Search

Search Results

• 21. [Article] Who’s Home? – A Look at Households and Housing in Oregon

  Where we live and who we live with have a huge influence on our everyday lives. Do we live alone or share a home with family or friends? Do we own or rent? How affordable is our housing when compared to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Who’s Home? – A Look at Households and Housing in Oregon Author: Proehl, Risa S. Year: 2011 Where we live and who we live with have a huge influence on our everyday lives. Do we live alone or share a home with family or friends? Do we own or rent? How affordable is our housing when compared to our income and how is the value of our house changing? All of these issues shape how we live our lives. Similarly, housing and households influence the character of neighborhoods and communities. The share of households with children and seniors, the share of households that rent or own, the size of households, and the cost and supply of housing can affect community resources, demographics and livability. Every ten years, we get a snapshot of the nation’s households from the decennial census. In between census years, we get an update of that picture plus additional information from the American Community Survey. This article explores changes in the size, structure and financial condition of Oregon’s households, from 2000 to 2010, using data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2000 and 2010 decennial censuses and the 2005-2009 American Community Survey. Households are occupied housing units. The type of people who occupy them is changing slowly over time. The composition of households is descriptive of the population in general and is indicative of the dynamics of an area’s demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Title: Who’s Home? – A Look at Households and Housing in Oregon Author: Proehl, Risa S. Year: 2011 Where we live and who we live with have a huge influence on our everyday lives. Do we live alone or share a home with family or friends? Do we own or rent? How affordable is our housing when compared to our income and how is the value of our house changing? All of these issues shape how we live our lives. Similarly, housing and households influence the character of neighborhoods and communities. The share of households with children and seniors, the share of households that rent or own, the size of households, and the cost and supply of housing can affect community resources, demographics and livability. Every ten years, we get a snapshot of the nation’s households from the decennial census. In between census years, we get an update of that picture plus additional information from the American Community Survey. This article explores changes in the size, structure and financial condition of Oregon’s households, from 2000 to 2010, using data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2000 and 2010 decennial censuses and the 2005-2009 American Community Survey. Households are occupied housing units. The type of people who occupy them is changing slowly over time. The composition of households is descriptive of the population in general and is indicative of the dynamics of an area’s demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Close

• 22. [Article] The Trade-offs between Population Density and Households' Transportation-housing Costs

  As metropolitan area governments and others promote density-promoting “smart growth” policies, finer analysis is needed to quantify the impact of such policies on households' transportation and housing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Trade-offs between Population Density and Households' Transportation-housing Costs Author: Wang, Haizhong Year: 2015 As metropolitan area governments and others promote density-promoting “smart growth” policies, finer analysis is needed to quantify the impact of such policies on households' transportation and housing costs. Existing research suggests that households in urban areas trade-off between housing costs and transportation costs, but does not explore how policies to increase urban densities might explicitly impact this balance. Furthermore, the research does not adequately distinguish between the effect of urban area density and the effects of other factors associated with urban area density (e.g metropolitan area size and household incomes) on housing costs. This research uses the 2000 Census Public Use Micro Sample (PUMS) person and household data from 23 of the nation's most densely populated states to identify the impact of increased population density on three housing cost measures: household rents, housing unit values, and monthly mortgage payments. Log linear models were estimated for each housing cost measure using least-squares regression. Dependent variables included household, housing unit, and geographic area characteristics, including population density. The models were found to be very similar to one another in terms of the statistical significance and values of estimated model parameters. Population density (measured at the PUMS area level) was found to be statistically significant at the 0.01 level for all housing cost measures. Although significant, the parameter estimates show that the elasticity of housing cost with respect to population density is low, ranging from 0.041 to 0.05. This research also explores the relationship between housing costs and accessibility. Results show that households living in areas closer to jobs (as indicated by shorter average commute times) and households utilizing fixed route transit systems have marginally higher housing costs. Title: The Trade-offs between Population Density and Households' Transportation-housing Costs Author: Wang, Haizhong Year: 2015 As metropolitan area governments and others promote density-promoting “smart growth” policies, finer analysis is needed to quantify the impact of such policies on households' transportation and housing costs. Existing research suggests that households in urban areas trade-off between housing costs and transportation costs, but does not explore how policies to increase urban densities might explicitly impact this balance. Furthermore, the research does not adequately distinguish between the effect of urban area density and the effects of other factors associated with urban area density (e.g metropolitan area size and household incomes) on housing costs. This research uses the 2000 Census Public Use Micro Sample (PUMS) person and household data from 23 of the nation's most densely populated states to identify the impact of increased population density on three housing cost measures: household rents, housing unit values, and monthly mortgage payments. Log linear models were estimated for each housing cost measure using least-squares regression. Dependent variables included household, housing unit, and geographic area characteristics, including population density. The models were found to be very similar to one another in terms of the statistical significance and values of estimated model parameters. Population density (measured at the PUMS area level) was found to be statistically significant at the 0.01 level for all housing cost measures. Although significant, the parameter estimates show that the elasticity of housing cost with respect to population density is low, ranging from 0.041 to 0.05. This research also explores the relationship between housing costs and accessibility. Results show that households living in areas closer to jobs (as indicated by shorter average commute times) and households utilizing fixed route transit systems have marginally higher housing costs. Close

• 23. [Article] The Contribution of Aquaculture and Fishery Resources to Rural Livelihoods: Evidence from Household Consumption in Vietnam

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Contribution of Aquaculture and Fishery Resources to Rural Livelihoods: Evidence from Household Consumption in Vietnam Author: Ngwenya, Elkana Abstract only. Title: The Contribution of Aquaculture and Fishery Resources to Rural Livelihoods: Evidence from Household Consumption in Vietnam Author: Ngwenya, Elkana Abstract only. Close

• 24. [Article] Case studies of the resource base of low-income rural families in Oregon

  This study investigated the level of available resources, the use of available resources, and the degree of planning and personal perception of the situation of four female heads of households under 60 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Case studies of the resource base of low-income rural families in Oregon Author: Tam, Marilyn Hay-lit This study investigated the level of available resources, the use of available resources, and the degree of planning and personal perception of the situation of four female heads of households under 60 years old and four households with male heads over 65 years old. The study was conducted in the Badger Mountain census division of Lane County, Oregon. The case study method was used in this study. An average of seven and one-half hours were spent with each household with an average of three hours per visit. All households contacted cooperated and followed through with the study. The female heads had a mean age of 40.0 years, with a mean of 2.25 children. They had a mean of 9.25 years of schooling and two had some vocational training. Only one had a part-time job; the other three were primarily dependent on Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) grants for financial support. Other sources of monetary resources were Social Security, veterans benefits, food stamps, and child support payments. Total yearly monetary income ranged from $3,074 to $3,981. The major asset for two households was equity in their home. For the other two, home furnishings was the major asset. No insurance or savings were held by any household with a female head. Non-money income ranged from $300 to $3,235 per year. Community resources were used to varying degrees by all. However, planning and budgeting was practiced by only two of the households. There was an indication of hope and effort to become more self sufficient in all four cases. The male heads of households had a mean age of 79.0 years; their spouses' was 71.25 years. Mean grade in school completed was 7.2 years for the male heads and 8.2 for their spouses. All the male heads had vocational training, two of their spouses also had some. The households consisted of only husband and wife in all four cases. One household was still engaged in income producing work; all four households depended mainly on Social Security payments for financial support. Other sources of monetary resources were Veteran's benefits, sale of farm and garden produce, sale of handicrafts, food stamps, and "water witching." Total monetary resources ranged from $2,296 to $4,136. Major assets for the four households were equity in their home, automobile, and savings. Non-money income ranged from $1,931 to $3,930 per year. All four households had a garden to supplement food bought from the stores. The level of use of community resources was related to the level of involvement with the home /farm. Planning and budgeting was practiced to some degree by all four households. An air of optimism prevailed, but apprehension about future health problems was also present. Title: Case studies of the resource base of low-income rural families in Oregon Author: Tam, Marilyn Hay-lit This study investigated the level of available resources, the use of available resources, and the degree of planning and personal perception of the situation of four female heads of households under 60 years old and four households with male heads over 65 years old. The study was conducted in the Badger Mountain census division of Lane County, Oregon. The case study method was used in this study. An average of seven and one-half hours were spent with each household with an average of three hours per visit. All households contacted cooperated and followed through with the study. The female heads had a mean age of 40.0 years, with a mean of 2.25 children. They had a mean of 9.25 years of schooling and two had some vocational training. Only one had a part-time job; the other three were primarily dependent on Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) grants for financial support. Other sources of monetary resources were Social Security, veterans benefits, food stamps, and child support payments. Total yearly monetary income ranged from $3,074 to $3,981. The major asset for two households was equity in their home. For the other two, home furnishings was the major asset. No insurance or savings were held by any household with a female head. Non-money income ranged from $300 to $3,235 per year. Community resources were used to varying degrees by all. However, planning and budgeting was practiced by only two of the households. There was an indication of hope and effort to become more self sufficient in all four cases. The male heads of households had a mean age of 79.0 years; their spouses' was 71.25 years. Mean grade in school completed was 7.2 years for the male heads and 8.2 for their spouses. All the male heads had vocational training, two of their spouses also had some. The households consisted of only husband and wife in all four cases. One household was still engaged in income producing work; all four households depended mainly on Social Security payments for financial support. Other sources of monetary resources were Veteran's benefits, sale of farm and garden produce, sale of handicrafts, food stamps, and "water witching." Total monetary resources ranged from $2,296 to $4,136. Major assets for the four households were equity in their home, automobile, and savings. Non-money income ranged from $1,931 to $3,930 per year. All four households had a garden to supplement food bought from the stores. The level of use of community resources was related to the level of involvement with the home /farm. Planning and budgeting was practiced to some degree by all four households. An air of optimism prevailed, but apprehension about future health problems was also present. Close

• 25. [Article] Where the Ends Don’t Meet: Measuring Poverty and Self-Sufficiency Among Oregon’s Families

  This report uses the Self-Sufficiency Standard developed by Dr. Diana Pearce at the University of Washington to analyze the extent to which Oregon households earn enough money to meet their basic needs ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Where the Ends Don’t Meet: Measuring Poverty and Self-Sufficiency Among Oregon’s Families Author: Rowe, Melissa, Martin, Sheila A, Gu, Danan, Sprague, Webb Year: 2010 This report uses the Self-Sufficiency Standard developed by Dr. Diana Pearce at the University of Washington to analyze the extent to which Oregon households earn enough money to meet their basic needs without a public subsidy. This standard, a vast improvement on the federal poverty level, accounts for differences in the cost of living based on family structure, age of children, and county of residence. Dr. Pearce has defined the income required to meet basic needs for every county in Oregon and a number of household types. A large number of Oregon households not considered poor by the federal poverty level nevertheless do not earn enough income to meet their basic needs. In this report, we use census data to sort households into those that meet versus those that don’t meet the Self-Sufficiency Standard and describe how basic socioeconomic factors such as family structure and householder sex, race/ethnicity, education, and work affect the extent to which households earn enough to make ends meet. Title: Where the Ends Don’t Meet: Measuring Poverty and Self-Sufficiency Among Oregon’s Families Author: Rowe, Melissa, Martin, Sheila A, Gu, Danan, Sprague, Webb Year: 2010 This report uses the Self-Sufficiency Standard developed by Dr. Diana Pearce at the University of Washington to analyze the extent to which Oregon households earn enough money to meet their basic needs without a public subsidy. This standard, a vast improvement on the federal poverty level, accounts for differences in the cost of living based on family structure, age of children, and county of residence. Dr. Pearce has defined the income required to meet basic needs for every county in Oregon and a number of household types. A large number of Oregon households not considered poor by the federal poverty level nevertheless do not earn enough income to meet their basic needs. In this report, we use census data to sort households into those that meet versus those that don’t meet the Self-Sufficiency Standard and describe how basic socioeconomic factors such as family structure and householder sex, race/ethnicity, education, and work affect the extent to which households earn enough to make ends meet. Close

• 26. [Article] Population Density and Households’ Transportation and Housing Cost Trade-Offs

  As metropolitan governments explore density-promoting “smart growth” policies, finer analysis is needed to quantify the impact of such changes on households’ transportation and housing costs. Existing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Population Density and Households’ Transportation and Housing Cost Trade-Offs Author: Palm, Matthew As metropolitan governments explore density-promoting “smart growth” policies, finer analysis is needed to quantify the impact of such changes on households’ transportation and housing costs. Existing research suggests that households in urban areas face a trade-off between living in areas with higher housing costs and lower transportation costs or the reverse, but does not explore how density changes explicitly impact this balance. This paper uses the 2000 Census Public Use Micro Sample (PUMS) data from twenty-three of the nation’s most densely populated states to identify the impact of increased population density on household rents, housing unit values and monthly mortgage payments. The project additionally explores the possibility of a negative relationship, or trade-off, between what households spend on housing and the transportation options they face. Results suggest increased population density is a strong driver of higher housing costs even after controlling for available transportation variables. Results also confirm previous research that suggests households utilizing fixed route transit systems pay a premium for that access. Title: Population Density and Households’ Transportation and Housing Cost Trade-Offs Author: Palm, Matthew As metropolitan governments explore density-promoting “smart growth” policies, finer analysis is needed to quantify the impact of such changes on households’ transportation and housing costs. Existing research suggests that households in urban areas face a trade-off between living in areas with higher housing costs and lower transportation costs or the reverse, but does not explore how density changes explicitly impact this balance. This paper uses the 2000 Census Public Use Micro Sample (PUMS) data from twenty-three of the nation’s most densely populated states to identify the impact of increased population density on household rents, housing unit values and monthly mortgage payments. The project additionally explores the possibility of a negative relationship, or trade-off, between what households spend on housing and the transportation options they face. Results suggest increased population density is a strong driver of higher housing costs even after controlling for available transportation variables. Results also confirm previous research that suggests households utilizing fixed route transit systems pay a premium for that access. Close

• 27. [Article] The Dynamics of Work, Poverty, and Business Cycles: An Analysis of Oregon Households Receiving Food Assistance

  Oregon’s Supplemental Nutrition Assistance (SNAP) (formerly called Food Stamps) rose by 33% between October 2008 and October 2009 as the economy went into recession and the unemployment rate increased. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Dynamics of Work, Poverty, and Business Cycles: An Analysis of Oregon Households Receiving Food Assistance Author: Porter, Suzanne Oregon’s Supplemental Nutrition Assistance (SNAP) (formerly called Food Stamps) rose by 33% between October 2008 and October 2009 as the economy went into recession and the unemployment rate increased. The percentage of Oregon’s overall population receiving SNAP benefits increased from 11.8% in July 2005 to 16.3% in July 2009. With an estimated 87% of Oregon’s eligible population participating in SNAP, the caseload provides a reasonable representation of the state’s poor households in general. This paper analyzes the characteristics of SNAP households using three intake cohorts: calendar years 2003 and 2005, and fiscal year 2009. These years represent two recessions and a period of economic expansion. These cohorts are analyzed in terms of family structure, employment and earnings, and other measures. The cohorts are compared to poverty statistics and to Oregon households in general. The cohorts are analyzed to gain insight into how the business cycle affects household poverty. The earlier cohorts are analyzed with respect to SNAP receipt spell length and recidivism. Determinants of spell length and recidivism are then examined within the 2009 cohort to determine how quickly and to what extent that cohort, and the poor households it represents, might respond to an economic recovery. Suggestions are made as to the further use of these data for policy and program planning. Title: The Dynamics of Work, Poverty, and Business Cycles: An Analysis of Oregon Households Receiving Food Assistance Author: Porter, Suzanne Oregon’s Supplemental Nutrition Assistance (SNAP) (formerly called Food Stamps) rose by 33% between October 2008 and October 2009 as the economy went into recession and the unemployment rate increased. The percentage of Oregon’s overall population receiving SNAP benefits increased from 11.8% in July 2005 to 16.3% in July 2009. With an estimated 87% of Oregon’s eligible population participating in SNAP, the caseload provides a reasonable representation of the state’s poor households in general. This paper analyzes the characteristics of SNAP households using three intake cohorts: calendar years 2003 and 2005, and fiscal year 2009. These years represent two recessions and a period of economic expansion. These cohorts are analyzed in terms of family structure, employment and earnings, and other measures. The cohorts are compared to poverty statistics and to Oregon households in general. The cohorts are analyzed to gain insight into how the business cycle affects household poverty. The earlier cohorts are analyzed with respect to SNAP receipt spell length and recidivism. Determinants of spell length and recidivism are then examined within the 2009 cohort to determine how quickly and to what extent that cohort, and the poor households it represents, might respond to an economic recovery. Suggestions are made as to the further use of these data for policy and program planning. Close

• 28. [Article] Edged Out: Location Efficient Housing and Low Income Households in the Portland Region

  Transportation costs are typically a household’s second largest expense after housing. Low income households are especially burdened by transportation costs, with low income households spending up to two ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Edged Out: Location Efficient Housing and Low Income Households in the Portland Region Author: Tremoulet, Andrée, Dann, Ryan Year: 2016 Transportation costs are typically a household’s second largest expense after housing. Low income households are especially burdened by transportation costs, with low income households spending up to two times as much of their income on transportation than higher income households (Litman, 2013). Thus, access to location efficient housing is especially important to low income households, including those who use a housing voucher to help pay for housing costs. This seminar presents the results of a two-year project supported by the Portland region's four public housing authorities to design and test tools to help people with housing vouchers find location efficient housing. We examine the challenges that residents faced and discuss policy implications. Title: Edged Out: Location Efficient Housing and Low Income Households in the Portland Region Author: Tremoulet, Andrée, Dann, Ryan Year: 2016 Transportation costs are typically a household’s second largest expense after housing. Low income households are especially burdened by transportation costs, with low income households spending up to two times as much of their income on transportation than higher income households (Litman, 2013). Thus, access to location efficient housing is especially important to low income households, including those who use a housing voucher to help pay for housing costs. This seminar presents the results of a two-year project supported by the Portland region's four public housing authorities to design and test tools to help people with housing vouchers find location efficient housing. We examine the challenges that residents faced and discuss policy implications. Close

• 29. [Article] Determinants of household vehicle miles traveled in Oregon

  This study models the household demand for vehicle miles traveled with a focus on the effects from bicycle ridership and transit ridership. Through the use of data from the Oregon Household Activity Survey ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determinants of household vehicle miles traveled in Oregon Author: Holder, Daniel R. (Daniel Ross) This study models the household demand for vehicle miles traveled with a focus on the effects from bicycle ridership and transit ridership. Through the use of data from the Oregon Household Activity Survey collected on behalf of the Oregon Department of Transportation, evidence is found that households participating in bicycle travel do not consider the price of driving or income when making vehicle travel decisions. The study also finds that for households using public transit, the distance traveled using transit is not significant in impacting a household's consumption of vehicle travel. The methods and results of this study provide a foundation for future vehicle and bicycle demand research and provide pertinent information to policy makers intending to alter driving behavior within the state of Oregon and elsewhere. Title: Determinants of household vehicle miles traveled in Oregon Author: Holder, Daniel R. (Daniel Ross) This study models the household demand for vehicle miles traveled with a focus on the effects from bicycle ridership and transit ridership. Through the use of data from the Oregon Household Activity Survey collected on behalf of the Oregon Department of Transportation, evidence is found that households participating in bicycle travel do not consider the price of driving or income when making vehicle travel decisions. The study also finds that for households using public transit, the distance traveled using transit is not significant in impacting a household's consumption of vehicle travel. The methods and results of this study provide a foundation for future vehicle and bicycle demand research and provide pertinent information to policy makers intending to alter driving behavior within the state of Oregon and elsewhere. Close

• 30. [Article] An economic and socio-cultural analysis of new farm technology : the case of stabling in Senegal

  A study is conducted to provide information useful to the future development of agro-pastoralists in the Kolda Region through an economic and socio-cultural analysis of the practice of stabling. Two main ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An economic and socio-cultural analysis of new farm technology : the case of stabling in Senegal Author: Fisher, Monica Grace A study is conducted to provide information useful to the future development of agro-pastoralists in the Kolda Region through an economic and socio-cultural analysis of the practice of stabling. Two main issues are addressed: the generation and distribution of profits and the factors related to adoption of stabling. A partial budget analysis of three stable types determined that in each case stabling provides substantial net benefits for farm households. Analysis of the distribution of costs and benefits suggests that although Sons and wives provide substantial labor inputs for the practice, it is the household head who retains control of most of the benefits. Two logit models were used to determine the factors that contribute to or inhibit adoption of stabling. The variables that were found to be significant were: the household's herd size, the number of economically active household members, access to extension information, the education level of the household head, access to credit and farm size. Interviews with women farmers suggest that women, especially female heads of households, face considerable constraints to adoption of stabling due to lack of time, lack of resources and the cultural norms. Title: An economic and socio-cultural analysis of new farm technology : the case of stabling in Senegal Author: Fisher, Monica Grace A study is conducted to provide information useful to the future development of agro-pastoralists in the Kolda Region through an economic and socio-cultural analysis of the practice of stabling. Two main issues are addressed: the generation and distribution of profits and the factors related to adoption of stabling. A partial budget analysis of three stable types determined that in each case stabling provides substantial net benefits for farm households. Analysis of the distribution of costs and benefits suggests that although Sons and wives provide substantial labor inputs for the practice, it is the household head who retains control of most of the benefits. Two logit models were used to determine the factors that contribute to or inhibit adoption of stabling. The variables that were found to be significant were: the household's herd size, the number of economically active household members, access to extension information, the education level of the household head, access to credit and farm size. Interviews with women farmers suggest that women, especially female heads of households, face considerable constraints to adoption of stabling due to lack of time, lack of resources and the cultural norms. Close

• 31. [Article] Smallholder farmers’ decision making in farm tree growing in the highlands of Ethiopia

  Past afforestation programs launched to promote private and community woodlots in rural Ethiopia have not been based on clear understanding of the incentives and constraints of smallholder farmers. This ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Smallholder farmers’ decision making in farm tree growing in the highlands of Ethiopia Author: Ayele, Zeleke Ewnetu Past afforestation programs launched to promote private and community woodlots in rural Ethiopia have not been based on clear understanding of the incentives and constraints of smallholder farmers. This study investigated the characteristic differences between tree-growing and non-tree-growing farm households and identified factors influencing farmers’ tree-growing decisions from a farming systems perspective in two highland regions of the country. The analysis was based on a survey of 150 household heads in each of the mixed cereal-livestock and the cereal-enset-coffee-livestock farming systems of Basona Werena and Sodo Zuriya woredas, respectively. A logistic regression model was employed to analyze the determinants of the farmers’ initial decisions of growing trees. Using the tree-growing household data, a linear regression model was employed to identify determinants of the extent of tree growing once the farmer has decided to grow trees. Results indicated significant differences between tree-growing and non-tree-growing households. Relative to non-tree-growing households, tree-growing households were found to have higher human capital, more physical assets and income. Our study identified that gender of the household head, farmers’ training, size and productivity of landholding, household income, proximity to a road, and tenure security were strong determinants of farmers’ tree-growing decisions. We found that femaleheaded households were less likely to grow trees than male-headed households. Femaleheaded households also owned fewer trees per household than male-headed households and the difference was significant in the cereal-enset-coffee-livestock farming system of Sodo Zuriya. The impact of landholding size was consistently positive on farmers’ initial tree growing decisions as well as on the number of trees grown in both sites. A positive perception of land tenure security was also positively and significantly associated with the number of trees planted. The results suggest the need for appropriate policies and extension programs that are aimed at addressing the specificity of female farmers, improving the productivity and reducing the fragmentation of land, and strengthening the security of tenure in order to encourage tree growing by smallholder farmers. Title: Smallholder farmers’ decision making in farm tree growing in the highlands of Ethiopia Author: Ayele, Zeleke Ewnetu Past afforestation programs launched to promote private and community woodlots in rural Ethiopia have not been based on clear understanding of the incentives and constraints of smallholder farmers. This study investigated the characteristic differences between tree-growing and non-tree-growing farm households and identified factors influencing farmers’ tree-growing decisions from a farming systems perspective in two highland regions of the country. The analysis was based on a survey of 150 household heads in each of the mixed cereal-livestock and the cereal-enset-coffee-livestock farming systems of Basona Werena and Sodo Zuriya woredas, respectively. A logistic regression model was employed to analyze the determinants of the farmers’ initial decisions of growing trees. Using the tree-growing household data, a linear regression model was employed to identify determinants of the extent of tree growing once the farmer has decided to grow trees. Results indicated significant differences between tree-growing and non-tree-growing households. Relative to non-tree-growing households, tree-growing households were found to have higher human capital, more physical assets and income. Our study identified that gender of the household head, farmers’ training, size and productivity of landholding, household income, proximity to a road, and tenure security were strong determinants of farmers’ tree-growing decisions. We found that femaleheaded households were less likely to grow trees than male-headed households. Femaleheaded households also owned fewer trees per household than male-headed households and the difference was significant in the cereal-enset-coffee-livestock farming system of Sodo Zuriya. The impact of landholding size was consistently positive on farmers’ initial tree growing decisions as well as on the number of trees grown in both sites. A positive perception of land tenure security was also positively and significantly associated with the number of trees planted. The results suggest the need for appropriate policies and extension programs that are aimed at addressing the specificity of female farmers, improving the productivity and reducing the fragmentation of land, and strengthening the security of tenure in order to encourage tree growing by smallholder farmers. Close

• 32. [Article] Housing Needs Study for the Portland Metropolitan Area Final Report

  The purpose of this report is to respond to the recommendations of the Regional Housing Choice Task Force by providing information to guide housing choice policy for the Metro Council. In particular, the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Housing Needs Study for the Portland Metropolitan Area Final Report Author: Hough, George C., Jr., Martin, Sheila A., Mildner, Gerard C., Proehl, Risa Year: 2008 The purpose of this report is to respond to the recommendations of the Regional Housing Choice Task Force by providing information to guide housing choice policy for the Metro Council. In particular, the objectives of this project were to: Estimate current and future affordable housing need for the Metro region; Describe the distribution of households by income, age, and size across the metro region; Describe the tenure of these households and the type of housing they will choose; Identify and describe those household types that are most likely to struggle to meet the cost of housing based on their income; and Make recommendations for improving analysis of affordable housing need in the future. Our approach to this task was to use output from the Metroscope model, using the base case scenario, to forecast the housing consumption decisions of households from 2005 to 2035. We chose the Metroscope model after also considering the State of Oregon?s Housing/Land Needs model. We concluded from examining the assumptions and abilities of each model that Metroscope is better able to offer the Metro Council the insight into the housing market required to inform housing choice policy. The Metroscope model incorporates housing supply and demand for the entire four-county metropolitan region (Multnomah, Washington, Clackamas, and Clark counties). The region comprises a single housing market; residents travel throughout the region to work, shop, and socialize. Thus, it makes little sense to examine any one county in isolation. Given the assumptions of the Metroscope model (described in Section 2), we address several questions, including: Where will household growth occur? What kinds of households will grow? What kinds of housing will these households live in? What percentage of their income will they pay for housing? What demographic groups are most cost-burdened and where do those households reside? Title: Housing Needs Study for the Portland Metropolitan Area Final Report Author: Hough, George C., Jr., Martin, Sheila A., Mildner, Gerard C., Proehl, Risa Year: 2008 The purpose of this report is to respond to the recommendations of the Regional Housing Choice Task Force by providing information to guide housing choice policy for the Metro Council. In particular, the objectives of this project were to: Estimate current and future affordable housing need for the Metro region; Describe the distribution of households by income, age, and size across the metro region; Describe the tenure of these households and the type of housing they will choose; Identify and describe those household types that are most likely to struggle to meet the cost of housing based on their income; and Make recommendations for improving analysis of affordable housing need in the future. Our approach to this task was to use output from the Metroscope model, using the base case scenario, to forecast the housing consumption decisions of households from 2005 to 2035. We chose the Metroscope model after also considering the State of Oregon?s Housing/Land Needs model. We concluded from examining the assumptions and abilities of each model that Metroscope is better able to offer the Metro Council the insight into the housing market required to inform housing choice policy. The Metroscope model incorporates housing supply and demand for the entire four-county metropolitan region (Multnomah, Washington, Clackamas, and Clark counties). The region comprises a single housing market; residents travel throughout the region to work, shop, and socialize. Thus, it makes little sense to examine any one county in isolation. Given the assumptions of the Metroscope model (described in Section 2), we address several questions, including: Where will household growth occur? What kinds of households will grow? What kinds of housing will these households live in? What percentage of their income will they pay for housing? What demographic groups are most cost-burdened and where do those households reside? Close

• 33. [Article] Assessing the Impact of Water Filters and Improved Cook Stoves on Drinking Water Quality and Household Air Pollution: A Randomised Controlled Trial in Rwanda

  Diarrhea and respiratory infections remain the biggest killers of children under 5 years in developing countries. We conducted a 5-month household randomised controlled trial among 566 households in rural ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing the Impact of Water Filters and Improved Cook Stoves on Drinking Water Quality and Household Air Pollution: A Randomised Controlled Trial in Rwanda Author: Rosa, Ghislaine, Majorin, Fiona, Boisson, Sophie, Barstow, Christina, Johnson, Michael, Kirby, Miles, Ngabo, Fidele, Thomas, Evan A., Clasen, Thomas Year: 2014 Diarrhea and respiratory infections remain the biggest killers of children under 5 years in developing countries. We conducted a 5-month household randomised controlled trial among 566 households in rural Rwanda to assess uptake, compliance and impact on environmental exposures of a combined intervention delivering high-performance water filters and improved stoves for free. Compliance was measured monthly by self-report and spot-check observations. Semicontinuous 24-h PM2.5 monitoring of the cooking area was conducted in a random subsample of 121 households to assess household air pollution, while samples of drinking water from all households were collected monthly to assess the levels of thermotolerant coliforms. Adoption was generally high, with most householders reporting the filters as their primary source of drinking water and the intervention stoves as their primary cooking stove. However, some householders continued to drink untreated water and most continued to cook on traditional stoves. The intervention was associated with a 97.5% reduction in mean fecal indicator bacteria (Williams means 0.5 vs. 20.2 TTC/100 mL, p,0.001) and a median reduction of 48% of 24-h PM2.5 concentrations in the cooking area (p = 0.005). Further studies to increase compliance should be undertaken to better inform large-scale interventions. Title: Assessing the Impact of Water Filters and Improved Cook Stoves on Drinking Water Quality and Household Air Pollution: A Randomised Controlled Trial in Rwanda Author: Rosa, Ghislaine, Majorin, Fiona, Boisson, Sophie, Barstow, Christina, Johnson, Michael, Kirby, Miles, Ngabo, Fidele, Thomas, Evan A., Clasen, Thomas Year: 2014 Diarrhea and respiratory infections remain the biggest killers of children under 5 years in developing countries. We conducted a 5-month household randomised controlled trial among 566 households in rural Rwanda to assess uptake, compliance and impact on environmental exposures of a combined intervention delivering high-performance water filters and improved stoves for free. Compliance was measured monthly by self-report and spot-check observations. Semicontinuous 24-h PM2.5 monitoring of the cooking area was conducted in a random subsample of 121 households to assess household air pollution, while samples of drinking water from all households were collected monthly to assess the levels of thermotolerant coliforms. Adoption was generally high, with most householders reporting the filters as their primary source of drinking water and the intervention stoves as their primary cooking stove. However, some householders continued to drink untreated water and most continued to cook on traditional stoves. The intervention was associated with a 97.5% reduction in mean fecal indicator bacteria (Williams means 0.5 vs. 20.2 TTC/100 mL, p,0.001) and a median reduction of 48% of 24-h PM2.5 concentrations in the cooking area (p = 0.005). Further studies to increase compliance should be undertaken to better inform large-scale interventions. Close

• 34. [Article] Out-migration, income and poverty in nonmetropolitan America

  Why do rural households leave for urban places? And how does this decision affect their economic well-being? Rural places in the United States have higher poverty and unemployment rates and lower levels ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Out-migration, income and poverty in nonmetropolitan America Author: Marre, Alexander Why do rural households leave for urban places? And how does this decision affect their economic well-being? Rural places in the United States have higher poverty and unemployment rates and lower levels of educational attainment relative to urban places. Does leaving a rural place for a city offer a pathway out of poverty and to greater income? This dissertation examines these questions with data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Four models of household economic outcomes are estimated for three periods: 1979 to 1985, 1985 to 1991, and 1991 to 1997. These models estimate the nonmetropolitan out-migration decision and the following economic outcomes: household poverty, cost-of-housing adjusted household poverty, household income, and cost-of-housing adjusted household income. All four models include an instrumental variable or variables to control for possible endogeneity between the migration decision and economic outcomes. Empirical results indicate that nonmetropolitan out-migration increased poverty risk in the 1979 to 1985 period, yet had no statistically significant effect on any economic outcome during the latter periods. Educational attainment was found to be a significant, in the statistical and economic sense, determinant of economic outcomes. These findings suggest that human capital and other individual and household characteristics explained household poverty risk and income from 1985 to 1997 and that migrating out of nonmetropolitan counties had no effect. The evidence from this study indicates that rural anti-poverty policy should focus on human capital development. It does not support place-based policy. Title: Out-migration, income and poverty in nonmetropolitan America Author: Marre, Alexander Why do rural households leave for urban places? And how does this decision affect their economic well-being? Rural places in the United States have higher poverty and unemployment rates and lower levels of educational attainment relative to urban places. Does leaving a rural place for a city offer a pathway out of poverty and to greater income? This dissertation examines these questions with data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Four models of household economic outcomes are estimated for three periods: 1979 to 1985, 1985 to 1991, and 1991 to 1997. These models estimate the nonmetropolitan out-migration decision and the following economic outcomes: household poverty, cost-of-housing adjusted household poverty, household income, and cost-of-housing adjusted household income. All four models include an instrumental variable or variables to control for possible endogeneity between the migration decision and economic outcomes. Empirical results indicate that nonmetropolitan out-migration increased poverty risk in the 1979 to 1985 period, yet had no statistically significant effect on any economic outcome during the latter periods. Educational attainment was found to be a significant, in the statistical and economic sense, determinant of economic outcomes. These findings suggest that human capital and other individual and household characteristics explained household poverty risk and income from 1985 to 1997 and that migrating out of nonmetropolitan counties had no effect. The evidence from this study indicates that rural anti-poverty policy should focus on human capital development. It does not support place-based policy. Close

• 35. [Article] Factors that influence energy conservation alterations in Oregon households

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors that influence energy conservation alterations in Oregon households Author: Johnson-Carroll, Karen J. A. Title: Factors that influence energy conservation alterations in Oregon households Author: Johnson-Carroll, Karen J. A. Close

• 36. [Article] A study of household management practices of married graduates, School of Home Economics, Oregon State College, 1925-1929 and 1935-1939

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of household management practices of married graduates, School of Home Economics, Oregon State College, 1925-1929 and 1935-1939 Author: Carter, Myrtle Miller Title: A study of household management practices of married graduates, School of Home Economics, Oregon State College, 1925-1929 and 1935-1939 Author: Carter, Myrtle Miller Close

• 37. [Article] Contribution of Fishing to Households' Economy - Evidence From Fisher-Farmer Communities in Congo

  Small-scale fisheries in developing countries have often been perceived as a low-productivity, backward informal sector. As a result they are rarely considered as a possible entry point in poverty reduction ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Contribution of Fishing to Households' Economy - Evidence From Fisher-Farmer Communities in Congo Author: Béné, Christophe Small-scale fisheries in developing countries have often been perceived as a low-productivity, backward informal sector. As a result they are rarely considered as a possible entry point in poverty reduction and rural development planning. Data collected in Democratic Republic of Congo show that this perception may not reflect the empirical reality. Through group and individual household interviews we investigate the dual role of fish as food and cash-crop in this very remote rural area of Congo. The data show that - like in a majority of inland fisheries- fishing is operated seasonally as part of a household-based multiactivity livelihood strategy. Analysis shows that the poorest households rely more heavily on fishing for their supply of protein-rich food, in particular through the fish caught by women. Fishing also appears to be the main source of cash income for the majority of the households, including farmers. In fact households which have the opportunity to engage in fishing often display a higher income than nonfishing households. Based on these findings the paper argues that small-scale fisheries can play a fundamental role in local economy, especially in remote rural areas where they can contribute to strengthen the livelihoods of people through both food security and cash-income generation. Title: Contribution of Fishing to Households' Economy - Evidence From Fisher-Farmer Communities in Congo Author: Béné, Christophe Small-scale fisheries in developing countries have often been perceived as a low-productivity, backward informal sector. As a result they are rarely considered as a possible entry point in poverty reduction and rural development planning. Data collected in Democratic Republic of Congo show that this perception may not reflect the empirical reality. Through group and individual household interviews we investigate the dual role of fish as food and cash-crop in this very remote rural area of Congo. The data show that - like in a majority of inland fisheries- fishing is operated seasonally as part of a household-based multiactivity livelihood strategy. Analysis shows that the poorest households rely more heavily on fishing for their supply of protein-rich food, in particular through the fish caught by women. Fishing also appears to be the main source of cash income for the majority of the households, including farmers. In fact households which have the opportunity to engage in fishing often display a higher income than nonfishing households. Based on these findings the paper argues that small-scale fisheries can play a fundamental role in local economy, especially in remote rural areas where they can contribute to strengthen the livelihoods of people through both food security and cash-income generation. Close

• 38. [Article] Determinants of Land Leasing Decisions for Shrimp Farming: A Case Study of Smallholders' Shrimp Farming In India

  Using primary data collected from 208 shrimp farming households and 69 households leasing-out land for shrimp farming, this paper explores the demographic and economic factors influencing the land leasing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determinants of Land Leasing Decisions for Shrimp Farming: A Case Study of Smallholders' Shrimp Farming In India Author: Bhattacharya, Poulomi Using primary data collected from 208 shrimp farming households and 69 households leasing-out land for shrimp farming, this paper explores the demographic and economic factors influencing the land leasing decisions for traditional and scientific shrimp farming in West Bengal, India, applying Tobit Model. The results indicate that size of households‟ land holding is positively related with the extent of land leased-in for traditional shrimp farming whereas for scientific shrimp farming the association was found to be negative. This signifies that land leasing market does not facilitate the households having lesser landholding to lease-in land for shrimp culture in the case of traditional shrimp farming whereas in the case of scientific shrimp farming it does facilitate such households. In the case of traditional shrimp farming households‟ association with other fisheries related activities was also found to have positive influence on their leasing-in decisions . On the supply side, variables like number of adult male members, households‟ association with fisheries related activities and non-farm assets were found to have positive, negative and positive association respectively with the extent of land leased-out for traditional shrimp farming. The analysis also exhibits that the age of the household head has negative relationship with the extent of land leased-out by them both in the case of traditional and scientific shrimp farming. This signifies that existing institutional arrangements in shrimp farming of West Bengal are not considerably successful to motivate young rural people to undertake shrimp farming on their own instead of leasing-out land for shrimp culture and aquaculture policies should address this aspect. Title: Determinants of Land Leasing Decisions for Shrimp Farming: A Case Study of Smallholders' Shrimp Farming In India Author: Bhattacharya, Poulomi Using primary data collected from 208 shrimp farming households and 69 households leasing-out land for shrimp farming, this paper explores the demographic and economic factors influencing the land leasing decisions for traditional and scientific shrimp farming in West Bengal, India, applying Tobit Model. The results indicate that size of households‟ land holding is positively related with the extent of land leased-in for traditional shrimp farming whereas for scientific shrimp farming the association was found to be negative. This signifies that land leasing market does not facilitate the households having lesser landholding to lease-in land for shrimp culture in the case of traditional shrimp farming whereas in the case of scientific shrimp farming it does facilitate such households. In the case of traditional shrimp farming households‟ association with other fisheries related activities was also found to have positive influence on their leasing-in decisions . On the supply side, variables like number of adult male members, households‟ association with fisheries related activities and non-farm assets were found to have positive, negative and positive association respectively with the extent of land leased-out for traditional shrimp farming. The analysis also exhibits that the age of the household head has negative relationship with the extent of land leased-out by them both in the case of traditional and scientific shrimp farming. This signifies that existing institutional arrangements in shrimp farming of West Bengal are not considerably successful to motivate young rural people to undertake shrimp farming on their own instead of leasing-out land for shrimp culture and aquaculture policies should address this aspect. Close

• 39. [Article] Gender and housework : postretirement change

  Retirement is a later life transition that may affect a variety of areas in a person's life. One area is the division of household labor. Historically, women have been responsible for and performed the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender and housework : postretirement change Author: Richards, Catherine M. Retirement is a later life transition that may affect a variety of areas in a person's life. One area is the division of household labor. Historically, women have been responsible for and performed the majority of household labor. Women's responsibility for household labor follows the traditional dual sphere ideology, which is that women are responsible for the home and family and men are responsible for providing income. The transition to retirement may change the division of household labor and the relationship between gender attitudes and how much men and women invest in household labor. This issue was addressed using longitudinal data from the National Survey of Families and Households. The sample consisted of 172 married men and women who were not working full time and who self-identified as retired. Structural Equation Modeling was used to assess the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks before and after the retirement transition. For this sample, gender attitude and investment in routine tasks were stable over time. Results show that the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks was not significant for men but marginally significant for women. Women who had an egalitarian attitude before retirement increased their investment in routine tasks after retirement, which was opposite of the expected relationship. Housework may be used as a source of power for these women who may increase their investment to keep a power balance in their marriage. The results suggest that the retirement transition does not greatly influence the relationship between gender attitude and household labor. Further study should assess the influence of situational factors on this relationship. Situational pressures, such as external group norms or health complications, may affect the influence of gender attitudes on housework investment. Additionally, structural differences, such as remarriage or gay and lesbian relationships, may be important contexts in which to examine this relationship. Examining situational influences and researching different contexts are important future directions in the study of the division of household labor. Title: Gender and housework : postretirement change Author: Richards, Catherine M. Retirement is a later life transition that may affect a variety of areas in a person's life. One area is the division of household labor. Historically, women have been responsible for and performed the majority of household labor. Women's responsibility for household labor follows the traditional dual sphere ideology, which is that women are responsible for the home and family and men are responsible for providing income. The transition to retirement may change the division of household labor and the relationship between gender attitudes and how much men and women invest in household labor. This issue was addressed using longitudinal data from the National Survey of Families and Households. The sample consisted of 172 married men and women who were not working full time and who self-identified as retired. Structural Equation Modeling was used to assess the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks before and after the retirement transition. For this sample, gender attitude and investment in routine tasks were stable over time. Results show that the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks was not significant for men but marginally significant for women. Women who had an egalitarian attitude before retirement increased their investment in routine tasks after retirement, which was opposite of the expected relationship. Housework may be used as a source of power for these women who may increase their investment to keep a power balance in their marriage. The results suggest that the retirement transition does not greatly influence the relationship between gender attitude and household labor. Further study should assess the influence of situational factors on this relationship. Situational pressures, such as external group norms or health complications, may affect the influence of gender attitudes on housework investment. Additionally, structural differences, such as remarriage or gay and lesbian relationships, may be important contexts in which to examine this relationship. Examining situational influences and researching different contexts are important future directions in the study of the division of household labor. Close

• 40. [Article] Fresh Fish Attributes and Consumers’ Preference Ranking in Rural and Urban Households in Ondo State, Nigeria

  Presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fresh Fish Attributes and Consumers’ Preference Ranking in Rural and Urban Households in Ondo State, Nigeria Author: Mafimisebi, Ojuotimi, Mafimisebi, Taiwo, Osuntunde, A.O Presentation Title: Fresh Fish Attributes and Consumers’ Preference Ranking in Rural and Urban Households in Ondo State, Nigeria Author: Mafimisebi, Ojuotimi, Mafimisebi, Taiwo, Osuntunde, A.O Presentation Close