1:1), anthesis date (3.2:1), panicle number (1.4:1), panicle length(l2:1), number of primary pedicels per panicle (7.4:1), five panicle seed weight (0. 2:1), seed yield per plant (0. 4:1) and 100 seed weight (15.1:1). This indicated that additive gene action was of major importance in the expression of plant height, number of primary pedicels and 100 seed weight. Non additive gene action was contributed substantially more to the expression of five panicles seed weight and seed yield. Both additive and non additive gene action contributed to plant spread and anthesis. Inferences about gene action for panicle numbers and panicle length were not as evident. This is because of the low GCA:SCA ratio, a barely significant GCA for panicle number, and no significant GCA or SCA for panicle length. Single cross progeny were superior to mid parent for plant height (9.27 percent), plant spread (20. 33 percent), anthesis (20.90 percent, which suggested earlier anthesis than mid parent), panicle number (36. 69 percent), and panicle length (11. 44 percent). No apparent superiority of single cross progeny over their corresponding mid parent for number of primary pedicels and 100 seed weight was observed. Of all single crosses, only Fawn x Fortune crosses were inferior to mid parents for five panicle seed weight (65.93 percent) and seed yield (60. 22 percent). The Fawn x Fortune performance for both of these characters (0.4062 and 1.23 g per plant, respectively)was low, The diverse parentage of these crosses may have resulted in irregular meiotic behavior in the F₁ which in turn may have caused inviable gametes to be formed. This sterility would result in the low seed yields observed. This is a problem that should be cytologically investigated. Crosses between diverse germ plasm (Fawn x Fortune crosses) did result, however, in heterosis for all characteristics except number of primary pedicels and 100 seed weight. But Fortune x Fortune crosses, for certain characters such as plant height, plant spread, panicle numbers, panicle length,exhibited even more heterosis. No heterosis was observed in the Fawn x Fawn crosses. Medium to high heritability estimates were observed for 100 seed weight, plant spread, anthesis date, panicle number and panicle length, while medium to low heritability were observed for panicle length. Low heritable value was evident for plant height, number of primary pedicels, five panicle seed weight and seed yield. Heritability estimates were based on parent progeny relationships involving all single crosses and mid parents. The relationships among various plant characteristics and seed yield was studied. Five panicle seed weight and panicle numbers were significantly correlated with seed yield. However there was a non-significant association of panicle length with seed yield and number of primary pedicels with seed yield.These relationships suggest that higher yielding genotypes may be identified by observing only few panicles per plants. The panicle characteristics examined in this study (other than seed weight) were of little value in identifying high seed yield genotypes, but panicle seed weight was positively related to plant yield. Close

• 37. [Image] A model for the origin of calc-alkaline andesites at Crater Lake, Oregon

  	ill. (some color), maps; Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pennsylvania State University; Includes bibliographic references (p. 118-124);
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A model for the origin of calc-alkaline andesites at Crater Lake, Oregon Author: Pinta, James Year: 1981, 2009 ill. (some color), maps; Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pennsylvania State University; Includes bibliographic references (p. 118-124); Title: A model for the origin of calc-alkaline andesites at Crater Lake, Oregon Author: Pinta, James Year: 1981, 2009 ill. (some color), maps; Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pennsylvania State University; Includes bibliographic references (p. 118-124); Close

• 38. [Article] Conscience orientation in children and parental attitudes toward independence granting and achievement inducement

  This study focused on the relationship between parental attitudes and the conscience orientation of children, testing the hypotheses that (1) parents who had children with an external conscience orientation would ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conscience orientation in children and parental attitudes toward independence granting and achievement inducement Author: Draper, Henry E. This study focused on the relationship between parental attitudes and the conscience orientation of children, testing the hypotheses that (1) parents who had children with an external conscience orientation would show significantly greater disparity between their independence granting and achievement inducement attitudes than parents whose children had conventional or humanistic orientations, (2) that parents who had children with a humanistic conscience orientation would show significantly less disparity between their independence granting and achievement inducement scores than parents whose children had external or conventional conscience orientations, and (3) that parents whose children had conventional conscience orientations would show a disparity between independence granting and achievement inducement scores which would fall midway between the parents of children with external or humanistic conscience orientations. Fifteen students representative of each of three conscience types were identified from 325 sixth grade children from various school districts in central and south eastern Utah. The identification and measurement of conscience orientations was achieved with a projective story completion battery adapted from a measure developed by Hoffman. Parental attitudes toward independence granting and achievement inducement were obtained by means of an interview, using the Parental Developmental Timetable, a paper and pencil instrument designed for this purpose by Torgoff . These instruments provided a single independence granting and single achievement inducement score for each parent. The achievement inducement score of each parent was divided into the independence granting score to obtain a ratio of these two variables (the I/A ratio). To determine if there was a significant difference in the I/A ratio scores of parents whose children held different conscience orientations, the parental data were treated by an analysis of variance. Using raw score data no differences were found in the I/A ratios between the three parental groupings, and the three hypotheses stated above were rejected. A derived score transformation technique of handling the data was then developed which permitted a more precise method of determining the difference between the relationship of independence granting to achievement inducement. The rationale permitted a high score theoretically to represent parents whose children had a humanistic conscience orientation, a low score to represent parents whose children had an external conscience orientation, and the scores in between to represent parents whose children had a conventional conscience orientation. When an analysis of variance was applied to these data, the hypotheses were again rejected. The data also were tested to determine the influence of the parental independence granting and achievement inducement variables independently on the conscience orientation of children. This analysis also revealed a lack of relationship between independence granting or achievement inducement orientations on the part of parents and the conscience orientation of children. It was concluded, within the limits of these data, that the independence granting and achievement orientations of parents are unrelated to the conscience orientations of sixth grade children from selected school districts in Utah. In an effort to account for the negative findings corning from the study, an examination of the sampling procedures, the measurement procedures, and the conceptual framework was undertaken. In spite of weakness in the sampling procedure, and the limitations of measurement, it is the opinion of the investigator that the major factor accounting for the negative findings was the inadequacy of the conceptual framework. Had a conceptual framework been developed which included a three-dimensional model, taking into account the influence of parental warmth in relation to the ratio of independence granting and achievement inducement, results in the direction predicted may have occurred. Title: Conscience orientation in children and parental attitudes toward independence granting and achievement inducement Author: Draper, Henry E. This study focused on the relationship between parental attitudes and the conscience orientation of children, testing the hypotheses that (1) parents who had children with an external conscience orientation would show significantly greater disparity between their independence granting and achievement inducement attitudes than parents whose children had conventional or humanistic orientations, (2) that parents who had children with a humanistic conscience orientation would show significantly less disparity between their independence granting and achievement inducement scores than parents whose children had external or conventional conscience orientations, and (3) that parents whose children had conventional conscience orientations would show a disparity between independence granting and achievement inducement scores which would fall midway between the parents of children with external or humanistic conscience orientations. Fifteen students representative of each of three conscience types were identified from 325 sixth grade children from various school districts in central and south eastern Utah. The identification and measurement of conscience orientations was achieved with a projective story completion battery adapted from a measure developed by Hoffman. Parental attitudes toward independence granting and achievement inducement were obtained by means of an interview, using the Parental Developmental Timetable, a paper and pencil instrument designed for this purpose by Torgoff . These instruments provided a single independence granting and single achievement inducement score for each parent. The achievement inducement score of each parent was divided into the independence granting score to obtain a ratio of these two variables (the I/A ratio). To determine if there was a significant difference in the I/A ratio scores of parents whose children held different conscience orientations, the parental data were treated by an analysis of variance. Using raw score data no differences were found in the I/A ratios between the three parental groupings, and the three hypotheses stated above were rejected. A derived score transformation technique of handling the data was then developed which permitted a more precise method of determining the difference between the relationship of independence granting to achievement inducement. The rationale permitted a high score theoretically to represent parents whose children had a humanistic conscience orientation, a low score to represent parents whose children had an external conscience orientation, and the scores in between to represent parents whose children had a conventional conscience orientation. When an analysis of variance was applied to these data, the hypotheses were again rejected. The data also were tested to determine the influence of the parental independence granting and achievement inducement variables independently on the conscience orientation of children. This analysis also revealed a lack of relationship between independence granting or achievement inducement orientations on the part of parents and the conscience orientation of children. It was concluded, within the limits of these data, that the independence granting and achievement orientations of parents are unrelated to the conscience orientations of sixth grade children from selected school districts in Utah. In an effort to account for the negative findings corning from the study, an examination of the sampling procedures, the measurement procedures, and the conceptual framework was undertaken. In spite of weakness in the sampling procedure, and the limitations of measurement, it is the opinion of the investigator that the major factor accounting for the negative findings was the inadequacy of the conceptual framework. Had a conceptual framework been developed which included a three-dimensional model, taking into account the influence of parental warmth in relation to the ratio of independence granting and achievement inducement, results in the direction predicted may have occurred. Close

• 39. [Article] Children's preceptions of parental responses to sibling quarrels and the qualities of sibling relationships

  Children in middle childhood were surveyed in elementary schools to explore possible associations between their perceptions about certain characteristics of their sibling relationships and the ways in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Children's preceptions of parental responses to sibling quarrels and the qualities of sibling relationships Author: Ozretich, Rachel A. Children in middle childhood were surveyed in elementary schools to explore possible associations between their perceptions about certain characteristics of their sibling relationships and the ways in which their parents responded to sibling quarrels. An instrument was developed to measure perceptions of types of parental responses and the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire was used to assess sibling conflict, warmth/closeness, and perceptions of parental partiality. Factor analyses revealed that the parental responses of punishing, prohibiting, and group discipline were closely related, reflecting a single dimension (alpha=.81). Labeled restricting, regression analyses indicated that this type of parental response to sibling quarrels was a strong positive predictor of sibling conflict, a negative predictor of sibling warmth/closeness, and unrelated to perceptions of parental partiality. The contributions of the other types of parental responses to the aspects of sibling relationships studied were different for girls and boys. Parental referring to family rules contributed positively to girls' sibling conflict, and negatively to sibling warmth/closeness. Parental mediating conciliation, particularly by mothers, was a strong positive predictor of boys' sibling warmth/closeness. Parental mediating conciliation negatively contributed to boys' sibling conflict, particularly fathers' mediating conciliation. Nonintervention by parents, particularly fathers' nonintervention, was a strong positive predictor of boys' sibling conflict, and contributed positively to boys' perceptions of parental partiality, as well. However, among girls, fathers' nonintervention positively contributed to sibling warmth/closeness and negatively contributed to partiality. Boys perceived more sibling conflict than girls, but other sibling constellation and family structure variables did not contribute significantly to the aspects of sibling relationships studied. Title: Children's preceptions of parental responses to sibling quarrels and the qualities of sibling relationships Author: Ozretich, Rachel A. Children in middle childhood were surveyed in elementary schools to explore possible associations between their perceptions about certain characteristics of their sibling relationships and the ways in which their parents responded to sibling quarrels. An instrument was developed to measure perceptions of types of parental responses and the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire was used to assess sibling conflict, warmth/closeness, and perceptions of parental partiality. Factor analyses revealed that the parental responses of punishing, prohibiting, and group discipline were closely related, reflecting a single dimension (alpha=.81). Labeled restricting, regression analyses indicated that this type of parental response to sibling quarrels was a strong positive predictor of sibling conflict, a negative predictor of sibling warmth/closeness, and unrelated to perceptions of parental partiality. The contributions of the other types of parental responses to the aspects of sibling relationships studied were different for girls and boys. Parental referring to family rules contributed positively to girls' sibling conflict, and negatively to sibling warmth/closeness. Parental mediating conciliation, particularly by mothers, was a strong positive predictor of boys' sibling warmth/closeness. Parental mediating conciliation negatively contributed to boys' sibling conflict, particularly fathers' mediating conciliation. Nonintervention by parents, particularly fathers' nonintervention, was a strong positive predictor of boys' sibling conflict, and contributed positively to boys' perceptions of parental partiality, as well. However, among girls, fathers' nonintervention positively contributed to sibling warmth/closeness and negatively contributed to partiality. Boys perceived more sibling conflict than girls, but other sibling constellation and family structure variables did not contribute significantly to the aspects of sibling relationships studied. Close

• 40. [Article] Assessing the sex education attitudes and skills of parents of church attending preadolescents

  Four instruments were developed to assess sex education attitudes and skills of parents. The Parental Perception of Preadolescent Child (PPPC), Parental Attitudes Toward the Sex Education of Children (PATSEC), ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing the sex education attitudes and skills of parents of church attending preadolescents Author: Kleffner, Carolyn Joyce Four instruments were developed to assess sex education attitudes and skills of parents. The Parental Perception of Preadolescent Child (PPPC), Parental Attitudes Toward the Sex Education of Children (PATSEC), Topic Checklist (TC) and Index of Challenging Questions for Parents of Preadolescents (ICQPP) provided measures on how parents perceive maturity and readiness for receiving information about sexual topics, and assessed a variety of parental sex education attitudes as well as competence, openness, and confidence in answering challenging questions from 9 - 12 year old children. After pretesting on a small sample of parents of preadolescents the instruments were then administered to a nonrandom parent sample of 65 residents of Linn and Benton Counties, Oregon. A majority of the 38 mothers and 27 fathers were married, college graduates, and attended church frequently. The questionnaire was administered at four Benton County churches. The four questionnaires and parental background data were analyzed by one and two way analysis of variance, Pearson Product Moment correlation, multiple and single response frequency tabulations, and a stepwise multiple regression test. Results indicated that parents held very positive attitudes toward the sex education of children and prefer being the primary source of information to them. Subjects were able to select the most developmentally appropriate response to children's challenging questions 75% of the time. The mean scores for fathers and mothers did not differ significantly in openness, attitude, or competence as measured on the TC, PATSEC, and ICQPP instruments. However, fathers were found to be more confident than mothers in responding to preadolescents' questions. A stepwise regression analysis showed a significant positive relationship between openness, competence and attitudes toward sex education of children. How mature a parent perceives a child to be was not significantly correlated to frequency of discussion on sexual topics. These findings were discussed and implications for providing sex education classes and parent-child discussion groups were made. Title: Assessing the sex education attitudes and skills of parents of church attending preadolescents Author: Kleffner, Carolyn Joyce Four instruments were developed to assess sex education attitudes and skills of parents. The Parental Perception of Preadolescent Child (PPPC), Parental Attitudes Toward the Sex Education of Children (PATSEC), Topic Checklist (TC) and Index of Challenging Questions for Parents of Preadolescents (ICQPP) provided measures on how parents perceive maturity and readiness for receiving information about sexual topics, and assessed a variety of parental sex education attitudes as well as competence, openness, and confidence in answering challenging questions from 9 - 12 year old children. After pretesting on a small sample of parents of preadolescents the instruments were then administered to a nonrandom parent sample of 65 residents of Linn and Benton Counties, Oregon. A majority of the 38 mothers and 27 fathers were married, college graduates, and attended church frequently. The questionnaire was administered at four Benton County churches. The four questionnaires and parental background data were analyzed by one and two way analysis of variance, Pearson Product Moment correlation, multiple and single response frequency tabulations, and a stepwise multiple regression test. Results indicated that parents held very positive attitudes toward the sex education of children and prefer being the primary source of information to them. Subjects were able to select the most developmentally appropriate response to children's challenging questions 75% of the time. The mean scores for fathers and mothers did not differ significantly in openness, attitude, or competence as measured on the TC, PATSEC, and ICQPP instruments. However, fathers were found to be more confident than mothers in responding to preadolescents' questions. A stepwise regression analysis showed a significant positive relationship between openness, competence and attitudes toward sex education of children. How mature a parent perceives a child to be was not significantly correlated to frequency of discussion on sexual topics. These findings were discussed and implications for providing sex education classes and parent-child discussion groups were made. Close