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• 21. [Article] Gender and Sexualities: An Inquiry

  Gender and Sexualities: An Inquiry was created to accompany UNST 231 Sophomore Inquiry: Gender and Sexualities at Portland State University.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender and Sexualities: An Inquiry Author: Damron, Jason Gary, Reitenauer, Vicki L. Year: 2014 Gender and Sexualities: An Inquiry was created to accompany UNST 231 Sophomore Inquiry: Gender and Sexualities at Portland State University. Title: Gender and Sexualities: An Inquiry Author: Damron, Jason Gary, Reitenauer, Vicki L. Year: 2014 Gender and Sexualities: An Inquiry was created to accompany UNST 231 Sophomore Inquiry: Gender and Sexualities at Portland State University. Close

• 22. [Article] Gender Biases in Counselor Supervisor Evaluations of Counselors

  Gender bias and discrimination are currently some of the most pertinent topics being explored in counseling practice and counselor education and supervision. Because of all the public attention in recent ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender Biases in Counselor Supervisor Evaluations of Counselors Author: Hadeed, Sabrina Gender bias and discrimination are currently some of the most pertinent topics being explored in counseling practice and counselor education and supervision. Because of all the public attention in recent years to the topics of transgender and marriage equality, the definitions of gender identity and gender roles have become more inclusive. This expansion includes definitions of gender identity that extend beyond the binary, to include gender neutral, gender non-conforming, gender fluid, and transgender. The current literature confirms that gender diversity and gender issues in counseling have been recognized as important components of multicultural competencies, counselor supervision, and counselor education. However, there is a dearth of empirical research investigating transgender discrimination issues in counselor supervision. Additionally, intersectionality has been described as an important framework of research exploring diversity. And yet, the topic of gender diversity in counselor education and supervision research has been neglected. Based on the Theory of Intersectionality in diversity and existing definitions on gender identity and ageism, the intention of research in this dissertation is two-fold: (a) to understand how the construct of gender has been examined in the field thus far and (b) to contribute to filling some of the gaps in the research pertaining to transgender issues (such as transphobia) in counselor education and supervision. To address the first object, the researcher conducted a critical examination of recent literature since the publication of Hindes and Andrews (2011) critical review of the empirical studies and Nilsson, Barazanji, Scahl, and Bahner’s (2008) book chapter on the topic. Findings in this critical review revealed an overall scarcity of empirical studies on gender-related topics in counselor education and supervision and few empirical studies that expanded beyond the binary understanding of gender, included intersectional analyses, and discussed transgender/gender diverse specific issues. Findings further conclude that there are no existing studies that include intersectionality in counselor education and training issues related to LGBTQ MC competencies. Future research recommendations are also reviewed. To address the second object, the researcher conducted an experimental design study to examine whether counseling supervisors’ evaluations of a counselor’s social influence attributes and ability to repair therapeutic rupture would differ when they were randomly presented with 1 of 4 counseling vignettes that differed only in the counselor’s gender identity (cis-gender female vs. transgender female) and age (younger vs. older). The researcher hypothesized that older transgender and cisgender females would be evaluated more poorly than their younger counterparts; and that transgender females would be evaluated the most poorly in both measures. Of the completed data records, the sample consisted of 76 participants from the CRF-S (Counselor Rating Form- Short version) and 69 participants from the SWAI-O (Segmented Working Alliance Inventory – Observer version). Two-way t-tests and logistic regression analyses were used to test the study’s hypotheses. Findings indicate that there were no statistically significant results to support the hypotheses. Plausible reasons for the findings of non-significance are discussed. Despite the insignificant results, there was a suggestive finding related to survey break-offs (incomplete surveys). Namely, when respondents were assigned to Vignette B (older transgender female), logistic regression analysis showed that they were 26% less likely to complete the survey than those assigned to Vignette C (younger cisgender female). Although this was not a part of the original research questions, it is noted as a possible future research topic. Overall, this study contributes to the gap in existing empirical research by focusing on issues of discrimination based on transgender identity and age in counselor supervision despite the high probability of its insignificant results related to methodological issues. Title: Gender Biases in Counselor Supervisor Evaluations of Counselors Author: Hadeed, Sabrina Gender bias and discrimination are currently some of the most pertinent topics being explored in counseling practice and counselor education and supervision. Because of all the public attention in recent years to the topics of transgender and marriage equality, the definitions of gender identity and gender roles have become more inclusive. This expansion includes definitions of gender identity that extend beyond the binary, to include gender neutral, gender non-conforming, gender fluid, and transgender. The current literature confirms that gender diversity and gender issues in counseling have been recognized as important components of multicultural competencies, counselor supervision, and counselor education. However, there is a dearth of empirical research investigating transgender discrimination issues in counselor supervision. Additionally, intersectionality has been described as an important framework of research exploring diversity. And yet, the topic of gender diversity in counselor education and supervision research has been neglected. Based on the Theory of Intersectionality in diversity and existing definitions on gender identity and ageism, the intention of research in this dissertation is two-fold: (a) to understand how the construct of gender has been examined in the field thus far and (b) to contribute to filling some of the gaps in the research pertaining to transgender issues (such as transphobia) in counselor education and supervision. To address the first object, the researcher conducted a critical examination of recent literature since the publication of Hindes and Andrews (2011) critical review of the empirical studies and Nilsson, Barazanji, Scahl, and Bahner’s (2008) book chapter on the topic. Findings in this critical review revealed an overall scarcity of empirical studies on gender-related topics in counselor education and supervision and few empirical studies that expanded beyond the binary understanding of gender, included intersectional analyses, and discussed transgender/gender diverse specific issues. Findings further conclude that there are no existing studies that include intersectionality in counselor education and training issues related to LGBTQ MC competencies. Future research recommendations are also reviewed. To address the second object, the researcher conducted an experimental design study to examine whether counseling supervisors’ evaluations of a counselor’s social influence attributes and ability to repair therapeutic rupture would differ when they were randomly presented with 1 of 4 counseling vignettes that differed only in the counselor’s gender identity (cis-gender female vs. transgender female) and age (younger vs. older). The researcher hypothesized that older transgender and cisgender females would be evaluated more poorly than their younger counterparts; and that transgender females would be evaluated the most poorly in both measures. Of the completed data records, the sample consisted of 76 participants from the CRF-S (Counselor Rating Form- Short version) and 69 participants from the SWAI-O (Segmented Working Alliance Inventory – Observer version). Two-way t-tests and logistic regression analyses were used to test the study’s hypotheses. Findings indicate that there were no statistically significant results to support the hypotheses. Plausible reasons for the findings of non-significance are discussed. Despite the insignificant results, there was a suggestive finding related to survey break-offs (incomplete surveys). Namely, when respondents were assigned to Vignette B (older transgender female), logistic regression analysis showed that they were 26% less likely to complete the survey than those assigned to Vignette C (younger cisgender female). Although this was not a part of the original research questions, it is noted as a possible future research topic. Overall, this study contributes to the gap in existing empirical research by focusing on issues of discrimination based on transgender identity and age in counselor supervision despite the high probability of its insignificant results related to methodological issues. Close

• 23. [Article] Exploring the Negative Perceptions of Female Legislators: the Consequences of Gender Quotas in Argentina

  This paper examines how the presence of gender quotas effect public perceptions of female legislators in regards to their competence and qualifications needed to enter public office. This paper suggests ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Exploring the Negative Perceptions of Female Legislators: the Consequences of Gender Quotas in Argentina Author: Silverman, Marcella Year: 2016 This paper examines how the presence of gender quotas effect public perceptions of female legislators in regards to their competence and qualifications needed to enter public office. This paper suggests that gender quotas can promote negative public perceptions due to pre-established gender norms and meritocracy violations similarly to sentiments in Affirmative Action programs. Analyzing the survey data taken from participants in Argentina, the results suggests that perceptions of female legislators are impacted by the individual’s knowledge of what a gender quota is as well as the specifics of how Argentine gender quotas are executed. Of the total percentage of participants who took the survey, only a fraction was well versed in the details of gender quotas in their own country. Female participants whom were more versed in gender quotas rated female legislators more favorably within the scenario without gender quotas than with gender quotas. One unexpected result was that difference in average perceptions by sex, with only slight differences of male participants between the scenario with gender quotas and without, compared to a large difference of female participants between the two scenarios. Overall, the results of this paper demonstrate that gender quotas can have negative impacts on the public perceptions of female legislators. Title: Exploring the Negative Perceptions of Female Legislators: the Consequences of Gender Quotas in Argentina Author: Silverman, Marcella Year: 2016 This paper examines how the presence of gender quotas effect public perceptions of female legislators in regards to their competence and qualifications needed to enter public office. This paper suggests that gender quotas can promote negative public perceptions due to pre-established gender norms and meritocracy violations similarly to sentiments in Affirmative Action programs. Analyzing the survey data taken from participants in Argentina, the results suggests that perceptions of female legislators are impacted by the individual’s knowledge of what a gender quota is as well as the specifics of how Argentine gender quotas are executed. Of the total percentage of participants who took the survey, only a fraction was well versed in the details of gender quotas in their own country. Female participants whom were more versed in gender quotas rated female legislators more favorably within the scenario without gender quotas than with gender quotas. One unexpected result was that difference in average perceptions by sex, with only slight differences of male participants between the scenario with gender quotas and without, compared to a large difference of female participants between the two scenarios. Overall, the results of this paper demonstrate that gender quotas can have negative impacts on the public perceptions of female legislators. Close

• 24. [Article] Black Women and Race and Gender Tensions in the Trades

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Black Women and Race and Gender Tensions in the Trades Author: Hunte, Roberta Year: 2016 Title: Black Women and Race and Gender Tensions in the Trades Author: Hunte, Roberta Year: 2016 Close

• 25. [Article] Introduction to the Proceedings for the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender

  This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Introduction to the Proceedings for the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender Author: Egna, Hillary This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in conjunction with 16th IIFET Conference. The complete proceedings of this special session are available (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Documents/Uploads/FileManager/IIFET%202012%20CRSP%20Session%20Proceedings%20Final_small.pdf) through the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program gender web site, (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Gender/). Title: Introduction to the Proceedings for the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender Author: Egna, Hillary This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in conjunction with 16th IIFET Conference. The complete proceedings of this special session are available (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Documents/Uploads/FileManager/IIFET%202012%20CRSP%20Session%20Proceedings%20Final_small.pdf) through the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program gender web site, (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Gender/). Close

• 26. [Article] Impact of a Psychology of Masculinities Course on Women's Attitudes toward Male Gender Roles

  Individuals are involved in an ongoing construction of gender ideology from two opposite but intertwined directions: they experience pressure to follow gender role norms, and they also participate in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impact of a Psychology of Masculinities Course on Women's Attitudes toward Male Gender Roles Author: Kidder, Sylvia Marie Ferguson Year: 2015 Individuals are involved in an ongoing construction of gender ideology from two opposite but intertwined directions: they experience pressure to follow gender role norms, and they also participate in the social construction of these norms. An individual's appraisal, positive or negative, of gender roles is called a "gender role attitude." These lie on a continuum from traditional to progressive. Traditional gender role attitudes have been linked to primarily negative outcomes. This thesis examines attitudes toward--and beliefs about--male gender in women completing an elective course on the psychology of men and masculinities. Study 1 assessed how these students' (N = 32) narrative definitions of "man" and "masculinity" changed from the beginning to the end of the class. While there was a significant decrease in the presence of the male role norms of achievement/status and aggression over time, there were no differences in the number of references to men's avoidance of femininity, homophobia, non-relational attitudes toward sex, restrictive emotionality, or self-reliance. Because the coding scheme only measured presence of these male role norms rather than framing or valence, additional characteristics of students' responses are discussed. Study 1 also compared women's (N = 20) pre- and post-class male role norm attitudes. Endorsement of global male role norms, aggression, self-reliance, and a composite of particular other male role norms (i.e., "Factor 1" of the Male Role Norms Inventory) were all significantly lower at the end of the class than at the beginning. Study 2 examined potential selection effects in the male role attitudes of women choosing to complete the psychology of men and masculinities course (n = 20) by comparing them to those of women in a psychology research methods course required for the academic major (n = 19). It was determined that pre-class male role attitudes did not differ significantly between the two classes. However, small sample sizes severely limited the statistical power to detect such a difference, and other possible explanations for the lack of difference are considered. Study 3 explored the relationship between women's gender role stress (GRS), which describes stress from coping with restrictive feminine expectations, and attitudes toward male gender roles (N = 32). Results showed that women's GRS did not significantly correlate with overall male role attitudes or with specific subcomponents of these role norms (i.e., self-reliance, aggression, and Factor 1). Thus, there was no evidence that gender role pressures experienced by women relate to their gender expectations for men. While many studies have examined change in attitudes toward women's gender roles, particularly in the context of women's and gender studies courses, there is a lack of research on women's attitudes toward men's roles and the impact on those attitudes of gender coursework focused on masculinity. This research is the first to provide evidence regarding: 1) changes in women's attitudes toward male role norms, and 2) changes in gender role attitudes among students taking a course on the psychology of men and masculinities. Because both men's and women's attitudes toward male role norms are linked to a number of measures of well-being, this research suggests gender-focused education as a potential strategy for improving students' health and relationship quality. Title: Impact of a Psychology of Masculinities Course on Women's Attitudes toward Male Gender Roles Author: Kidder, Sylvia Marie Ferguson Year: 2015 Individuals are involved in an ongoing construction of gender ideology from two opposite but intertwined directions: they experience pressure to follow gender role norms, and they also participate in the social construction of these norms. An individual's appraisal, positive or negative, of gender roles is called a "gender role attitude." These lie on a continuum from traditional to progressive. Traditional gender role attitudes have been linked to primarily negative outcomes. This thesis examines attitudes toward--and beliefs about--male gender in women completing an elective course on the psychology of men and masculinities. Study 1 assessed how these students' (N = 32) narrative definitions of "man" and "masculinity" changed from the beginning to the end of the class. While there was a significant decrease in the presence of the male role norms of achievement/status and aggression over time, there were no differences in the number of references to men's avoidance of femininity, homophobia, non-relational attitudes toward sex, restrictive emotionality, or self-reliance. Because the coding scheme only measured presence of these male role norms rather than framing or valence, additional characteristics of students' responses are discussed. Study 1 also compared women's (N = 20) pre- and post-class male role norm attitudes. Endorsement of global male role norms, aggression, self-reliance, and a composite of particular other male role norms (i.e., "Factor 1" of the Male Role Norms Inventory) were all significantly lower at the end of the class than at the beginning. Study 2 examined potential selection effects in the male role attitudes of women choosing to complete the psychology of men and masculinities course (n = 20) by comparing them to those of women in a psychology research methods course required for the academic major (n = 19). It was determined that pre-class male role attitudes did not differ significantly between the two classes. However, small sample sizes severely limited the statistical power to detect such a difference, and other possible explanations for the lack of difference are considered. Study 3 explored the relationship between women's gender role stress (GRS), which describes stress from coping with restrictive feminine expectations, and attitudes toward male gender roles (N = 32). Results showed that women's GRS did not significantly correlate with overall male role attitudes or with specific subcomponents of these role norms (i.e., self-reliance, aggression, and Factor 1). Thus, there was no evidence that gender role pressures experienced by women relate to their gender expectations for men. While many studies have examined change in attitudes toward women's gender roles, particularly in the context of women's and gender studies courses, there is a lack of research on women's attitudes toward men's roles and the impact on those attitudes of gender coursework focused on masculinity. This research is the first to provide evidence regarding: 1) changes in women's attitudes toward male role norms, and 2) changes in gender role attitudes among students taking a course on the psychology of men and masculinities. Because both men's and women's attitudes toward male role norms are linked to a number of measures of well-being, this research suggests gender-focused education as a potential strategy for improving students' health and relationship quality. Close

• 27. [Article] Exploring Embodied Gender Identities in Steven Universe

  Steven Universe, a relatively new show from Cartoon Network, explores an unexpectedly complex understanding of gender through their main protagonists. Utilizing Judith Butler’s work on gender performativity ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Exploring Embodied Gender Identities in Steven Universe Author: Painter, Stephanie (Stephanie Lauryn) Steven Universe, a relatively new show from Cartoon Network, explores an unexpectedly complex understanding of gender through their main protagonists. Utilizing Judith Butler’s work on gender performativity and doing gender, as well as Daniel Dennett’s conception of the self as a theorist’s fiction, and Alexander Weheliye’s understanding of power and oppression existing in the articulated assemblages of people’s embodiment, I analyze the construction of several of the characters in Steven Universe and how they deviate from normative modes of being. In this paper, I argue that Steven Universe is expanding the normative construction of what it means to have an identity and a gender identity in children’s animation. Title: Exploring Embodied Gender Identities in Steven Universe Author: Painter, Stephanie (Stephanie Lauryn) Steven Universe, a relatively new show from Cartoon Network, explores an unexpectedly complex understanding of gender through their main protagonists. Utilizing Judith Butler’s work on gender performativity and doing gender, as well as Daniel Dennett’s conception of the self as a theorist’s fiction, and Alexander Weheliye’s understanding of power and oppression existing in the articulated assemblages of people’s embodiment, I analyze the construction of several of the characters in Steven Universe and how they deviate from normative modes of being. In this paper, I argue that Steven Universe is expanding the normative construction of what it means to have an identity and a gender identity in children’s animation. Close

• 28. [Article] Gender in 21st Century American Film: Gender Messages and Types of Artistic Success

  44 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Sociology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 20...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender in 21st Century American Film: Gender Messages and Types of Artistic Success Author: Rojc, Ellen Year: 2014 44 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Sociology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2014. Title: Gender in 21st Century American Film: Gender Messages and Types of Artistic Success Author: Rojc, Ellen Year: 2014 44 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Sociology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2014. Close

• 29. [Article] “I Will Own You”: Accountability in Massively Multiplayer Online Games

  15 pages

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: “I Will Own You”: Accountability in Massively Multiplayer Online Games Author: Stabile, Carol A. Year: 2014 15 pages Title: “I Will Own You”: Accountability in Massively Multiplayer Online Games Author: Stabile, Carol A. Year: 2014 15 pages Close

• 30. [Article] Beyond resistance: Gender, performance, and fannish practice in digital culture

  x, 160 p. : ill. (some col.)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beyond resistance: Gender, performance, and fannish practice in digital culture Author: Hampton, Darlene Rose, 1976- Year: 2011, 2010 x, 160 p. : ill. (some col.) Title: Beyond resistance: Gender, performance, and fannish practice in digital culture Author: Hampton, Darlene Rose, 1976- Year: 2011, 2010 x, 160 p. : ill. (some col.) Close

• 31. [Article] Gender Representations in U.S. Ed.D. Dissertations: A Feminist Content Analysis

  Educational access, achievement and opportunity for students and educators in U.S. educational institutions is influenced and often limited by gender. Although the U.S. Glass Ceiling Commission reports ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender Representations in U.S. Ed.D. Dissertations: A Feminist Content Analysis Author: Nelli, Debora Kay Year: 2014 Educational access, achievement and opportunity for students and educators in U.S. educational institutions is influenced and often limited by gender. Although the U.S. Glass Ceiling Commission reports that the gender equity values, beliefs and commitments of institutional leaders are a key factor in reducing institutional gender inequities (U.S. Dept of Labor, 1995), very little is known about the current preparation or evaluation of educational leadership values, especially at the doctoral level (Hess & Kelly, 2007, Grogan & Andrews, 2002; Levine, 2005; Murphy & Vriesenga, 2004). This study utilized feminist content analysis as a conceptual framework and research methodology to examine the collective gender equity values, beliefs and commitments of educational leaders represented in a key textual artifact of doctoral study, the Educational Doctorate (Ed.D.) dissertation. This sequential mixed method content analysis examines 15,014 dissertation titles of Ed.D dissertations completed from 112 U.S. public doctoral granting institutions between 1998-2007 to identify 1185 dissertations indicating gender in their title. A purposeful sample of 177 abstracts was selected from emergent themes for further analysis. The final research phase examined a purposeful sample of 9 complete dissertation texts selected from the analysis of the abstracts. The research focused on two questions, 1.) How prevalent is gender focused inquiry in recent Ed.D. dissertation scholarship, from 1998-2007? 2.) What are the cultural gender beliefs and gender conceptualizations represented in Ed.D. dissertation scholarship from 1998-2007? The findings indicate gender focused inquiry is not prevalent in Ed.D. dissertation titles, in public doctoral granting institutions from 1998-2007; only 7.4 % indicated any mention of gender. The findings also revealed great institutional variation in the prevalence of gender focused dissertations in the 112 institutions examined. Three themes also emerged from patterns of representations illuminating problematic gender cultural beliefs, 1,) male leadership and intellectual authority is privileged, 2.) Black males are "othered", 3.) Latinas are silenced. Three additional problematic themes of gender bias are revealed because of scanty representation in the sample, 1.) LGTBIQ issues silenced, 2.) Title IX trivialized and 3.) Feminism marginalized. Each of these three gender focused categories represented less than 1% of the Ed.D. dissertations completed in U.S. public doctoral granting universities between 1998-2007. The findings have implications for program planning of doctoral Ed. D. programs for the development of gender equity dispositions. The findings also contribute to the discipline by adding to the knowledge of Ed. D. dissertation content. This report includes recommendation for future research and practice. Title: Gender Representations in U.S. Ed.D. Dissertations: A Feminist Content Analysis Author: Nelli, Debora Kay Year: 2014 Educational access, achievement and opportunity for students and educators in U.S. educational institutions is influenced and often limited by gender. Although the U.S. Glass Ceiling Commission reports that the gender equity values, beliefs and commitments of institutional leaders are a key factor in reducing institutional gender inequities (U.S. Dept of Labor, 1995), very little is known about the current preparation or evaluation of educational leadership values, especially at the doctoral level (Hess & Kelly, 2007, Grogan & Andrews, 2002; Levine, 2005; Murphy & Vriesenga, 2004). This study utilized feminist content analysis as a conceptual framework and research methodology to examine the collective gender equity values, beliefs and commitments of educational leaders represented in a key textual artifact of doctoral study, the Educational Doctorate (Ed.D.) dissertation. This sequential mixed method content analysis examines 15,014 dissertation titles of Ed.D dissertations completed from 112 U.S. public doctoral granting institutions between 1998-2007 to identify 1185 dissertations indicating gender in their title. A purposeful sample of 177 abstracts was selected from emergent themes for further analysis. The final research phase examined a purposeful sample of 9 complete dissertation texts selected from the analysis of the abstracts. The research focused on two questions, 1.) How prevalent is gender focused inquiry in recent Ed.D. dissertation scholarship, from 1998-2007? 2.) What are the cultural gender beliefs and gender conceptualizations represented in Ed.D. dissertation scholarship from 1998-2007? The findings indicate gender focused inquiry is not prevalent in Ed.D. dissertation titles, in public doctoral granting institutions from 1998-2007; only 7.4 % indicated any mention of gender. The findings also revealed great institutional variation in the prevalence of gender focused dissertations in the 112 institutions examined. Three themes also emerged from patterns of representations illuminating problematic gender cultural beliefs, 1,) male leadership and intellectual authority is privileged, 2.) Black males are "othered", 3.) Latinas are silenced. Three additional problematic themes of gender bias are revealed because of scanty representation in the sample, 1.) LGTBIQ issues silenced, 2.) Title IX trivialized and 3.) Feminism marginalized. Each of these three gender focused categories represented less than 1% of the Ed.D. dissertations completed in U.S. public doctoral granting universities between 1998-2007. The findings have implications for program planning of doctoral Ed. D. programs for the development of gender equity dispositions. The findings also contribute to the discipline by adding to the knowledge of Ed. D. dissertation content. This report includes recommendation for future research and practice. Close

• 32. [Article] Who Gender-Bends and Why? A Qualitative Study of World of Warcraft

  According to a 2009 study, 68% of American households played video games (Entertainment Software Association). With this number continually on the rise, video games and their cultures are in need of further ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Who Gender-Bends and Why? A Qualitative Study of World of Warcraft Author: Gregory, Clairellyn Rose Year: 2011 According to a 2009 study, 68% of American households played video games (Entertainment Software Association). With this number continually on the rise, video games and their cultures are in need of further scholarly exploration. A video game of particular interest is a massive online game known as World of Warcraft, drawing over twelve million players worldwide (Blizzard Entertainment, 2010). With a cyberspace-based culture, World of Warcraft exposes its players to phenomenon that are unique to it, and thereby not easily understood through the same measures and evaluations offered by society at large. One such phenomena is that of gender, or more specifically the bending of gender by which players assume characters of the opposite gender. Although a common practice in video games like World of Warcraft, its motivations have yet to receive adequately scholarly attention. The present study seeks to explore the process of gender selection in the massive online game World of Warcraft through qualitative methods utilizing interviews, texts, and field notes. The data is then analyzed using Kellner's (2003) methods of critical analysis of media and Langian's (1975) work on thematization. Title: Who Gender-Bends and Why? A Qualitative Study of World of Warcraft Author: Gregory, Clairellyn Rose Year: 2011 According to a 2009 study, 68% of American households played video games (Entertainment Software Association). With this number continually on the rise, video games and their cultures are in need of further scholarly exploration. A video game of particular interest is a massive online game known as World of Warcraft, drawing over twelve million players worldwide (Blizzard Entertainment, 2010). With a cyberspace-based culture, World of Warcraft exposes its players to phenomenon that are unique to it, and thereby not easily understood through the same measures and evaluations offered by society at large. One such phenomena is that of gender, or more specifically the bending of gender by which players assume characters of the opposite gender. Although a common practice in video games like World of Warcraft, its motivations have yet to receive adequately scholarly attention. The present study seeks to explore the process of gender selection in the massive online game World of Warcraft through qualitative methods utilizing interviews, texts, and field notes. The data is then analyzed using Kellner's (2003) methods of critical analysis of media and Langian's (1975) work on thematization. Close

• 33. [Article] References to Gendered Grief in Children's Media: A Content Analysis of Grief Picture Books

  Gender stereotypes, gender roles and the underrepresentation of women permeate modern American culture. These forms of sexism limit the socially acceptable ways that children are able to express difficult ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: References to Gendered Grief in Children's Media: A Content Analysis of Grief Picture Books Author: Budgeon, Machaila Year: 2015 Gender stereotypes, gender roles and the underrepresentation of women permeate modern American culture. These forms of sexism limit the socially acceptable ways that children are able to express difficult emotion as they move through the grief process. This study focuses on these forms of sexism as they influence the creation and continuation of gendered grief by coding seventeen children’s grief picture books. Findings support the hypotheses that, not only are gender stereotypes, roles and the underrepresentation of both men and women present in grief picture books, but that they contribute to gendered grief. Suggestions for future research include a larger sample size and in-depth looks at specific contributors to gendered grief. Title: References to Gendered Grief in Children's Media: A Content Analysis of Grief Picture Books Author: Budgeon, Machaila Year: 2015 Gender stereotypes, gender roles and the underrepresentation of women permeate modern American culture. These forms of sexism limit the socially acceptable ways that children are able to express difficult emotion as they move through the grief process. This study focuses on these forms of sexism as they influence the creation and continuation of gendered grief by coding seventeen children’s grief picture books. Findings support the hypotheses that, not only are gender stereotypes, roles and the underrepresentation of both men and women present in grief picture books, but that they contribute to gendered grief. Suggestions for future research include a larger sample size and in-depth looks at specific contributors to gendered grief. Close

• 34. [Article] Effectiveness of end-user debugging software features : are there gender issues?

  Although gender differences in a technological world are receiving significant research attention, much of the research and practice has aimed at how society and education can impact the successes and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effectiveness of end-user debugging software features : are there gender issues? Author: Cook, Curtis R., Beckwith, Laura A., Burnett, Margaret, 1949-, Sorte, Shraddha, Wiedenbeck, Susan, Hastings, Michelle, Oregon State University. Dept. of Computer Science Although gender differences in a technological world are receiving significant research attention, much of the research and practice has aimed at how society and education can impact the successes and retention of female computer science professionals—but the possibility of gender issues within software has received almost no attention. If gender issues exist with some types of software features, it is possible that accommodating them by changing these features can increase effectiveness, but only if we know what these issues are. In this paper, we empirically investigate gender differences for end users in the context of debugging spreadsheets. Our results uncover significant gender differences in feature acceptance, and show that these differences can significantly impact effectiveness. Title: Effectiveness of end-user debugging software features : are there gender issues? Author: Cook, Curtis R., Beckwith, Laura A., Burnett, Margaret, 1949-, Sorte, Shraddha, Wiedenbeck, Susan, Hastings, Michelle, Oregon State University. Dept. of Computer Science Although gender differences in a technological world are receiving significant research attention, much of the research and practice has aimed at how society and education can impact the successes and retention of female computer science professionals—but the possibility of gender issues within software has received almost no attention. If gender issues exist with some types of software features, it is possible that accommodating them by changing these features can increase effectiveness, but only if we know what these issues are. In this paper, we empirically investigate gender differences for end users in the context of debugging spreadsheets. Our results uncover significant gender differences in feature acceptance, and show that these differences can significantly impact effectiveness. Close

• 35. [Article] Las Pioneras : New Immigrant Destinations and the Gendered Experiences of Latina Immigrants

  Are experiences with migration affecting culturally specific gendered practices, roles, attitudes, and ideologies of Mexican women and men? Which experiences reinforce patriarchy? Which experiences transform ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Las Pioneras : New Immigrant Destinations and the Gendered Experiences of Latina Immigrants Author: Mejia, Angie Pamela Year: 2009 Are experiences with migration affecting culturally specific gendered practices, roles, attitudes, and ideologies of Mexican women and men? Which experiences reinforce patriarchy? Which experiences transform patriarchy? This thesis proposes that Mexican immigrant women will subscribe to and enact different gendered behaviors depending upon their perception of gendered gains. Various factors, such as time of arrival, previous experiences with negative machismos, and workforce participation affect how they construct gendered identities. The context where bargaining occurs-whether itwas the home, the community, or the workplace - inform women of what strategies they need implement in order to negotiate with patriarchy. This study employs two models, Deniz Kandiyoti's concept of the patriarchal bargain and Sylvya Walby' s theoretical position of patriarchy fomenting unique gender inequalities within different contexts, to process the different ways Mexican immigrant women perceive and perform gender. The author analyzed data collected from participant observation activities, focus groups, and interviews with women of Mexican descent living in new immigrant destinations. Mexican immigrant women's narratives of negotiations and transformations with male partners indicated equal adherence of traditional and nontraditional gendered behaviors in order to build satisfactory patriarchal bargains. In addition, data suggested that identity formation was the outcome of migratory influences; it also indicated that progressive ideas about gender were salient before migrating to the U.S .. Findings also suggested that reassured masculine identities, due to the stable work options open to Mexican immigrant males in this area, became a factor in the emergence and adherence of distinct gendered attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions by women in this study. Title: Las Pioneras : New Immigrant Destinations and the Gendered Experiences of Latina Immigrants Author: Mejia, Angie Pamela Year: 2009 Are experiences with migration affecting culturally specific gendered practices, roles, attitudes, and ideologies of Mexican women and men? Which experiences reinforce patriarchy? Which experiences transform patriarchy? This thesis proposes that Mexican immigrant women will subscribe to and enact different gendered behaviors depending upon their perception of gendered gains. Various factors, such as time of arrival, previous experiences with negative machismos, and workforce participation affect how they construct gendered identities. The context where bargaining occurs-whether itwas the home, the community, or the workplace - inform women of what strategies they need implement in order to negotiate with patriarchy. This study employs two models, Deniz Kandiyoti's concept of the patriarchal bargain and Sylvya Walby' s theoretical position of patriarchy fomenting unique gender inequalities within different contexts, to process the different ways Mexican immigrant women perceive and perform gender. The author analyzed data collected from participant observation activities, focus groups, and interviews with women of Mexican descent living in new immigrant destinations. Mexican immigrant women's narratives of negotiations and transformations with male partners indicated equal adherence of traditional and nontraditional gendered behaviors in order to build satisfactory patriarchal bargains. In addition, data suggested that identity formation was the outcome of migratory influences; it also indicated that progressive ideas about gender were salient before migrating to the U.S .. Findings also suggested that reassured masculine identities, due to the stable work options open to Mexican immigrant males in this area, became a factor in the emergence and adherence of distinct gendered attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions by women in this study. Close

• 36. [Article] The Experiences of Male Students in Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies

  Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (WGSS) is an interdisciplinary academic field that addresses gender, sexuality, and social justice issues. The research objective of this project was to examine the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Experiences of Male Students in Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Author: Viveros Cespedes, Marcos Andres Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (WGSS) is an interdisciplinary academic field that addresses gender, sexuality, and social justice issues. The research objective of this project was to examine the attitudes of self-identified male students in introductory Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies for winter term 2016 at Oregon State University. This project used the research method from a similar study done in 2005 at Oregon State University to provide an analysis on male attitudes about gender and social justice. The purpose of this replication was to measure the attitudes of research participants in both studies about gender and social justice. A mix-methods approach was used to assess potential impacts that WGSS has on self-identified male students. The results of this research demonstrate that male students in 2016 gained new perspectives on gender and social equality. This research showed evidence of the conflict between privileged male students identities and how these identities impacted their engagement with WGSS. The results of the comparison between 2016 and 2005 indicated that self-identified male students perceived themselves to be more open about gender and social equality. Recommendations for Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies and for future research are also discussed Title: The Experiences of Male Students in Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Author: Viveros Cespedes, Marcos Andres Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (WGSS) is an interdisciplinary academic field that addresses gender, sexuality, and social justice issues. The research objective of this project was to examine the attitudes of self-identified male students in introductory Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies for winter term 2016 at Oregon State University. This project used the research method from a similar study done in 2005 at Oregon State University to provide an analysis on male attitudes about gender and social justice. The purpose of this replication was to measure the attitudes of research participants in both studies about gender and social justice. A mix-methods approach was used to assess potential impacts that WGSS has on self-identified male students. The results of this research demonstrate that male students in 2016 gained new perspectives on gender and social equality. This research showed evidence of the conflict between privileged male students identities and how these identities impacted their engagement with WGSS. The results of the comparison between 2016 and 2005 indicated that self-identified male students perceived themselves to be more open about gender and social equality. Recommendations for Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies and for future research are also discussed Close

• 37. [Article] Words Carried in with the Tide: Boundaries of Gender in FisherPoetry

  The FisherPoets Gathering is an annual event where expressive art performed exposes the explicit and implicit gender dynamics of the occupation of commercial fishing. Through these performances, women ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Words Carried in with the Tide: Boundaries of Gender in FisherPoetry Author: Meyer, Julianne Year: 2016 The FisherPoets Gathering is an annual event where expressive art performed exposes the explicit and implicit gender dynamics of the occupation of commercial fishing. Through these performances, women tackle gender issues that bridge the gap between the fishing industry and the event. Through performance and interactions with fellow female FisherPoets, the women validate themselves as fishermen and comment on the behavior of their male colleagues. These performance-based expressive art forms enable them to address the fishing industry’s gender power dynamics and begin to make social change. Title: Words Carried in with the Tide: Boundaries of Gender in FisherPoetry Author: Meyer, Julianne Year: 2016 The FisherPoets Gathering is an annual event where expressive art performed exposes the explicit and implicit gender dynamics of the occupation of commercial fishing. Through these performances, women tackle gender issues that bridge the gap between the fishing industry and the event. Through performance and interactions with fellow female FisherPoets, the women validate themselves as fishermen and comment on the behavior of their male colleagues. These performance-based expressive art forms enable them to address the fishing industry’s gender power dynamics and begin to make social change. Close

• 38. [Article] The Sexual Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Youth

  Although persons of different sexual and gender orientations often get grouped together under the term “LGBTQ” (for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning), it is important to distinguish ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Sexual Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Youth Author: Gowen, L. Kris Year: 2011 Although persons of different sexual and gender orientations often get grouped together under the term “LGBTQ” (for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning), it is important to distinguish between subpopulations based on sexual vs. gender orientation. A person’s sexual orientation is the gender to which a person is emotionally, romantically, and sexually attracted. Gender identity is how a person self-identifies as a particular gender regardless of biological sex characteristics. “Transgender” describes persons who are born a certain sex, but identify with, and consequently wish to live as, a different gender than the sex their anatomy dictates. According to data from the 2009 Oregon Healthy Teens survey, 5% of 11th graders identify as being lesbian, gay, or bisexual, and another 2.3% report being “unsure” of their sexual orientation (i.e., questioning); almost 10% of female and 5% of male 11th graders report same-sex sexual experiences. The prevalence of transgender or gender non-conforming youth is unknown. Health disparities among LGBTQ persons have received more public health attention in recent years. The Healthy People 2020 objectives, which set the federal government’s national goals for health, includes a goal to “improve the health, safety, and well-being of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals.”2 In 2011, the Institute of Medicine released a consensus report that highlights the health status of persons of different sexual and gender orientations.3 However, both of these initiatives acknowledge the lack of data to inform this topic, especially regarding the health of transgender persons. Title: The Sexual Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Youth Author: Gowen, L. Kris Year: 2011 Although persons of different sexual and gender orientations often get grouped together under the term “LGBTQ” (for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning), it is important to distinguish between subpopulations based on sexual vs. gender orientation. A person’s sexual orientation is the gender to which a person is emotionally, romantically, and sexually attracted. Gender identity is how a person self-identifies as a particular gender regardless of biological sex characteristics. “Transgender” describes persons who are born a certain sex, but identify with, and consequently wish to live as, a different gender than the sex their anatomy dictates. According to data from the 2009 Oregon Healthy Teens survey, 5% of 11th graders identify as being lesbian, gay, or bisexual, and another 2.3% report being “unsure” of their sexual orientation (i.e., questioning); almost 10% of female and 5% of male 11th graders report same-sex sexual experiences. The prevalence of transgender or gender non-conforming youth is unknown. Health disparities among LGBTQ persons have received more public health attention in recent years. The Healthy People 2020 objectives, which set the federal government’s national goals for health, includes a goal to “improve the health, safety, and well-being of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals.”2 In 2011, the Institute of Medicine released a consensus report that highlights the health status of persons of different sexual and gender orientations.3 However, both of these initiatives acknowledge the lack of data to inform this topic, especially regarding the health of transgender persons. Close

• 39. [Article] Children's housework in single-mother and single-father families

  Using data from the 1987-1988 National Survey of Families and Households, this study compared time children of single mothers (n = 717) and fathers (n = 78) spent on housework. Housework takes time and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Children's housework in single-mother and single-father families Author: Hall, Leslie Duke Using data from the 1987-1988 National Survey of Families and Households, this study compared time children of single mothers (n = 717) and fathers (n = 78) spent on housework. Housework takes time and many parents combine it with employment and child rearing. Characteristics of families headed by single mothers and fathers differ: mothers have more and younger children, fathers have more. The purpose of this study was to use a nationally representative data set to examine participation in housework by children in single-parent families. It examined whether the pattern of labor differed by gender of parent or child, or by an interaction between the two. Central to the theoretical perspective is the nation that the gendered division of labor in unpaid family work is part of socially constructed gender. Because parent characteristics and child characteristics influence children's housework, these and other variables were explored. Variables which were significant in preliminary analyses were entered into the final analyses. The dependent variables were time children spent in housework, both absolute (hours) and relative (percentage of time spent by children of the time spent by children and parents), measured for overall, "feminine," and "masculine" housework. General Linear Models were used in the first set of analyses, testing for differences by gender of parent as if mother households and father households were equal on all covariates. Multiple regression models were used in the second set of analyses exploring the impact of child gender. Multiple regression models with an interaction factor (gender of child and gender of parent) were used in the final analyses. Families headed by single fathers overall did less housework than families headed by single mothers. Children of fathers spent a higher percentage of time in housework than children of mothers. There was no interaction between parent gender and child gender that would show only fathers or only mothers burden their daughters. As in two-parent households, daughters in single-mother and in single-father families do more housework than sons. Title: Children's housework in single-mother and single-father families Author: Hall, Leslie Duke Using data from the 1987-1988 National Survey of Families and Households, this study compared time children of single mothers (n = 717) and fathers (n = 78) spent on housework. Housework takes time and many parents combine it with employment and child rearing. Characteristics of families headed by single mothers and fathers differ: mothers have more and younger children, fathers have more. The purpose of this study was to use a nationally representative data set to examine participation in housework by children in single-parent families. It examined whether the pattern of labor differed by gender of parent or child, or by an interaction between the two. Central to the theoretical perspective is the nation that the gendered division of labor in unpaid family work is part of socially constructed gender. Because parent characteristics and child characteristics influence children's housework, these and other variables were explored. Variables which were significant in preliminary analyses were entered into the final analyses. The dependent variables were time children spent in housework, both absolute (hours) and relative (percentage of time spent by children of the time spent by children and parents), measured for overall, "feminine," and "masculine" housework. General Linear Models were used in the first set of analyses, testing for differences by gender of parent as if mother households and father households were equal on all covariates. Multiple regression models were used in the second set of analyses exploring the impact of child gender. Multiple regression models with an interaction factor (gender of child and gender of parent) were used in the final analyses. Families headed by single fathers overall did less housework than families headed by single mothers. Children of fathers spent a higher percentage of time in housework than children of mothers. There was no interaction between parent gender and child gender that would show only fathers or only mothers burden their daughters. As in two-parent households, daughters in single-mother and in single-father families do more housework than sons. Close

• 40. [Article] Gender-role orientation as a predictor of marital quality

  Over the past 10 years there has been much research on various aspects of gender-role orientation. Specifically, many studies have explored gender-role orientation as a predictor of psychological adjustment. Findings ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender-role orientation as a predictor of marital quality Author: Lange, Sandra L. Over the past 10 years there has been much research on various aspects of gender-role orientation. Specifically, many studies have explored gender-role orientation as a predictor of psychological adjustment. Findings suggest that masculine and androgynous individuals are high on psychological adjustment whereas, feminine and undifferentiated individuals score lower on adjustment. On the other hand, the research on gender-role orientation as a predictor of marital quality reveal that highly feminine individuals (feminine and androgynous) score high on marital quality and masculine individuals, which are found to score highly on psychological adjustment, score lower on marital quality. The purpose of this study was to further explore gender-role orientation as a predictor of marital quality and to shed some light on the findings between psychological adjustment and marital quality. Bems Sex Role Inventory (1974) was used to measure gender-role orientation. Marital quality was measured by Braiker and Kelley's (1979) relationship questionnaire which served as a global assessment of the relationships. A second measurement of marital quality was an inventory of marital activities (Cate, 1980). This measured the number of specific activities the couples participated in, as well as a subjective evaluation of the amount of pleasure of the specific activities. One-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) were run to examine differences in wives' marital quality scores between groups of husbands with different gender-role orientations. Additional AMOVA's were run to test for differences in husband's marital quality scores between groups of wives with different gender-role orientations. Correlation coefficients were then performed between husbands' femininity and wives' marital quality and other correlations were run between wives' femininity and husbands' marital quality. These were performed to explore the relationship between femininity and marital quality. Lastly, the same logic applied in testing the relationship between masculinity and marital quality. Results indicated that husbands married to highly feminine wives perceived the pleasure of their marital activities to be significantly higher than husbands married to masculine wives. There were no significant differences in wives' marital quality among the husbands' different gender-role orientations. Masculine orientation did not relate to marital quality. Title: Gender-role orientation as a predictor of marital quality Author: Lange, Sandra L. Over the past 10 years there has been much research on various aspects of gender-role orientation. Specifically, many studies have explored gender-role orientation as a predictor of psychological adjustment. Findings suggest that masculine and androgynous individuals are high on psychological adjustment whereas, feminine and undifferentiated individuals score lower on adjustment. On the other hand, the research on gender-role orientation as a predictor of marital quality reveal that highly feminine individuals (feminine and androgynous) score high on marital quality and masculine individuals, which are found to score highly on psychological adjustment, score lower on marital quality. The purpose of this study was to further explore gender-role orientation as a predictor of marital quality and to shed some light on the findings between psychological adjustment and marital quality. Bems Sex Role Inventory (1974) was used to measure gender-role orientation. Marital quality was measured by Braiker and Kelley's (1979) relationship questionnaire which served as a global assessment of the relationships. A second measurement of marital quality was an inventory of marital activities (Cate, 1980). This measured the number of specific activities the couples participated in, as well as a subjective evaluation of the amount of pleasure of the specific activities. One-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) were run to examine differences in wives' marital quality scores between groups of husbands with different gender-role orientations. Additional AMOVA's were run to test for differences in husband's marital quality scores between groups of wives with different gender-role orientations. Correlation coefficients were then performed between husbands' femininity and wives' marital quality and other correlations were run between wives' femininity and husbands' marital quality. These were performed to explore the relationship between femininity and marital quality. Lastly, the same logic applied in testing the relationship between masculinity and marital quality. Results indicated that husbands married to highly feminine wives perceived the pleasure of their marital activities to be significantly higher than husbands married to masculine wives. There were no significant differences in wives' marital quality among the husbands' different gender-role orientations. Masculine orientation did not relate to marital quality. Close