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• 101. [Article] Effect of Solute and Temperature on Osmotic Tolerance _Final.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of Solute and Temperature on Osmotic Tolerance _Final.pdf Author: Huang, Kenneth Title: Effect of Solute and Temperature on Osmotic Tolerance _Final.pdf Author: Huang, Kenneth Close

• 102. [Article] Comparison between thermophilic and mesophilic aerobic biological treatment of a synthetic organic waste

  Temperature is one of the most important factors affecting microbial activity and consequently is of great importance in a biological waste treatment system. Extensive research has been carried out to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparison between thermophilic and mesophilic aerobic biological treatment of a synthetic organic waste Author: Streebin, Leale E. Temperature is one of the most important factors affecting microbial activity and consequently is of great importance in a biological waste treatment system. Extensive research has been carried out to determine the effects of temperature on biological reactions in the temperature range of 20° to 35° Centigrade. It is generally agreed that the reaction rate increases by a factor of two to three for each ten degree Centigrade rise in temperature within this range. There has, however, been very little research to determine temperature effects in the range of 35° to 60° Centigrade. Therefore it was deemed necessary to determine the effect of temperature on aerobic biological treatment of an organic waste in the temperature range of 20° to 60° Centigrade. The impetus motivating this research is the need for a treatment process capable of immediate treatment of high temperature wastes such as some canning wastes and pulp and paper wastes, without prior cooling. At present the thermal energy from high temperature wastes is dissipated by use of cooling towers or other cooling devices. If it is possible to use the thermal energy to increase the decomposition rates in a treatment process, then of course it is desirable to do so. To evaluate the feasibility of high temperature treatment it was imperative to devise a method or means by which to compare the organic removal rates and treatment efficiencies at the various temperatures. To make these comparisons it was necessary to determine at the various temperatures the maximum rate of oxygen demand, the efficiency of organic removal, the quantity and forms of nitrogen being discharged in the effluent, the net solids produced, and the settling characteristics of the sludge. To compare treatment efficiencies at the various temperatures the following tests and determinations were performed: 1. Suspended Solids 2. Chemical Oxygen Demand 3. Nitrogen 4. Oxygen Upptake 5. Type of Growth 6. Settling Characteristics The conclusions drawn from these tests results are as follows: 1. The biochemical activity rate as measured by oxygen uptake increased from 20° to 45°C. The rate dropped rapidly as the temperature was increased above 45°C. 2. The COD removal efficiency was above 90% for the entire range. 3. The net solids production decreased as temperature was increased from 25° to 50°C. 4. Clarification is difficult at temperatures above 35°C. 5. Nitrification does not take place above 40°C. 6. The purification rate can be increased tremendously by increasing the temperature from 20°C to 45°C. 7. High temperature treatment appears to be readily adaptable to dispersed growth systems. However, thermophilic treatment does not appear to be applicable to treatment systems which require solids removal because of the poor settling characteristics. Title: Comparison between thermophilic and mesophilic aerobic biological treatment of a synthetic organic waste Author: Streebin, Leale E. Temperature is one of the most important factors affecting microbial activity and consequently is of great importance in a biological waste treatment system. Extensive research has been carried out to determine the effects of temperature on biological reactions in the temperature range of 20° to 35° Centigrade. It is generally agreed that the reaction rate increases by a factor of two to three for each ten degree Centigrade rise in temperature within this range. There has, however, been very little research to determine temperature effects in the range of 35° to 60° Centigrade. Therefore it was deemed necessary to determine the effect of temperature on aerobic biological treatment of an organic waste in the temperature range of 20° to 60° Centigrade. The impetus motivating this research is the need for a treatment process capable of immediate treatment of high temperature wastes such as some canning wastes and pulp and paper wastes, without prior cooling. At present the thermal energy from high temperature wastes is dissipated by use of cooling towers or other cooling devices. If it is possible to use the thermal energy to increase the decomposition rates in a treatment process, then of course it is desirable to do so. To evaluate the feasibility of high temperature treatment it was imperative to devise a method or means by which to compare the organic removal rates and treatment efficiencies at the various temperatures. To make these comparisons it was necessary to determine at the various temperatures the maximum rate of oxygen demand, the efficiency of organic removal, the quantity and forms of nitrogen being discharged in the effluent, the net solids produced, and the settling characteristics of the sludge. To compare treatment efficiencies at the various temperatures the following tests and determinations were performed: 1. Suspended Solids 2. Chemical Oxygen Demand 3. Nitrogen 4. Oxygen Upptake 5. Type of Growth 6. Settling Characteristics The conclusions drawn from these tests results are as follows: 1. The biochemical activity rate as measured by oxygen uptake increased from 20° to 45°C. The rate dropped rapidly as the temperature was increased above 45°C. 2. The COD removal efficiency was above 90% for the entire range. 3. The net solids production decreased as temperature was increased from 25° to 50°C. 4. Clarification is difficult at temperatures above 35°C. 5. Nitrification does not take place above 40°C. 6. The purification rate can be increased tremendously by increasing the temperature from 20°C to 45°C. 7. High temperature treatment appears to be readily adaptable to dispersed growth systems. However, thermophilic treatment does not appear to be applicable to treatment systems which require solids removal because of the poor settling characteristics. Close

• 103. [Article] The Effect of HSA and Hematocrit on the Cake Collapse Temperature of Lyophilized Red Blood Cells

  Freeze-drying, or lyophilization, has shown great promise in addressing many of the logistical challenges of storing and preserving red blood cells (RBCs). A crucial part of any future RBC lyophilization ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effect of HSA and Hematocrit on the Cake Collapse Temperature of Lyophilized Red Blood Cells Author: Runyon, Daniel E. Freeze-drying, or lyophilization, has shown great promise in addressing many of the logistical challenges of storing and preserving red blood cells (RBCs). A crucial part of any future RBC lyophilization protocol is the primary drying temperature, which affects the sample drying rate and the dried cake’s ability to form a stable glassy solid which is critical to long-term RBC survival. The optimal temperature for primary drying is just below the temperature at which the porous structure of the cake begins to collapse, known as the cake collapse temperature. Therefore, this study utilized Freeze-Dry Microscopy of intracellular Trehalose-loaded RBC suspended in a buffer solution containing Human Serum Albumin (HSA) to determine the effect of both RBC and HSA concentration on the measured cake collapse temperature. It was found that increasing RBC concentration from 5% to 20% hematocrit raised the cake collapse temperature from -36.4°C ± 0.3 to -34.8°C ± 0.2, while increasing HSA concentration from 0 to 5% (w/v) raised the cake collapse temperature from -34.8°C ± 0.2 to -20.4°C ± 1.5. This data provides a basis for future study of the relationship between cake collapse and overall cell survival, with the object of building a clinically-viable RBC lyophilization protocol. Title: The Effect of HSA and Hematocrit on the Cake Collapse Temperature of Lyophilized Red Blood Cells Author: Runyon, Daniel E. Freeze-drying, or lyophilization, has shown great promise in addressing many of the logistical challenges of storing and preserving red blood cells (RBCs). A crucial part of any future RBC lyophilization protocol is the primary drying temperature, which affects the sample drying rate and the dried cake’s ability to form a stable glassy solid which is critical to long-term RBC survival. The optimal temperature for primary drying is just below the temperature at which the porous structure of the cake begins to collapse, known as the cake collapse temperature. Therefore, this study utilized Freeze-Dry Microscopy of intracellular Trehalose-loaded RBC suspended in a buffer solution containing Human Serum Albumin (HSA) to determine the effect of both RBC and HSA concentration on the measured cake collapse temperature. It was found that increasing RBC concentration from 5% to 20% hematocrit raised the cake collapse temperature from -36.4°C ± 0.3 to -34.8°C ± 0.2, while increasing HSA concentration from 0 to 5% (w/v) raised the cake collapse temperature from -34.8°C ± 0.2 to -20.4°C ± 1.5. This data provides a basis for future study of the relationship between cake collapse and overall cell survival, with the object of building a clinically-viable RBC lyophilization protocol. Close

• 104. [Article] Mapping the thermal climate of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon

  The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Cascades of central Oregon provides a unique opportunity to study spatial climate patterns on a relatively small scale. Historical records at the 64 square-kilometer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping the thermal climate of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon Author: Smith, Jonathan W. The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Cascades of central Oregon provides a unique opportunity to study spatial climate patterns on a relatively small scale. Historical records at the 64 square-kilometer site provide a spatiallydense 30-year dataset. Thermal regimes at the H. J. Andrews are generally known but the effects of its complex topography and canopy cover on temperatures have been poorly understood. In this study, 1971-2000 mean monthly maximum and minimum temperature maps of the H. J. Andrews were created over a 50- meter grid, accounting for several environmental factors affecting microclimates in forested, mountainous terrain. The effects of elevation, forest canopy, cloudiness, and topographic shading on radiation regimes were assumed to be the primary factors and the datasets were adjusted to account for them. Specifically, it was assumed that maximum temperatures were affected by shortwave daytime radiation regimes, and minimum temperatures were affected by surface longwave radiation emission at night. The Image-Processing Workbench (IPW) was used to estimate incoming shortwave solar radiation at all climate station sites, taking into account elevation, cloudiness and topographic shading. Using IPW, fisheye photographs, and the HemiView program, proportions of solar radiation and sky view factors blocked by the tree canopy were calculated at each site, and accounted for when calculating daily shortwave radiation values for each month. Sky view factors were calculated at each site accounting for canopy and surrounding topography. Specific site pairs were then analyzed by plotting observed monthly temperature differences against simulated radiation and sky view factors and computing monthly regression functions. Monthly maximum temperature/shortwave radiation regression functions were used to adjust maximum temperatures onto 'open, flat' terrain, (leaving only elevation effects on temperatures), and monthly minimum temperature/sky view factor regression functions were used to adjust minimum temperatures. Temperatures were spatially interpolated over the H. J. Andrews using the Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) program, which calculates spatially-varying temperature/elevation gradients. Topographic effects of shortwave radiation and sky view factors were reintroduced to the PRISM temperature grids using the appropriate regression functions. To make the resulting maps as useful and applicable as possible for future research, temperatures were modeled to simulate open siting conditions common in NWS station networks. Overall, temperatures were most sensitive to elevation and topographic position. Maximum temperature was sensitive to variations in shortwave radiation, especially in winter when solar radiation loads were small. Minimum temperature was sensitive to variations in sky view factors, particularly during clear summer months. Factors not accounted for in the project include small-scale effects of cold-air drainage, forest edge effects, topographic scale effects, and stream effects. These and other issues are summarized in a set of recommendations for future climate mapping research in the H. J. Andrews. Title: Mapping the thermal climate of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon Author: Smith, Jonathan W. The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Cascades of central Oregon provides a unique opportunity to study spatial climate patterns on a relatively small scale. Historical records at the 64 square-kilometer site provide a spatiallydense 30-year dataset. Thermal regimes at the H. J. Andrews are generally known but the effects of its complex topography and canopy cover on temperatures have been poorly understood. In this study, 1971-2000 mean monthly maximum and minimum temperature maps of the H. J. Andrews were created over a 50- meter grid, accounting for several environmental factors affecting microclimates in forested, mountainous terrain. The effects of elevation, forest canopy, cloudiness, and topographic shading on radiation regimes were assumed to be the primary factors and the datasets were adjusted to account for them. Specifically, it was assumed that maximum temperatures were affected by shortwave daytime radiation regimes, and minimum temperatures were affected by surface longwave radiation emission at night. The Image-Processing Workbench (IPW) was used to estimate incoming shortwave solar radiation at all climate station sites, taking into account elevation, cloudiness and topographic shading. Using IPW, fisheye photographs, and the HemiView program, proportions of solar radiation and sky view factors blocked by the tree canopy were calculated at each site, and accounted for when calculating daily shortwave radiation values for each month. Sky view factors were calculated at each site accounting for canopy and surrounding topography. Specific site pairs were then analyzed by plotting observed monthly temperature differences against simulated radiation and sky view factors and computing monthly regression functions. Monthly maximum temperature/shortwave radiation regression functions were used to adjust maximum temperatures onto 'open, flat' terrain, (leaving only elevation effects on temperatures), and monthly minimum temperature/sky view factor regression functions were used to adjust minimum temperatures. Temperatures were spatially interpolated over the H. J. Andrews using the Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) program, which calculates spatially-varying temperature/elevation gradients. Topographic effects of shortwave radiation and sky view factors were reintroduced to the PRISM temperature grids using the appropriate regression functions. To make the resulting maps as useful and applicable as possible for future research, temperatures were modeled to simulate open siting conditions common in NWS station networks. Overall, temperatures were most sensitive to elevation and topographic position. Maximum temperature was sensitive to variations in shortwave radiation, especially in winter when solar radiation loads were small. Minimum temperature was sensitive to variations in sky view factors, particularly during clear summer months. Factors not accounted for in the project include small-scale effects of cold-air drainage, forest edge effects, topographic scale effects, and stream effects. These and other issues are summarized in a set of recommendations for future climate mapping research in the H. J. Andrews. Close

• 105. [Article] Studies on the effect of moderate temperature on Vibrio marinus

  Washed cells of Vibrio marinus MP-1 grown at 15 C (organism's optimum growth temperature) were employed in this study. These cells were exposed to heat at and above their maximal growth temperature (20 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Studies on the effect of moderate temperature on Vibrio marinus Author: Robison, Sarah May Washed cells of Vibrio marinus MP-1 grown at 15 C (organism's optimum growth temperature) were employed in this study. These cells were exposed to heat at and above their maximal growth temperature (20 C) for one hour and tested manometrically at 15 C for their ability to take up oxygen. Endogenous activity, as evidenced by oxygen uptake, decreased with increased temperatures of exposure and was destroyed at 30 C. The same pattern of oxygen uptake was noted when glucose was employed as the substrate. Oxygen uptake decreased with increasing exposure periods at temperatures above the maximum growth temperature. Endogenous oxygen uptake was negligible after exposure at 29.2 C for 50 minutes. The supernatants, which resulted from suspensions of cells exposed to 15 to 35 C, contained 260-280 mμ absorbing material. This increased with increased temperature as well as increased time of exposure. The most radical changes occurred above 28 C. Supernatants were further analyzed for Kjeldahl nitrogen, orcinol reacting material and diphenylamine reacting material. The latter are indicative of ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acid respectively. The data indicates that moderate temperatures from 20 to 30 C are sufficient to inactivate the metabolic systems involved in oxygen uptake both endogenously and in the presence of glucose. Also, cellular composition and permeability are affected, as evidenced by the leakage of 260-280 mμ material. Title: Studies on the effect of moderate temperature on Vibrio marinus Author: Robison, Sarah May Washed cells of Vibrio marinus MP-1 grown at 15 C (organism's optimum growth temperature) were employed in this study. These cells were exposed to heat at and above their maximal growth temperature (20 C) for one hour and tested manometrically at 15 C for their ability to take up oxygen. Endogenous activity, as evidenced by oxygen uptake, decreased with increased temperatures of exposure and was destroyed at 30 C. The same pattern of oxygen uptake was noted when glucose was employed as the substrate. Oxygen uptake decreased with increasing exposure periods at temperatures above the maximum growth temperature. Endogenous oxygen uptake was negligible after exposure at 29.2 C for 50 minutes. The supernatants, which resulted from suspensions of cells exposed to 15 to 35 C, contained 260-280 mμ absorbing material. This increased with increased temperature as well as increased time of exposure. The most radical changes occurred above 28 C. Supernatants were further analyzed for Kjeldahl nitrogen, orcinol reacting material and diphenylamine reacting material. The latter are indicative of ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acid respectively. The data indicates that moderate temperatures from 20 to 30 C are sufficient to inactivate the metabolic systems involved in oxygen uptake both endogenously and in the presence of glucose. Also, cellular composition and permeability are affected, as evidenced by the leakage of 260-280 mμ material. Close

• 106. [Article] HuffJulieA2009.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: HuffJulieA2009.pdf Author: Huff, Julie A. Title: HuffJulieA2009.pdf Author: Huff, Julie A. Close

• 107. [Article] Simulation of postdiapause development of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, and its application to predicting the time of adult emergence

  Air temperatures and soil temperatures at the surface, two inches, and four inches under a grass cover were recorded over a 93 day period. These data were used along with other temperature data from bare ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Simulation of postdiapause development of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, and its application to predicting the time of adult emergence Author: Stark, Steven Bruce Air temperatures and soil temperatures at the surface, two inches, and four inches under a grass cover were recorded over a 93 day period. These data were used along with other temperature data from bare soil in the construction of three sets of models for the prediction of maximum and minimum daily temperatures at several depths below bare and grass-covered soils. The model set having the most accurate predictions was used in conjunction with models for predicting the temperature-dependent postdiapause development of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran. Postdiapause developmental rates of R. indifferens pupae collected from Albany, Oregon and Zillah, Washington were determined under constant temperature conditions. Mean times until adult emergence from Albany puparia and Zillah puparia exposed to the same constant temperature were found to be significantly different (α = .01) for all temperatures tested (15.5°C., 19.5°C., and 25.5°C.). Mean times until adult emergence from Zillah puparia held in moist sand at 15.5°C. and in dry sand at 15.5°C. were also found to be significantly different (α = .01). Thus, geographical location and presence or absence of moisture were implicated as factors which may affect the accuracy of the postdiapause development models. Albany puparia were exposed to two alternating temperature regimes to determine if the mean time of adult emergence under alternating temperature conditions can be predicted using constant temperature developmental rate data. The observed mean time of emergence from puparia exposed to a regime with extreme temperature changes was found to be significantly different (α = .01) from the expected mean time of emergence. No significant difference (α = .01) was found between observed and expected mean times of emergence from puparia exposed to the other regime, in which temperatures more closely simulated those found in the field. Albany puparia from which no emergence occurred were dissected to determine the developmental stages of their contents. These data were used in an attempt to determine the upper and lower temperature thresholds for postdiapause development. Thirty degrees C. was established as the upper threshold. A lower threshold was not clearly shown, although the data suggest that it is greater than 6°C. Four models of the postdiapause development of R. indifferens were constructed and evaluated for accuracy of predictions of the times of several levels of adult emergence from an experimental abandoned orchard in Albany, Oregon. The models predict temperature-dependent postdiapause development based on soil temperatures predicted by the soil temperature model set. Three of the models predict postdiapause development on the basis of day-degree relationships. The predictions of the fourth model are based upon a nonlinear temperature-dependent developmental rate function. This model predicted the times of adult emergence with mean errors of ca. two days per year. Thus, it was found to likely be more accurate than other models reported here and elsewhere for the prediction of the times of various levels of emergence of the adult western cherry fruit fly. Title: Simulation of postdiapause development of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, and its application to predicting the time of adult emergence Author: Stark, Steven Bruce Air temperatures and soil temperatures at the surface, two inches, and four inches under a grass cover were recorded over a 93 day period. These data were used along with other temperature data from bare soil in the construction of three sets of models for the prediction of maximum and minimum daily temperatures at several depths below bare and grass-covered soils. The model set having the most accurate predictions was used in conjunction with models for predicting the temperature-dependent postdiapause development of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran. Postdiapause developmental rates of R. indifferens pupae collected from Albany, Oregon and Zillah, Washington were determined under constant temperature conditions. Mean times until adult emergence from Albany puparia and Zillah puparia exposed to the same constant temperature were found to be significantly different (α = .01) for all temperatures tested (15.5°C., 19.5°C., and 25.5°C.). Mean times until adult emergence from Zillah puparia held in moist sand at 15.5°C. and in dry sand at 15.5°C. were also found to be significantly different (α = .01). Thus, geographical location and presence or absence of moisture were implicated as factors which may affect the accuracy of the postdiapause development models. Albany puparia were exposed to two alternating temperature regimes to determine if the mean time of adult emergence under alternating temperature conditions can be predicted using constant temperature developmental rate data. The observed mean time of emergence from puparia exposed to a regime with extreme temperature changes was found to be significantly different (α = .01) from the expected mean time of emergence. No significant difference (α = .01) was found between observed and expected mean times of emergence from puparia exposed to the other regime, in which temperatures more closely simulated those found in the field. Albany puparia from which no emergence occurred were dissected to determine the developmental stages of their contents. These data were used in an attempt to determine the upper and lower temperature thresholds for postdiapause development. Thirty degrees C. was established as the upper threshold. A lower threshold was not clearly shown, although the data suggest that it is greater than 6°C. Four models of the postdiapause development of R. indifferens were constructed and evaluated for accuracy of predictions of the times of several levels of adult emergence from an experimental abandoned orchard in Albany, Oregon. The models predict temperature-dependent postdiapause development based on soil temperatures predicted by the soil temperature model set. Three of the models predict postdiapause development on the basis of day-degree relationships. The predictions of the fourth model are based upon a nonlinear temperature-dependent developmental rate function. This model predicted the times of adult emergence with mean errors of ca. two days per year. Thus, it was found to likely be more accurate than other models reported here and elsewhere for the prediction of the times of various levels of emergence of the adult western cherry fruit fly. Close

• 108. [Article] Surface temperature lapse rates over complex terrain: Lessons from the Cascade Mountains

  The typically sparse distribution of weather stations in mountainous terrain inadequately resolves temperature variability. Accordingly, high‐resolution gridding of climate data (for applications such ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surface temperature lapse rates over complex terrain: Lessons from the Cascade Mountains Author: Mote, Philip W., Lundquist, Jessica D., Minder, Justin R. The typically sparse distribution of weather stations in mountainous terrain inadequately resolves temperature variability. Accordingly, high‐resolution gridding of climate data (for applications such as hydrological modeling) often relies on assumptions such as a constant surface temperature lapse rate (i.e., decrease of surface temperature with altitude) of 6.5°C km⁻¹. Using an example of the Cascade Mountains, we describe the temporal and spatial variability of the surface temperature lapse rate, combining data from: (1) COOP stations, (2) nearby radiosonde launches, (3) a temporary dense network of sensors, (4) forecasts from the MM5 regional model, and (5) PRISM geo‐statistical analyses. On the windward side of the range, the various data sources reveal annual mean lapse rates of 3.9–5.2°C km⁻¹, substantially smaller than the often‐assumed 6.5°C km⁻¹. The data sets show similar seasonal and diurnal variability, with lapse rates smallest (2.5–3.5°C km⁻¹) in late‐summer minimum temperatures, and largest (6.5–7.5°C km⁻¹) in spring maximum temperatures. Geographic (windward versus lee side) differences in lapse rates are found to be substantial. Using a simple runoff model, we show the appreciable implications of these results for hydrological modeling. Title: Surface temperature lapse rates over complex terrain: Lessons from the Cascade Mountains Author: Mote, Philip W., Lundquist, Jessica D., Minder, Justin R. The typically sparse distribution of weather stations in mountainous terrain inadequately resolves temperature variability. Accordingly, high‐resolution gridding of climate data (for applications such as hydrological modeling) often relies on assumptions such as a constant surface temperature lapse rate (i.e., decrease of surface temperature with altitude) of 6.5°C km⁻¹. Using an example of the Cascade Mountains, we describe the temporal and spatial variability of the surface temperature lapse rate, combining data from: (1) COOP stations, (2) nearby radiosonde launches, (3) a temporary dense network of sensors, (4) forecasts from the MM5 regional model, and (5) PRISM geo‐statistical analyses. On the windward side of the range, the various data sources reveal annual mean lapse rates of 3.9–5.2°C km⁻¹, substantially smaller than the often‐assumed 6.5°C km⁻¹. The data sets show similar seasonal and diurnal variability, with lapse rates smallest (2.5–3.5°C km⁻¹) in late‐summer minimum temperatures, and largest (6.5–7.5°C km⁻¹) in spring maximum temperatures. Geographic (windward versus lee side) differences in lapse rates are found to be substantial. Using a simple runoff model, we show the appreciable implications of these results for hydrological modeling. Close

• 109. [Article] Studies involving substrate binding, uptake, and respiration near the minimum growth temperature of Escherichia coli

  Escherichia coli K12, UC41 (an auxotroph) and UC175 (a wild type) were used to determine possible relationships between binding, uptake, and respiration and minimum growth temperature. Both E. coli strains ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Studies involving substrate binding, uptake, and respiration near the minimum growth temperature of Escherichia coli Author: Goodrich, Thomas Dale Escherichia coli K12, UC41 (an auxotroph) and UC175 (a wild type) were used to determine possible relationships between binding, uptake, and respiration and minimum growth temperature. Both E. coli strains had a minimum growth temperature of 8.0 C in glucose minimal medium when cells were previously grown at 15 C. UC41 showed a greater uptake rate of the amino acids than did UC175. A nearly constant uptake rate of L-methionine by UC41 below the minimum growth temperature was seen regardless of the wash treatment used during filtration. At and above the minimum growth temperature, uptake increased with increasing temperature indicating a direct relationship between binding and uptake and the minimum growth temperature. Cells of UC41 which were osmotically shocked to remove the histidine-binding protein were unable to resynthesize new binding protein below 8 C. The auxotroph also had a smaller uptake constant for arginine at and above the minimum growth temperature than below. Title: Studies involving substrate binding, uptake, and respiration near the minimum growth temperature of Escherichia coli Author: Goodrich, Thomas Dale Escherichia coli K12, UC41 (an auxotroph) and UC175 (a wild type) were used to determine possible relationships between binding, uptake, and respiration and minimum growth temperature. Both E. coli strains had a minimum growth temperature of 8.0 C in glucose minimal medium when cells were previously grown at 15 C. UC41 showed a greater uptake rate of the amino acids than did UC175. A nearly constant uptake rate of L-methionine by UC41 below the minimum growth temperature was seen regardless of the wash treatment used during filtration. At and above the minimum growth temperature, uptake increased with increasing temperature indicating a direct relationship between binding and uptake and the minimum growth temperature. Cells of UC41 which were osmotically shocked to remove the histidine-binding protein were unable to resynthesize new binding protein below 8 C. The auxotroph also had a smaller uptake constant for arginine at and above the minimum growth temperature than below. Close

• 110. [Article] Topographic heterogeneity and the spatial pattern of air temperature in a mountain landscape

  The objective of this study was to compile, validate, and map minimum and maximum mean monthly temperature and temperature ranges for periods of 10 to 14 months between July 2009 and June 2012, measured ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Topographic heterogeneity and the spatial pattern of air temperature in a mountain landscape Author: Wilson, Brian Marc The objective of this study was to compile, validate, and map minimum and maximum mean monthly temperature and temperature ranges for periods of 10 to 14 months between July 2009 and June 2012, measured using 16 to 182 sensors distributed over the HJ Andrews Forest, a mountain landscape of 64 km². Maps were created using inverse distance weighting (IDW) as an extrapolation method in Arc GIS 10.1. We found that temperature was dominated by lapse-rate, topographic shading, and cold air pooling effects, depending on the time of year. Both minimum and maximum monthly temperature in spring (some Mar, April, May, and even June) and fall (Oct, Nov) tends to be lapse-rate dominated. Late summer (Aug, Sep, Oct) maximum temperature tends to be dominated by topographic shading, despite interannual variation in precipitation. Cold air pooling appeared in July, August, and September minimum temperature, but in maximum temperature only for a dry December (2011). Additional sensors (from 16 to 40 or even 56) increase the ability to identify topographic shading patterns and the associated heterogeneity in temperature, with weak indications of cold air pooling. Even more sensors (from 40/56 to 166/182) increase the ability to identify very small scale variability, including cool air pooling in the main-stem valley of the Andrews Forest. For a given month, temperature spatial patterns were fairly consistent from one year to another. For a given month, temperature values between years vary with interannual variation in precipitation. Some sites in the Andrews Forest have a very large diurnal temperature range (mean monthly min to mean monthly max) while other sites have very small ranges. Sites close to each other may have very different mean monthly temperature, due to the effect of topography. Sites with the largest temperature ranges were on the south-facing slopes of Carpenter Mountain, and those with the smallest ranges were along the north-facing slope of the south side of Andrews Forest (Lookout Ridge) and northwest of the upper end of Lookout Creek. North-facing slopes on Lookout Mountain and Roswell Ridge may also have very small temperature ranges, but these areas were not instrumented. Sites with small temperature ranges may serve as refugia for organisms in response to climate change. For mountain environments subjected to climate change, these findings imply that different parts of the landscape experience climate change differently. There may be "refugia" from climate change in mountain landscapes, defined as locations with small diurnal and seasonal temperature ranges. Title: Topographic heterogeneity and the spatial pattern of air temperature in a mountain landscape Author: Wilson, Brian Marc The objective of this study was to compile, validate, and map minimum and maximum mean monthly temperature and temperature ranges for periods of 10 to 14 months between July 2009 and June 2012, measured using 16 to 182 sensors distributed over the HJ Andrews Forest, a mountain landscape of 64 km². Maps were created using inverse distance weighting (IDW) as an extrapolation method in Arc GIS 10.1. We found that temperature was dominated by lapse-rate, topographic shading, and cold air pooling effects, depending on the time of year. Both minimum and maximum monthly temperature in spring (some Mar, April, May, and even June) and fall (Oct, Nov) tends to be lapse-rate dominated. Late summer (Aug, Sep, Oct) maximum temperature tends to be dominated by topographic shading, despite interannual variation in precipitation. Cold air pooling appeared in July, August, and September minimum temperature, but in maximum temperature only for a dry December (2011). Additional sensors (from 16 to 40 or even 56) increase the ability to identify topographic shading patterns and the associated heterogeneity in temperature, with weak indications of cold air pooling. Even more sensors (from 40/56 to 166/182) increase the ability to identify very small scale variability, including cool air pooling in the main-stem valley of the Andrews Forest. For a given month, temperature spatial patterns were fairly consistent from one year to another. For a given month, temperature values between years vary with interannual variation in precipitation. Some sites in the Andrews Forest have a very large diurnal temperature range (mean monthly min to mean monthly max) while other sites have very small ranges. Sites close to each other may have very different mean monthly temperature, due to the effect of topography. Sites with the largest temperature ranges were on the south-facing slopes of Carpenter Mountain, and those with the smallest ranges were along the north-facing slope of the south side of Andrews Forest (Lookout Ridge) and northwest of the upper end of Lookout Creek. North-facing slopes on Lookout Mountain and Roswell Ridge may also have very small temperature ranges, but these areas were not instrumented. Sites with small temperature ranges may serve as refugia for organisms in response to climate change. For mountain environments subjected to climate change, these findings imply that different parts of the landscape experience climate change differently. There may be "refugia" from climate change in mountain landscapes, defined as locations with small diurnal and seasonal temperature ranges. Close

• 111. [Article] Spatial and temporal characteristics of surface air temperature for Portland, Oregon

  This study examines the spatial and temporal characteristics of the surface air temperature in Portland, Oregon. Spatial temperature patterns indicate that the dominant control factors on seasonal temperature ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial and temporal characteristics of surface air temperature for Portland, Oregon Author: Yang, Li-min Year: 1987 This study examines the spatial and temporal characteristics of the surface air temperature in Portland, Oregon. Spatial temperature patterns indicate that the dominant control factors on seasonal temperature distribution are local topography, elevation, and urban-rural differences in surface structure. A heat island exists in the Portland area; the intensity of the heat island rang€s from 4° to 10° F, and varies throughout the year. The strongest heat island is found in the July minimum temperature. Temperature distribution in Portland and the adjacent area is affected by winds and rainy conditions, but less influenced under overcast skies. The long-term temperature over the last century shows that Portland's mean annual temperature trends are 0.057° F/yr and 0.052° F/yr in the two warming periods 1900-1940 and 1961-1984, respectively, and these warming trends are largely due to warming in spring and early summer as well as in winter months except January. Comparisons between Portland and other local non-urban climatic stations show a general warming trend in Portland since the end of the last century, which is 0.028° F/yr in the mean annual temperature, and 0.017° F/yr in maximum temperature after the regional trends are removed. Monthly mean temperature in July and January demonstrate a warming by 0.023° F/yr and 0.015° F/yr at Portland, respectively. All these warming trends are due mainly to the impact of urbanization. It is found that the cooling effect on the northern Willamette Valley due to the presence of the Columbia Gorge is most noticeable in the daytime and in January. Title: Spatial and temporal characteristics of surface air temperature for Portland, Oregon Author: Yang, Li-min Year: 1987 This study examines the spatial and temporal characteristics of the surface air temperature in Portland, Oregon. Spatial temperature patterns indicate that the dominant control factors on seasonal temperature distribution are local topography, elevation, and urban-rural differences in surface structure. A heat island exists in the Portland area; the intensity of the heat island rang€s from 4° to 10° F, and varies throughout the year. The strongest heat island is found in the July minimum temperature. Temperature distribution in Portland and the adjacent area is affected by winds and rainy conditions, but less influenced under overcast skies. The long-term temperature over the last century shows that Portland's mean annual temperature trends are 0.057° F/yr and 0.052° F/yr in the two warming periods 1900-1940 and 1961-1984, respectively, and these warming trends are largely due to warming in spring and early summer as well as in winter months except January. Comparisons between Portland and other local non-urban climatic stations show a general warming trend in Portland since the end of the last century, which is 0.028° F/yr in the mean annual temperature, and 0.017° F/yr in maximum temperature after the regional trends are removed. Monthly mean temperature in July and January demonstrate a warming by 0.023° F/yr and 0.015° F/yr at Portland, respectively. All these warming trends are due mainly to the impact of urbanization. It is found that the cooling effect on the northern Willamette Valley due to the presence of the Columbia Gorge is most noticeable in the daytime and in January. Close

• 112. [Article] Impact of Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Interactions on Surface Temperature Distribution

  Understanding how different physical processes can shape the probability distribution function (PDF) of surface temperature, in particular the tails of the distribution, is essential for the attribution ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impact of Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Interactions on Surface Temperature Distribution Author: Berg, Alexis, Lintner, Benjamin R., Findell, Kirsten L., Malyshev, Sergey, Loikith, Paul C., Gentine, Pierre Year: 2014 Understanding how different physical processes can shape the probability distribution function (PDF) of surface temperature, in particular the tails of the distribution, is essential for the attribution and projection of future extreme temperature events. In this study, the contribution of soil moisture–atmosphere interactions to surface temperature PDFs is investigated. Soil moisture represents a key variable in the coupling of the land and atmosphere, since it controls the partitioning of available energy between sensible and latent heat flux at the surface. Consequently, soil moisture variability driven by the atmosphere may feed back onto the near-surface climate—in particular, temperature. In this study, two simulations of the current-generation Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Earth System Model, with and without interactive soil moisture, are analyzed in order to assess how soil moisture dynamics impact the simulated climate. Comparison of these simulations shows that soil moisture dynamics enhance both temperature mean and variance over regional ‘‘hotspots’’ of land–atmosphere coupling.Moreover, higher-order distribution moments, such as skewness and kurtosis, are also significantly impacted, suggesting an asymmetric impact on the positive and negative extremes of the temperature PDF. Such changes are interpreted in the context of altered distributions of the surface turbulent and radiative fluxes. That the moments of the temperature distribution may respond differentially to soil moisture dynamics underscores the importance of analyzing moments beyond the mean and variance to characterize fully the interplay of soil moisture and near-surface temperature. In addition, it is shown that soil moisture dynamics impacts daily temperature variability at different time scales over different regions in the model. Title: Impact of Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Interactions on Surface Temperature Distribution Author: Berg, Alexis, Lintner, Benjamin R., Findell, Kirsten L., Malyshev, Sergey, Loikith, Paul C., Gentine, Pierre Year: 2014 Understanding how different physical processes can shape the probability distribution function (PDF) of surface temperature, in particular the tails of the distribution, is essential for the attribution and projection of future extreme temperature events. In this study, the contribution of soil moisture–atmosphere interactions to surface temperature PDFs is investigated. Soil moisture represents a key variable in the coupling of the land and atmosphere, since it controls the partitioning of available energy between sensible and latent heat flux at the surface. Consequently, soil moisture variability driven by the atmosphere may feed back onto the near-surface climate—in particular, temperature. In this study, two simulations of the current-generation Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Earth System Model, with and without interactive soil moisture, are analyzed in order to assess how soil moisture dynamics impact the simulated climate. Comparison of these simulations shows that soil moisture dynamics enhance both temperature mean and variance over regional ‘‘hotspots’’ of land–atmosphere coupling.Moreover, higher-order distribution moments, such as skewness and kurtosis, are also significantly impacted, suggesting an asymmetric impact on the positive and negative extremes of the temperature PDF. Such changes are interpreted in the context of altered distributions of the surface turbulent and radiative fluxes. That the moments of the temperature distribution may respond differentially to soil moisture dynamics underscores the importance of analyzing moments beyond the mean and variance to characterize fully the interplay of soil moisture and near-surface temperature. In addition, it is shown that soil moisture dynamics impacts daily temperature variability at different time scales over different regions in the model. Close

• 113. [Article] Optimization of single- and double-flash cycles and space heating systems in geothermal engineering

  Two different problems of optimization in the utilization of geothermal energy are presented: First, the thermodynamic optimization for a geothermal power plant using a single- or double-flash process ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Optimization of single- and double-flash cycles and space heating systems in geothermal engineering Author: Hassoun, Talal Hussein Year: 1974 Two different problems of optimization in the utilization of geothermal energy are presented: First, the thermodynamic optimization for a geothermal power plant using a single- or double-flash process is considered; in this analysis, the optimum flash temperature giving the maximum power output is determined. Second, an economic optimization for space heating systems using geothermal energy is developed to obtain operating conditions for which the total (capital and operating) cost is a minimum. Both graphical and analytical methods are used in the thermodynamic optimization to determine the optimum flash temperature. The graphical method is based on thermodynamic data provided by an i-s (enthalpy-entropy) diagram for water and steam, in the analytical method, first and second order approximations (first and second degree polynomial approximations), are used for the functions which express enthalpy differences in terms of flash temperature. Numerical results are provided by computer programs developed for the analytical method. These results cover the temperature range normally encountered in practice. In the case of the single-flash cycle, results from both the graphical and analytical method using the first order approximation indicate the same optimum flash temperature; however, the correction factor resulting from the second order approximation improves the value of the temperature by a correction of about -2 ° C. Optimum flash temperatures for the double-flash cycle are similarly determined using the analytical method with a first order approximation. In the economic optimization of space heating systems, the analysis is made on the basis of the annual total cost per unit area of wall surface. It takes into account the cost of the geothermal fluid, cost of wall insulation, and heat exchanger cost. For a specific case where the inlet temperature to the heat exchanger is at 100° C and the outlet temperature at 28° C, the minimum annual cost to maintain a space at 20°C with an outside temperature of -l0°C is given at $0.0257 per square meter of wall area while the optimum thickness for the wall insulation is 0. 126 meter. Additional improvement in the optimization of flash temperature can be made by using a second order approximation method for the double-flash power cycle. Title: Optimization of single- and double-flash cycles and space heating systems in geothermal engineering Author: Hassoun, Talal Hussein Year: 1974 Two different problems of optimization in the utilization of geothermal energy are presented: First, the thermodynamic optimization for a geothermal power plant using a single- or double-flash process is considered; in this analysis, the optimum flash temperature giving the maximum power output is determined. Second, an economic optimization for space heating systems using geothermal energy is developed to obtain operating conditions for which the total (capital and operating) cost is a minimum. Both graphical and analytical methods are used in the thermodynamic optimization to determine the optimum flash temperature. The graphical method is based on thermodynamic data provided by an i-s (enthalpy-entropy) diagram for water and steam, in the analytical method, first and second order approximations (first and second degree polynomial approximations), are used for the functions which express enthalpy differences in terms of flash temperature. Numerical results are provided by computer programs developed for the analytical method. These results cover the temperature range normally encountered in practice. In the case of the single-flash cycle, results from both the graphical and analytical method using the first order approximation indicate the same optimum flash temperature; however, the correction factor resulting from the second order approximation improves the value of the temperature by a correction of about -2 ° C. Optimum flash temperatures for the double-flash cycle are similarly determined using the analytical method with a first order approximation. In the economic optimization of space heating systems, the analysis is made on the basis of the annual total cost per unit area of wall surface. It takes into account the cost of the geothermal fluid, cost of wall insulation, and heat exchanger cost. For a specific case where the inlet temperature to the heat exchanger is at 100° C and the outlet temperature at 28° C, the minimum annual cost to maintain a space at 20°C with an outside temperature of -l0°C is given at $0.0257 per square meter of wall area while the optimum thickness for the wall insulation is 0. 126 meter. Additional improvement in the optimization of flash temperature can be made by using a second order approximation method for the double-flash power cycle. Close

• 114. [Article] Douglas-fir displays a range of growth responses to temperature, water, and Swiss needle cast in western Oregon, USA

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Elsevier and is ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Douglas-fir displays a range of growth responses to temperature, water, and Swiss needle cast in western Oregon, USA Author: Bollman, Michael, Lee, E. Henry, Carlile, Cailie, Waschmann, Ronald S., Cline, Steve, Tingey, David T., Beedlow, Peter A., Wickham, Charlotte To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Elsevier and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/agricultural-and-forest-meteorology/ Title: Douglas-fir displays a range of growth responses to temperature, water, and Swiss needle cast in western Oregon, USA Author: Bollman, Michael, Lee, E. Henry, Carlile, Cailie, Waschmann, Ronald S., Cline, Steve, Tingey, David T., Beedlow, Peter A., Wickham, Charlotte To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Elsevier and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/agricultural-and-forest-meteorology/ Close

• 115. [Article] Predicting the thermo-mechanical behavior of a gypsum-to-wood nailed connection

  With high costs of testing and rating a structural system for fire resistance, the utilization of computer simulations that approximate the integrity of structural subsystems could conceivably reduce development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Predicting the thermo-mechanical behavior of a gypsum-to-wood nailed connection Author: Fuller, James J. With high costs of testing and rating a structural system for fire resistance, the utilization of computer simulations that approximate the integrity of structural subsystems could conceivably reduce development costs. Before an analysis of a light-frame wood system can occur, information on the components of the substructure must be known. The purpose of this study was to systematically study the effects of thermal load on the strength and mode of failure in a nailed gypsum-to-wood stud connection. Initially the distribution of temperatures within the connection was sought by using a finite element analysis. The analysis simulated exposure to a standard fire as dictated by the American Society for Testing Materials standard E-119. The thermal properties of the materials involved are documented in the literature. Close agreement was found between analytical results and specimens exposed to standard test conditions. With the temperatures along the connection known, the properties of the three materials at elevated temperatures were needed. For wood and steel, this information has been well documented. The property values for gypsum were accumulated through testing gypsum board in compression at various temperatures. The results showed an increase in compressive strength and stiffness up to 100 C followed by a decrease in strength. These results were combined with the analytically determined temperature distribution to obtain the material properties in the neighborhood of the connection. The overall model was an extension of the yield theory available in the literature. The approach used was to evaluate the connection at set time intervals and calculate the strength of the connection. Each time interval had a different set of material property values for each material in the connection as dictated by the temperature distribution. The mode of failure did not change from that which occurred at room temperature, compression strength of the gypsum being the determining factor. The load at which failure occurred increased in the first five minutes and then sharply decreased. This can now be incorporated into models of wall systems for room temperature to predict behavior of walls during exposure to fire. Title: Predicting the thermo-mechanical behavior of a gypsum-to-wood nailed connection Author: Fuller, James J. With high costs of testing and rating a structural system for fire resistance, the utilization of computer simulations that approximate the integrity of structural subsystems could conceivably reduce development costs. Before an analysis of a light-frame wood system can occur, information on the components of the substructure must be known. The purpose of this study was to systematically study the effects of thermal load on the strength and mode of failure in a nailed gypsum-to-wood stud connection. Initially the distribution of temperatures within the connection was sought by using a finite element analysis. The analysis simulated exposure to a standard fire as dictated by the American Society for Testing Materials standard E-119. The thermal properties of the materials involved are documented in the literature. Close agreement was found between analytical results and specimens exposed to standard test conditions. With the temperatures along the connection known, the properties of the three materials at elevated temperatures were needed. For wood and steel, this information has been well documented. The property values for gypsum were accumulated through testing gypsum board in compression at various temperatures. The results showed an increase in compressive strength and stiffness up to 100 C followed by a decrease in strength. These results were combined with the analytically determined temperature distribution to obtain the material properties in the neighborhood of the connection. The overall model was an extension of the yield theory available in the literature. The approach used was to evaluate the connection at set time intervals and calculate the strength of the connection. Each time interval had a different set of material property values for each material in the connection as dictated by the temperature distribution. The mode of failure did not change from that which occurred at room temperature, compression strength of the gypsum being the determining factor. The load at which failure occurred increased in the first five minutes and then sharply decreased. This can now be incorporated into models of wall systems for room temperature to predict behavior of walls during exposure to fire. Close

• 116. [Article] Distributed fiber-optic temperature sensing for hydrologic systems

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distributed fiber-optic temperature sensing for hydrologic systems Author: van de Giesen, Nick, Stejskal, Martin, Westhoff, Martijn, Huwald, Hendrik, Mallet, Alfred, Luxemburg, Wim, Zeman, Josef, Parlange, Marc B., Thevenaz, Luc, Selker, John S. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/. Title: Distributed fiber-optic temperature sensing for hydrologic systems Author: van de Giesen, Nick, Stejskal, Martin, Westhoff, Martijn, Huwald, Hendrik, Mallet, Alfred, Luxemburg, Wim, Zeman, Josef, Parlange, Marc B., Thevenaz, Luc, Selker, John S. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/. Close

• 117. [Article] Small sample, low-temperature calorimetry

  A calorimeter capable of measuring the heat capacity of 1 mg size samples from 4.2 to greater than 100 K has been designed, constructed, and tested. The sample is bonded to the end of a 0.002 inch diameter, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Small sample, low-temperature calorimetry Author: Wolochuk, Lee A calorimeter capable of measuring the heat capacity of 1 mg size samples from 4.2 to greater than 100 K has been designed, constructed, and tested. The sample is bonded to the end of a 0.002 inch diameter, 0.5 cm long chromel-constantan thermocouple (type E) and heated optically with a laser and fiber optic. An advantage of this calorimeter is the low addenda heat capacity of the thermocouple. The thermocouple, which serves not only as the temperature sensor of the sample but also as the thermal link between the sample and a constant temperature reservoir, is anchored to a copper block, which acts as the constant temperature reservoir. Heat capacity is determined from the temperature rate of decay of the sample using a sweep method. The sample is heated to an initial temperature above the block temperature by the laser. The laser is then turned off and the sample temperature is allowed to decay to the block temperature. By measuring the temperature of the sample as a function of time and relating it to the thermal conductivity of the thermocouple in a separate experiment, the sample's heat capacity can be determined. The thermal conductivity of the thermocouple is determined by performing an experiment with a sample of known heat capacity. A design model created with a spreadsheet helped to determine what size thermocouple should be used as well as the best materials and dimensions of the components that make up the calorimeter. The model was also useful in determining the nature of a calorimetry experiment and helped determine how high above the block temperature the sample should be heated, how low the pressure inside the calorimeter should be, and how much time a calorimetry experiment would require. Experiments using copper samples have confirmed the validity of the design. The results of an experiment using a 1.1 mg copper sample agree (within expected uncertainty) with the accepted heat capacity of copper from 7 to 100 K. One factor in the uncertainty is the large heat capacity of the grease (Apiezon N) used to bond the sample to the tip of the thermocouple, especially below 15 K. Title: Small sample, low-temperature calorimetry Author: Wolochuk, Lee A calorimeter capable of measuring the heat capacity of 1 mg size samples from 4.2 to greater than 100 K has been designed, constructed, and tested. The sample is bonded to the end of a 0.002 inch diameter, 0.5 cm long chromel-constantan thermocouple (type E) and heated optically with a laser and fiber optic. An advantage of this calorimeter is the low addenda heat capacity of the thermocouple. The thermocouple, which serves not only as the temperature sensor of the sample but also as the thermal link between the sample and a constant temperature reservoir, is anchored to a copper block, which acts as the constant temperature reservoir. Heat capacity is determined from the temperature rate of decay of the sample using a sweep method. The sample is heated to an initial temperature above the block temperature by the laser. The laser is then turned off and the sample temperature is allowed to decay to the block temperature. By measuring the temperature of the sample as a function of time and relating it to the thermal conductivity of the thermocouple in a separate experiment, the sample's heat capacity can be determined. The thermal conductivity of the thermocouple is determined by performing an experiment with a sample of known heat capacity. A design model created with a spreadsheet helped to determine what size thermocouple should be used as well as the best materials and dimensions of the components that make up the calorimeter. The model was also useful in determining the nature of a calorimetry experiment and helped determine how high above the block temperature the sample should be heated, how low the pressure inside the calorimeter should be, and how much time a calorimetry experiment would require. Experiments using copper samples have confirmed the validity of the design. The results of an experiment using a 1.1 mg copper sample agree (within expected uncertainty) with the accepted heat capacity of copper from 7 to 100 K. One factor in the uncertainty is the large heat capacity of the grease (Apiezon N) used to bond the sample to the tip of the thermocouple, especially below 15 K. Close

• 118. [Article] Does Temperature-Mediated Reproductive Success Drive the Direction of Species Displacement in Two Invasive Species of Leafminer Fly?

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Does Temperature-Mediated Reproductive Success Drive the Direction of Species Displacement in Two Invasive Species of Leafminer Fly? Author: Wang, Haihong, Xiang, Juncheng, Reitz, Stuart R., Smagghe, Guy, Lei, Zhongren This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Title: Does Temperature-Mediated Reproductive Success Drive the Direction of Species Displacement in Two Invasive Species of Leafminer Fly? Author: Wang, Haihong, Xiang, Juncheng, Reitz, Stuart R., Smagghe, Guy, Lei, Zhongren This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Close

• 119. [Article] Elevated Temperature Alters the Lunar Timing of Planulation in the Brooding Coral Pocillopora damicornis

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Elevated Temperature Alters the Lunar Timing of Planulation in the Brooding Coral Pocillopora damicornis Author: Weis, Virginia M., Liang, Wei-Lo, Fan, Tung-Yung, Crowder, Camerron M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Title: Elevated Temperature Alters the Lunar Timing of Planulation in the Brooding Coral Pocillopora damicornis Author: Weis, Virginia M., Liang, Wei-Lo, Fan, Tung-Yung, Crowder, Camerron M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Close

• 120. [Article] Technical Note: Bed conduction impact on fiber optic DTS water temperature measurements

  The final revised paper is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/56579

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Technical Note: Bed conduction impact on fiber optic DTS water temperature measurements Author: O'Donnell Meininger, T., Selker, J. S. The final revised paper is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/56579 Title: Technical Note: Bed conduction impact on fiber optic DTS water temperature measurements Author: O'Donnell Meininger, T., Selker, J. S. The final revised paper is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/56579 Close

• 121. [Article] Soil physical conditions and nitrogen fixation of soybeans (Glycine max. Merrill, var. Chippewa 64)

  The effect of soil water suction and soil temperature on rates of transpiration, photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen fixation of soybean (Glycine max. Merrill, var. Chippewa 64) seedlings was studied. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil physical conditions and nitrogen fixation of soybeans (Glycine max. Merrill, var. Chippewa 64) Author: Kuo, Tsungmin The effect of soil water suction and soil temperature on rates of transpiration, photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen fixation of soybean (Glycine max. Merrill, var. Chippewa 64) seedlings was studied. A special apparatus was developed in which the soil water suction of several cells with soybeans growing in them could be maintained independently at a selected temperature. Transpiration was determined by a constant-water level device which recorded the amount of water used over a period of time. Photosynthesis and respiration were measured using an infra-red gas analyzer. The total nitrogen content of plants was measured by the micro-Kjeldahl method at the beginning and end of a ten-day experimental period. Leaf surface areas were determined with an air flow planimeter. In general with increasing soil temperature rates of transpiration, photosynthesis, and nitrogen fixation increased slowly at first and then rapidly until a certain optimum range was reached and decreased at higher temperatures. Maximum rates occurred around soil temperatures, of 30, 27 and 27°C, respectively. The rate of respiration also increased with increasing soil temperature until an optimum range around 27°C was reached and then dropped rapidly as the soil temperature further increased. Rates of photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and N-fixation decreased steadily with increasing soil water suction. The decrease in the rate of these metabolic processes with increased soil water suction was attributed to effects of changes in viscosity and root cell permeability, stomatal movement and translocation of metabolic substrates. At low soil temperatures the dry matter accumulation seemed to be controlled by the water supply. At higher than optimum soil temperatures the dry dry matter accumulation was very sensitive-to temperature changes and less soil water dependent. When the nitrogen supply from the soil is limiting, the nitrogen fixation may possibly be a most important factor in the metabolic processes and thus the growth of leguminous plants. It is obvious that for such a plant, soil water availability, soil temperature and nodule rhyzobium organism-plant relationships are important. Title: Soil physical conditions and nitrogen fixation of soybeans (Glycine max. Merrill, var. Chippewa 64) Author: Kuo, Tsungmin The effect of soil water suction and soil temperature on rates of transpiration, photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen fixation of soybean (Glycine max. Merrill, var. Chippewa 64) seedlings was studied. A special apparatus was developed in which the soil water suction of several cells with soybeans growing in them could be maintained independently at a selected temperature. Transpiration was determined by a constant-water level device which recorded the amount of water used over a period of time. Photosynthesis and respiration were measured using an infra-red gas analyzer. The total nitrogen content of plants was measured by the micro-Kjeldahl method at the beginning and end of a ten-day experimental period. Leaf surface areas were determined with an air flow planimeter. In general with increasing soil temperature rates of transpiration, photosynthesis, and nitrogen fixation increased slowly at first and then rapidly until a certain optimum range was reached and decreased at higher temperatures. Maximum rates occurred around soil temperatures, of 30, 27 and 27°C, respectively. The rate of respiration also increased with increasing soil temperature until an optimum range around 27°C was reached and then dropped rapidly as the soil temperature further increased. Rates of photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and N-fixation decreased steadily with increasing soil water suction. The decrease in the rate of these metabolic processes with increased soil water suction was attributed to effects of changes in viscosity and root cell permeability, stomatal movement and translocation of metabolic substrates. At low soil temperatures the dry matter accumulation seemed to be controlled by the water supply. At higher than optimum soil temperatures the dry dry matter accumulation was very sensitive-to temperature changes and less soil water dependent. When the nitrogen supply from the soil is limiting, the nitrogen fixation may possibly be a most important factor in the metabolic processes and thus the growth of leguminous plants. It is obvious that for such a plant, soil water availability, soil temperature and nodule rhyzobium organism-plant relationships are important. Close

• 122. [Article] Low temperature deformation characteristics of high purity zirconium single crystals

  High purity single crystals of zirconium were produced and mechanically strained in the temperature range from 4.2°K to 293°K. The crystals were produced by thermal treatment with a specially constructed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Low temperature deformation characteristics of high purity zirconium single crystals Author: Goodrich, David George High purity single crystals of zirconium were produced and mechanically strained in the temperature range from 4.2°K to 293°K. The crystals were produced by thermal treatment with a specially constructed electron beam zone refiner which provided the abrupt temperature gradient necessary for crystal growth. Specimens were electrolytically machined to have a reduced center section and chemically polished. Both examination under polarized light and Laue back reflection patterns were necessary to select specimens without alpha variants. Single crystals were tested at liquid helium temperature in a cryostat which was constructed for this study. Intermediate test temperatures were obtained with the specimen immersed in the proper refrigerant. The flow stress was determined for strains of 0.02%, 0.1%, and 0.2%. Strain rate was cycled from 0.002 inches per minute to 0.02 inches per minute to obtain data for calculation of activation volumes. The flow stress versus temperature curve was found to level off at a temperature of approximately 120°K which is 330°K lower than the lowest temperature observed previously for the phenomina. A pronounced peak in the curve of activation volume versus temperature was found at 230°K. Two possible explanations are proposed for the peak in activation volume. Inverse strain rate sensitivity was observed in three specimens two of which were tested at room temperature and one in liquid nitrogen. No evidence of basal slip or twinning was found at any temperature. A complete description of the design and operation of the zone refiner and cryostat is given in separate appendixes. Title: Low temperature deformation characteristics of high purity zirconium single crystals Author: Goodrich, David George High purity single crystals of zirconium were produced and mechanically strained in the temperature range from 4.2°K to 293°K. The crystals were produced by thermal treatment with a specially constructed electron beam zone refiner which provided the abrupt temperature gradient necessary for crystal growth. Specimens were electrolytically machined to have a reduced center section and chemically polished. Both examination under polarized light and Laue back reflection patterns were necessary to select specimens without alpha variants. Single crystals were tested at liquid helium temperature in a cryostat which was constructed for this study. Intermediate test temperatures were obtained with the specimen immersed in the proper refrigerant. The flow stress was determined for strains of 0.02%, 0.1%, and 0.2%. Strain rate was cycled from 0.002 inches per minute to 0.02 inches per minute to obtain data for calculation of activation volumes. The flow stress versus temperature curve was found to level off at a temperature of approximately 120°K which is 330°K lower than the lowest temperature observed previously for the phenomina. A pronounced peak in the curve of activation volume versus temperature was found at 230°K. Two possible explanations are proposed for the peak in activation volume. Inverse strain rate sensitivity was observed in three specimens two of which were tested at room temperature and one in liquid nitrogen. No evidence of basal slip or twinning was found at any temperature. A complete description of the design and operation of the zone refiner and cryostat is given in separate appendixes. Close

• 123. [Article] Development of complex perovskite dielectric ceramics for high temperature capacitor applications

  Dielectric ceramics designed for capacitor applications for use in extreme environments, such as high temperatures, high voltages, or high-pressure environments, are in great demand. Existing capacitor ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of complex perovskite dielectric ceramics for high temperature capacitor applications Author: Raengthon, Natthaphon Dielectric ceramics designed for capacitor applications for use in extreme environments, such as high temperatures, high voltages, or high-pressure environments, are in great demand. Existing capacitor technology fails to perform within these extreme conditions or such environments. The development of new dielectric ceramic materials for high temperature capacitor applications is of specific interest in this study. Two major factors that influence the performance of dielectric ceramics, including a high insulation resistance and high permittivity were investigated. Complex perovskites based on BaTiO₃ - Bi(Zn₁/₂Ti₁/₂)O₃ (BT-BZT) compounds are the focus of this study due to the existence of a linear dielectric behavior persisting with high permittivity, which is highly suitable for use in demanding capacitor applications. Compositions of complex perovskite based on BT-BZT compounds were fabricated using a solid-state reaction technique. By understanding conduction mechanisms of pseudo-binary BT-BZT, the high insulation resistance dielectric ceramics can be controlled. Pseudo-ternary BaTiO₃ - Bi(Zn₁/₂Ti₁/₂)O₃ - ABO₃ compounds were also explored, where ABO₃ represents BiInO₃, BiScO₃, and NaNbO₃, in order to develop dielectric ceramics that exhibit a temperature- stable permittivity over a wide temperature range, particularly at high temperatures, while maintaining their high permittivity characteristics. The addition of small concentration of dopants and the control of stoichiometry of the BT-BZT compounds significantly affected the insulation behavior. The improved insulation resistance, especially at high temperatures (> 200 °C), can be obtained via the introduction of Ba-vacancies into the compound. The intrinsic conduction mechanism, the electrically homogeneous microstructure, and the presence of Ba-vacancy - O- vacancy (VBa-VO) defect associates as a trap site were observed to govern the high insulation resistance of the Ba-deficient BT-BZT compounds. In contrast, the electrically inhomogeneous microstructure and an oxygen vacancy-based conduction mechanism were the main factors giving rise to low insulation resistance behavior at high temperatures for the stoichiometric BT-BZT compound. The formation of pseudo-ternary BT-BZT-ABO₃ complex perovskite strongly modified the dielectric characteristics to a more temperature-stable permittivity in the case of ABO₃ is BiInO₃ and BiScO₃. With a combination of pseudo-ternary compositions and control of the non-stoichiometry in the BT-BZT-BiScO₃ system, a temperature stable dielectric response was obtained over a broad temperature ranges (T > 100 °C), with a high permittivity (> 1000), and a high insulation resistance at elevated temperatures (> 200 °C). Additionally, the temperature-stable permittivity could be extended to low temperatures (< -50 °C) to satisfy X9R specifications with pseudo- ternary BT-BZT-NaNbO₃ compounds. The results obtained in this study clearly show that compounds based on BT-BZT complex perovskite are promising candidates for future use as a high permittivity dielectric ceramic for high temperature capacitor applications. Title: Development of complex perovskite dielectric ceramics for high temperature capacitor applications Author: Raengthon, Natthaphon Dielectric ceramics designed for capacitor applications for use in extreme environments, such as high temperatures, high voltages, or high-pressure environments, are in great demand. Existing capacitor technology fails to perform within these extreme conditions or such environments. The development of new dielectric ceramic materials for high temperature capacitor applications is of specific interest in this study. Two major factors that influence the performance of dielectric ceramics, including a high insulation resistance and high permittivity were investigated. Complex perovskites based on BaTiO₃ - Bi(Zn₁/₂Ti₁/₂)O₃ (BT-BZT) compounds are the focus of this study due to the existence of a linear dielectric behavior persisting with high permittivity, which is highly suitable for use in demanding capacitor applications. Compositions of complex perovskite based on BT-BZT compounds were fabricated using a solid-state reaction technique. By understanding conduction mechanisms of pseudo-binary BT-BZT, the high insulation resistance dielectric ceramics can be controlled. Pseudo-ternary BaTiO₃ - Bi(Zn₁/₂Ti₁/₂)O₃ - ABO₃ compounds were also explored, where ABO₃ represents BiInO₃, BiScO₃, and NaNbO₃, in order to develop dielectric ceramics that exhibit a temperature- stable permittivity over a wide temperature range, particularly at high temperatures, while maintaining their high permittivity characteristics. The addition of small concentration of dopants and the control of stoichiometry of the BT-BZT compounds significantly affected the insulation behavior. The improved insulation resistance, especially at high temperatures (> 200 °C), can be obtained via the introduction of Ba-vacancies into the compound. The intrinsic conduction mechanism, the electrically homogeneous microstructure, and the presence of Ba-vacancy - O- vacancy (VBa-VO) defect associates as a trap site were observed to govern the high insulation resistance of the Ba-deficient BT-BZT compounds. In contrast, the electrically inhomogeneous microstructure and an oxygen vacancy-based conduction mechanism were the main factors giving rise to low insulation resistance behavior at high temperatures for the stoichiometric BT-BZT compound. The formation of pseudo-ternary BT-BZT-ABO₃ complex perovskite strongly modified the dielectric characteristics to a more temperature-stable permittivity in the case of ABO₃ is BiInO₃ and BiScO₃. With a combination of pseudo-ternary compositions and control of the non-stoichiometry in the BT-BZT-BiScO₃ system, a temperature stable dielectric response was obtained over a broad temperature ranges (T > 100 °C), with a high permittivity (> 1000), and a high insulation resistance at elevated temperatures (> 200 °C). Additionally, the temperature-stable permittivity could be extended to low temperatures (< -50 °C) to satisfy X9R specifications with pseudo- ternary BT-BZT-NaNbO₃ compounds. The results obtained in this study clearly show that compounds based on BT-BZT complex perovskite are promising candidates for future use as a high permittivity dielectric ceramic for high temperature capacitor applications. Close

• 124. [Article] Geomorphic and Climatic Controls on Water Temperature and Streambed Scour, Copper River Delta, Alaska : Implications for Understanding Climate Change Impacts to the Pacific Salmon Egg Incubation Environment

  Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) face numerous challenges associated with climate change. Most research has emphasized the potential effects of elevated summer water temperatures; however, climatic changes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geomorphic and Climatic Controls on Water Temperature and Streambed Scour, Copper River Delta, Alaska : Implications for Understanding Climate Change Impacts to the Pacific Salmon Egg Incubation Environment Author: Adelfio, Luca A. Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) face numerous challenges associated with climate change. Most research has emphasized the potential effects of elevated summer water temperatures; however, climatic changes are also projected to significantly alter incubation and rearing habitats during the late autumn, winter, and spring months ("the incubation period"). Along the southern coast of Alaska, projected climatic changes include increases in the frequency of above freezing winter temperatures and reductions in low elevation snowpack. These changes are expected to impact the hydrology of salmon streams by increasing both water temperatures and the magnitude and frequency of winter floods. Projected increases in water temperature may accelerate embryo development, impacting juvenile viability. More powerful and more frequent winter floods could reduce the survival of salmon eggs by increasing streambed scour. Here, I investigate climatic and geomorphic controls of water temperature and potential scour depth at salmon spawning and rearing sites on the Copper River Delta, a large coastal foreland in Southcentral Alaska. In chapter 2, I utilized surface water temperature data collected at 18 sites to test the abilities of regression models to project year-round water temperature metrics based on catchment characteristics (elevation, slope, area, percent lake area) and air-water temperature correlations. Considerable variability in water temperature was observed on spatial and temporal scales. Both temperature maxima and the frequency of freezing conditions were positively correlated with percent lake area and negatively correlated with catchment elevation and slope. Sites with upwelling groundwater and sites with high-relief, high elevation catchments exhibited lower thermal sensitivity and water temperatures are anticipated to be less impacted by projected climatic changes. In chapter 3, I utilized surface and streambed water temperature data collected at 8 spawning sites to compare water temperatures during incubation periods under climatological mean ("severe winter") and anomalously warm ("mild winter") conditions. I also collected stream stage and channel geometry data at a subset of 3 sites and calculated streambed scour at bankfull discharge. The magnitude and seasonality of accumulated thermal units (°C/day) (ATU) within spawning gravels varied significantly between severe and mild winters at shallow flowpath sites, but not at upwelling groundwater sites. When seasonal snow and ice was absent, increases in spring ATU at shallow flowpath sites were particularly significant. Modelled mean scour depths varied from 3 to 72 cm, suggesting the impacts of scour on egg mortality will be variable across the landscape. I conclude that the impacts of projected climatic changes are likely to vary in magnitude across the Copper River Delta, even at small spatial scales, due to heterogeneity in climatic and geomorphic controls. Title: Geomorphic and Climatic Controls on Water Temperature and Streambed Scour, Copper River Delta, Alaska : Implications for Understanding Climate Change Impacts to the Pacific Salmon Egg Incubation Environment Author: Adelfio, Luca A. Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) face numerous challenges associated with climate change. Most research has emphasized the potential effects of elevated summer water temperatures; however, climatic changes are also projected to significantly alter incubation and rearing habitats during the late autumn, winter, and spring months ("the incubation period"). Along the southern coast of Alaska, projected climatic changes include increases in the frequency of above freezing winter temperatures and reductions in low elevation snowpack. These changes are expected to impact the hydrology of salmon streams by increasing both water temperatures and the magnitude and frequency of winter floods. Projected increases in water temperature may accelerate embryo development, impacting juvenile viability. More powerful and more frequent winter floods could reduce the survival of salmon eggs by increasing streambed scour. Here, I investigate climatic and geomorphic controls of water temperature and potential scour depth at salmon spawning and rearing sites on the Copper River Delta, a large coastal foreland in Southcentral Alaska. In chapter 2, I utilized surface water temperature data collected at 18 sites to test the abilities of regression models to project year-round water temperature metrics based on catchment characteristics (elevation, slope, area, percent lake area) and air-water temperature correlations. Considerable variability in water temperature was observed on spatial and temporal scales. Both temperature maxima and the frequency of freezing conditions were positively correlated with percent lake area and negatively correlated with catchment elevation and slope. Sites with upwelling groundwater and sites with high-relief, high elevation catchments exhibited lower thermal sensitivity and water temperatures are anticipated to be less impacted by projected climatic changes. In chapter 3, I utilized surface and streambed water temperature data collected at 8 spawning sites to compare water temperatures during incubation periods under climatological mean ("severe winter") and anomalously warm ("mild winter") conditions. I also collected stream stage and channel geometry data at a subset of 3 sites and calculated streambed scour at bankfull discharge. The magnitude and seasonality of accumulated thermal units (°C/day) (ATU) within spawning gravels varied significantly between severe and mild winters at shallow flowpath sites, but not at upwelling groundwater sites. When seasonal snow and ice was absent, increases in spring ATU at shallow flowpath sites were particularly significant. Modelled mean scour depths varied from 3 to 72 cm, suggesting the impacts of scour on egg mortality will be variable across the landscape. I conclude that the impacts of projected climatic changes are likely to vary in magnitude across the Copper River Delta, even at small spatial scales, due to heterogeneity in climatic and geomorphic controls. Close

• 125. [Article] Stream temperatures, riparian vegetation, and channel morphology in the Upper Grande Ronde River Watershed, Oregon

  The Upper Grande Ronde River Watershed in northeastern Oregon is considered important habitat for threatened stocks of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Documented reductions in channel complexity ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stream temperatures, riparian vegetation, and channel morphology in the Upper Grande Ronde River Watershed, Oregon Author: Bohle, Todd S. The Upper Grande Ronde River Watershed in northeastern Oregon is considered important habitat for threatened stocks of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Documented reductions in channel complexity and riparian vegetation within the watershed have increased concern over loss of viable habitat. An important component of salmonid habitat is stream temperature during critical summer periods. In general, annual maximum stream temperatures and diurnal fluctuations in the Upper Grande Ronde River were found to reflect local reach characteristics, position in the drainage, and large-scale changes in valley shape. Stream temperatures on the Grande Ronde River at a distance of 71 km from the watershed divide exceeded 14°C, the "upper preferred temperature" for chinook salmon, more than 90% of time in July of 1991 and in July and August of 1992. While the occurrence of temperatures above 14°C were less common in the headwaters of the Grande Ronde River, downstream of a large meadow (i.e., Vey Meadow) (29 km from the divide) 14°C was exceeded at least 60% of the time during the same three month period. Seven-day maximum stream temperatures on the Upper Grande Ronde River ranged between 17.9°C and 26.6°C in 1991 and between 19.1°C and 26.7°C in 1992. Diel fluctuations on the mainstem were greatest immediately below Vey Meadow (about 12°C) but tended to stabilize at approximately 8°C at distances of over 49 km from the divide. Maximum stream temperatures in tributaries of the Upper Grande Ronde River varied by as much as 11°C (during 1992), reflecting large differences in stream cover, aspect, and flow. The timing of annual maximums seemed to be strongly linked to aspect during 1992. In addition, the high-elevation, forested tributaries had annual maximum stream temperatures and diel fluctuations which were 3°C lower than those associated with more open, low-elevation sites. Relationships between stream temperatures, riparian vegetation, and channel morphology characteristics were evaluated for 11 tributary reaches. Differences in stream cover, average flow velocity, bankfull depth and percent undercut bank were found to be significantly (p <0.1) related to maximum stream temperatures and/or average August diel fluctuations based on linear regression models. A stream temperature prediction model (i.e., TEMP-86) was found to be an accurate predictor of average hourly strew temperatures through short 250-m long reaches. An average WSTAT (a measure of model accuracy) of -0.18°C was calculated based on 11 reaches though two reaches led to consistent over- and under-predictions of downstream temperatures. A series of temperature simulations using TEMP-86 and combinations of wetted width and percent stream cover suggest that lower maximum daily stream temperatures would be observed through altered reaches if concurrent changes in both parameters occurred. Title: Stream temperatures, riparian vegetation, and channel morphology in the Upper Grande Ronde River Watershed, Oregon Author: Bohle, Todd S. The Upper Grande Ronde River Watershed in northeastern Oregon is considered important habitat for threatened stocks of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Documented reductions in channel complexity and riparian vegetation within the watershed have increased concern over loss of viable habitat. An important component of salmonid habitat is stream temperature during critical summer periods. In general, annual maximum stream temperatures and diurnal fluctuations in the Upper Grande Ronde River were found to reflect local reach characteristics, position in the drainage, and large-scale changes in valley shape. Stream temperatures on the Grande Ronde River at a distance of 71 km from the watershed divide exceeded 14°C, the "upper preferred temperature" for chinook salmon, more than 90% of time in July of 1991 and in July and August of 1992. While the occurrence of temperatures above 14°C were less common in the headwaters of the Grande Ronde River, downstream of a large meadow (i.e., Vey Meadow) (29 km from the divide) 14°C was exceeded at least 60% of the time during the same three month period. Seven-day maximum stream temperatures on the Upper Grande Ronde River ranged between 17.9°C and 26.6°C in 1991 and between 19.1°C and 26.7°C in 1992. Diel fluctuations on the mainstem were greatest immediately below Vey Meadow (about 12°C) but tended to stabilize at approximately 8°C at distances of over 49 km from the divide. Maximum stream temperatures in tributaries of the Upper Grande Ronde River varied by as much as 11°C (during 1992), reflecting large differences in stream cover, aspect, and flow. The timing of annual maximums seemed to be strongly linked to aspect during 1992. In addition, the high-elevation, forested tributaries had annual maximum stream temperatures and diel fluctuations which were 3°C lower than those associated with more open, low-elevation sites. Relationships between stream temperatures, riparian vegetation, and channel morphology characteristics were evaluated for 11 tributary reaches. Differences in stream cover, average flow velocity, bankfull depth and percent undercut bank were found to be significantly (p <0.1) related to maximum stream temperatures and/or average August diel fluctuations based on linear regression models. A stream temperature prediction model (i.e., TEMP-86) was found to be an accurate predictor of average hourly strew temperatures through short 250-m long reaches. An average WSTAT (a measure of model accuracy) of -0.18°C was calculated based on 11 reaches though two reaches led to consistent over- and under-predictions of downstream temperatures. A series of temperature simulations using TEMP-86 and combinations of wetted width and percent stream cover suggest that lower maximum daily stream temperatures would be observed through altered reaches if concurrent changes in both parameters occurred. Close

• 126. [Article] Effects of temperature and ration size on the growth of juvenile Chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, in sea water

  The effects of temperature and ration on growth, food consumption, and food conversion efficiency of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, in sea water were studied in two experiments conducted during the spring, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of temperature and ration size on the growth of juvenile Chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, in sea water Author: Rowan, Gerald Duane The effects of temperature and ration on growth, food consumption, and food conversion efficiency of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, in sea water were studied in two experiments conducted during the spring, summer, and fall, 1973, at the Oregon State University Marine Science Center, Newport, Oregon. The test temperatures employed in the study were nominally 11.0, 13.5, 16.5, and 20.0 C. The fish were fed the Oregon Moist pellet. Rations fed during the first experiment (May 29-July 7) were 3, 6, 9, and 15 percent of the dry body weight of the fish per day. Rations fed during the second experiment (Sept. 28-Nov. 7) were 3, 8, 13, and 18%/day. The growth rates of the fish increased with an increase in ration level at all test temperatures. Growth during the first experiment was markedly lower than during the second experiment at each ration level. Growth rates during both experiments were generally higher at 13.5 C than at lower or higher temperatures. During the first experiment, growth rates at the highest test temperatures (16.5 and 20.0 C) were positive only at the highest ration level (15%/day). Values of growth rate during the second experiment were positive at all but the lowest level (3%/day) at all test temperatures. Food conversion efficiency was found to be directly related to ration level and inversely related to temperature. At low consumption rates, increases in temperature markedly reduced efficiency. As ration levels increased, the effects of temperature were ameliorated. The highest conversion efficiencies at the lowest temperatures reflect the decrease in maintenance rations with a decrease in temperature. As with growth, the highest conversion efficiencies were generally found at 13.5 C. Maximum food consumption rates and maintenance rations were generally lower in experiment U than in experiment I. These differences in consumption and maintenance may be attributable to the larger sizes of fish used in the second experiment than in the first experiment. The number of deaths resulting from Vibrio disease during experiment I was found to be directly related to temperature and inversely related to ration level. Mortality resulting from Vibrio disease during experiment II was generally highest at the highest temperatures. Unlike experiment I, there was no clear relationship between mortality and ration level during the second experiment. The results of the study suggest that elevation of sea water temperatures beyond approximately 13.5 C does not benefit the growth of chum salmon, but the extent to which disease may have influenced the growth and food relationships of the fish at elevated temperatures could not be adequately evaluated. Further studies to determine the temperatures most favorable for the culture of chum salmon should be undertaken upon development of methods for the control of Vibrio disease. Title: Effects of temperature and ration size on the growth of juvenile Chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, in sea water Author: Rowan, Gerald Duane The effects of temperature and ration on growth, food consumption, and food conversion efficiency of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, in sea water were studied in two experiments conducted during the spring, summer, and fall, 1973, at the Oregon State University Marine Science Center, Newport, Oregon. The test temperatures employed in the study were nominally 11.0, 13.5, 16.5, and 20.0 C. The fish were fed the Oregon Moist pellet. Rations fed during the first experiment (May 29-July 7) were 3, 6, 9, and 15 percent of the dry body weight of the fish per day. Rations fed during the second experiment (Sept. 28-Nov. 7) were 3, 8, 13, and 18%/day. The growth rates of the fish increased with an increase in ration level at all test temperatures. Growth during the first experiment was markedly lower than during the second experiment at each ration level. Growth rates during both experiments were generally higher at 13.5 C than at lower or higher temperatures. During the first experiment, growth rates at the highest test temperatures (16.5 and 20.0 C) were positive only at the highest ration level (15%/day). Values of growth rate during the second experiment were positive at all but the lowest level (3%/day) at all test temperatures. Food conversion efficiency was found to be directly related to ration level and inversely related to temperature. At low consumption rates, increases in temperature markedly reduced efficiency. As ration levels increased, the effects of temperature were ameliorated. The highest conversion efficiencies at the lowest temperatures reflect the decrease in maintenance rations with a decrease in temperature. As with growth, the highest conversion efficiencies were generally found at 13.5 C. Maximum food consumption rates and maintenance rations were generally lower in experiment U than in experiment I. These differences in consumption and maintenance may be attributable to the larger sizes of fish used in the second experiment than in the first experiment. The number of deaths resulting from Vibrio disease during experiment I was found to be directly related to temperature and inversely related to ration level. Mortality resulting from Vibrio disease during experiment II was generally highest at the highest temperatures. Unlike experiment I, there was no clear relationship between mortality and ration level during the second experiment. The results of the study suggest that elevation of sea water temperatures beyond approximately 13.5 C does not benefit the growth of chum salmon, but the extent to which disease may have influenced the growth and food relationships of the fish at elevated temperatures could not be adequately evaluated. Further studies to determine the temperatures most favorable for the culture of chum salmon should be undertaken upon development of methods for the control of Vibrio disease. Close

• 127. [Article] Prediction of low temperature cracking of asphalt concrete mixtures with thermal stress restrained specimen test results

  Low temperature cracking is attributed to tensile stresses induced in an asphalt concrete pavement that develop when the pavement is subjected to a cold temperature. Cracking results in poor ride quality ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prediction of low temperature cracking of asphalt concrete mixtures with thermal stress restrained specimen test results Author: Kanerva, Hannele K. Low temperature cracking is attributed to tensile stresses induced in an asphalt concrete pavement that develop when the pavement is subjected to a cold temperature. Cracking results in poor ride quality and a reduction in service life of the pavement. Low temperature cracking has been predicted by regression equations, mechanistic approaches and by simulation measurements. The purpose of the study reported herein is to (1) evaluate the Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test (TSRST) as an accelerated performance test to simulate low temperature cracking of asphalt concrete mixtures and (2) develop a deterministic and probabilistic model to predict low temperature cracking with TSRST results. Construction histories, cracking observations and temperature data were collected for five test roads in Alaska, Pennsylvania and Finland. A full scale and fully controlled low temperature cracking test program was conducted at the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (USACRREL). Specimens were fabricated in the laboratory with original asphalt cements and aggregates from the test roads. In addition, asphalt concrete pavement specimens were cut from the test sections. The TSRST results obtained for these samples were correlated with the field observations. Based on a statistical analysis of the data, the TSRST fracture temperature is associated with the field cracking temperature and crack frequency for the test roads where mixture properties dominated low temperature cracking. It was concluded that the TSRST can be used to simulate low temperature cracking of asphalt concrete mixtures. A deterministic and a probabilistic model were developed to predict crack spacing as a function of time using the TSRST results, pavement thickness and bulk density, pavement restraint conditions and air temperature. The affect of aging on pavement properties was incorporated in the models by predicting the field aging with Long Term Oven Aging (LTOA) treatment in the laboratory. The calculation of the crack spacing is based on the theory that the pavement slab cracks when the pavement temperature reaches the cracking temperature of the mixture and the slab is fully restrained. The deterministic model predicts crack spacing with time whereas the probabilistic model predicts crack spacing and its variation with time and yields the reliability of the design with regard to a minimum acceptable crack spacing criterion defined by road authorities. The models were verified by comparing the predicted crack spacings for the five test roads to the observed crack spacings. The probabilistic model is recommended for use in predicting the low temperature cracking of asphalt concrete mixtures. Title: Prediction of low temperature cracking of asphalt concrete mixtures with thermal stress restrained specimen test results Author: Kanerva, Hannele K. Low temperature cracking is attributed to tensile stresses induced in an asphalt concrete pavement that develop when the pavement is subjected to a cold temperature. Cracking results in poor ride quality and a reduction in service life of the pavement. Low temperature cracking has been predicted by regression equations, mechanistic approaches and by simulation measurements. The purpose of the study reported herein is to (1) evaluate the Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test (TSRST) as an accelerated performance test to simulate low temperature cracking of asphalt concrete mixtures and (2) develop a deterministic and probabilistic model to predict low temperature cracking with TSRST results. Construction histories, cracking observations and temperature data were collected for five test roads in Alaska, Pennsylvania and Finland. A full scale and fully controlled low temperature cracking test program was conducted at the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (USACRREL). Specimens were fabricated in the laboratory with original asphalt cements and aggregates from the test roads. In addition, asphalt concrete pavement specimens were cut from the test sections. The TSRST results obtained for these samples were correlated with the field observations. Based on a statistical analysis of the data, the TSRST fracture temperature is associated with the field cracking temperature and crack frequency for the test roads where mixture properties dominated low temperature cracking. It was concluded that the TSRST can be used to simulate low temperature cracking of asphalt concrete mixtures. A deterministic and a probabilistic model were developed to predict crack spacing as a function of time using the TSRST results, pavement thickness and bulk density, pavement restraint conditions and air temperature. The affect of aging on pavement properties was incorporated in the models by predicting the field aging with Long Term Oven Aging (LTOA) treatment in the laboratory. The calculation of the crack spacing is based on the theory that the pavement slab cracks when the pavement temperature reaches the cracking temperature of the mixture and the slab is fully restrained. The deterministic model predicts crack spacing with time whereas the probabilistic model predicts crack spacing and its variation with time and yields the reliability of the design with regard to a minimum acceptable crack spacing criterion defined by road authorities. The models were verified by comparing the predicted crack spacings for the five test roads to the observed crack spacings. The probabilistic model is recommended for use in predicting the low temperature cracking of asphalt concrete mixtures. Close

• 128. [Article] Physiological and biochemical characteristics of two cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) under different environmental conditions

  Two cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) with contrasting growth habits were studied under field and growth chamber conditions. Fawn, an established cultivar since 1964, and TFM, an experimental ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Physiological and biochemical characteristics of two cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) under different environmental conditions Author: Fino, Antonio Carlos Two cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) with contrasting growth habits were studied under field and growth chamber conditions. Fawn, an established cultivar since 1964, and TFM, an experimental line, were observed to grow better during spring and fall months respectively, in the field. Different temperature regimes of 10/4, 16/4, 27/10, and 32/16°C were employed to study the effect of temperatures on the growth and biochemical characteristics of these two cultivars. Fawn was significantly greater than TFM across the three harvests in dry matter production. There were no significant differences between Fawn and TFM in watersoluble carbohydrates (WSC) across the three harvest material. During the seven month period, there were also no significant differences in water-soluble carbohydrates and crude protein between the two cultivars. Stems had a higher concentration of WSC but were lower in crude protein than leaves in both cultivars. Fawn also produced more foliage dry matter (for the first and second harvests) across all temperatures tested. In regrowth, TFM and Fawn grew better at low and high temperatures respectively. This was expected on the basis of field results. Fawn was significantly greater than TFM in WSC and free sugars in both the first and second harvests and in the regrowth but in percent fructosans there were no significant differences between cultivars. TFM was significantly greater than Fawn in percent crude protein in both first and second harvest and regrowth. Temperature affected crude protein and WSC content as temperature increased, WSC, fructosan, and free sugars content decreased. Fructosans were lower in the regrowth material than either the first or second harvest. Percent crude protein in the foliage dry matter increased as temperature increased except in the regrowth where the lowest and highest temperatures showed the highest concentration. Tillering was higher in Fawn, and the most favorable temperature for both cultivars was at 16/4°C. Root dry weight was lower in Fawn, however, the concentration of WSC, fructosans, and free sugars in the roots were higher in Fawn than TFM. These sugar components were lower in the root material than in the foliage or regrowth material. There were no differences in the mean relative growth rate between cultivars, although Fawn was highest at the high temperatures, with TFM being higher at the three lower temperatures. There were no differences in net carbon exchange in the light or gross photosynthesis between these two cultivars, but Fawn was significantly greater in dark respiration at the highest temperature. Dark respiration and gross photosynthesis were higher at the highest temperatures in each cultivar. TFM was significantly higher than Fawn in leaf area at the lower temperatures, but leaf area was lower at the highest temperature for both cultivars. Fawn was significantly higher than TFM in perloline content across temperatures. In both cultivars, the higher temperatures had higher perloline content. Title: Physiological and biochemical characteristics of two cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) under different environmental conditions Author: Fino, Antonio Carlos Two cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) with contrasting growth habits were studied under field and growth chamber conditions. Fawn, an established cultivar since 1964, and TFM, an experimental line, were observed to grow better during spring and fall months respectively, in the field. Different temperature regimes of 10/4, 16/4, 27/10, and 32/16°C were employed to study the effect of temperatures on the growth and biochemical characteristics of these two cultivars. Fawn was significantly greater than TFM across the three harvests in dry matter production. There were no significant differences between Fawn and TFM in watersoluble carbohydrates (WSC) across the three harvest material. During the seven month period, there were also no significant differences in water-soluble carbohydrates and crude protein between the two cultivars. Stems had a higher concentration of WSC but were lower in crude protein than leaves in both cultivars. Fawn also produced more foliage dry matter (for the first and second harvests) across all temperatures tested. In regrowth, TFM and Fawn grew better at low and high temperatures respectively. This was expected on the basis of field results. Fawn was significantly greater than TFM in WSC and free sugars in both the first and second harvests and in the regrowth but in percent fructosans there were no significant differences between cultivars. TFM was significantly greater than Fawn in percent crude protein in both first and second harvest and regrowth. Temperature affected crude protein and WSC content as temperature increased, WSC, fructosan, and free sugars content decreased. Fructosans were lower in the regrowth material than either the first or second harvest. Percent crude protein in the foliage dry matter increased as temperature increased except in the regrowth where the lowest and highest temperatures showed the highest concentration. Tillering was higher in Fawn, and the most favorable temperature for both cultivars was at 16/4°C. Root dry weight was lower in Fawn, however, the concentration of WSC, fructosans, and free sugars in the roots were higher in Fawn than TFM. These sugar components were lower in the root material than in the foliage or regrowth material. There were no differences in the mean relative growth rate between cultivars, although Fawn was highest at the high temperatures, with TFM being higher at the three lower temperatures. There were no differences in net carbon exchange in the light or gross photosynthesis between these two cultivars, but Fawn was significantly greater in dark respiration at the highest temperature. Dark respiration and gross photosynthesis were higher at the highest temperatures in each cultivar. TFM was significantly higher than Fawn in leaf area at the lower temperatures, but leaf area was lower at the highest temperature for both cultivars. Fawn was significantly higher than TFM in perloline content across temperatures. In both cultivars, the higher temperatures had higher perloline content. Close

• 129. [Article] Bright air : geoprocessing thermal imagery to map the nocturnal dynamics of the boundary layer in a mountain valley

  A thermal infrared (TIR) camera is used to remotely sense the foliage temperature in a mountain valley. The foliage temperature is used as a proxy for air temperature and can be used to study and map the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bright air : geoprocessing thermal imagery to map the nocturnal dynamics of the boundary layer in a mountain valley Author: Johnson, Christopher (Raymond Christopher) A thermal infrared (TIR) camera is used to remotely sense the foliage temperature in a mountain valley. The foliage temperature is used as a proxy for air temperature and can be used to study and map the dynamics of the nocturnal, weak-wind boundary layer in this valley. All radiative flux not originating from the forest canopy must be filtered out of the captured imagery. Once the image has been filtered it must be georeferenced and orthorectified before useful analyses can be performed. After geoprocessing is complete, a spatially explicit time series of temperatures for an entire forested mountain valley will be available for further exploitation. The geoprocessed thermal imagery can, when combined with various data recorded in situ, yield data sets such as sensible heat flux at the canopy surface, potential temperature profiles, the adiabatic lapse rate in the watershed, the state of static stability in the watershed, and to map cold-air pool dynamics. Evidence was established that two concepts underlying the Bright Air study are valid for this study site. The first is that a TIR camera can accurately record foliage canopy temperature. The second is that on clear nights, foliage canopy temperature can be a proxy for the temperature of air immediately adjacent to the canopy. This study indicates that a TIR camera can accurately measure foliage canopy temperature on clear nights. Furthermore, the study indicates that on clear or intermittently cloudy nights, foliage canopy temperatures as measured by a TIR camera can be a proxy for the temperature of air immediately adjacent to the canopy. A process to georeference and orthorectify thermal imagery was selected and a tool to geoprocess the thermal imagery was created. Vertical profiles of potential temperature in the study area were created for times of interest and classified according to flow regimes. Dominant flow regimes were found to correlate well with earlier studies. Cold-air pool formation and drainage evolution were characterized for several clear nights. Nocturnal cold-air dynamics in the study area do not agree with common explanations of behavior of cold-air pools and drainage in mountain valleys. Up-valley flow patterns in the watershed indicate that nocturnal flows in mountain valleys are not driven solely by gravity. For the nights studied, flows in the watershed interact with flows from other connected basins and have identifiable patterns and typical evolutionary stages. Title: Bright air : geoprocessing thermal imagery to map the nocturnal dynamics of the boundary layer in a mountain valley Author: Johnson, Christopher (Raymond Christopher) A thermal infrared (TIR) camera is used to remotely sense the foliage temperature in a mountain valley. The foliage temperature is used as a proxy for air temperature and can be used to study and map the dynamics of the nocturnal, weak-wind boundary layer in this valley. All radiative flux not originating from the forest canopy must be filtered out of the captured imagery. Once the image has been filtered it must be georeferenced and orthorectified before useful analyses can be performed. After geoprocessing is complete, a spatially explicit time series of temperatures for an entire forested mountain valley will be available for further exploitation. The geoprocessed thermal imagery can, when combined with various data recorded in situ, yield data sets such as sensible heat flux at the canopy surface, potential temperature profiles, the adiabatic lapse rate in the watershed, the state of static stability in the watershed, and to map cold-air pool dynamics. Evidence was established that two concepts underlying the Bright Air study are valid for this study site. The first is that a TIR camera can accurately record foliage canopy temperature. The second is that on clear nights, foliage canopy temperature can be a proxy for the temperature of air immediately adjacent to the canopy. This study indicates that a TIR camera can accurately measure foliage canopy temperature on clear nights. Furthermore, the study indicates that on clear or intermittently cloudy nights, foliage canopy temperatures as measured by a TIR camera can be a proxy for the temperature of air immediately adjacent to the canopy. A process to georeference and orthorectify thermal imagery was selected and a tool to geoprocess the thermal imagery was created. Vertical profiles of potential temperature in the study area were created for times of interest and classified according to flow regimes. Dominant flow regimes were found to correlate well with earlier studies. Cold-air pool formation and drainage evolution were characterized for several clear nights. Nocturnal cold-air dynamics in the study area do not agree with common explanations of behavior of cold-air pools and drainage in mountain valleys. Up-valley flow patterns in the watershed indicate that nocturnal flows in mountain valleys are not driven solely by gravity. For the nights studied, flows in the watershed interact with flows from other connected basins and have identifiable patterns and typical evolutionary stages. Close

• 130. [Article] Elevation, thermal environment, and stream temperatures on headwater streams in northeastern Oregon

  A case study examining the relationship between stream temperatures and the thermal environment through which streams flow was conducted on the headwaters of 4 tributaries of the Burnt River (Barney, Elk, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Elevation, thermal environment, and stream temperatures on headwater streams in northeastern Oregon Author: Meays, Cynthia L. A case study examining the relationship between stream temperatures and the thermal environment through which streams flow was conducted on the headwaters of 4 tributaries of the Burnt River (Barney, Elk, Greenhorn, and Stevens Creeks) in northeastern Oregon during July through August 1998 and 1999. Barney Creek and Stevens Creek are in adjacent drainages, both with northerly aspects. Barney Creek drainage was completely burned over in 1989 while Stevens Creek vegetation remained intact. Elk Creek had 2 cold water tributaries and groundwater inputs. Greenhorn Creek was much more variable in terms of disturbance and vegetation. Stream discharge and air, soil, and water temperature data were collected at 150 m increments from 1370 to 1830 m elevation on each stream. Analyses compared daily mean air, soil, and water temperatures at each elevation within each stream, year, and month. Mean daily minimum and daily maximum air and water temperatures were also analyzed. For all streams in this study. elevation was significantly associated with air, soil, and water temperatures (p<O.000I). For most cases on each of the streams, mean daily air, soil, and water temperatures increased with every 150 meter drop in elevation. The thermal environment (air and soil surrounding the stream) as well as the stream temperatures responded similarly on each creek. Barney Creek had the overall highest mean daily air, soil, and water temperatures, followed by Greenhorn, Stevens, and Elk Creeks. Barney Creek was burned over in 1989 and had essentially no overstory canopy cover. Elk Creek consistently had the lowest mean daily air, soil and water temperatures. Elk Creek received substantial cold water subsurface and from 2 tributaries. Of the 4 creeks, Stevens Creek consistently had the greatest increases in mean daily air, water, and soil temperatures with descending elevation. Stevens Creek was adjacent to and very similar to Barney Creek with 2 notable differences. Stevens Creek had intact forest overstory canopy and it carried about half the flow of Barney Creek. Greenhorn Creek was the most variable in terms of temperature changes with descending elevation for mean daily air, water, and soil. Greenhorn Creek has been heavily disturbed by mining activity. Elevation was also significant for mean daily maximum temperatures for air, soil, and water (p<O.000I). Mean daily maximum air and water, as well as mean daily minimum water temperatures generally increased with descending elevation on all 4 streams. Mean daily minimum air temperature showed more variation with elevation, and likely reflected patterns of cold air drainage or cold air pockets. Thermal environment, heavily influenced by elevation, appeared to be a major influence on stream temperature. Title: Elevation, thermal environment, and stream temperatures on headwater streams in northeastern Oregon Author: Meays, Cynthia L. A case study examining the relationship between stream temperatures and the thermal environment through which streams flow was conducted on the headwaters of 4 tributaries of the Burnt River (Barney, Elk, Greenhorn, and Stevens Creeks) in northeastern Oregon during July through August 1998 and 1999. Barney Creek and Stevens Creek are in adjacent drainages, both with northerly aspects. Barney Creek drainage was completely burned over in 1989 while Stevens Creek vegetation remained intact. Elk Creek had 2 cold water tributaries and groundwater inputs. Greenhorn Creek was much more variable in terms of disturbance and vegetation. Stream discharge and air, soil, and water temperature data were collected at 150 m increments from 1370 to 1830 m elevation on each stream. Analyses compared daily mean air, soil, and water temperatures at each elevation within each stream, year, and month. Mean daily minimum and daily maximum air and water temperatures were also analyzed. For all streams in this study. elevation was significantly associated with air, soil, and water temperatures (p<O.000I). For most cases on each of the streams, mean daily air, soil, and water temperatures increased with every 150 meter drop in elevation. The thermal environment (air and soil surrounding the stream) as well as the stream temperatures responded similarly on each creek. Barney Creek had the overall highest mean daily air, soil, and water temperatures, followed by Greenhorn, Stevens, and Elk Creeks. Barney Creek was burned over in 1989 and had essentially no overstory canopy cover. Elk Creek consistently had the lowest mean daily air, soil and water temperatures. Elk Creek received substantial cold water subsurface and from 2 tributaries. Of the 4 creeks, Stevens Creek consistently had the greatest increases in mean daily air, water, and soil temperatures with descending elevation. Stevens Creek was adjacent to and very similar to Barney Creek with 2 notable differences. Stevens Creek had intact forest overstory canopy and it carried about half the flow of Barney Creek. Greenhorn Creek was the most variable in terms of temperature changes with descending elevation for mean daily air, water, and soil. Greenhorn Creek has been heavily disturbed by mining activity. Elevation was also significant for mean daily maximum temperatures for air, soil, and water (p<O.000I). Mean daily maximum air and water, as well as mean daily minimum water temperatures generally increased with descending elevation on all 4 streams. Mean daily minimum air temperature showed more variation with elevation, and likely reflected patterns of cold air drainage or cold air pockets. Thermal environment, heavily influenced by elevation, appeared to be a major influence on stream temperature. Close

• 131. [Article] Summertime stream temperatures in the North and South Forks of the Sprague River, south central Oregon

  The Upper Sprague River Watershed (North and South Forks of the Sprague River) in south central Oregon provides important habitat for salmonid species, including native bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summertime stream temperatures in the North and South Forks of the Sprague River, south central Oregon Author: Friedrichsen, Paul T. The Upper Sprague River Watershed (North and South Forks of the Sprague River) in south central Oregon provides important habitat for salmonid species, including native bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss ssp.). Concern over the loss of viable habitat for these species has increased due to reductions in channel and habitat complexity, and modification of riparian vegetation. Many of the factors affecting habitat quality also influence water temperature, which is an important habitat component of salmonids during the summer months. Maximum stream temperatures and diel fluctuations in the Upper Sprague River System generally reflected local reach characteristics, position in the drainage, and large scale changes in valley shape. Stream temperatures in the North Fork Sprague River (NFSR), at a distance of 35 km from the drainage divide, equalled or exceeded 15°C, the 'upper preferred temperature' for salmonids, 16% and 36% of the time during the seven-consecutive warmest days of 1993 and 1994, respectively. Upstream of Lee Thomas Meadow (LTM), 6.5 km from the drainage divide, 15°C was equalled or exceeded only 1% and 13% of the time during the same period, while below LTM (18.3 km from the drainage divide), 15°C was exceeded 66% and 85% of the time during this sante period. Diel fluctuations in the NFSR were greatest immediately below LTM (>11.8°C), decreasing to <6.0°C below the canyon section at the mouth of the watershed during both 1993 and 1994. In the South Fork Sprague River (SFSR), 15°C was equalled or exceeded 79% and 99% of the time during the seven-consecutive warmest days of 1993 and 1994, respectively, 28.4 km from the divide. At this same distance, the upper lethal limit of 25°C was equalled or exceeded 16% of the time in 1994, representing very stressful or potentially life-threatening conditions for salmonids. Diel fluctuations for the SFSR were >6.5°C both years, the highest values being 9.5°C or greater at 28.4 kin from the divide. Seven-day maximum stream temperatures and diel fluctuations in tributaries of the Upper Sprague River System varied widely during the study period. Maximum stream temperatures varied from 13.8°C to 23.1°C while diel fluctuations varied from 4.8°C to 11.0°C; the highest values corresponding with relatively open, unshaded reaches and the lower values corresponding with shaded, forested reaches. Relationships between stream temperatures, stream cover and channel morphology characteristics were evaluated for eight reaches within the study area. Only stream cover was found to be significantly (p <0.05) related to seven-day maximum stream temperatures, change in stream temperatures, and diurnal fluctuations in stream temperatures based on simple linear regression. When multiple linear regression analysis was used, several combinations of independent variables were found to be significantly (p <0.05) related to seven-day maximum stream temperatures, and/or change in stream temperatures, and/or diurnal fluctuations in stream temperatures. The variables that were consistently part of significant (p <0.05) regressions included: stream cover, wetted width, thalweg depth, width/depth ratio, and reach length. A stream temperature model, SHADOW, was found to be a relatively good predictor of maximum stream temperatures for short (1130 m) reaches and generally a poor predictor for longer (1340-4130 m) reaches. For the three short reaches (1130 m), the average difference between observed and modelled temperatures was 0°C (±0.3°C); for the five longer reaches (1340-4130 m), the average difference was 2.9°C (±0.6°C) indicating that the SHADOW Model over-predicted stream temperatures for these longer reaches. The shortest forested reach was under-predicted by 0.4°C. Temperature simulations for five meadow reaches using SHADOW and multiple regression models suggest that lower maximum stream temperatures would be observed if stream cover were increased. Title: Summertime stream temperatures in the North and South Forks of the Sprague River, south central Oregon Author: Friedrichsen, Paul T. The Upper Sprague River Watershed (North and South Forks of the Sprague River) in south central Oregon provides important habitat for salmonid species, including native bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss ssp.). Concern over the loss of viable habitat for these species has increased due to reductions in channel and habitat complexity, and modification of riparian vegetation. Many of the factors affecting habitat quality also influence water temperature, which is an important habitat component of salmonids during the summer months. Maximum stream temperatures and diel fluctuations in the Upper Sprague River System generally reflected local reach characteristics, position in the drainage, and large scale changes in valley shape. Stream temperatures in the North Fork Sprague River (NFSR), at a distance of 35 km from the drainage divide, equalled or exceeded 15°C, the 'upper preferred temperature' for salmonids, 16% and 36% of the time during the seven-consecutive warmest days of 1993 and 1994, respectively. Upstream of Lee Thomas Meadow (LTM), 6.5 km from the drainage divide, 15°C was equalled or exceeded only 1% and 13% of the time during the same period, while below LTM (18.3 km from the drainage divide), 15°C was exceeded 66% and 85% of the time during this sante period. Diel fluctuations in the NFSR were greatest immediately below LTM (>11.8°C), decreasing to <6.0°C below the canyon section at the mouth of the watershed during both 1993 and 1994. In the South Fork Sprague River (SFSR), 15°C was equalled or exceeded 79% and 99% of the time during the seven-consecutive warmest days of 1993 and 1994, respectively, 28.4 km from the divide. At this same distance, the upper lethal limit of 25°C was equalled or exceeded 16% of the time in 1994, representing very stressful or potentially life-threatening conditions for salmonids. Diel fluctuations for the SFSR were >6.5°C both years, the highest values being 9.5°C or greater at 28.4 kin from the divide. Seven-day maximum stream temperatures and diel fluctuations in tributaries of the Upper Sprague River System varied widely during the study period. Maximum stream temperatures varied from 13.8°C to 23.1°C while diel fluctuations varied from 4.8°C to 11.0°C; the highest values corresponding with relatively open, unshaded reaches and the lower values corresponding with shaded, forested reaches. Relationships between stream temperatures, stream cover and channel morphology characteristics were evaluated for eight reaches within the study area. Only stream cover was found to be significantly (p <0.05) related to seven-day maximum stream temperatures, change in stream temperatures, and diurnal fluctuations in stream temperatures based on simple linear regression. When multiple linear regression analysis was used, several combinations of independent variables were found to be significantly (p <0.05) related to seven-day maximum stream temperatures, and/or change in stream temperatures, and/or diurnal fluctuations in stream temperatures. The variables that were consistently part of significant (p <0.05) regressions included: stream cover, wetted width, thalweg depth, width/depth ratio, and reach length. A stream temperature model, SHADOW, was found to be a relatively good predictor of maximum stream temperatures for short (1130 m) reaches and generally a poor predictor for longer (1340-4130 m) reaches. For the three short reaches (1130 m), the average difference between observed and modelled temperatures was 0°C (±0.3°C); for the five longer reaches (1340-4130 m), the average difference was 2.9°C (±0.6°C) indicating that the SHADOW Model over-predicted stream temperatures for these longer reaches. The shortest forested reach was under-predicted by 0.4°C. Temperature simulations for five meadow reaches using SHADOW and multiple regression models suggest that lower maximum stream temperatures would be observed if stream cover were increased. Close

• 132. [Article] DRAFT Walla Walla Subbasin Stream Temperature TMDL and Water Quality Management Plan

  Abstract -- This document lays out goals and planning to address elevated stream temperatures in the Walla Walla subbasin in Oregon. The first part establishes the Total Maximum Daily Load as required ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: DRAFT Walla Walla Subbasin Stream Temperature TMDL and Water Quality Management Plan Abstract -- This document lays out goals and planning to address elevated stream temperatures in the Walla Walla subbasin in Oregon. The first part establishes the Total Maximum Daily Load as required by Section 303(d) of the federal Clean Water Act for streams whose quality has been compromised by pollutants or high temperatures. The second part, the Water Quality Management Plan, lays out specific guidelines for attaining the goals of the TMDL. The third part of this document is an extensive analysis of stream temperatures which addresses the vegetation, hydrology, and morphology of the Walla Walla subbasin. Title: DRAFT Walla Walla Subbasin Stream Temperature TMDL and Water Quality Management Plan Abstract -- This document lays out goals and planning to address elevated stream temperatures in the Walla Walla subbasin in Oregon. The first part establishes the Total Maximum Daily Load as required by Section 303(d) of the federal Clean Water Act for streams whose quality has been compromised by pollutants or high temperatures. The second part, the Water Quality Management Plan, lays out specific guidelines for attaining the goals of the TMDL. The third part of this document is an extensive analysis of stream temperatures which addresses the vegetation, hydrology, and morphology of the Walla Walla subbasin. Close

• 133. [Article] Sea surface temperature and salinity conditions in 1969 at Agate Beach and Yaquina Bay, Oregon : a technical report to the Office of Naval Research

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sea surface temperature and salinity conditions in 1969 at Agate Beach and Yaquina Bay, Oregon : a technical report to the Office of Naval Research Author: Thum, Alan Bradley, Gonor, J. J., Oregon State University. Dept. of Oceanography Title: Sea surface temperature and salinity conditions in 1969 at Agate Beach and Yaquina Bay, Oregon : a technical report to the Office of Naval Research Author: Thum, Alan Bradley, Gonor, J. J., Oregon State University. Dept. of Oceanography Close

• 134. [Article] Economic analysis of restoration practices to improve water quality and fish habitat of a large river floodplain : a case study of the Willamette River, Oregon

  In- stream water temperature is one of the most important environmental factors associated with the decline in salmonid populations and their habitats in the Pacific Northwest. Most ecological restoration ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic analysis of restoration practices to improve water quality and fish habitat of a large river floodplain : a case study of the Willamette River, Oregon Author: Seedang, Saichon In- stream water temperature is one of the most important environmental factors associated with the decline in salmonid populations and their habitats in the Pacific Northwest. Most ecological restoration practices that attempt to reduce instream temperatures center on replanting or reestablishing riparian vegetation and increasing flows. However, in a large floodplain river like the Willamette, restoring hyporheic flow may also play an important role in reducing water temperature. The objective of this dissertation is to examine restoration practices that focus on the reduction of water temperatures in the upper mainstem Willamette River, Oregon, for the benefit of salmonid species. Economic information is developed to determine the cost-effectiveness of water temperature reduction strategies. The CEQUAL- W2 water temperature model is used to simulate the effects of upstream combinations of riparian shading and flow increments on downstream water temperatures. Costs associated with these strategies are estimated. These costs consist of the opportunity costs of losing agricultural production, and losing recreation due to flow releases from up-stream reservoirs. The effectiveness of each strategy in reducing water temperature and the associated costs are used to construct a cost-effectiveness frontier. The results indicate that the cumulative effects of shading and flows have little impact on temperature reduction downstream. Even when maximum available resources are allocated to investments in shade and flow increases they cannot lower summer water temperatures sufficiently to meet the state water temperature standard. However, the restoration practices selected from the cost-effectiveness frontiers method do provide ranges of achievable temperature reductions at minimum costs. These results are thus useful management tools when selecting policies to pursue water temperature goals. Hyporheic temperature reduction is also examined. Restoration practices associated with this type of cooling are done through removal/reconnection of the obstacles that are necessary to allow the process of re-creating dynamic channel complexity. The observed significant reduction of summer water temperatures associated with channel complexity indicates that this approach is more flexible in reducing temperature than approaches that rely on flow increments or/and shade. Although the costs associated with the hyporheic approach are substantial, the effects of such a long-term ecological improvement of floodplain habitat may substantially benefit salmonid populations. Title: Economic analysis of restoration practices to improve water quality and fish habitat of a large river floodplain : a case study of the Willamette River, Oregon Author: Seedang, Saichon In- stream water temperature is one of the most important environmental factors associated with the decline in salmonid populations and their habitats in the Pacific Northwest. Most ecological restoration practices that attempt to reduce instream temperatures center on replanting or reestablishing riparian vegetation and increasing flows. However, in a large floodplain river like the Willamette, restoring hyporheic flow may also play an important role in reducing water temperature. The objective of this dissertation is to examine restoration practices that focus on the reduction of water temperatures in the upper mainstem Willamette River, Oregon, for the benefit of salmonid species. Economic information is developed to determine the cost-effectiveness of water temperature reduction strategies. The CEQUAL- W2 water temperature model is used to simulate the effects of upstream combinations of riparian shading and flow increments on downstream water temperatures. Costs associated with these strategies are estimated. These costs consist of the opportunity costs of losing agricultural production, and losing recreation due to flow releases from up-stream reservoirs. The effectiveness of each strategy in reducing water temperature and the associated costs are used to construct a cost-effectiveness frontier. The results indicate that the cumulative effects of shading and flows have little impact on temperature reduction downstream. Even when maximum available resources are allocated to investments in shade and flow increases they cannot lower summer water temperatures sufficiently to meet the state water temperature standard. However, the restoration practices selected from the cost-effectiveness frontiers method do provide ranges of achievable temperature reductions at minimum costs. These results are thus useful management tools when selecting policies to pursue water temperature goals. Hyporheic temperature reduction is also examined. Restoration practices associated with this type of cooling are done through removal/reconnection of the obstacles that are necessary to allow the process of re-creating dynamic channel complexity. The observed significant reduction of summer water temperatures associated with channel complexity indicates that this approach is more flexible in reducing temperature than approaches that rely on flow increments or/and shade. Although the costs associated with the hyporheic approach are substantial, the effects of such a long-term ecological improvement of floodplain habitat may substantially benefit salmonid populations. Close

• 135. [Article] Examining effectiveness of Oregon’s forest practice rules for maintaining warm-season maximum stream temperature patterns in the Oregon Coast Range

  Stream temperature, as an important component of stream ecosystems, can be affected by forest harvesting through removal of riparian shade and changes in hydrology. Riparian Management Areas (RMAs), as ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Examining effectiveness of Oregon’s forest practice rules for maintaining warm-season maximum stream temperature patterns in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Fleuret, Jennifer Marie Stream temperature, as an important component of stream ecosystems, can be affected by forest harvesting through removal of riparian shade and changes in hydrology. Riparian Management Areas (RMAs), as implemented through the current Oregon Forest Practice Rules, are designed, in part, to maintain stream temperature following forest harvesting. However, effectiveness of RMAs in achieving this outcome is uncertain. The objective of this research was to examine effectiveness of RMAs, as outlined by the current Oregon Forest Practices Act and the Northwest State Forests Management Plan, in maintaining warm-season temperature patterns of streamwater. Twenty-two headwater streams, on either private- or state-owned forestlands in the Oregon Coast Range that encompassed a range of RMA widths and harvest prescriptions, were evaluated for effectiveness of RMAs on stream temperature. A Before-After-Control-Impact/Intervention design was used, and each stream had an upstream control and a downstream treatment reach. Temperature probes were placed 1) at the top of the control reach, 2) at the boundary between the control and treatment reaches, and 3) at the bottom of the treatment reach from June to September for four years starting in 2002. All but one stream have at least two years of pre2 harvest temperature data, and one year of post-harvest temperature data. Selected stream and riparian characteristics were collected every 60 m within the control and treatment reaches once prior to and once following harvest. I hypothesized that RMAs would be effective if pre-harvest warmseason maximum temperature patterns were maintained following harvest treatments. Comparisons of temperature patterns between control and treatment reaches both pre- and post-harvest indicate that my hypothesis should be rejected because warm-season maximum temperature patterns were not maintained when mean values in treatment reaches across all study streams were considered. Difference in temperature gradients between control and treatment reaches averaged 0.6°C, based on two years of pre-harvest and one year of post-harvest data. This indicates that more warming or less cooling occurred in treatment reaches than occurred in control reaches when pre-harvest and post-harvest periods were compared, suggesting that current RMAs for small- and medium fishbearing streams of the Oregon Coast Range are not effective for maintenance of warm-season maximum temperature patterns. Title: Examining effectiveness of Oregon’s forest practice rules for maintaining warm-season maximum stream temperature patterns in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Fleuret, Jennifer Marie Stream temperature, as an important component of stream ecosystems, can be affected by forest harvesting through removal of riparian shade and changes in hydrology. Riparian Management Areas (RMAs), as implemented through the current Oregon Forest Practice Rules, are designed, in part, to maintain stream temperature following forest harvesting. However, effectiveness of RMAs in achieving this outcome is uncertain. The objective of this research was to examine effectiveness of RMAs, as outlined by the current Oregon Forest Practices Act and the Northwest State Forests Management Plan, in maintaining warm-season temperature patterns of streamwater. Twenty-two headwater streams, on either private- or state-owned forestlands in the Oregon Coast Range that encompassed a range of RMA widths and harvest prescriptions, were evaluated for effectiveness of RMAs on stream temperature. A Before-After-Control-Impact/Intervention design was used, and each stream had an upstream control and a downstream treatment reach. Temperature probes were placed 1) at the top of the control reach, 2) at the boundary between the control and treatment reaches, and 3) at the bottom of the treatment reach from June to September for four years starting in 2002. All but one stream have at least two years of pre2 harvest temperature data, and one year of post-harvest temperature data. Selected stream and riparian characteristics were collected every 60 m within the control and treatment reaches once prior to and once following harvest. I hypothesized that RMAs would be effective if pre-harvest warmseason maximum temperature patterns were maintained following harvest treatments. Comparisons of temperature patterns between control and treatment reaches both pre- and post-harvest indicate that my hypothesis should be rejected because warm-season maximum temperature patterns were not maintained when mean values in treatment reaches across all study streams were considered. Difference in temperature gradients between control and treatment reaches averaged 0.6°C, based on two years of pre-harvest and one year of post-harvest data. This indicates that more warming or less cooling occurred in treatment reaches than occurred in control reaches when pre-harvest and post-harvest periods were compared, suggesting that current RMAs for small- and medium fishbearing streams of the Oregon Coast Range are not effective for maintenance of warm-season maximum temperature patterns. Close

• 136. [Article] Method of computing the rate of temperature change in wood and plywood panels when the two opposite surfaces are maintained at different temperatures

  Information reviewed and reaffirmed, September 1956.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Method of computing the rate of temperature change in wood and plywood panels when the two opposite surfaces are maintained at different temperatures Author: MacLean, J. D. (James Donald), Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.) Information reviewed and reaffirmed, September 1956. Title: Method of computing the rate of temperature change in wood and plywood panels when the two opposite surfaces are maintained at different temperatures Author: MacLean, J. D. (James Donald), Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.) Information reviewed and reaffirmed, September 1956. Close

• 137. [Article] Temperature preconditioning of ryegrass (Lolium sp.) seed dormancy

  The purposes of this study were to determine the effects of temperature, nutrients, growth regulators, and culm detachment during seed development on ryegrass seed dormancy and weight. The effects of storage ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperature preconditioning of ryegrass (Lolium sp.) seed dormancy Author: Wiesner, Loren E. The purposes of this study were to determine the effects of temperature, nutrients, growth regulators, and culm detachment during seed development on ryegrass seed dormancy and weight. The effects of storage temperature on seed dormancy were also studied. Seed dormancy of annual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and perennial (Lolium perenne L.) ryegrass was evaluated by observing germination in the dark at 30, 25, 20, 15, and 15-25C. Dormant ryegrass seeds failed to germinate at 30 and 25C, but as after-ripening occurred seeds became insensitive to germination temperature. Field-grown ryegrass varieties were found to differ in degree of seed dormancy when grown under the same environment. 'Gulf', 'Florida Rust Resistant', and 'Magnolia' annual and 'NK- 100', 'Manhattan', 'Atempo', 'Petra', and 'Pelo' perennial ryegrass varieties were considered dormant. 'Oobahikari' annual and 'Verna Pajbjerg' and 'Linn' perennial ryegrass varieties were nearly nondormant. Dormancy patterns of greenhouse-grown Manhattan perennial ryegrass seed differed from those of field grown Gulf annual ryegrass. Dormancy of Manhattan was reduced when seeds reached maximum dry weight; whereas, Gulf seeds were dormant at all stages of maturity. A detached culm technique was used in growth chamber and greenhouse studies to determine the effects of nutrients, growth regulators and temperature on seed weight and dormancy. The dormancy response of Gulf seed produced on detached culms was similar to that of seeds from intact plants; lending validity to the use of the detached culm technique in studying seed dormancy. Development of Gulf seed in solutions deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium did not significantly reduce dormancy. Phosphorus deficiency was more detrimental to seed weight than deficiencies of nitrogen or potassium. Production of Gulf seed on detached culms in gibberellic acid, benzyladenine and sucrose reduced dormancy. Seed developed in sucrose on culms cut at the soil surface produced the largest seeds. However, these seeds were not equal in size to seeds from intact culms. Gibberellic acid had no effect on seed size, while benzyladenine solution significantly reduced seed weight. Ryegrass seed dormancy and weight were affected by temperature during seed development. Gulf seeds developed at low temperature were dormant; whereas, seeds developed at high temperature were nondormant. The duration of exposure to different temperatures and the stage of development at which the seeds were exposed to high or low temperature also influenced the degree of dormancy. Exposure to one week of low temperature during the ripening stage increased seed dormancy, while the same duration of exposure to high temperature immediately after anthesis reduced seed dormancy. Extended periods of low temperature during seed development increased seed weight, while seed weight was decreased if low temperature preconditioning was delayed until later stages of development. The greatest reduction in seed weight occurred when seeds were exposed to high temperatures during the second week of seed development. In storage studies with seven ryegrass varieties, dormancy was quickly overcome at storage temperatures of 30 and 20C, but storage at 5 and -18C increased dormancy. Title: Temperature preconditioning of ryegrass (Lolium sp.) seed dormancy Author: Wiesner, Loren E. The purposes of this study were to determine the effects of temperature, nutrients, growth regulators, and culm detachment during seed development on ryegrass seed dormancy and weight. The effects of storage temperature on seed dormancy were also studied. Seed dormancy of annual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and perennial (Lolium perenne L.) ryegrass was evaluated by observing germination in the dark at 30, 25, 20, 15, and 15-25C. Dormant ryegrass seeds failed to germinate at 30 and 25C, but as after-ripening occurred seeds became insensitive to germination temperature. Field-grown ryegrass varieties were found to differ in degree of seed dormancy when grown under the same environment. 'Gulf', 'Florida Rust Resistant', and 'Magnolia' annual and 'NK- 100', 'Manhattan', 'Atempo', 'Petra', and 'Pelo' perennial ryegrass varieties were considered dormant. 'Oobahikari' annual and 'Verna Pajbjerg' and 'Linn' perennial ryegrass varieties were nearly nondormant. Dormancy patterns of greenhouse-grown Manhattan perennial ryegrass seed differed from those of field grown Gulf annual ryegrass. Dormancy of Manhattan was reduced when seeds reached maximum dry weight; whereas, Gulf seeds were dormant at all stages of maturity. A detached culm technique was used in growth chamber and greenhouse studies to determine the effects of nutrients, growth regulators and temperature on seed weight and dormancy. The dormancy response of Gulf seed produced on detached culms was similar to that of seeds from intact plants; lending validity to the use of the detached culm technique in studying seed dormancy. Development of Gulf seed in solutions deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium did not significantly reduce dormancy. Phosphorus deficiency was more detrimental to seed weight than deficiencies of nitrogen or potassium. Production of Gulf seed on detached culms in gibberellic acid, benzyladenine and sucrose reduced dormancy. Seed developed in sucrose on culms cut at the soil surface produced the largest seeds. However, these seeds were not equal in size to seeds from intact culms. Gibberellic acid had no effect on seed size, while benzyladenine solution significantly reduced seed weight. Ryegrass seed dormancy and weight were affected by temperature during seed development. Gulf seeds developed at low temperature were dormant; whereas, seeds developed at high temperature were nondormant. The duration of exposure to different temperatures and the stage of development at which the seeds were exposed to high or low temperature also influenced the degree of dormancy. Exposure to one week of low temperature during the ripening stage increased seed dormancy, while the same duration of exposure to high temperature immediately after anthesis reduced seed dormancy. Extended periods of low temperature during seed development increased seed weight, while seed weight was decreased if low temperature preconditioning was delayed until later stages of development. The greatest reduction in seed weight occurred when seeds were exposed to high temperatures during the second week of seed development. In storage studies with seven ryegrass varieties, dormancy was quickly overcome at storage temperatures of 30 and 20C, but storage at 5 and -18C increased dormancy. Close

• 138. [Article] A multipoint environmental temperature recorder

  A multipoint environmental temperature recorder is described. Some of the many features that recommend the application of this recorder to field studies are multiple input capability, efficient use of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A multipoint environmental temperature recorder Author: University of Washington, U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Holbo, Harold Richard A multipoint environmental temperature recorder is described. Some of the many features that recommend the application of this recorder to field studies are multiple input capability, efficient use of chart paper, reliability, and low power consumption from batteries. Design considerations and electrical details are provided. Title: A multipoint environmental temperature recorder Author: University of Washington, U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Holbo, Harold Richard A multipoint environmental temperature recorder is described. Some of the many features that recommend the application of this recorder to field studies are multiple input capability, efficient use of chart paper, reliability, and low power consumption from batteries. Design considerations and electrical details are provided. Close

• 139. [Article] The Influence of Recurrent Modes of Climate Variability on the Occurrence of Winter and Summer Extreme Temperatures over North America

  The influence of the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern, the northern annular mode (NAM), and the El Ni~no–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on extreme temperature days and months over North America is examined. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Influence of Recurrent Modes of Climate Variability on the Occurrence of Winter and Summer Extreme Temperatures over North America Author: Loikith, Paul C., Broccoli, Anthony J. Year: 2014 The influence of the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern, the northern annular mode (NAM), and the El Ni~no–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on extreme temperature days and months over North America is examined. Associations between extreme temperature days and months are strongest with the PNA and NAM andweaker for ENSO. In general, the associationwith extremes tends to be stronger onmonthly than daily time scales and for winter as compared to summer. Extreme temperatures are associated with the PNAandNAMin the vicinity of the centers of action of these circulation patterns; however, many extremes also occur on days when the amplitude and polarity of these patterns do not favor their occurrence. In winter, synoptic-scale, transient weather disturbances are important drivers of extreme temperature days; however, many of these smaller-scale events are concurrent with amplified PNA or NAMpatterns. Associations are weaker in summer when other physicalmechanisms affecting the surface energy balance, such as anomalous soilmoisture content, also influence the occurrence of extreme temperatures. Title: The Influence of Recurrent Modes of Climate Variability on the Occurrence of Winter and Summer Extreme Temperatures over North America Author: Loikith, Paul C., Broccoli, Anthony J. Year: 2014 The influence of the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern, the northern annular mode (NAM), and the El Ni~no–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on extreme temperature days and months over North America is examined. Associations between extreme temperature days and months are strongest with the PNA and NAM andweaker for ENSO. In general, the associationwith extremes tends to be stronger onmonthly than daily time scales and for winter as compared to summer. Extreme temperatures are associated with the PNAandNAMin the vicinity of the centers of action of these circulation patterns; however, many extremes also occur on days when the amplitude and polarity of these patterns do not favor their occurrence. In winter, synoptic-scale, transient weather disturbances are important drivers of extreme temperature days; however, many of these smaller-scale events are concurrent with amplified PNA or NAMpatterns. Associations are weaker in summer when other physicalmechanisms affecting the surface energy balance, such as anomalous soilmoisture content, also influence the occurrence of extreme temperatures. Close

• 140. [Article] Temperature dependence of dark current in a CCD

  We present data for dark current of a back-illuminated CCD over the temperature range of 222 to 291 K. Using an Arrhenius law, we found that the analysis of the data leads to the relation between the prefactor ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperature dependence of dark current in a CCD Author: Widenhorn, Ralf, Blouke, Morley M., Weber, Alexander, Rest, Armin, Bodegom, Erik Year: 2002 We present data for dark current of a back-illuminated CCD over the temperature range of 222 to 291 K. Using an Arrhenius law, we found that the analysis of the data leads to the relation between the prefactor and the apparent activation energy as described by the Meyer-Neldel rule. However, a more detailed analysis shows that the activation energy for the dark current changes in the temperature range investigated. This transition can be explained by the larger relative importance at high temperatures of the diffusion dark current and at low temperatures by the depletion dark current. The diffusion dark current, characterized by the band gap of silicon, is uniform for all pixels. At low temperatures, the depletion dark current, characterized by half the band gap, prevails, but it varies for different pixels. Dark current spikes are pronounced at low temperatures and can be explained by large concentrations of deep level impurities in those particular pixels. We show that fitting the data with the impurity concentration as the only variable can explain the dark current characteristics of all the pixels on the chip. Title: Temperature dependence of dark current in a CCD Author: Widenhorn, Ralf, Blouke, Morley M., Weber, Alexander, Rest, Armin, Bodegom, Erik Year: 2002 We present data for dark current of a back-illuminated CCD over the temperature range of 222 to 291 K. Using an Arrhenius law, we found that the analysis of the data leads to the relation between the prefactor and the apparent activation energy as described by the Meyer-Neldel rule. However, a more detailed analysis shows that the activation energy for the dark current changes in the temperature range investigated. This transition can be explained by the larger relative importance at high temperatures of the diffusion dark current and at low temperatures by the depletion dark current. The diffusion dark current, characterized by the band gap of silicon, is uniform for all pixels. At low temperatures, the depletion dark current, characterized by half the band gap, prevails, but it varies for different pixels. Dark current spikes are pronounced at low temperatures and can be explained by large concentrations of deep level impurities in those particular pixels. We show that fitting the data with the impurity concentration as the only variable can explain the dark current characteristics of all the pixels on the chip. Close

• 141. [Article] The impact of increasing temperatures on dormancy duration in Calanus finmarchicus

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Oxford ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The impact of increasing temperatures on dormancy duration in Calanus finmarchicus Author: Runge, Jeffrey, Leising, Andrew, Batchelder, Harold, Saumweber, Whitley, Pierson, James J. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Oxford University Press and can be found at: http://www.oxfordjournals.org/ Title: The impact of increasing temperatures on dormancy duration in Calanus finmarchicus Author: Runge, Jeffrey, Leising, Andrew, Batchelder, Harold, Saumweber, Whitley, Pierson, James J. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Oxford University Press and can be found at: http://www.oxfordjournals.org/ Close

• 142. [Article] A Decade of Ground–Air Temperature Tracking at Emigrant Pass Observatory, Utah

  Observations of air and ground temperatures collected between 1993 and 2004 from Emigrant Pass Geothermal Climate Observatory in northwestern Utah are analyzed to understand the relationship between these ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Decade of Ground–Air Temperature Tracking at Emigrant Pass Observatory, Utah Author: Bartlett, Marshall G., Chapman, David S., Harris, Robert N. Observations of air and ground temperatures collected between 1993 and 2004 from Emigrant Pass Geothermal Climate Observatory in northwestern Utah are analyzed to understand the relationship between these two quantities. The influence of surface air temperature (SAT), incident solar radiation, and snow cover on surface ground temperature (SGT) variations are explored. SAT variations explain 94% of the variance in SGT. Incident solar radiation is the primary variable governing the remaining variance misfit and is significantly more important during summer months than winter months. A linear relationship between the ground–air temperature difference (ΔT[subscript]sgt-sat) and solar radiation exists with a trend of 1.21 K/(100 W m⁻²); solar radiation accounts for 1.3% of the variance in SGT. The effects of incident solar radiation also account for the 2.47-K average offset in ΔT[subscript]sgt-sat. During the winter, snow cover plays a role in governing SGT variability, but exerts only a minor influence on the annual tracking of ground and air temperatures at the site, accounting for 0.5% of the variance in SGT. These observations of the tracking of SGT and SAT confirm that borehole temperature changes mimic changes in SAT at frequencies appropriate for climatic reconstructions. Title: A Decade of Ground–Air Temperature Tracking at Emigrant Pass Observatory, Utah Author: Bartlett, Marshall G., Chapman, David S., Harris, Robert N. Observations of air and ground temperatures collected between 1993 and 2004 from Emigrant Pass Geothermal Climate Observatory in northwestern Utah are analyzed to understand the relationship between these two quantities. The influence of surface air temperature (SAT), incident solar radiation, and snow cover on surface ground temperature (SGT) variations are explored. SAT variations explain 94% of the variance in SGT. Incident solar radiation is the primary variable governing the remaining variance misfit and is significantly more important during summer months than winter months. A linear relationship between the ground–air temperature difference (ΔT[subscript]sgt-sat) and solar radiation exists with a trend of 1.21 K/(100 W m⁻²); solar radiation accounts for 1.3% of the variance in SGT. The effects of incident solar radiation also account for the 2.47-K average offset in ΔT[subscript]sgt-sat. During the winter, snow cover plays a role in governing SGT variability, but exerts only a minor influence on the annual tracking of ground and air temperatures at the site, accounting for 0.5% of the variance in SGT. These observations of the tracking of SGT and SAT confirm that borehole temperature changes mimic changes in SAT at frequencies appropriate for climatic reconstructions. Close

• 143. [Article] Behavior of juvenile bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix in vertical thermal gradients: influence of season, temperature acclimation and food

  Behavioral responses of juvenile bluefish P. saltatrix L. exposed to cold water in a vertical thermal gradient were measured under controlled laboratory conditions. The temperature regime was similar to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Behavior of juvenile bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix in vertical thermal gradients: influence of season, temperature acclimation and food Author: Studholme, Anne L., Bejda, Allen J., Olla, Bori L. Behavioral responses of juvenile bluefish P. saltatrix L. exposed to cold water in a vertical thermal gradient were measured under controlled laboratory conditions. The temperature regime was similar to conditions that these fish encounter in their inshore and estuarine habitats along the Middle Atlantic coast. Measures included activity, schooling, position with respect to depth and temperature, and feeding. The change in behavioral response to temperature coincided with this species southerly fall migration. When food was presented at potentially debilitating temperatures which were normally avoided, motivation to feed modified their avoidance response, with the fish entering these temperatures and successfully feeding. Results are discussed in relation to natural patterns of migration and distribution. Title: Behavior of juvenile bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix in vertical thermal gradients: influence of season, temperature acclimation and food Author: Studholme, Anne L., Bejda, Allen J., Olla, Bori L. Behavioral responses of juvenile bluefish P. saltatrix L. exposed to cold water in a vertical thermal gradient were measured under controlled laboratory conditions. The temperature regime was similar to conditions that these fish encounter in their inshore and estuarine habitats along the Middle Atlantic coast. Measures included activity, schooling, position with respect to depth and temperature, and feeding. The change in behavioral response to temperature coincided with this species southerly fall migration. When food was presented at potentially debilitating temperatures which were normally avoided, motivation to feed modified their avoidance response, with the fish entering these temperatures and successfully feeding. Results are discussed in relation to natural patterns of migration and distribution. Close

• 144. [Article] Last interglacial model-data mismatch of thermal maximum temperatures partially explained

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The published article can ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Last interglacial model-data mismatch of thermal maximum temperatures partially explained Author: Renssen, H., Bakker, P. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The published article can be found at: http://www.climate-of-the-past.net/home.html. Title: Last interglacial model-data mismatch of thermal maximum temperatures partially explained Author: Renssen, H., Bakker, P. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The published article can be found at: http://www.climate-of-the-past.net/home.html. Close

• 145. [Article] Long-term temperature records following the M[subscript w] 7.9 Wenchuan (China) earthquake are consistent with low friction

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Geological Society of America and can be found at: http://geology.gsapubs.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Long-term temperature records following the M[subscript w] 7.9 Wenchuan (China) earthquake are consistent with low friction Author: Brodsky, Emily E., Xue, Lian, et al., Li, Haibing, Harris, Robert N. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Geological Society of America and can be found at: http://geology.gsapubs.org/. Title: Long-term temperature records following the M[subscript w] 7.9 Wenchuan (China) earthquake are consistent with low friction Author: Brodsky, Emily E., Xue, Lian, et al., Li, Haibing, Harris, Robert N. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Geological Society of America and can be found at: http://geology.gsapubs.org/. Close

• 146. [Article] Estimating the economic net returns of Oregon & Washington forests with regard to climate change

  Little work has been conducted regarding the net returns of forest lands. The Ricardian model is ripe with potential to estimate the effects of climate on net returns to forestry. Multiple linear regression ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating the economic net returns of Oregon & Washington forests with regard to climate change Author: Johnson, Zoe I. Little work has been conducted regarding the net returns of forest lands. The Ricardian model is ripe with potential to estimate the effects of climate on net returns to forestry. Multiple linear regression allows each climate variable to measure its effect of net returns with the assumption of all other factors being fixed. Independent variables of average temperature (°C), average temperature squared (°C²), average precipitation (mm), average precipitation squared (mm2), maximum August temperature (°C), and minimum December temperature (°C) were scaled by year using dummy variables to output the dependent variable of real net returns (USD 2010) per county of tree species. This OLS linear regression showed annual precipitation, marginal precipitation, and maximum temperature experienced by forests to affect the net returns they produced. Increased precipitation is expected to increase net returns to forests while higher maximum temperatures will negatively impact net returns in Douglas Fir regions and positively affect pine regions. Precipitation is linearly related to forest net returns, while temperature is not linearly related. With this finding, various areas of Oregon and Washington that are expected to experience heavier precipitation due to climate change should expect more net returns from their forestlands. Title: Estimating the economic net returns of Oregon & Washington forests with regard to climate change Author: Johnson, Zoe I. Little work has been conducted regarding the net returns of forest lands. The Ricardian model is ripe with potential to estimate the effects of climate on net returns to forestry. Multiple linear regression allows each climate variable to measure its effect of net returns with the assumption of all other factors being fixed. Independent variables of average temperature (°C), average temperature squared (°C²), average precipitation (mm), average precipitation squared (mm2), maximum August temperature (°C), and minimum December temperature (°C) were scaled by year using dummy variables to output the dependent variable of real net returns (USD 2010) per county of tree species. This OLS linear regression showed annual precipitation, marginal precipitation, and maximum temperature experienced by forests to affect the net returns they produced. Increased precipitation is expected to increase net returns to forests while higher maximum temperatures will negatively impact net returns in Douglas Fir regions and positively affect pine regions. Precipitation is linearly related to forest net returns, while temperature is not linearly related. With this finding, various areas of Oregon and Washington that are expected to experience heavier precipitation due to climate change should expect more net returns from their forestlands. Close

• 147. [Article] An exploration of microcombustor feasibility

  The goals of this research were first to examine flame quenching in tubing smaller than the quench diameter, and then to place lower size limits on microcombustor and microreactor systems by studying a ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An exploration of microcombustor feasibility Author: Hatfield, Jonathan M. The goals of this research were first to examine flame quenching in tubing smaller than the quench diameter, and then to place lower size limits on microcombustor and microreactor systems by studying a catalytic microcombustor burning propane. In the first set of experiments, flame quenching was examined as a function of wall temperature for various hydrocarbon fuels. This was accomplished by creating a wall temperature profile along a tube, allowing a flame to propagate down the tube, and measuring the temperature of the tube wall coincident with the flame front. This wall quench temperature was plotted as a function of both the equivalence ratio and tube diameter. Fuels tested included propane, hexane, kerosene and diesel. Results showed that quench diameter was reduced by elevating the wall temperature and that the quench temperature increased for increasing mixture flow velocities. Flames were produced in tubes down to 0.8 mm in diameter. In the second set of experiments, a catalyst was used in combination with fuel preheating to obtain a self-sustaining combustion reaction in a chamber approximately 0.25 mm³ in size. Propane was used in this experiment. Results demonstrated that a stable self-sustaining reaction can be obtained in the microscale regime and that reaction temperatures are on the order of 900°C. This research not only aided in the characterization of hydrocarbon combustion in small diameter channels but also showed promise for development of microcombustor systems. Title: An exploration of microcombustor feasibility Author: Hatfield, Jonathan M. The goals of this research were first to examine flame quenching in tubing smaller than the quench diameter, and then to place lower size limits on microcombustor and microreactor systems by studying a catalytic microcombustor burning propane. In the first set of experiments, flame quenching was examined as a function of wall temperature for various hydrocarbon fuels. This was accomplished by creating a wall temperature profile along a tube, allowing a flame to propagate down the tube, and measuring the temperature of the tube wall coincident with the flame front. This wall quench temperature was plotted as a function of both the equivalence ratio and tube diameter. Fuels tested included propane, hexane, kerosene and diesel. Results showed that quench diameter was reduced by elevating the wall temperature and that the quench temperature increased for increasing mixture flow velocities. Flames were produced in tubes down to 0.8 mm in diameter. In the second set of experiments, a catalyst was used in combination with fuel preheating to obtain a self-sustaining combustion reaction in a chamber approximately 0.25 mm³ in size. Propane was used in this experiment. Results demonstrated that a stable self-sustaining reaction can be obtained in the microscale regime and that reaction temperatures are on the order of 900°C. This research not only aided in the characterization of hydrocarbon combustion in small diameter channels but also showed promise for development of microcombustor systems. Close

• 148. [Article] A study of the thermal characteristics of x-ray tube housings

  The relationship of x-ray tube housing temperature to duty cycle was studied for a superficial therapy x-ray installation, a dental radiographic installation, and a rotating-anode medical diagnostic installation. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of the thermal characteristics of x-ray tube housings Author: Stovall, John Walter The relationship of x-ray tube housing temperature to duty cycle was studied for a superficial therapy x-ray installation, a dental radiographic installation, and a rotating-anode medical diagnostic installation. Thermistors were used to measure the tube housing temperature at points selected to be representative of thermal conditions on the surface of the x-ray tube housing. Measurements were made for continuous operation and intermittent operation, for the beam directed horizontally, and for the beam directed vertically down. Maximum temperatures were observed on the uppermost surfaces of the tube housings and minimum temperatures were observed on the lower surfaces of the tube housings. The orientation of the tube housing was found in some cases to alter the maximum tube housing temperature. Theoretically, tube housing temperatures for continuous and intermittent operation should be the same, but some differences were observed. These differences between tube housing temperatures observed for continuous operation and those observed for intermittent operation were due to differences in the duty cycle ratings specified by the x-ray tube manufacturer for continuous and intermittent operation. Title: A study of the thermal characteristics of x-ray tube housings Author: Stovall, John Walter The relationship of x-ray tube housing temperature to duty cycle was studied for a superficial therapy x-ray installation, a dental radiographic installation, and a rotating-anode medical diagnostic installation. Thermistors were used to measure the tube housing temperature at points selected to be representative of thermal conditions on the surface of the x-ray tube housing. Measurements were made for continuous operation and intermittent operation, for the beam directed horizontally, and for the beam directed vertically down. Maximum temperatures were observed on the uppermost surfaces of the tube housings and minimum temperatures were observed on the lower surfaces of the tube housings. The orientation of the tube housing was found in some cases to alter the maximum tube housing temperature. Theoretically, tube housing temperatures for continuous and intermittent operation should be the same, but some differences were observed. These differences between tube housing temperatures observed for continuous operation and those observed for intermittent operation were due to differences in the duty cycle ratings specified by the x-ray tube manufacturer for continuous and intermittent operation. Close

• 149. [Article] Field-effect transistor noise at low temperatures

  Low temperature noise measurements on junction field-effect transistors tend to substantiate a theory of low frequency field-effect transistor noise based on the presence of generation centers in the gate-channel ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Field-effect transistor noise at low temperatures Author: Spaulding, Richard Alan Low temperature noise measurements on junction field-effect transistors tend to substantiate a theory of low frequency field-effect transistor noise based on the presence of generation centers in the gate-channel depletion region. Measurements of device noise voltage versus temperature reveal pronounced maxima and minima over the temperature range of 300° K to 77° K. Analysis of the maxima can yield information on time constants, capture cross-sections and energy levels of generation centers in the depletion region. The pertinent theories of junction FET noise are reviewed with regard to temperature-dependent phenomena. Contributions due to thermal noise, shot noise, induced gate noise, surface leakage and generation centers are considered. Techniques for measuring the temperature dependence of FET noise are discussed, and a practical approach is described. Measurements are made in a typical circuit configuration in order that the results may be directly related to device applications. Measured data on the temperature dependence of noise in the 300° K to 77°K range is presented for 14 n- and p-channel FET's. Salient features of the data are analyzed and correlated with theoretical predictions. Title: Field-effect transistor noise at low temperatures Author: Spaulding, Richard Alan Low temperature noise measurements on junction field-effect transistors tend to substantiate a theory of low frequency field-effect transistor noise based on the presence of generation centers in the gate-channel depletion region. Measurements of device noise voltage versus temperature reveal pronounced maxima and minima over the temperature range of 300° K to 77° K. Analysis of the maxima can yield information on time constants, capture cross-sections and energy levels of generation centers in the depletion region. The pertinent theories of junction FET noise are reviewed with regard to temperature-dependent phenomena. Contributions due to thermal noise, shot noise, induced gate noise, surface leakage and generation centers are considered. Techniques for measuring the temperature dependence of FET noise are discussed, and a practical approach is described. Measurements are made in a typical circuit configuration in order that the results may be directly related to device applications. Measured data on the temperature dependence of noise in the 300° K to 77°K range is presented for 14 n- and p-channel FET's. Salient features of the data are analyzed and correlated with theoretical predictions. Close

• 150. [Article] Temperature-effective periods during crossvein development in crossveinless-like strains of Drosophila melanogaster

  This investigation is concerned with the determination of the temperature-effective period (T.E.P.) for crossvein development at physiological temperatures using three isogenic crossveinlesslike (cvl) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperature-effective periods during crossvein development in crossveinless-like strains of Drosophila melanogaster Author: Wong, Patrick Tin-Choi This investigation is concerned with the determination of the temperature-effective period (T.E.P.) for crossvein development at physiological temperatures using three isogenic crossveinlesslike (cvl) lines of Drosophila melanogaster. The method used to determine T.E.P. relies on temperature differences in phenotypes and on a program of transfers from one temperature to another at regular intervals during development. The T.E.P. in each cvl line occurs in the interval between one-eighth and one-quarter of pupal development. The onset of T.E.P. in each cvl line is fairly well determined. The end points are not obtained in some cases and are ambiguous in others. Therefore, the durations of the T.E.P.'s cannot be stated. One of the complications in defining T.E.P. is the "Switching effect", an effect on the phenotype due to transfer from one temperature to another. Though temperature, genotypic and sex differences in T.E.P. are evident in some cases, theoretical interpretation of their significances are limited by the several complications. Title: Temperature-effective periods during crossvein development in crossveinless-like strains of Drosophila melanogaster Author: Wong, Patrick Tin-Choi This investigation is concerned with the determination of the temperature-effective period (T.E.P.) for crossvein development at physiological temperatures using three isogenic crossveinlesslike (cvl) lines of Drosophila melanogaster. The method used to determine T.E.P. relies on temperature differences in phenotypes and on a program of transfers from one temperature to another at regular intervals during development. The T.E.P. in each cvl line occurs in the interval between one-eighth and one-quarter of pupal development. The onset of T.E.P. in each cvl line is fairly well determined. The end points are not obtained in some cases and are ambiguous in others. Therefore, the durations of the T.E.P.'s cannot be stated. One of the complications in defining T.E.P. is the "Switching effect", an effect on the phenotype due to transfer from one temperature to another. Though temperature, genotypic and sex differences in T.E.P. are evident in some cases, theoretical interpretation of their significances are limited by the several complications. Close

• 151. [Article] Modeling large temperature swings in heat regenerators using orthogonal collocation

  This thesis examines the transient performance of packed bed heat regenerators when very large temperature differences are involved. The effects of gas temperature on the key gas physical properties of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling large temperature swings in heat regenerators using orthogonal collocation Author: Kokron, Carlos J. This thesis examines the transient performance of packed bed heat regenerators when very large temperature differences are involved. The effects of gas temperature on the key gas physical properties of velocity, density and heat capacity were studied via simulation. Three models were developed and compared. The first model (HRKDV) considers heat balances for both solid and gas phases, the second (HRVDV) considers mass balances in addition to the heat balances set up in the first model and the third one (HRASO) considers that the only significant rate of accumulation term is that of the energy of the solid phase. The governing partial differential equations were solved by the method of lines with the spatial discretization accomplished by the method of orthogonal collocation. The findings of this work reveal that whereas the effects of large temperature changes on the gas velocity and density are completely negligible, the effects of temperature on the gas heat capacity must be considered "continuously" when large temperature swings occur. Considering the heat capacity as a constant, even at an average value, leads to significant errors in temperature profiles. Title: Modeling large temperature swings in heat regenerators using orthogonal collocation Author: Kokron, Carlos J. This thesis examines the transient performance of packed bed heat regenerators when very large temperature differences are involved. The effects of gas temperature on the key gas physical properties of velocity, density and heat capacity were studied via simulation. Three models were developed and compared. The first model (HRKDV) considers heat balances for both solid and gas phases, the second (HRVDV) considers mass balances in addition to the heat balances set up in the first model and the third one (HRASO) considers that the only significant rate of accumulation term is that of the energy of the solid phase. The governing partial differential equations were solved by the method of lines with the spatial discretization accomplished by the method of orthogonal collocation. The findings of this work reveal that whereas the effects of large temperature changes on the gas velocity and density are completely negligible, the effects of temperature on the gas heat capacity must be considered "continuously" when large temperature swings occur. Considering the heat capacity as a constant, even at an average value, leads to significant errors in temperature profiles. Close

• 152. [Article] On the abyssal temperatures of the world oceans

  In comparison with solar radiation, the energy of geothermal heat flowing through the sea bottom is extremely small; nevertheless, this energy is not insignificant in the circulation of the bottom water. Calculations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: On the abyssal temperatures of the world oceans Author: Olson, Boyd Ellertson In comparison with solar radiation, the energy of geothermal heat flowing through the sea bottom is extremely small; nevertheless, this energy is not insignificant in the circulation of the bottom water. Calculations indicate that in the deep basins of the South Atlantic the water volume transport necessary to remove this heat is at least one-tenth of the total northward flow of Antarctic Bottom Water. Plots of mean values of near bottom salinity and oxygen versus mean potential temperatures help to trace the movement of the bottom water. Geothermal and adiabatic warming associated with downslope flow combine to produce a deep temperature (in situ) minimum in portions of most of the deep basins of the world. Adiabatic or near adiabatic temperature gradients have been measured near the bottom in many of these basins. Evidence of superadiabatic gradients from temperature measurements made with reversing thermometers is inconclusive; however, careful measurements with closely spaced thermometers suggest that such gradients do exist over vertical distances of a few hundred meters in some of the deepest basins. Decreasing potential density with depth, as found in some of the Atlantic Basins in association with sharp temperature and salinity gradients, is not necessarily an indication of unstable equilibrium. This is demonstrated by the results of stability calculations in the manner prescribed by Hesselberg and Sverdrup (1915). Title: On the abyssal temperatures of the world oceans Author: Olson, Boyd Ellertson In comparison with solar radiation, the energy of geothermal heat flowing through the sea bottom is extremely small; nevertheless, this energy is not insignificant in the circulation of the bottom water. Calculations indicate that in the deep basins of the South Atlantic the water volume transport necessary to remove this heat is at least one-tenth of the total northward flow of Antarctic Bottom Water. Plots of mean values of near bottom salinity and oxygen versus mean potential temperatures help to trace the movement of the bottom water. Geothermal and adiabatic warming associated with downslope flow combine to produce a deep temperature (in situ) minimum in portions of most of the deep basins of the world. Adiabatic or near adiabatic temperature gradients have been measured near the bottom in many of these basins. Evidence of superadiabatic gradients from temperature measurements made with reversing thermometers is inconclusive; however, careful measurements with closely spaced thermometers suggest that such gradients do exist over vertical distances of a few hundred meters in some of the deepest basins. Decreasing potential density with depth, as found in some of the Atlantic Basins in association with sharp temperature and salinity gradients, is not necessarily an indication of unstable equilibrium. This is demonstrated by the results of stability calculations in the manner prescribed by Hesselberg and Sverdrup (1915). Close

• 153. [Article] The effect of temperature and salinity acclimation on the respiration rate of a marine polychaete, Serpula vermicularis L.

  In January 1970, collections of Serpula vermicularis L. were obtained from Bray Point, Oregon, for the purpose of determining the effect of acclimation to salinity and temperature on its rate of respiration. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of temperature and salinity acclimation on the respiration rate of a marine polychaete, Serpula vermicularis L. Author: Ikkanda, John Martin In January 1970, collections of Serpula vermicularis L. were obtained from Bray Point, Oregon, for the purpose of determining the effect of acclimation to salinity and temperature on its rate of respiration. The worms were removed from their tubes and acclimated to one of three salinities (28.8%₀, 31.1%₀, or 35.9%₀) and one of two temperatures (10°C or 15°C). Following a two-week acclimation period, measurements of the rates of respiration were made at 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C. The results of these measurements revealed that acclimation to salinity has no effect on the rate of respiration of Serpula vermicularis. This indicates that the serpulids had undergone complete compensation to these salinities. In comparing the rates of respiration of serpulids acclimated to different temperatures, it was found that the cold acclimated worms had higher rates of respiration than the warm acclimated worms at all experimental temperatures. The results of acclimation to temperature might be used to compare serpulids from different geographical areas. Perhaps such experiments would enable the researcher to gain insight into the variability of temperature regimes in different geographical locations by measuring the rates of respiration of serpulids collected in these areas. Title: The effect of temperature and salinity acclimation on the respiration rate of a marine polychaete, Serpula vermicularis L. Author: Ikkanda, John Martin In January 1970, collections of Serpula vermicularis L. were obtained from Bray Point, Oregon, for the purpose of determining the effect of acclimation to salinity and temperature on its rate of respiration. The worms were removed from their tubes and acclimated to one of three salinities (28.8%₀, 31.1%₀, or 35.9%₀) and one of two temperatures (10°C or 15°C). Following a two-week acclimation period, measurements of the rates of respiration were made at 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C. The results of these measurements revealed that acclimation to salinity has no effect on the rate of respiration of Serpula vermicularis. This indicates that the serpulids had undergone complete compensation to these salinities. In comparing the rates of respiration of serpulids acclimated to different temperatures, it was found that the cold acclimated worms had higher rates of respiration than the warm acclimated worms at all experimental temperatures. The results of acclimation to temperature might be used to compare serpulids from different geographical areas. Perhaps such experiments would enable the researcher to gain insight into the variability of temperature regimes in different geographical locations by measuring the rates of respiration of serpulids collected in these areas. Close

• 154. [Article] The Effect of Human Serum Albumin and Hematocrit on the Cake Collapse Temperature of Lyophilized Red Blood Cells

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., and can be found at: http://www.liebertpub.com/overview...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effect of Human Serum Albumin and Hematocrit on the Cake Collapse Temperature of Lyophilized Red Blood Cells Author: Higgins, Adam Z., Runyon, Daniel E. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., and can be found at: http://www.liebertpub.com/overview/biopreservation-and-biobanking/110/ Title: The Effect of Human Serum Albumin and Hematocrit on the Cake Collapse Temperature of Lyophilized Red Blood Cells Author: Higgins, Adam Z., Runyon, Daniel E. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., and can be found at: http://www.liebertpub.com/overview/biopreservation-and-biobanking/110/ Close

• 155. [Article] First principles study of finite temperature phase stability in (Cu,Ag,Au)In₂ and Al₂Cu alloys

  The common choice in computational approximations, from 0 K to room temperature, of solid materials is to assume the structure remains unchanged at low temperatures. Often such an approximation is a very ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: First principles study of finite temperature phase stability in (Cu,Ag,Au)In₂ and Al₂Cu alloys Author: Holmes, Aleczander S. The common choice in computational approximations, from 0 K to room temperature, of solid materials is to assume the structure remains unchanged at low temperatures. Often such an approximation is a very reasonable assumption. However, this approximation is not absolute and can break down even for relatively simple materials such as the four metal alloys CuIn₂, AgIn₂, AuIn₂ and AlIn₂,. All the material's structures were explored at varying temperatures using the C1 and C16 structures. The contribution to the free energy from lattice vibrations in CuIn₂, AgIn₂ and AlIn₂ causes the structures to change from C1 to C16 at high enough finite temperatures, while AuIn₂,, despite very similar bonding structure, remained in its initial state all the way until melting temperatures. In addition the phonon density of state and phonon distributions of all tested materials was found computationally and lightly explored to confirm changes in structure. Title: First principles study of finite temperature phase stability in (Cu,Ag,Au)In₂ and Al₂Cu alloys Author: Holmes, Aleczander S. The common choice in computational approximations, from 0 K to room temperature, of solid materials is to assume the structure remains unchanged at low temperatures. Often such an approximation is a very reasonable assumption. However, this approximation is not absolute and can break down even for relatively simple materials such as the four metal alloys CuIn₂, AgIn₂, AuIn₂ and AlIn₂,. All the material's structures were explored at varying temperatures using the C1 and C16 structures. The contribution to the free energy from lattice vibrations in CuIn₂, AgIn₂ and AlIn₂ causes the structures to change from C1 to C16 at high enough finite temperatures, while AuIn₂,, despite very similar bonding structure, remained in its initial state all the way until melting temperatures. In addition the phonon density of state and phonon distributions of all tested materials was found computationally and lightly explored to confirm changes in structure. Close

• 156. [Article] Response of Sagebrush Steppe Species to Elevated CO2 and Soil Temperature

  Elevated atmospheric CO2 may cause long-term changes in the productivity and species composition of the sagebrush steppe. Few studies, however, have evaluated the effects of increased CO2 on growth and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Response of Sagebrush Steppe Species to Elevated CO2 and Soil Temperature Author: Lucash, Melissa S., Farnsworth, Blake, Winner, William E. Year: 2005 Elevated atmospheric CO2 may cause long-term changes in the productivity and species composition of the sagebrush steppe. Few studies, however, have evaluated the effects of increased CO2 on growth and physiology of species important to this ecosystem. Since the response of plants to elevated CO2 may be limited by environmental factors, soil temperature was also examined to determine if low soil temperatures limit CO2 response. To determine how CO2 and soil temperature affect the growth of species native to the sagebrush steppe, bottlebrush squirreltail [Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey], Thurber needlegrass (Stipa thurberiana Piper), and Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis Beetle) were grown in ambient (374 mL L–1) or high (567 mL L–1) CO2 and low (13°C) or high (18°C) soil temperature for approximately 4 months. Although soil temperature affected the growth of squirreltail and needlegrass, temperature did not modify their response to elevated CO2. Total biomass of sagebrush was consistent across soil temperature and CO2 treatments, reflecting its slow-growing strategy. All 3 species had higher leaf water-use efficiency at elevated CO2 due to higher net photosynthesis and lower transpiration rates. We conclude that elevated CO2 and soil warming may increase the growth of grasses more than shrubs. Field studies in the sagebrush steppe are necessary to determine if differences in biomass, resulting from changes in CO2 and soil temperature, are exhibited in the field. Title: Response of Sagebrush Steppe Species to Elevated CO2 and Soil Temperature Author: Lucash, Melissa S., Farnsworth, Blake, Winner, William E. Year: 2005 Elevated atmospheric CO2 may cause long-term changes in the productivity and species composition of the sagebrush steppe. Few studies, however, have evaluated the effects of increased CO2 on growth and physiology of species important to this ecosystem. Since the response of plants to elevated CO2 may be limited by environmental factors, soil temperature was also examined to determine if low soil temperatures limit CO2 response. To determine how CO2 and soil temperature affect the growth of species native to the sagebrush steppe, bottlebrush squirreltail [Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey], Thurber needlegrass (Stipa thurberiana Piper), and Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis Beetle) were grown in ambient (374 mL L–1) or high (567 mL L–1) CO2 and low (13°C) or high (18°C) soil temperature for approximately 4 months. Although soil temperature affected the growth of squirreltail and needlegrass, temperature did not modify their response to elevated CO2. Total biomass of sagebrush was consistent across soil temperature and CO2 treatments, reflecting its slow-growing strategy. All 3 species had higher leaf water-use efficiency at elevated CO2 due to higher net photosynthesis and lower transpiration rates. We conclude that elevated CO2 and soil warming may increase the growth of grasses more than shrubs. Field studies in the sagebrush steppe are necessary to determine if differences in biomass, resulting from changes in CO2 and soil temperature, are exhibited in the field. Close

• 157. [Article] Seasonal Patterns of Photosynthesis in Douglas Fir Seedlings During the Third and Fourth Year of Exposure to Elevated CO2 and Temperature

  The interactive effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature on seasonal patterns of photosynthesis in Douglas fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were examined. Seedlings were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal Patterns of Photosynthesis in Douglas Fir Seedlings During the Third and Fourth Year of Exposure to Elevated CO2 and Temperature Author: Lewis, James D., Lucash, Melissa S., Olszyk, David M., Tingey, David T. Year: 2001 The interactive effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature on seasonal patterns of photosynthesis in Douglas fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were examined. Seedlings were grown in sunlit chambers controlled to track either ambient (~400 p.p.m.) CO2 or ambient +200 p.p.m. CO2, and either ambient temperature or ambient +4 °C. Light-saturated net photosynthetic rates were measured approximately monthly over a 21 month period. Elevated CO2 increased net photosynthetic rates by an average of 21% across temperature treatments during both the 1996 hydrologic year, the third year of exposure, and the 1997 hydrologic year. Elevated mean annual temperature increased net photosynthetic rates by an average of 33% across CO2 treatments during both years. Seasonal temperature changes also affected net photosynthetic rates. Across treatments, net photosynthetic rates were highest in the spring and autumn, and lowest in July, August and December–January. Seasonal increases in temperature were not correlated with increases in the relative photosynthetic response to elevated CO2. Seasonal shifts in the photosynthetic temperature optimum reduced temperature effects on the relative response to elevated CO2. These results suggest that the effects of elevated CO2 on net photosynthetic rates in Douglas fir are largely independent of temperature. Title: Seasonal Patterns of Photosynthesis in Douglas Fir Seedlings During the Third and Fourth Year of Exposure to Elevated CO2 and Temperature Author: Lewis, James D., Lucash, Melissa S., Olszyk, David M., Tingey, David T. Year: 2001 The interactive effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature on seasonal patterns of photosynthesis in Douglas fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were examined. Seedlings were grown in sunlit chambers controlled to track either ambient (~400 p.p.m.) CO2 or ambient +200 p.p.m. CO2, and either ambient temperature or ambient +4 °C. Light-saturated net photosynthetic rates were measured approximately monthly over a 21 month period. Elevated CO2 increased net photosynthetic rates by an average of 21% across temperature treatments during both the 1996 hydrologic year, the third year of exposure, and the 1997 hydrologic year. Elevated mean annual temperature increased net photosynthetic rates by an average of 33% across CO2 treatments during both years. Seasonal temperature changes also affected net photosynthetic rates. Across treatments, net photosynthetic rates were highest in the spring and autumn, and lowest in July, August and December–January. Seasonal increases in temperature were not correlated with increases in the relative photosynthetic response to elevated CO2. Seasonal shifts in the photosynthetic temperature optimum reduced temperature effects on the relative response to elevated CO2. These results suggest that the effects of elevated CO2 on net photosynthetic rates in Douglas fir are largely independent of temperature. Close

• 158. [Article] The effects of temperature on growth, development and settlement of northern rock sole larvae (Lepidopsetta polyxystra)

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of temperature on growth, development and settlement of northern rock sole larvae (Lepidopsetta polyxystra) Author: Haines, Scott, Laurel, Benjamin J., Danley, Courtney To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291365-2419. Title: The effects of temperature on growth, development and settlement of northern rock sole larvae (Lepidopsetta polyxystra) Author: Haines, Scott, Laurel, Benjamin J., Danley, Courtney To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291365-2419. Close

• 159. [Article] Variations in air and ground temperature and the POM-SAT model: Results from the Northern Hemisphere

  The POM-SAT model for comparing air and ground temperatures is based on the supposition that surface air temperature (SAT) records provide a good prediction of thermal transients in the shallow subsurface ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Variations in air and ground temperature and the POM-SAT model: Results from the Northern Hemisphere Author: Harris, Robert N. The POM-SAT model for comparing air and ground temperatures is based on the supposition that surface air temperature (SAT) records provide a good prediction of thermal transients in the shallow subsurface of the Earth. This model consists of two components, the forcing function and an initial condition, termed the pre-observational mean (POM). I explore the sensitivity of this model as a function of forcing periods at time scales appropriate for climate reconstructions. Synthetic models are designed to replicate comparisons between borehole temperatures contained in the global database of temperature profiles for climate reconstructions and gridded SAT data. I find that the root mean square (RMS) misfit between forcing functions and transient temperature profiles in the subsurface are sensitive to periods longer than about 50 years, are a maximum when the period and the 150-year time series are equal and then decreases for longer periods. The magnitude of the POM is a robust parameter for periods equal to or shorter than the length of this time series. At longer periods there is a tradeoff between the amplitude of the forcing function and the POM. These tests provide guidelines for assessing comparisons between air and ground temperatures at periods appropriate for climate reconstructions. The sensitivity of comparisons between the average Northern Hemisphere gridded SAT record and subsurface temperature-depth profile as a function of forcing period is assessed. This analysis indicates that the Northern Hemisphere extratropical average SAT and reduced temperature-depth profile are in good agreement. By adding modest heat to the subsurface at intermediate periods some improvement in misfit can be made, but this extra heat has negligible influence on the POM. The joint analysis of borehole temperatures and SAT records indicate warming of about 1.1°C over the last 500 years, consistent with previous studies. Title: Variations in air and ground temperature and the POM-SAT model: Results from the Northern Hemisphere Author: Harris, Robert N. The POM-SAT model for comparing air and ground temperatures is based on the supposition that surface air temperature (SAT) records provide a good prediction of thermal transients in the shallow subsurface of the Earth. This model consists of two components, the forcing function and an initial condition, termed the pre-observational mean (POM). I explore the sensitivity of this model as a function of forcing periods at time scales appropriate for climate reconstructions. Synthetic models are designed to replicate comparisons between borehole temperatures contained in the global database of temperature profiles for climate reconstructions and gridded SAT data. I find that the root mean square (RMS) misfit between forcing functions and transient temperature profiles in the subsurface are sensitive to periods longer than about 50 years, are a maximum when the period and the 150-year time series are equal and then decreases for longer periods. The magnitude of the POM is a robust parameter for periods equal to or shorter than the length of this time series. At longer periods there is a tradeoff between the amplitude of the forcing function and the POM. These tests provide guidelines for assessing comparisons between air and ground temperatures at periods appropriate for climate reconstructions. The sensitivity of comparisons between the average Northern Hemisphere gridded SAT record and subsurface temperature-depth profile as a function of forcing period is assessed. This analysis indicates that the Northern Hemisphere extratropical average SAT and reduced temperature-depth profile are in good agreement. By adding modest heat to the subsurface at intermediate periods some improvement in misfit can be made, but this extra heat has negligible influence on the POM. The joint analysis of borehole temperatures and SAT records indicate warming of about 1.1°C over the last 500 years, consistent with previous studies. Close

• 160. [Article] Relationship Between Temperature and Ceratomyxa shasta–Induced Mortality In Klamath River Salmonids

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Society of Parasitologists and can be found at: http://amsocparasit.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relationship Between Temperature and Ceratomyxa shasta–Induced Mortality In Klamath River Salmonids Author: Bartholomew, Jerri L., Holt, Richard A., Ray, R. Adam This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Society of Parasitologists and can be found at: http://amsocparasit.org/. Title: Relationship Between Temperature and Ceratomyxa shasta–Induced Mortality In Klamath River Salmonids Author: Bartholomew, Jerri L., Holt, Richard A., Ray, R. Adam This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Society of Parasitologists and can be found at: http://amsocparasit.org/. Close

• 161. [Article] Oregon's Water Temperature Standard and its Application: Causes, Consequences, and Controversies Associated with Stream Temperature

  This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon's Water Temperature Standard and its Application: Causes, Consequences, and Controversies Associated with Stream Temperature Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. Title: Oregon's Water Temperature Standard and its Application: Causes, Consequences, and Controversies Associated with Stream Temperature Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. Close

• 162. [Article] Temperature prediction using energy budget techniques on small mountain streams

  This study is part of the Alsea Basin Logging-Aquatic Resources Study research program. It was initiated to determine the applicability of energy budget theory to stream temperature prediction on small forested ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperature prediction using energy budget techniques on small mountain streams Author: Brown, George Wallace, 1939- This study is part of the Alsea Basin Logging-Aquatic Resources Study research program. It was initiated to determine the applicability of energy budget theory to stream temperature prediction on small forested streams. The study was also designed to evaluate the energy budget technique as a tool in the management of mountain streams for the production of high quality water. Temperature predictions were made on four stretches of three streams in the Coast and Cascade Ranges in Oregon during the summers of 1965 and 1966. Three of these stretches were forested. The fourth was completely exposed to direct radiation. Stream temperature change occurring within a stretch of stream was determined by evaluating the radiative, evaporative, and conductive fluxes incident at the surface of the water as it moved down stream. Net radiation was measured directly. Evaporation was computed using a Dalton type equation. Conduction was determined with the Bowen ratio. These fluxes were then added to determine the net flux. Stream temperature change was computed as: [see pdf for equation] Stream temperature was predicted with varying degrees of accuracy on the four stretches. Tests suggested that the predictions could be improved slightly on long stretches by subdivision of the stretch and by separating data into daytime or nighttime units. Additional tests indicated that under a broken canopy. net radiation estimates, and thus stream temperature predictions, may be improved by measuring, or utilizing in the predictive equation, only the diffuse radiation penetrating the canopy. Integration of the net radiation recorded to include occasional spots of sunlight results in an overestimation of temperature change during sunny periods. A stream bottom may act as a heat sink during the day and as a heat source at night. This phenomenon was measured on one stretch. This helped explain predictive errors of about 10° F. The study on the open stretch showed that during the day, conductive and evaporative fluxes were small compared to the radiative flux. This led to modification of the original formula for predicting temperature maxima. This formula is: [see pdf for equation] This permits field personnel to make estimates of maximum temperature changes attainable by opening a stretch of stream. Title: Temperature prediction using energy budget techniques on small mountain streams Author: Brown, George Wallace, 1939- This study is part of the Alsea Basin Logging-Aquatic Resources Study research program. It was initiated to determine the applicability of energy budget theory to stream temperature prediction on small forested streams. The study was also designed to evaluate the energy budget technique as a tool in the management of mountain streams for the production of high quality water. Temperature predictions were made on four stretches of three streams in the Coast and Cascade Ranges in Oregon during the summers of 1965 and 1966. Three of these stretches were forested. The fourth was completely exposed to direct radiation. Stream temperature change occurring within a stretch of stream was determined by evaluating the radiative, evaporative, and conductive fluxes incident at the surface of the water as it moved down stream. Net radiation was measured directly. Evaporation was computed using a Dalton type equation. Conduction was determined with the Bowen ratio. These fluxes were then added to determine the net flux. Stream temperature change was computed as: [see pdf for equation] Stream temperature was predicted with varying degrees of accuracy on the four stretches. Tests suggested that the predictions could be improved slightly on long stretches by subdivision of the stretch and by separating data into daytime or nighttime units. Additional tests indicated that under a broken canopy. net radiation estimates, and thus stream temperature predictions, may be improved by measuring, or utilizing in the predictive equation, only the diffuse radiation penetrating the canopy. Integration of the net radiation recorded to include occasional spots of sunlight results in an overestimation of temperature change during sunny periods. A stream bottom may act as a heat sink during the day and as a heat source at night. This phenomenon was measured on one stretch. This helped explain predictive errors of about 10° F. The study on the open stretch showed that during the day, conductive and evaporative fluxes were small compared to the radiative flux. This led to modification of the original formula for predicting temperature maxima. This formula is: [see pdf for equation] This permits field personnel to make estimates of maximum temperature changes attainable by opening a stretch of stream. Close

• 163. [Article] Spatio – temporal temperature variations during droplet impingement evaporation : effects of nanofluid and nano-structured surface

  Droplet and spray impingement cooling are typically used in high heat flux thermal management. In this thesis, droplet impingement and evaporation heat transfer characteristics are determined from measured ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatio – temporal temperature variations during droplet impingement evaporation : effects of nanofluid and nano-structured surface Author: Graber, Christof Droplet and spray impingement cooling are typically used in high heat flux thermal management. In this thesis, droplet impingement and evaporation heat transfer characteristics are determined from measured spatially- and temporally- varying fluid and surface temperatures. Unique to this study is the documentation of the effects of using a nanofluid and a nano-structured surface for dropwise cooling by comparison of heat transfer characteristics with that of water droplet impingement on a polished surface. Temperatures were determined using radiation intensities recorded using an Infrared (IR) camera. The impingement surface is either comprised of IR transparent silicon, which permits near-surface fluid temperature measurements, or an IR opaque gold coated surface, which permits surface temperature measurements. A range of surface heat fluxes, resulting in both single-phase and boiling conditions are studied. Three different impingement surfaces have been tested, including polished silicon, nano-structured porous silicon, and gold coated polished silicon. The nanofluid is a water-based carbon nanotube suspension. Five major droplet impingement and evaporation stages have been identified: initial impact, boiling (if the surface temperature was sufficiently high), approximately constant diameter evaporation, stepwise fast receding contact line evaporation, and simultaneously decaying diameter and contact angle final dryout period. The surface temperature spatial distribution shows the lowest temperature values within the contact area bulk region and increasing temperature values toward the contact line region and beyond. The basic temperature trends and evaporation behavior are similar for the polished and nano-structured surface while the nanofluid exhibits some distinction. Evaporation times are reduced up to 20% and 37% using the nanostructured surface and nanofluid, respectively. Considering the evaporation time reduction as a measure of droplet cooling performance, the nano-enhanced surface and nanofluid may improve heat transfer in droplet impingement and spray cooling applications. Title: Spatio – temporal temperature variations during droplet impingement evaporation : effects of nanofluid and nano-structured surface Author: Graber, Christof Droplet and spray impingement cooling are typically used in high heat flux thermal management. In this thesis, droplet impingement and evaporation heat transfer characteristics are determined from measured spatially- and temporally- varying fluid and surface temperatures. Unique to this study is the documentation of the effects of using a nanofluid and a nano-structured surface for dropwise cooling by comparison of heat transfer characteristics with that of water droplet impingement on a polished surface. Temperatures were determined using radiation intensities recorded using an Infrared (IR) camera. The impingement surface is either comprised of IR transparent silicon, which permits near-surface fluid temperature measurements, or an IR opaque gold coated surface, which permits surface temperature measurements. A range of surface heat fluxes, resulting in both single-phase and boiling conditions are studied. Three different impingement surfaces have been tested, including polished silicon, nano-structured porous silicon, and gold coated polished silicon. The nanofluid is a water-based carbon nanotube suspension. Five major droplet impingement and evaporation stages have been identified: initial impact, boiling (if the surface temperature was sufficiently high), approximately constant diameter evaporation, stepwise fast receding contact line evaporation, and simultaneously decaying diameter and contact angle final dryout period. The surface temperature spatial distribution shows the lowest temperature values within the contact area bulk region and increasing temperature values toward the contact line region and beyond. The basic temperature trends and evaporation behavior are similar for the polished and nano-structured surface while the nanofluid exhibits some distinction. Evaporation times are reduced up to 20% and 37% using the nanostructured surface and nanofluid, respectively. Considering the evaporation time reduction as a measure of droplet cooling performance, the nano-enhanced surface and nanofluid may improve heat transfer in droplet impingement and spray cooling applications. Close

• 164. [Article] The thermal characteristics of hydrologically intact Type C and E streams in eastern Oregon

  Many streams in eastern Oregon are listed as water quality impaired on the basis of water temperature. However, it is often difficult to predict water temperature for these streams even if there are no ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The thermal characteristics of hydrologically intact Type C and E streams in eastern Oregon Author: Hopkins, Karl T. Many streams in eastern Oregon are listed as water quality impaired on the basis of water temperature. However, it is often difficult to predict water temperature for these streams even if there are no anthropogenic impacts. We measured air and water temperature and stream characteristics on three Type C and E channel streams to determine if stream type can help predict stream thermal characteristics. All six streams were hydrologically intact, assessed as Proper Functioning Condition (PFC), and were located in eastern and south central Oregon. Water and air temperatures and stream geomorphic data were taken during the summer months of 1998 and 1999. Average daily maximum and minimum water temperature and average daily maximum and minimum rates of change in water temperature following normalization of data with estimated water residence time were analyzed. There was more variation within stream type than across groups, which precluded separation of stream types based on thermal characteristics. Most streams regardless of type and year exhibited similar daily mean nighttime recoveries of approximately 0.53°C/hour cooling in the downstream direction following normalization by water residence time. All of the streams heated at least 1.0°C/hour during the day with some streams gaining 2.25°C/hour in the downstream direction following normalization by water residence time. Thermal variation among the streams was likely a result of the daily initial water temperature, the gradient between stream and thermal environment, and the varied physical character of each stream within type. Atmospheric temperature is probably the single most critical factor for characterizing stream temperature behavior during the periods of heating and cooling. Title: The thermal characteristics of hydrologically intact Type C and E streams in eastern Oregon Author: Hopkins, Karl T. Many streams in eastern Oregon are listed as water quality impaired on the basis of water temperature. However, it is often difficult to predict water temperature for these streams even if there are no anthropogenic impacts. We measured air and water temperature and stream characteristics on three Type C and E channel streams to determine if stream type can help predict stream thermal characteristics. All six streams were hydrologically intact, assessed as Proper Functioning Condition (PFC), and were located in eastern and south central Oregon. Water and air temperatures and stream geomorphic data were taken during the summer months of 1998 and 1999. Average daily maximum and minimum water temperature and average daily maximum and minimum rates of change in water temperature following normalization of data with estimated water residence time were analyzed. There was more variation within stream type than across groups, which precluded separation of stream types based on thermal characteristics. Most streams regardless of type and year exhibited similar daily mean nighttime recoveries of approximately 0.53°C/hour cooling in the downstream direction following normalization by water residence time. All of the streams heated at least 1.0°C/hour during the day with some streams gaining 2.25°C/hour in the downstream direction following normalization by water residence time. Thermal variation among the streams was likely a result of the daily initial water temperature, the gradient between stream and thermal environment, and the varied physical character of each stream within type. Atmospheric temperature is probably the single most critical factor for characterizing stream temperature behavior during the periods of heating and cooling. Close

• 165. [Article] The effect of soil temperature and soil moisture stress on S-urea mineralization and ryegrass yield

  A growth chamber experiment was conducted to determine the rate of S-urea mineralization and effect of S-urea on the yield of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) grown in Steiwer soil as influenced by soil temperature ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of soil temperature and soil moisture stress on S-urea mineralization and ryegrass yield Author: Akratanakul, Wanee A growth chamber experiment was conducted to determine the rate of S-urea mineralization and effect of S-urea on the yield of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) grown in Steiwer soil as influenced by soil temperature (60, 75, and 90° F) and soil moisture stress (0. 10, 0.35, and 2.50 bars). Plant yield, nitrogen and sulphur uptake and amount of S-urea mineralized were studied. The optimum conditions for ryegrass growth appeared to vary due to the interaction between soil temperature and moisture status. Increasing root temperature indicated a higher soil moisture content was required for optimum ryegrass growth. High soil temperature and low soil water suction decreased the percent plant nitrogen in 31-day old seedlings. Ryegrass N-uptake was highest in the 31-day old seedlings maintained at 0.35 bar soil water suction and a root temperature of 75° F. Optimum conditions for S-urea mineralization to available NH₄ + NO₃ occurred at a soil temperature of 90° F and moisture stress of 0.10 bar. Moreover, the mineralization exceeded 60 percent of the S-urea added in only 9 days after application under these warm moist soil conditions. The amount of nitrogen mineralized was directly related to plant growth. While SO₄-S mineralized from S-urea varied directly with soil temperature and moisture content unlike nitrogen mineralization no interaction between these two factors was observed. Sulphur and nitrogen status in plants proved to have a close relationship. At low soil temperature and high soil moisture content luxury consumption of sulphate by ryegrass likely occurred. Title: The effect of soil temperature and soil moisture stress on S-urea mineralization and ryegrass yield Author: Akratanakul, Wanee A growth chamber experiment was conducted to determine the rate of S-urea mineralization and effect of S-urea on the yield of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) grown in Steiwer soil as influenced by soil temperature (60, 75, and 90° F) and soil moisture stress (0. 10, 0.35, and 2.50 bars). Plant yield, nitrogen and sulphur uptake and amount of S-urea mineralized were studied. The optimum conditions for ryegrass growth appeared to vary due to the interaction between soil temperature and moisture status. Increasing root temperature indicated a higher soil moisture content was required for optimum ryegrass growth. High soil temperature and low soil water suction decreased the percent plant nitrogen in 31-day old seedlings. Ryegrass N-uptake was highest in the 31-day old seedlings maintained at 0.35 bar soil water suction and a root temperature of 75° F. Optimum conditions for S-urea mineralization to available NH₄ + NO₃ occurred at a soil temperature of 90° F and moisture stress of 0.10 bar. Moreover, the mineralization exceeded 60 percent of the S-urea added in only 9 days after application under these warm moist soil conditions. The amount of nitrogen mineralized was directly related to plant growth. While SO₄-S mineralized from S-urea varied directly with soil temperature and moisture content unlike nitrogen mineralization no interaction between these two factors was observed. Sulphur and nitrogen status in plants proved to have a close relationship. At low soil temperature and high soil moisture content luxury consumption of sulphate by ryegrass likely occurred. Close

• 166. [Article] Temperature-dependent development of strawberry root weevil Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.)

  The temperature-dependent development of pupae and adults of strawberry root weevil (SRW) Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.) was studied in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. var. 'Totem'). The development of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperature-dependent development of strawberry root weevil Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.) Author: Umble, Jon R. The temperature-dependent development of pupae and adults of strawberry root weevil (SRW) Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.) was studied in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. var. 'Totem'). The development of pupae and adults was investigated at constant temperatures from 3-33°C at 3°C intervals. Major emphasis was on the development of a weighted linear temperature-based pupal prediction model. The predictive ability of this weighted model was compared to a traditional non-weighted linear degree-day model by relating predictions to the observed occurrence of SRW lifestages determined by field sampling. The upper thermal lethal limit for SRW pupae was between 30 and 33°C. Pupae did not eclose below 6°C. Mean pupal duration was 127 d at 6°C and 7 d at 30°C. Rate of development (1/days) was greatest at 30°C. The weighted linear pupal prediction model produced a developmental threshold of 4.3°C and a degree-day requirement of 227.3. The non-weighted linear pupal prediction model produced a developmental threshold of 6.2°C and a degree-day requirement of 163.9. Adults fed at all temperatures from 3-33°C and oviposited at temperatures between 18 and 30°C . The longest preoviposition period (32.8 d) and the least total number of eggs (2.2) were observed at 18°C. The shortest preoviposition period (15.1 d) and the greatest total number of eggs (282.5) were observed at 27°C. A temperature range of 21 to 27°C appeared to be optimum for oviposition; i.e. relative to other temperatures, preoviposition time was short, mortality was low, and total number of eggs laid was high. Title: Temperature-dependent development of strawberry root weevil Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.) Author: Umble, Jon R. The temperature-dependent development of pupae and adults of strawberry root weevil (SRW) Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.) was studied in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. var. 'Totem'). The development of pupae and adults was investigated at constant temperatures from 3-33°C at 3°C intervals. Major emphasis was on the development of a weighted linear temperature-based pupal prediction model. The predictive ability of this weighted model was compared to a traditional non-weighted linear degree-day model by relating predictions to the observed occurrence of SRW lifestages determined by field sampling. The upper thermal lethal limit for SRW pupae was between 30 and 33°C. Pupae did not eclose below 6°C. Mean pupal duration was 127 d at 6°C and 7 d at 30°C. Rate of development (1/days) was greatest at 30°C. The weighted linear pupal prediction model produced a developmental threshold of 4.3°C and a degree-day requirement of 227.3. The non-weighted linear pupal prediction model produced a developmental threshold of 6.2°C and a degree-day requirement of 163.9. Adults fed at all temperatures from 3-33°C and oviposited at temperatures between 18 and 30°C . The longest preoviposition period (32.8 d) and the least total number of eggs (2.2) were observed at 18°C. The shortest preoviposition period (15.1 d) and the greatest total number of eggs (282.5) were observed at 27°C. A temperature range of 21 to 27°C appeared to be optimum for oviposition; i.e. relative to other temperatures, preoviposition time was short, mortality was low, and total number of eggs laid was high. Close

• 167. [Article] Microchannel steam-methane reforming under constant and variable surface temperature distributions

  Steam-methane reforming is a well understood industrial process used for generating hydrogen and synthesis gas. The reaction is generally carried out with residence times on the order of one second. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Microchannel steam-methane reforming under constant and variable surface temperature distributions Author: Eilers, Benn J. Steam-methane reforming is a well understood industrial process used for generating hydrogen and synthesis gas. The reaction is generally carried out with residence times on the order of one second. By performing this reaction at microscales it is possible to take advantage of increased heat transfer rates and low diffusion times allowing equipment size and residence times to be decreased by an order of magnitude. The energy required for the steam-methane reforming reaction could be supplied by solar energy through the use of a solar collector/receiver, thus providing a "cleaner" pathway for hydrogen generation. In such reactors, it is expected that the heat flux and temperature distribution is non-uniform. This study presents a first step in characterizing reforming performance under such variable temperature conditions. The design of the channel was such that the non-uniform heat flux profile expected inside of a solar receiver could be simulated by a controllable temperature profile along the reactor surface. Experiments were conducted over four catalyst configurations and the effects of average reactor temperature, temperature distribution, residence time, steam-methane ratio, and long duration testing were all evaluated. Results demonstrated over 60% conversion of methane at 900°C and a residence time of 26 milliseconds. Methane conversion was found to be strongly dependent on reactor temperature. Ramping temperature distributions demonstrated a 46% greater hydrogen output than isothermal reactions performed at the same average temperature. This work was performed in conjunction with development of a CFD model of reacting flow through a microchannel [1]. The experiments were used to determine the pre-exponential constants of the global reaction rates. Title: Microchannel steam-methane reforming under constant and variable surface temperature distributions Author: Eilers, Benn J. Steam-methane reforming is a well understood industrial process used for generating hydrogen and synthesis gas. The reaction is generally carried out with residence times on the order of one second. By performing this reaction at microscales it is possible to take advantage of increased heat transfer rates and low diffusion times allowing equipment size and residence times to be decreased by an order of magnitude. The energy required for the steam-methane reforming reaction could be supplied by solar energy through the use of a solar collector/receiver, thus providing a "cleaner" pathway for hydrogen generation. In such reactors, it is expected that the heat flux and temperature distribution is non-uniform. This study presents a first step in characterizing reforming performance under such variable temperature conditions. The design of the channel was such that the non-uniform heat flux profile expected inside of a solar receiver could be simulated by a controllable temperature profile along the reactor surface. Experiments were conducted over four catalyst configurations and the effects of average reactor temperature, temperature distribution, residence time, steam-methane ratio, and long duration testing were all evaluated. Results demonstrated over 60% conversion of methane at 900°C and a residence time of 26 milliseconds. Methane conversion was found to be strongly dependent on reactor temperature. Ramping temperature distributions demonstrated a 46% greater hydrogen output than isothermal reactions performed at the same average temperature. This work was performed in conjunction with development of a CFD model of reacting flow through a microchannel [1]. The experiments were used to determine the pre-exponential constants of the global reaction rates. Close

• 168. [Article] Fouling characteristics of a desalted crude oil

  The fouling characteristics of a desalted crude oil were investigated in a systematic investigation. There are two main parts in this study, the dry bulk tests (dehydrated crude oil) and the wet bulk tests ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fouling characteristics of a desalted crude oil Author: Lin, Dah-cheng The fouling characteristics of a desalted crude oil were investigated in a systematic investigation. There are two main parts in this study, the dry bulk tests (dehydrated crude oil) and the wet bulk tests (to which desalter brine was added). Three barrels of desalted crude oil provided by Amoco Oil Company were studied. For the dry bulk tests, no brine was added to the crude oil. The effects of fluid velocity and surface temperature on fouling were investigated. The higher the surface temperature the greater the fouling was observed. Fouling decreased with an increase of fluid velocity. Fluid velocity had a stronger effect on fouling at low surface temperatures than at high surface temperatures. It was also observed that the fouling behavior of crude oil depended on small difference in composition. The threshold surface temperatures for the initiation of fouling were 400-450 °F (3.0 ft/sec), 525-550 °F (5.5 ft/sec), 550-600 °F (8.0 ft/sec) and about 600 °F (10.0 ft/sec) for Barrel No. 2 and Barrel No. 3. For Barrel No. 1 however, the threshold surface temperatures were about 550 °F (3.0 ft/sec) and 600 °F (5.5 ft/sec). For the wet bulk tests, a certain amount desalter brine (weight percentage = 0.8%) was added to the crude oil for each run. The effects of fluid velocity, surface temperature and the presence of brine on fouling were investigated. Higher surface temperature enhanced fouling considerably. Fouling was reduced as fluid velocity was increased. It was shown that brine had a strong effect on fouling. No fouling occurred for velocities of 5.5 and 8.0 ft/sec at a surface temperature of 350 °F which was a condition for which an aqueous phase was present and the salt remained in solution. Significant fouling occurred for velocities of 5.5 and 8.0 ft/sec at a surface temperature operated at a low 400 °F (Tb = 300 °F) which was a condition for which the aqueous phase at the heat transfer surface was dissolved or boiled to extinction and the salt was deposited on the heat transfer surface. Title: Fouling characteristics of a desalted crude oil Author: Lin, Dah-cheng The fouling characteristics of a desalted crude oil were investigated in a systematic investigation. There are two main parts in this study, the dry bulk tests (dehydrated crude oil) and the wet bulk tests (to which desalter brine was added). Three barrels of desalted crude oil provided by Amoco Oil Company were studied. For the dry bulk tests, no brine was added to the crude oil. The effects of fluid velocity and surface temperature on fouling were investigated. The higher the surface temperature the greater the fouling was observed. Fouling decreased with an increase of fluid velocity. Fluid velocity had a stronger effect on fouling at low surface temperatures than at high surface temperatures. It was also observed that the fouling behavior of crude oil depended on small difference in composition. The threshold surface temperatures for the initiation of fouling were 400-450 °F (3.0 ft/sec), 525-550 °F (5.5 ft/sec), 550-600 °F (8.0 ft/sec) and about 600 °F (10.0 ft/sec) for Barrel No. 2 and Barrel No. 3. For Barrel No. 1 however, the threshold surface temperatures were about 550 °F (3.0 ft/sec) and 600 °F (5.5 ft/sec). For the wet bulk tests, a certain amount desalter brine (weight percentage = 0.8%) was added to the crude oil for each run. The effects of fluid velocity, surface temperature and the presence of brine on fouling were investigated. Higher surface temperature enhanced fouling considerably. Fouling was reduced as fluid velocity was increased. It was shown that brine had a strong effect on fouling. No fouling occurred for velocities of 5.5 and 8.0 ft/sec at a surface temperature of 350 °F which was a condition for which an aqueous phase was present and the salt remained in solution. Significant fouling occurred for velocities of 5.5 and 8.0 ft/sec at a surface temperature operated at a low 400 °F (Tb = 300 °F) which was a condition for which the aqueous phase at the heat transfer surface was dissolved or boiled to extinction and the salt was deposited on the heat transfer surface. Close

• 169. [Article] Effects of petroleum mulch on soil water content and soil temperature

  Petroleum mulch applied on the soil surface over a row of planted seeds promotes a more rapid and a more uniform germination of seeds, enhances elongation of seedlings and in some cases increases the yield ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of petroleum mulch on soil water content and soil temperature Author: Kowsar, Ahang Petroleum mulch applied on the soil surface over a row of planted seeds promotes a more rapid and a more uniform germination of seeds, enhances elongation of seedlings and in some cases increases the yield of the crop. The beneficial effects of petroleum mulch have usually been attributed to increased soil temperatures below the mulch. Some reports have pointed out that evaporation of soil water is reduced as a result of the mulch application. An experimental arrangement was designed so that changes in soil temperature and soil water content of mulched and unmulched soil, subjected to the same radiation load could be measured under controlled conditions. Soil at a pre-determined water content was packed into boxes with inside dimensions of 4.0 x 40.0 x 48.0 cm. A ten cm wide band of mulch was applied to one side of the slab leaving 30 cm of bare soil. The soil was subjected to a temperature cycle by turning on infra-red heat lamps at 8:00 A.M., increasing the energy output at hourly intervals with a variable transformer until 2:00 P.M. and then decreasing the energy output until the lights were turned off at 8:00 P.M. Soil temperatures were measured at two-hour intervals with calibrated thermistors inserted into the soil slab. Soil water content changes at selected points were measured at regular intervals with a collimated gamma-beam, movable in a vertical as well as a horizontal direction. The heat flux into the soil was measured with heat flux discs. It was observed that an application of petroleum mulch, changes the temperature and water regime of a soil. The mulch covered soil was about 5°C warmer than the bare soil at the time the soil temperatures attained their maximum value. At all other times the temperature difference between mulched and bare soil was smaller. The bare soil rapidly lost water in the upper four centimeters. The mulch covered soil lost water in the upper cm of soil but gained water at depths below this zone. This gain in water was observed in the zone where seedlings are normally placed, indicating that the beneficial effect of petroleum mulch on germination and seedling growth must be attributed to improved soil water conditions as well as to improved soil temperature conditions. Title: Effects of petroleum mulch on soil water content and soil temperature Author: Kowsar, Ahang Petroleum mulch applied on the soil surface over a row of planted seeds promotes a more rapid and a more uniform germination of seeds, enhances elongation of seedlings and in some cases increases the yield of the crop. The beneficial effects of petroleum mulch have usually been attributed to increased soil temperatures below the mulch. Some reports have pointed out that evaporation of soil water is reduced as a result of the mulch application. An experimental arrangement was designed so that changes in soil temperature and soil water content of mulched and unmulched soil, subjected to the same radiation load could be measured under controlled conditions. Soil at a pre-determined water content was packed into boxes with inside dimensions of 4.0 x 40.0 x 48.0 cm. A ten cm wide band of mulch was applied to one side of the slab leaving 30 cm of bare soil. The soil was subjected to a temperature cycle by turning on infra-red heat lamps at 8:00 A.M., increasing the energy output at hourly intervals with a variable transformer until 2:00 P.M. and then decreasing the energy output until the lights were turned off at 8:00 P.M. Soil temperatures were measured at two-hour intervals with calibrated thermistors inserted into the soil slab. Soil water content changes at selected points were measured at regular intervals with a collimated gamma-beam, movable in a vertical as well as a horizontal direction. The heat flux into the soil was measured with heat flux discs. It was observed that an application of petroleum mulch, changes the temperature and water regime of a soil. The mulch covered soil was about 5°C warmer than the bare soil at the time the soil temperatures attained their maximum value. At all other times the temperature difference between mulched and bare soil was smaller. The bare soil rapidly lost water in the upper four centimeters. The mulch covered soil lost water in the upper cm of soil but gained water at depths below this zone. This gain in water was observed in the zone where seedlings are normally placed, indicating that the beneficial effect of petroleum mulch on germination and seedling growth must be attributed to improved soil water conditions as well as to improved soil temperature conditions. Close

• 170. [Article] Viscosity of the Zr₄₁.₂Ti₁₃.₈Cu₁₂.₅Ni₁₀.₀Be₂₂.₅ bulk metallic glass forming alloy above the liquidus temperature

  The viscosity of Zr[subscript 41.2]Ti[subscript 13.8]Cu[subscript 12.5]Ni[subscript 10.0]Be[subscript 22.5] (Vit1) has been measured above the liquidus temperature, T[subscript liq]=1026 K, using a high ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Viscosity of the Zr₄₁.₂Ti₁₃.₈Cu₁₂.₅Ni₁₀.₀Be₂₂.₅ bulk metallic glass forming alloy above the liquidus temperature Author: Way, Christopher D. The viscosity of Zr[subscript 41.2]Ti[subscript 13.8]Cu[subscript 12.5]Ni[subscript 10.0]Be[subscript 22.5] (Vit1) has been measured above the liquidus temperature, T[subscript liq]=1026 K, using a high vacuum high temperature rapid annealing furnace equipped with a Couette Concentric Cylinder Rheometer. Steady state measurements have been taken over a temperature range of 1075-1300 K and a shear rate range of 10⁰-10² s⁻¹. It has previously been discovered that there exists a pronounced decrease in viscosity with increasing shear rate which is contrary to the general belief that metallic systems above the liquidus temperature should show Newtonian behavior due to high atomic mobility. This suggests that there is short or medium range order present in the liquid state that can be destroyed by shearing. This current study has discovered that this shear rate dependence of the viscosity of Vit1 decreases with increasing temperature and approaches the Newtonian behavior and viscosities of simple monatomic or binary liquid alloys at 1225 K. Once this state is reached the viscosity will remain Newtonian in the liquid state and no order is reformed until the sample is cooled into the supercooled region. This indicates a strong temperature history dependence of the viscosity. It has also been discovered that initially crystalline Vit1 has an order of magnitude lower viscosity than initially amorphous Vit1 at 1075 K after melting. This difference decreases with increasing temperature until similar viscosities are obtained at 1175 K. The Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann relationship shows decreasing fragility of Vit1 with increasing shear rate and increasing temperature. It was also seen that temperature has a larger and more permanent effect on the fragility than shear rate. The development and results of converting viscosity data to configurational entropy using the Adam-Gibbs entropy model for viscous flow are discussed. This shows that the configurational entropy present after melting is on the order of the entropy of fusion. Title: Viscosity of the Zr₄₁.₂Ti₁₃.₈Cu₁₂.₅Ni₁₀.₀Be₂₂.₅ bulk metallic glass forming alloy above the liquidus temperature Author: Way, Christopher D. The viscosity of Zr[subscript 41.2]Ti[subscript 13.8]Cu[subscript 12.5]Ni[subscript 10.0]Be[subscript 22.5] (Vit1) has been measured above the liquidus temperature, T[subscript liq]=1026 K, using a high vacuum high temperature rapid annealing furnace equipped with a Couette Concentric Cylinder Rheometer. Steady state measurements have been taken over a temperature range of 1075-1300 K and a shear rate range of 10⁰-10² s⁻¹. It has previously been discovered that there exists a pronounced decrease in viscosity with increasing shear rate which is contrary to the general belief that metallic systems above the liquidus temperature should show Newtonian behavior due to high atomic mobility. This suggests that there is short or medium range order present in the liquid state that can be destroyed by shearing. This current study has discovered that this shear rate dependence of the viscosity of Vit1 decreases with increasing temperature and approaches the Newtonian behavior and viscosities of simple monatomic or binary liquid alloys at 1225 K. Once this state is reached the viscosity will remain Newtonian in the liquid state and no order is reformed until the sample is cooled into the supercooled region. This indicates a strong temperature history dependence of the viscosity. It has also been discovered that initially crystalline Vit1 has an order of magnitude lower viscosity than initially amorphous Vit1 at 1075 K after melting. This difference decreases with increasing temperature until similar viscosities are obtained at 1175 K. The Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann relationship shows decreasing fragility of Vit1 with increasing shear rate and increasing temperature. It was also seen that temperature has a larger and more permanent effect on the fragility than shear rate. The development and results of converting viscosity data to configurational entropy using the Adam-Gibbs entropy model for viscous flow are discussed. This shows that the configurational entropy present after melting is on the order of the entropy of fusion. Close

• 171. [Image] Guidance for evaluating and recommending temperature regimes to protect fish

  	Abstract. Procedures are presented for evaluating temperature regimes for fish. Although examples pertain to spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), the principles apply to other species. Basic ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Guidance for evaluating and recommending temperature regimes to protect fish Author: Armour, Carl L. Year: 1991, 2005 Abstract. Procedures are presented for evaluating temperature regimes for fish. Although examples pertain to spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), the principles apply to other species. Basic temperature tolerance relationships for fish are explained and three options are described for comparing alternative temperature regimes. The options are to base comparisons on experimental temperature tolerance results, suitability of a simulated temperature regime for key life stages, or population statistics and predicted responses to simulated temperatures. Key words: Chinook salmon, water temperature, alternative temperature regimes. Title: Guidance for evaluating and recommending temperature regimes to protect fish Author: Armour, Carl L. Year: 1991, 2005 Abstract. Procedures are presented for evaluating temperature regimes for fish. Although examples pertain to spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), the principles apply to other species. Basic temperature tolerance relationships for fish are explained and three options are described for comparing alternative temperature regimes. The options are to base comparisons on experimental temperature tolerance results, suitability of a simulated temperature regime for key life stages, or population statistics and predicted responses to simulated temperatures. Key words: Chinook salmon, water temperature, alternative temperature regimes. Close

• 172. [Article] Analysis and prediction of the water temperature of the McKenzie River, Oregon using the equilibrium temperature approach

  A one dimensional, steady flow, unsteady temperature model is used to evaluate the effects of two U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) dams and resulting reservoirs on hourly water temperatures of the mainstem ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis and prediction of the water temperature of the McKenzie River, Oregon using the equilibrium temperature approach Author: Hansen, R. Peder Year: 1986 A one dimensional, steady flow, unsteady temperature model is used to evaluate the effects of two U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) dams and resulting reservoirs on hourly water temperatures of the mainstem McKenzie River from Delta Park (RM 62.1) to Leaburg Dam (RM 38.8). Both COE projects are on tributaries to the McKenzie River and at present have only bottom withdrawl capabilities. Title: Analysis and prediction of the water temperature of the McKenzie River, Oregon using the equilibrium temperature approach Author: Hansen, R. Peder Year: 1986 A one dimensional, steady flow, unsteady temperature model is used to evaluate the effects of two U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) dams and resulting reservoirs on hourly water temperatures of the mainstem McKenzie River from Delta Park (RM 62.1) to Leaburg Dam (RM 38.8). Both COE projects are on tributaries to the McKenzie River and at present have only bottom withdrawl capabilities. Close

• 173. [Article] The influence of dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature on the survival and growth of chinook salmon embryos and fry

  Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, were reared from fertilization of the eggs to several weeks after complete yolk absorption at dissolved oxygen concentration of 3.5, 5.0, and 7.3 mg/liter and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature on the survival and growth of chinook salmon embryos and fry Author: Eddy, Ronald M. Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, were reared from fertilization of the eggs to several weeks after complete yolk absorption at dissolved oxygen concentration of 3.5, 5.0, and 7.3 mg/liter and air-saturation at temperatures of 10.5, 12.0, 13.5, and 15.0 C. Decrease of either temperature or dissolved oxygen concentration resulted in increase in the median (50%) hatching time of fry. Increase of temperature or decrease of dissolved oxygen concentration decreased mean dry weights of newly hatched fry and survival. Temperatures above 12.0 C resulted in substantially reduced survival at all dissolved oxygen levels tested. Large increases in mortality occurred during late embryonic and sac fry stages, the amount of mortality during each period being directly related to the prevailing test conditions. Title: The influence of dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature on the survival and growth of chinook salmon embryos and fry Author: Eddy, Ronald M. Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, were reared from fertilization of the eggs to several weeks after complete yolk absorption at dissolved oxygen concentration of 3.5, 5.0, and 7.3 mg/liter and air-saturation at temperatures of 10.5, 12.0, 13.5, and 15.0 C. Decrease of either temperature or dissolved oxygen concentration resulted in increase in the median (50%) hatching time of fry. Increase of temperature or decrease of dissolved oxygen concentration decreased mean dry weights of newly hatched fry and survival. Temperatures above 12.0 C resulted in substantially reduced survival at all dissolved oxygen levels tested. Large increases in mortality occurred during late embryonic and sac fry stages, the amount of mortality during each period being directly related to the prevailing test conditions. Close

• 174. [Article] Temperature effects on surface energetic parameters evaluated at solid/liquid interfaces

  Measurable surface parameters which may be related to the response evoked upon contact with biofluids have been suggested to provide direction for characterization, prediction, and ultimate control of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperature effects on surface energetic parameters evaluated at solid/liquid interfaces Author: Lee, Euisang Measurable surface parameters which may be related to the response evoked upon contact with biofluids have been suggested to provide direction for characterization, prediction, and ultimate control of biofluid behavior at interfaces. With respect to fouling of heat exchange equipment by biofluids, such properties may be useful for the development of models which include a surface-related term. However, their dependence on temperature has not been adequately studied. Surface energetic parameters for a variety of contact surfaces were recorded at temperatures from 7 to 80°C using contact angle analysis with a modified sessile drop technique. A linear dependence in surface energetic properties with temperature was observed. The observed temperature effect suggests a need for account of this influence in development of models describing biofluid-contact surface interactions outside of the ambient range. Title: Temperature effects on surface energetic parameters evaluated at solid/liquid interfaces Author: Lee, Euisang Measurable surface parameters which may be related to the response evoked upon contact with biofluids have been suggested to provide direction for characterization, prediction, and ultimate control of biofluid behavior at interfaces. With respect to fouling of heat exchange equipment by biofluids, such properties may be useful for the development of models which include a surface-related term. However, their dependence on temperature has not been adequately studied. Surface energetic parameters for a variety of contact surfaces were recorded at temperatures from 7 to 80°C using contact angle analysis with a modified sessile drop technique. A linear dependence in surface energetic properties with temperature was observed. The observed temperature effect suggests a need for account of this influence in development of models describing biofluid-contact surface interactions outside of the ambient range. Close

• 175. [Article] Temperature Effects on the Development of Cheddar Cheese Flavor and Aroma

  Originally published in Journal of Dairy Science: http://journalofdairyscience.org/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperature Effects on the Development of Cheddar Cheese Flavor and Aroma Author: Grazier, C. L., Torres, J. A., McDaniel, M. R., Bodyfelt, F. W. Originally published in Journal of Dairy Science: http://journalofdairyscience.org/ Title: Temperature Effects on the Development of Cheddar Cheese Flavor and Aroma Author: Grazier, C. L., Torres, J. A., McDaniel, M. R., Bodyfelt, F. W. Originally published in Journal of Dairy Science: http://journalofdairyscience.org/ Close

• 176. [Article] Thermal Ecology and Movement in the Leopard Lizard, Gambelia Wislizeni, Baird and Girard

  Thermal ecology and movement of the Leopard Lizard, G. wistizeniwere studied at Frog Spring, adjacent to the Alvord Desert, and at various locations throughout the Alvord Basin. Seasonal activity is known ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thermal Ecology and Movement in the Leopard Lizard, Gambelia Wislizeni, Baird and Girard Author: Abts, Marvin Lynn Year: 1976 Thermal ecology and movement of the Leopard Lizard, G. wistizeniwere studied at Frog Spring, adjacent to the Alvord Desert, and at various locations throughout the Alvord Basin. Seasonal activity is known to occur from early May to mid-October, but abundance. gradually decreases after late July. During favorable late spring, and summer weather lizards exhibit a bimodal pattern of diel activity with some activity occurring at all hours of the day between 0600 and 1800 H. At other times activity was unimodal. Emergence was apparently largely temperature dependent and did not occur until sand temperature approximated 21°C. Retreat appeared to be temperature independent, and was initiated by exogenous or endogenous stimuli at sand temperatures often above body temperatures acceptable for normal activity. For the period of study, juveniles exhibited diel activity patterns similar to adults, and were found during all hours in which adults were encountered. Body temperatures of field active lizards, largely affected by the immediate weather conditions, , ranged from 18.6° to 43.4°C. Because of a variety of thermoregulatory response (changes in location, posture, and orientation, color change, burrowing, shade-seeking, and panting), even during unfavorable weather conditions, most body temperatures fell within a narrower range. Nonetheless, the ability of field active lizards to precisely thermoregulate was limited, and the levels of body temperature maintained usually encompassed a broader range than those maintained in a thermal gradient. The mean body temperature of field active lizards during favorable weather conditions, and that of active lizards in a thermal gradient, did not differ significantly, and seemed to indicate a narrow range of body temperature preference. However, prevailing weather conditions were frequently unfavorable, thus limiting the extent of time during which selection of preferred body temperature could occur. Consequently, though activity depended on the attainment of certain temperature levels, G. wislizeni was forced to adapt to a broader range of body temperatures when performing most routine tasks. The necessity of precision thermoregulation is unclear, but apparently physiological efficiency was not greatly diminished over the broad range of body temperatures fiefd active lizards were often accepting. Relatively speaking, movement in G. wislizeni was extensive. Adult males occupied an average area more than twice the size of adult females and juveniles. Plotted polygons, constructed from sighting points, tended to be elongate. The extent to which lizards occupied a definite home range was uncertain. Adult males , continuously expanding the area occupied, probably lacked a home range. Adult females, demonstrating . little area expansion, perhaps maintained a home range. Territoriality by means of intraspecific display or aggression appeared negligible in G. wislizeni.Adult males did not demonstrate such behavior toward one another . Based on a limited extent of area overlap, adult females may have exhibited territoriality toward members of their sex. Movement per hour revealed results similar to area occupied, with adult males traveling an average distance of nearly three times as great as adult females and juveniles. Greatest distances frequently coincided with peak diel activity. Individual moves were frequent in adult males and juveniles, but infrequent in ~ adult females. Adult female long moves were similar in distance to adult males, but exogenous stimuli perhaps linked with home range maintenance restricted the frequency of such jaunts. Movement in G. wislizeni appeared independent of environmental thermal conditions when body temperature was within the range acceptable for normal activity. Diel movement appeared to be random in the species. Seasonal movement in juveniles, based on dispersion data, appeared directional. Title: Thermal Ecology and Movement in the Leopard Lizard, Gambelia Wislizeni, Baird and Girard Author: Abts, Marvin Lynn Year: 1976 Thermal ecology and movement of the Leopard Lizard, G. wistizeniwere studied at Frog Spring, adjacent to the Alvord Desert, and at various locations throughout the Alvord Basin. Seasonal activity is known to occur from early May to mid-October, but abundance. gradually decreases after late July. During favorable late spring, and summer weather lizards exhibit a bimodal pattern of diel activity with some activity occurring at all hours of the day between 0600 and 1800 H. At other times activity was unimodal. Emergence was apparently largely temperature dependent and did not occur until sand temperature approximated 21°C. Retreat appeared to be temperature independent, and was initiated by exogenous or endogenous stimuli at sand temperatures often above body temperatures acceptable for normal activity. For the period of study, juveniles exhibited diel activity patterns similar to adults, and were found during all hours in which adults were encountered. Body temperatures of field active lizards, largely affected by the immediate weather conditions, , ranged from 18.6° to 43.4°C. Because of a variety of thermoregulatory response (changes in location, posture, and orientation, color change, burrowing, shade-seeking, and panting), even during unfavorable weather conditions, most body temperatures fell within a narrower range. Nonetheless, the ability of field active lizards to precisely thermoregulate was limited, and the levels of body temperature maintained usually encompassed a broader range than those maintained in a thermal gradient. The mean body temperature of field active lizards during favorable weather conditions, and that of active lizards in a thermal gradient, did not differ significantly, and seemed to indicate a narrow range of body temperature preference. However, prevailing weather conditions were frequently unfavorable, thus limiting the extent of time during which selection of preferred body temperature could occur. Consequently, though activity depended on the attainment of certain temperature levels, G. wislizeni was forced to adapt to a broader range of body temperatures when performing most routine tasks. The necessity of precision thermoregulation is unclear, but apparently physiological efficiency was not greatly diminished over the broad range of body temperatures fiefd active lizards were often accepting. Relatively speaking, movement in G. wislizeni was extensive. Adult males occupied an average area more than twice the size of adult females and juveniles. Plotted polygons, constructed from sighting points, tended to be elongate. The extent to which lizards occupied a definite home range was uncertain. Adult males , continuously expanding the area occupied, probably lacked a home range. Adult females, demonstrating . little area expansion, perhaps maintained a home range. Territoriality by means of intraspecific display or aggression appeared negligible in G. wislizeni.Adult males did not demonstrate such behavior toward one another . Based on a limited extent of area overlap, adult females may have exhibited territoriality toward members of their sex. Movement per hour revealed results similar to area occupied, with adult males traveling an average distance of nearly three times as great as adult females and juveniles. Greatest distances frequently coincided with peak diel activity. Individual moves were frequent in adult males and juveniles, but infrequent in ~ adult females. Adult female long moves were similar in distance to adult males, but exogenous stimuli perhaps linked with home range maintenance restricted the frequency of such jaunts. Movement in G. wislizeni appeared independent of environmental thermal conditions when body temperature was within the range acceptable for normal activity. Diel movement appeared to be random in the species. Seasonal movement in juveniles, based on dispersion data, appeared directional. Close

• 177. [Article] The value of short run in-stream temperature forecasts : an application to salmonids in the Klamath and John Day Rivers

  Water temperature is an important measure of water quality, as well as a dominant factor affecting aquatic life within the stream environment. Elevated water temperatures can decrease the survival rate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The value of short run in-stream temperature forecasts : an application to salmonids in the Klamath and John Day Rivers Author: Huang, Biao Water temperature is an important measure of water quality, as well as a dominant factor affecting aquatic life within the stream environment. Elevated water temperatures can decrease the survival rate of fish in each life stage. Cold water species, such as salmonids, are particularly susceptible to elevated water temperatures. For example, increased water temperatures are believed to have been the major cause of the large fish kill observed in the Klamath River in September 2002. This thesis examines the economic value of short-term water temperature forecasts for salmonid management. Forecasts may have value if they allow the water resource manager to make more cost-effective water allocation decisions. Specifically, this study considers two applications. One is the case of adult Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) returning to the Lower Klamath River in California, where cold water could be released upstream from the Lewiston Dam into the Trinity River to lower The Klamath River water temperature. Water releases create opportunity costs because of foregone hydropower production and crop irrigation. The second application is to juvenile summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the North Fork John Day River, where water could be purchased from agricultural uses to prevent excessive water temperature increases. This generates opportunity costs in the form of lower crop yields. This thesis incorporates bio-physical models and water temperature distribution data into a Bayesian framework to simulate the potential fish populations after ten generations and the corresponding opportunity cost of water under different forecast accuracies. Simulation results indicate that the marginal cost in the Klamath River decreases from about $80 per fish saved when the forecast standard deviation is 6 to about $40 when the forecast standard deviation is 0(perfect forecast). In the John Day River the marginal cost per fish decreases from $34 for a standard deviation of 6 to $29 for a standard deviation of 0. A key result of the thesis is the pattern of decreasing marginal costs as the forecast accuracy increases, suggesting that provision and use of such stream temperature forecasts would have value to society. Title: The value of short run in-stream temperature forecasts : an application to salmonids in the Klamath and John Day Rivers Author: Huang, Biao Water temperature is an important measure of water quality, as well as a dominant factor affecting aquatic life within the stream environment. Elevated water temperatures can decrease the survival rate of fish in each life stage. Cold water species, such as salmonids, are particularly susceptible to elevated water temperatures. For example, increased water temperatures are believed to have been the major cause of the large fish kill observed in the Klamath River in September 2002. This thesis examines the economic value of short-term water temperature forecasts for salmonid management. Forecasts may have value if they allow the water resource manager to make more cost-effective water allocation decisions. Specifically, this study considers two applications. One is the case of adult Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) returning to the Lower Klamath River in California, where cold water could be released upstream from the Lewiston Dam into the Trinity River to lower The Klamath River water temperature. Water releases create opportunity costs because of foregone hydropower production and crop irrigation. The second application is to juvenile summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the North Fork John Day River, where water could be purchased from agricultural uses to prevent excessive water temperature increases. This generates opportunity costs in the form of lower crop yields. This thesis incorporates bio-physical models and water temperature distribution data into a Bayesian framework to simulate the potential fish populations after ten generations and the corresponding opportunity cost of water under different forecast accuracies. Simulation results indicate that the marginal cost in the Klamath River decreases from about $80 per fish saved when the forecast standard deviation is 6 to about $40 when the forecast standard deviation is 0(perfect forecast). In the John Day River the marginal cost per fish decreases from $34 for a standard deviation of 6 to $29 for a standard deviation of 0. A key result of the thesis is the pattern of decreasing marginal costs as the forecast accuracy increases, suggesting that provision and use of such stream temperature forecasts would have value to society. Close

• 178. [Article] Sensitivity of Disease Management Decision Aids to Temperature Input Errors Associated with Sampling Interval and Out-of-Canopy Sensor Placement

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sensitivity of Disease Management Decision Aids to Temperature Input Errors Associated with Sampling Interval and Out-of-Canopy Sensor Placement Author: Gent, D. H., Mahaffee, W. F., Pfender, W. F. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Phytopathological Society and can be found at: http://www.apsnet.org/Pages/default.aspx. Title: Sensitivity of Disease Management Decision Aids to Temperature Input Errors Associated with Sampling Interval and Out-of-Canopy Sensor Placement Author: Gent, D. H., Mahaffee, W. F., Pfender, W. F. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Phytopathological Society and can be found at: http://www.apsnet.org/Pages/default.aspx. Close

• 179. [Article] Summertime water temperature trends in Steamboat Creek Basin, Umpqua National Forest

  The Steamboat Creek basin drains 227 mi² (588 km²) of steep forested terrain into the North Umpqua River of Southwest Oregon, 39 mi (63 km) northeast of Roseburg. Summer base flows for Steamboat Creek ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summertime water temperature trends in Steamboat Creek Basin, Umpqua National Forest Author: Holaday, Steven A. The Steamboat Creek basin drains 227 mi² (588 km²) of steep forested terrain into the North Umpqua River of Southwest Oregon, 39 mi (63 km) northeast of Roseburg. Summer base flows for Steamboat Creek average 83 cfs (2.35 m³/sec). Steamboat Creek and its tributaries are considered important to the production of summer-run steelhead; the basin has been closed to angling since 1932. Harvesting has occurred in every subdrainage of the Steamboat Creek basin. Trees were routinely removed from riparian areas when harvesting in the basin began in 1955. Since the mid-1970s to early-1980s, however, buffer strips were left adjacent to streams. In addition, the floods of 1964-65 caused significant damage to riparian vegetation in the basin. This study was undertaken to: (1) determine long-term trends over the period 1969-90 of summertime water temperatures in the mainstem of Steamboat Creek, selected tributaries, and in Boulder Creek, an unharvested control stream in an adjacent watershed and (2) evaluate spacial patterns of maximum water temperatures in the Steamboat Creek basin during the summer of 1990. Significant (P≤0.10) trends of decreasing maximum daily summertime stream temperatures on Steamboat Creek and tributaries occurred from 1969-90. In contrast, an unharvested control stream showed a small, but nonsignificant, increasing trend in stream temperatures. The largest decrease in maximum stream temperatures (7 to 11°F, 3.9 to 6.1°C) occurred on small streams with summer base flows less than 6 cfs (0.17 m³/sec). These streams also had the highest proportion of stream length adjacent to harvesting activities before 1974. The smallest decrease in maximum stream temperatures (0 to 3°F, 0 to 1.7°C) occurred on streams with little or no history of timber harvest activity along riparian areas, or at locations where summer base flows were greater than 15 cfs (0.42 m³/sec). Since no trends in either air temperature or streamflow were apparent over the 1969-90 period, regrowth of riparian vegetation that was previously removed by flooding, debris torrents, or streamside harvesting, appears to be the major cause of trends in decreasing maximum summer stream temperature. Regrowth of riparian vegetation provides shade over small streams, decreasing energy input to the stream from solar radiation. Maximum daily stream temperatures in lower Steamboat Creek did not change significantly during the 1969-90 study period and stream temperature data in 1960 indicates that maximum stream temperatures in lower Steamboat Creek have historically been high. Any cooling effects by groundwater or tributaries are largely negated by the large volume of water in the main channel. Also, the large stream width renders riparian vegetation relatively ineffective in protecting the stream from solar radiation. Minimum stream temperatures decreased during the 1969-90 study period for all of the long-term stations in the Steamboat Creek basin while the control stream showed a slight increasing trend. Similarly, diurnal stream temperature fluctuations decreased for several tributaries. Title: Summertime water temperature trends in Steamboat Creek Basin, Umpqua National Forest Author: Holaday, Steven A. The Steamboat Creek basin drains 227 mi² (588 km²) of steep forested terrain into the North Umpqua River of Southwest Oregon, 39 mi (63 km) northeast of Roseburg. Summer base flows for Steamboat Creek average 83 cfs (2.35 m³/sec). Steamboat Creek and its tributaries are considered important to the production of summer-run steelhead; the basin has been closed to angling since 1932. Harvesting has occurred in every subdrainage of the Steamboat Creek basin. Trees were routinely removed from riparian areas when harvesting in the basin began in 1955. Since the mid-1970s to early-1980s, however, buffer strips were left adjacent to streams. In addition, the floods of 1964-65 caused significant damage to riparian vegetation in the basin. This study was undertaken to: (1) determine long-term trends over the period 1969-90 of summertime water temperatures in the mainstem of Steamboat Creek, selected tributaries, and in Boulder Creek, an unharvested control stream in an adjacent watershed and (2) evaluate spacial patterns of maximum water temperatures in the Steamboat Creek basin during the summer of 1990. Significant (P≤0.10) trends of decreasing maximum daily summertime stream temperatures on Steamboat Creek and tributaries occurred from 1969-90. In contrast, an unharvested control stream showed a small, but nonsignificant, increasing trend in stream temperatures. The largest decrease in maximum stream temperatures (7 to 11°F, 3.9 to 6.1°C) occurred on small streams with summer base flows less than 6 cfs (0.17 m³/sec). These streams also had the highest proportion of stream length adjacent to harvesting activities before 1974. The smallest decrease in maximum stream temperatures (0 to 3°F, 0 to 1.7°C) occurred on streams with little or no history of timber harvest activity along riparian areas, or at locations where summer base flows were greater than 15 cfs (0.42 m³/sec). Since no trends in either air temperature or streamflow were apparent over the 1969-90 period, regrowth of riparian vegetation that was previously removed by flooding, debris torrents, or streamside harvesting, appears to be the major cause of trends in decreasing maximum summer stream temperature. Regrowth of riparian vegetation provides shade over small streams, decreasing energy input to the stream from solar radiation. Maximum daily stream temperatures in lower Steamboat Creek did not change significantly during the 1969-90 study period and stream temperature data in 1960 indicates that maximum stream temperatures in lower Steamboat Creek have historically been high. Any cooling effects by groundwater or tributaries are largely negated by the large volume of water in the main channel. Also, the large stream width renders riparian vegetation relatively ineffective in protecting the stream from solar radiation. Minimum stream temperatures decreased during the 1969-90 study period for all of the long-term stations in the Steamboat Creek basin while the control stream showed a slight increasing trend. Similarly, diurnal stream temperature fluctuations decreased for several tributaries. Close

• 180. [Article] Monitoring river restoration using fiber optic temperature measurements in a modeling framework

  The Middle Fork of the John Day River (MFJD) in Northeastern Oregon contains important spawning grounds for spring Chinook and summer steelhead of the Columbia River Basin. In the summer of 2008 phase ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring river restoration using fiber optic temperature measurements in a modeling framework Author: Huff, Julie A. The Middle Fork of the John Day River (MFJD) in Northeastern Oregon contains important spawning grounds for spring Chinook and summer steelhead of the Columbia River Basin. In the summer of 2008 phase one of a river restoration project was completed which included the addition of engineered log jams (ELJs) and scour pools. The restoration focuses on increasing habitat diversity and decreasing peak summer temperatures which, perhaps, had been degraded due to anthropogenic activities such as dredge mining, cattle grazing, channelization and deforestation. This study utilized Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) technology to measure the temperature the MFJD study site before and after restoration during the summer of 2008. The temperature data along with other physical and climatic data were modeled using a physically based stream temperature model which incorporated groundwater inflows and an average depth of hyporheic exchange over the entire study reach. The root mean square errors for the pre- and post-restoration model are 0.57°C and 0.47°C, respectively. An average depth of the thermal mass associated with hyporheic exchange was calculated within the model to be 11m for pre- restoration and 1.6m for post-restoration. It is unclear as to whether the hyporheic exchange increased due to restoration or is an artifact of high flows during the pre-restoration period. A statistical analysis was completed on the longitudinal temperature profiles of the MFJD to identify lengths of the river whose temperatures are different upstream and downstream. Groundwater inflow was defined as locations with cooler day time and night time temperatures than the surroundings whereas hyporheic discharge was defined as locations with cooler day time temperatures but warmer night time temperature than the surroundings. Statistically significant locations were highlighted for both pre- and post-restoration and equated to an average decrease in local temperature of 0.08°C pre-restoration and 1.18°C post-restoration. This equates to 0.004 m³/s and 0.012 m³/s of groundwater inflow for pre- and post-restoration, respectively. Again, these differences could be artifacts of high flows during pre-restoration and cannot conclusively be linked to the restoration efforts. However, the largest groundwater inflow (0.004 m³/s) can be associated with one ELJ structure and its corresponding scour pool. Title: Monitoring river restoration using fiber optic temperature measurements in a modeling framework Author: Huff, Julie A. The Middle Fork of the John Day River (MFJD) in Northeastern Oregon contains important spawning grounds for spring Chinook and summer steelhead of the Columbia River Basin. In the summer of 2008 phase one of a river restoration project was completed which included the addition of engineered log jams (ELJs) and scour pools. The restoration focuses on increasing habitat diversity and decreasing peak summer temperatures which, perhaps, had been degraded due to anthropogenic activities such as dredge mining, cattle grazing, channelization and deforestation. This study utilized Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) technology to measure the temperature the MFJD study site before and after restoration during the summer of 2008. The temperature data along with other physical and climatic data were modeled using a physically based stream temperature model which incorporated groundwater inflows and an average depth of hyporheic exchange over the entire study reach. The root mean square errors for the pre- and post-restoration model are 0.57°C and 0.47°C, respectively. An average depth of the thermal mass associated with hyporheic exchange was calculated within the model to be 11m for pre- restoration and 1.6m for post-restoration. It is unclear as to whether the hyporheic exchange increased due to restoration or is an artifact of high flows during the pre-restoration period. A statistical analysis was completed on the longitudinal temperature profiles of the MFJD to identify lengths of the river whose temperatures are different upstream and downstream. Groundwater inflow was defined as locations with cooler day time and night time temperatures than the surroundings whereas hyporheic discharge was defined as locations with cooler day time temperatures but warmer night time temperature than the surroundings. Statistically significant locations were highlighted for both pre- and post-restoration and equated to an average decrease in local temperature of 0.08°C pre-restoration and 1.18°C post-restoration. This equates to 0.004 m³/s and 0.012 m³/s of groundwater inflow for pre- and post-restoration, respectively. Again, these differences could be artifacts of high flows during pre-restoration and cannot conclusively be linked to the restoration efforts. However, the largest groundwater inflow (0.004 m³/s) can be associated with one ELJ structure and its corresponding scour pool. Close

• 181. [Article] Floral and vegetative development in Dactylis glomerata as influenced by different temperature levels and durations

  Growth chamber and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different temperature levels and durations on floral induction and vegetative growth in orchardgrass. Propagules of two ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Floral and vegetative development in Dactylis glomerata as influenced by different temperature levels and durations Author: Von Amsberg, Hans Joachim Growth chamber and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different temperature levels and durations on floral induction and vegetative growth in orchardgrass. Propagules of two clones, XLI-8 (clone R) and MID-5 (clone 0), from the synthetic variety Pennlate, were used in all experiments. Clone R plants were less dependent than clone 0 plants on extended low temperature exposure for floral induction. Temperature regimes in the growth chambers, where daily maxima were above 65°F for the durations of exposure used in these experiments, did not induce clone 0 propagules. However, clone R plants were induced to some degree with all temperature regimes except where the maximum temperature reached over 90°F for 10 hours each day. The longer the exposure periods of inductive regimes, the higher the percentage of plants initiating an inflorescence and the larger the number of tillers induced. Clone R plants were usually induced in a shorter time than was true for clone 0. A positive linear relationship between floral induction and exposure time through the longest duration of 10 weeks suggests that the optimum duration of exposure under growth chamber conditions was not reached. Constant 38°F and alternating 38°-60°F induced the highest percentage of plants of both clones. Cyclic daily temperatures of 15 hours at 38°F and 5 hours at 60°F temperatures gave the highest number of inflorescences per plant for clone 0. This effect appeared to be due in part to the more favorable conditions for tillering with alternating temperatures, which resulted in more potentially inducible tillers. Alternating temperatures of 38°-60°F did not show a similar advantage over 38°F constant in number of inflorescence per plant for clone R, but did increase the number of tillers per plant. Cyclic temperatures with high temperature maxima usually favored tiller development, both in the controlled environment chamber and after they had been transferred to the greenhouse. Constant 38°F temperatures were less promotive to tillering and reduced leaf development on the main tiller. Leaf development was accelerated by high temperatures with response related to the duration of high temperature received in each cyclic regime. Field results indicated that the earlier the plant were transplanted to the field, the larger were the number of inflorescences. Differences in the number of floral primordia were more pronounced for clone 0 than they were for clone R plants. Earlier planting dates for either clone resulted in earlier inflorescence exsertion. Inflorescence exsertion started about a week earlier for clone 0 than for clone R. Clone 0 plants were superior to clone R plants in number of reproductive primordia, as well as in the total number of tillers developed in the field for early dates of planting. These differences were smaller or nonexistent with the later planting dates. Title: Floral and vegetative development in Dactylis glomerata as influenced by different temperature levels and durations Author: Von Amsberg, Hans Joachim Growth chamber and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different temperature levels and durations on floral induction and vegetative growth in orchardgrass. Propagules of two clones, XLI-8 (clone R) and MID-5 (clone 0), from the synthetic variety Pennlate, were used in all experiments. Clone R plants were less dependent than clone 0 plants on extended low temperature exposure for floral induction. Temperature regimes in the growth chambers, where daily maxima were above 65°F for the durations of exposure used in these experiments, did not induce clone 0 propagules. However, clone R plants were induced to some degree with all temperature regimes except where the maximum temperature reached over 90°F for 10 hours each day. The longer the exposure periods of inductive regimes, the higher the percentage of plants initiating an inflorescence and the larger the number of tillers induced. Clone R plants were usually induced in a shorter time than was true for clone 0. A positive linear relationship between floral induction and exposure time through the longest duration of 10 weeks suggests that the optimum duration of exposure under growth chamber conditions was not reached. Constant 38°F and alternating 38°-60°F induced the highest percentage of plants of both clones. Cyclic daily temperatures of 15 hours at 38°F and 5 hours at 60°F temperatures gave the highest number of inflorescences per plant for clone 0. This effect appeared to be due in part to the more favorable conditions for tillering with alternating temperatures, which resulted in more potentially inducible tillers. Alternating temperatures of 38°-60°F did not show a similar advantage over 38°F constant in number of inflorescence per plant for clone R, but did increase the number of tillers per plant. Cyclic temperatures with high temperature maxima usually favored tiller development, both in the controlled environment chamber and after they had been transferred to the greenhouse. Constant 38°F temperatures were less promotive to tillering and reduced leaf development on the main tiller. Leaf development was accelerated by high temperatures with response related to the duration of high temperature received in each cyclic regime. Field results indicated that the earlier the plant were transplanted to the field, the larger were the number of inflorescences. Differences in the number of floral primordia were more pronounced for clone 0 than they were for clone R plants. Earlier planting dates for either clone resulted in earlier inflorescence exsertion. Inflorescence exsertion started about a week earlier for clone 0 than for clone R. Clone 0 plants were superior to clone R plants in number of reproductive primordia, as well as in the total number of tillers developed in the field for early dates of planting. These differences were smaller or nonexistent with the later planting dates. Close

• 182. [Article] Temperature-modulated 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)antheracene carcinogenicity in rainbow trout

  Temperature influences the incidence of chemically induced cancer in fish, with warmer temperatures being associated with higher cancer incidence. The mechanisms of temperature-modulated chemical carcinogenesis ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperature-modulated 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)antheracene carcinogenicity in rainbow trout Author: Zahr, Camille Reda Temperature influences the incidence of chemically induced cancer in fish, with warmer temperatures being associated with higher cancer incidence. The mechanisms of temperature-modulated chemical carcinogenesis in fish, however, have not been described in detail. Therefore, one primary objective of this study was increased understanding of how temperature-modulated genotoxicity of 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) corresponded with tumor response. The second entails the potential of temperature to modulate cancer promotion. Rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) (2 g) were acclimated at 10, 14 or 18°C for one month and then exposed to 1.0 ppm DMBA in their water for 20 hr. Exposures were at respective acclimation temperatures or 10 and 18°C acclimated fish were shifted to 14°C for DMBA exposures. Adduction of [³H]DMBA to hepatic DNA 21 days after exposure was higher in 10°C than 18°C fish exposed at their respective acclimation temperatures. However, in fish shifted to 14°C, the concentration of hepatic [³H]DMBA DNA adducts was similar in 10°C and 18°C acclimated fish at that time. Temperature effects on tumor incidence were assessed 9 months after DMBA waterborne exposures. Incidence of stomach, liver and swim-bladder cancer increased with rearing temperature. Differences in tumor incidence were less marked in fish reared at the same temperature (14°C). Retrospective analyses of livers from a tumor study initiated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was conducted with antibodies to endogenous proliferating nuclear antigen (PCNA). Proliferating cells were scored by counting labeled nuclei in 5 random 10x fields using an image analysis program (BIOQUANT SYSTEM IV). There was no significant increase in numbers of PCNA labeled hepatocytes with temperature. The influence of acclimation temperature on plasma mitogens that stimulate cell division was assessed in cultured Chinook salmon embryo cells (CHSE-214). Plasma from rainbow trout (120-150 g) acclimated to either 10 or 18°C for at least four weeks stimulated in vitro proliferation of CHSE-214 cells to the same extent. This study demonstrated that chemically induced tumors in fish were modulated by temperature not only through genotoxin disposition and formation but also through persistence of DNA adducts. It also discounted the role of mitogenesis in temperature-modulated chemical carcinogenesis. Title: Temperature-modulated 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)antheracene carcinogenicity in rainbow trout Author: Zahr, Camille Reda Temperature influences the incidence of chemically induced cancer in fish, with warmer temperatures being associated with higher cancer incidence. The mechanisms of temperature-modulated chemical carcinogenesis in fish, however, have not been described in detail. Therefore, one primary objective of this study was increased understanding of how temperature-modulated genotoxicity of 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) corresponded with tumor response. The second entails the potential of temperature to modulate cancer promotion. Rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) (2 g) were acclimated at 10, 14 or 18°C for one month and then exposed to 1.0 ppm DMBA in their water for 20 hr. Exposures were at respective acclimation temperatures or 10 and 18°C acclimated fish were shifted to 14°C for DMBA exposures. Adduction of [³H]DMBA to hepatic DNA 21 days after exposure was higher in 10°C than 18°C fish exposed at their respective acclimation temperatures. However, in fish shifted to 14°C, the concentration of hepatic [³H]DMBA DNA adducts was similar in 10°C and 18°C acclimated fish at that time. Temperature effects on tumor incidence were assessed 9 months after DMBA waterborne exposures. Incidence of stomach, liver and swim-bladder cancer increased with rearing temperature. Differences in tumor incidence were less marked in fish reared at the same temperature (14°C). Retrospective analyses of livers from a tumor study initiated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was conducted with antibodies to endogenous proliferating nuclear antigen (PCNA). Proliferating cells were scored by counting labeled nuclei in 5 random 10x fields using an image analysis program (BIOQUANT SYSTEM IV). There was no significant increase in numbers of PCNA labeled hepatocytes with temperature. The influence of acclimation temperature on plasma mitogens that stimulate cell division was assessed in cultured Chinook salmon embryo cells (CHSE-214). Plasma from rainbow trout (120-150 g) acclimated to either 10 or 18°C for at least four weeks stimulated in vitro proliferation of CHSE-214 cells to the same extent. This study demonstrated that chemically induced tumors in fish were modulated by temperature not only through genotoxin disposition and formation but also through persistence of DNA adducts. It also discounted the role of mitogenesis in temperature-modulated chemical carcinogenesis. Close

• 183. [Article] Temperature Evolution of Spark Kernels in Quiescent and Cross-flow Conditions

  Numerous physical and chemical processes are required for successful ignition of a flammable mixture, many of which have been well characterized. However, one aspect of the ignition process that has received ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperature Evolution of Spark Kernels in Quiescent and Cross-flow Conditions Author: Okhovat, Sebastian Numerous physical and chemical processes are required for successful ignition of a flammable mixture, many of which have been well characterized. However, one aspect of the ignition process that has received limited consideration is understanding the temperature of the spark kernel. A spark kernel is the volume of heated gas that develops after plasma formation and dissipation by an electrical discharge. Thermal measurements are critical for determining if reactions become self-sustaining and improving the validity of modeling efforts. The need for quantified kernel temperatures is extended to conditions that approach the flow fields within combustion applications, such as gas turbine engines. Based on the motivation, the focus of this work was to determine the temperature of kernels and investigate the influence a cross-flow has on the temporal temperature evolution. Representative results were compared against kernel temperatures in a quiescent environment to highlight differences between the two flow conditions. In this study, a sunken fire igniter was placed in an open loop wind tunnel and discharged into a non-reacting cross-flow. Kernel temperatures, after the plasma dissipated, were determined from radiation intensity measurements and by solving the radiation transfer equation. The temperature evolution was investigated in a quiescent environment and for a range of cross-flow velocities (5.8-15.6 m/s). For both quiescent and cross-flow conditions, kernels developed into a toroidal vortex. Surrounding air was entrained into the center of the kernel, resulting in relatively lower temperatures compared to the edges. Average peak kernel temperatures in quiescent conditions were 950 K, whereas kernels in a cross-flow approached 1250 K. The higher peak temperatures were attributed to a reduced relative velocity of the vortex caused by the interaction with the cross-flow. This resulted in decreased entrainment, particularly located at the upstream side of the kernel. Most of the temperature evolution of kernels was experienced within 1.3 ms after plasma was no longer detected; up to a 500 K difference was determined between 0.6 and 1.3 ms. Kernels beyond 1.3 ms reached a uniform temperature near 600 K and had little to no variation as radiation intensities dissipated beyond optical detection. Bifurcation of kernels was detected in one-third of all spark events for both quiescent and cross-flow conditions. The sensible energy of kernels was reported to decrease with time for all cases. Higher cross-flow velocities resulted in less sensible energy. This was attributed to a reduction in apparent kernel volume even with higher temperatures. Title: Temperature Evolution of Spark Kernels in Quiescent and Cross-flow Conditions Author: Okhovat, Sebastian Numerous physical and chemical processes are required for successful ignition of a flammable mixture, many of which have been well characterized. However, one aspect of the ignition process that has received limited consideration is understanding the temperature of the spark kernel. A spark kernel is the volume of heated gas that develops after plasma formation and dissipation by an electrical discharge. Thermal measurements are critical for determining if reactions become self-sustaining and improving the validity of modeling efforts. The need for quantified kernel temperatures is extended to conditions that approach the flow fields within combustion applications, such as gas turbine engines. Based on the motivation, the focus of this work was to determine the temperature of kernels and investigate the influence a cross-flow has on the temporal temperature evolution. Representative results were compared against kernel temperatures in a quiescent environment to highlight differences between the two flow conditions. In this study, a sunken fire igniter was placed in an open loop wind tunnel and discharged into a non-reacting cross-flow. Kernel temperatures, after the plasma dissipated, were determined from radiation intensity measurements and by solving the radiation transfer equation. The temperature evolution was investigated in a quiescent environment and for a range of cross-flow velocities (5.8-15.6 m/s). For both quiescent and cross-flow conditions, kernels developed into a toroidal vortex. Surrounding air was entrained into the center of the kernel, resulting in relatively lower temperatures compared to the edges. Average peak kernel temperatures in quiescent conditions were 950 K, whereas kernels in a cross-flow approached 1250 K. The higher peak temperatures were attributed to a reduced relative velocity of the vortex caused by the interaction with the cross-flow. This resulted in decreased entrainment, particularly located at the upstream side of the kernel. Most of the temperature evolution of kernels was experienced within 1.3 ms after plasma was no longer detected; up to a 500 K difference was determined between 0.6 and 1.3 ms. Kernels beyond 1.3 ms reached a uniform temperature near 600 K and had little to no variation as radiation intensities dissipated beyond optical detection. Bifurcation of kernels was detected in one-third of all spark events for both quiescent and cross-flow conditions. The sensible energy of kernels was reported to decrease with time for all cases. Higher cross-flow velocities resulted in less sensible energy. This was attributed to a reduction in apparent kernel volume even with higher temperatures. Close

• 184. [Image] Influences of human activity on stream temperatures and existence of cold-water fish in streams with elevated temperature: report of a workshop: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, Corvallis, OR, October 5-6, 2000

  	Executive Summary The Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (IMST) convened a panel of experts on stream temperature and fish ecology on October 5-6, 2000 for a scientific workshop on human influences ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influences of human activity on stream temperatures and existence of cold-water fish in streams with elevated temperature: report of a workshop: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, Corvallis, OR, October 5-6, 2000 Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Oregon) Year: 2000, 2008, 2005 Executive Summary The Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (IMST) convened a panel of experts on stream temperature and fish ecology on October 5-6, 2000 for a scientific workshop on human influences on stream temperature and responses by salmonids. The workshop was designed to review and discuss scientifically credible data and publications about 1) factors related to human activity that influence stream temperature and 2) behavioral, physical, and ecological mechanisms of cold water fish species for existing in streams with elevated temperatures. The goal of the workshop was to review empirical evidence and to identify points of agreement, disagreement, and knowledge gaps within the scientific community concerning the factors that influence stream temperature and fish responses to elevated temperatures. This information will assist the IMST in preparing a broader temperature report on Oregon's stream temperature water quality standards and their implementation. This report is prepared by the IMST. It was reviewed by workshop participants and revised by the IMST accordingly. The report includes abstracts of plenary presentations on factors that influence stream temperatures and fish responses, and the results of group discussions. The workshop participants focused on three main questions and were asked to list statements of agreement and disagreement, and to identify gaps in the scientific knowledge related to each question: ? How and where does riparian vegetation influence stream temperature? ? Do other changes in streams cause increases in stream temperature? ? How can apparently healthy fish populations exist in streams with temperatures higher than laboratory and field studies would indicate as healthy? The workshop participants provided answers to the questions in the form of bullets. The answers below represent the IMST's summation of the workshop findings and were reviewed by the participants. Several gaps in the scientific basis for specific questions or relationships were identified. The participants found no areas of disagreement for which technical information was available. They noted that any disagreements were not related to scientific interpretation, but were based on concerns or opinions about application, regulation, and management. How and where does riparian vegetation influence stream temperature? The influence of riparian vegetation on stream temperature is cumulative and complex, varying by site, over time, and across regions. Riparian vegetation can directly affect stream temperature by intercepting solar radiation and reducing stream heating. The influence of riparian shade in controlling temperature declines as streams widen in downstream reaches, but the role of riparian vegetation in providing water quality and fish habitat benefits continues to be important. Besides providing shade, riparian vegetation can also indirectly affect stream temperature by influencing microclimate, affecting channel morphology, affecting stream flow, influencing wind speed, affecting humidity, affecting soil temperature, using water, influencing air temperature, enhancing infiltration, and influencing thermal radiation. It is critical to know the site potential to understand what vegetation a site can support. There is not a good scientific understanding of how much vegetation shading is required to affect stream temperature. 1 This lack of understanding may be due to the spatial and temporal variability in landscape components, and the resulting variability in both the direct and indirect influences of vegetation on stream temperature. Therefore, it is difficult to generalize about the effects of vegetation on stream temperature. Do other changes in streams cause increases in stream temperature? The answer to this question is yes, other physical changes in the stream system can modify stream temperatures. Stream temperature is a product of complex interactions between geomorphology, soil, hydrology, vegetation, and climate within a watershed. Changes in these factors will result in changes in stream temperature. Human activities influence stream temperature by affecting one or more of four major components: riparian vegetation, channel morphology, hydrology, and surface/subsurface interactions. Stream systems vary substantially across the landscape, and site-specific information is critical to understanding stream temperature responses to human activities. How can apparently healthy fish populations exist in streams with temperatures higher than laboratory and field studies would indicate as healthy? Workshop participants identified several mechanisms that might explain the ability of fish populations to exist at higher than expected temperatures. The first mechanism was that the fish may have physiological adaptations to survive exposures to high temperatures. A second possibility was that stream habitats may contain cooler microhabitats that fish can occupy as refuge from higher temperatures. A third consideration is that ecological interactions may be different under differing thermal conditions resulting, for example, in changes in disease virulence or cumulative effects of stressors. Finally, since substantial differences exist between laboratory and field studies, it is difficult to apply results of laboratory studies to fish responses in the field. It is important to note that these proposed mechanisms are speculative and, as the list of gaps indicates, substantial experimental work is required to establish their influences on fish in different stream systems. Workshop Summaiy Workshop participants recognized gaps in the available science. Additional knowledge about human influences on stream temperatures and, consequently, influences on cold-water fish populations, will improve our ability to prevent further degradation of stream habitat and will enhance efforts geared towards the recovery of depressed fish populations. Even with these gaps, there was enough agreement on factors that influence stream temperature to indicate information is available to start developing and implementing management practices that are designed to reduce stream warming. It was suggested that managers should consider riparian vegetation, channel morphology, and hydrology, and should account for site differences. Title: Influences of human activity on stream temperatures and existence of cold-water fish in streams with elevated temperature: report of a workshop: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, Corvallis, OR, October 5-6, 2000 Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Oregon) Year: 2000, 2008, 2005 Executive Summary The Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (IMST) convened a panel of experts on stream temperature and fish ecology on October 5-6, 2000 for a scientific workshop on human influences on stream temperature and responses by salmonids. The workshop was designed to review and discuss scientifically credible data and publications about 1) factors related to human activity that influence stream temperature and 2) behavioral, physical, and ecological mechanisms of cold water fish species for existing in streams with elevated temperatures. The goal of the workshop was to review empirical evidence and to identify points of agreement, disagreement, and knowledge gaps within the scientific community concerning the factors that influence stream temperature and fish responses to elevated temperatures. This information will assist the IMST in preparing a broader temperature report on Oregon's stream temperature water quality standards and their implementation. This report is prepared by the IMST. It was reviewed by workshop participants and revised by the IMST accordingly. The report includes abstracts of plenary presentations on factors that influence stream temperatures and fish responses, and the results of group discussions. The workshop participants focused on three main questions and were asked to list statements of agreement and disagreement, and to identify gaps in the scientific knowledge related to each question: ? How and where does riparian vegetation influence stream temperature? ? Do other changes in streams cause increases in stream temperature? ? How can apparently healthy fish populations exist in streams with temperatures higher than laboratory and field studies would indicate as healthy? The workshop participants provided answers to the questions in the form of bullets. The answers below represent the IMST's summation of the workshop findings and were reviewed by the participants. Several gaps in the scientific basis for specific questions or relationships were identified. The participants found no areas of disagreement for which technical information was available. They noted that any disagreements were not related to scientific interpretation, but were based on concerns or opinions about application, regulation, and management. How and where does riparian vegetation influence stream temperature? The influence of riparian vegetation on stream temperature is cumulative and complex, varying by site, over time, and across regions. Riparian vegetation can directly affect stream temperature by intercepting solar radiation and reducing stream heating. The influence of riparian shade in controlling temperature declines as streams widen in downstream reaches, but the role of riparian vegetation in providing water quality and fish habitat benefits continues to be important. Besides providing shade, riparian vegetation can also indirectly affect stream temperature by influencing microclimate, affecting channel morphology, affecting stream flow, influencing wind speed, affecting humidity, affecting soil temperature, using water, influencing air temperature, enhancing infiltration, and influencing thermal radiation. It is critical to know the site potential to understand what vegetation a site can support. There is not a good scientific understanding of how much vegetation shading is required to affect stream temperature. 1 This lack of understanding may be due to the spatial and temporal variability in landscape components, and the resulting variability in both the direct and indirect influences of vegetation on stream temperature. Therefore, it is difficult to generalize about the effects of vegetation on stream temperature. Do other changes in streams cause increases in stream temperature? The answer to this question is yes, other physical changes in the stream system can modify stream temperatures. Stream temperature is a product of complex interactions between geomorphology, soil, hydrology, vegetation, and climate within a watershed. Changes in these factors will result in changes in stream temperature. Human activities influence stream temperature by affecting one or more of four major components: riparian vegetation, channel morphology, hydrology, and surface/subsurface interactions. Stream systems vary substantially across the landscape, and site-specific information is critical to understanding stream temperature responses to human activities. How can apparently healthy fish populations exist in streams with temperatures higher than laboratory and field studies would indicate as healthy? Workshop participants identified several mechanisms that might explain the ability of fish populations to exist at higher than expected temperatures. The first mechanism was that the fish may have physiological adaptations to survive exposures to high temperatures. A second possibility was that stream habitats may contain cooler microhabitats that fish can occupy as refuge from higher temperatures. A third consideration is that ecological interactions may be different under differing thermal conditions resulting, for example, in changes in disease virulence or cumulative effects of stressors. Finally, since substantial differences exist between laboratory and field studies, it is difficult to apply results of laboratory studies to fish responses in the field. It is important to note that these proposed mechanisms are speculative and, as the list of gaps indicates, substantial experimental work is required to establish their influences on fish in different stream systems. Workshop Summaiy Workshop participants recognized gaps in the available science. Additional knowledge about human influences on stream temperatures and, consequently, influences on cold-water fish populations, will improve our ability to prevent further degradation of stream habitat and will enhance efforts geared towards the recovery of depressed fish populations. Even with these gaps, there was enough agreement on factors that influence stream temperature to indicate information is available to start developing and implementing management practices that are designed to reduce stream warming. It was suggested that managers should consider riparian vegetation, channel morphology, and hydrology, and should account for site differences. Close

• 185. [Article] Prospectus for Future Research: Temperature Effects on Green Macroalgae

  Research on temperature change has received attention from scientists. Not only has temperature change attracted scientists who study the Earth’s weather and climate, but also those who study plants and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prospectus for Future Research: Temperature Effects on Green Macroalgae Author: Gonzalez Pelayo, Ana Year: 2016 Research on temperature change has received attention from scientists. Not only has temperature change attracted scientists who study the Earth’s weather and climate, but also those who study plants and animals on land and in oceans. The research being conducted looks at how these temperature changes affect the anatomy and physiology of organisms, but other research also studies how terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have changed and the types of responses that have occurred as a result. For many years, research in terrestrial ecosystems has dominated research in aquatic ecosystems. Limited research has been conducted in aquatic ecosystems involving green macroalgae, which are primary producers and an essential part of these ecosystems. Within the last fifteen years, research regarding the effects of temperature change on green macroalgae has shown that temperature affects photosynthesis and biochemistry. Overall, photosynthesis is almost completely inhibited after sufficient exposure due to damage in Photosystem II. There is also a substantial change in the production of chemical molecules known as reactive oxygen species that caused physical damage to the algal cells as well as a change in structure for proteins that is essential for function. I reviewed the literature within the past fifteen years, regarding the effects of temperature on a variety of green macroalgae species. The results indicated that after sufficient exposure, the photosynthetic rate of macroalgae is reduced significantly and that the change in chemistry lead to alterations in the physiology of green macroalgae. In this thesis, I propose two possible directions for algae research that involves genetic sequencing of a model species to identify a possible temperature tolerance gene, as well as the potential use of green macroalgae in photobioreactors as a source of renewable energy. Title: Prospectus for Future Research: Temperature Effects on Green Macroalgae Author: Gonzalez Pelayo, Ana Year: 2016 Research on temperature change has received attention from scientists. Not only has temperature change attracted scientists who study the Earth’s weather and climate, but also those who study plants and animals on land and in oceans. The research being conducted looks at how these temperature changes affect the anatomy and physiology of organisms, but other research also studies how terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have changed and the types of responses that have occurred as a result. For many years, research in terrestrial ecosystems has dominated research in aquatic ecosystems. Limited research has been conducted in aquatic ecosystems involving green macroalgae, which are primary producers and an essential part of these ecosystems. Within the last fifteen years, research regarding the effects of temperature change on green macroalgae has shown that temperature affects photosynthesis and biochemistry. Overall, photosynthesis is almost completely inhibited after sufficient exposure due to damage in Photosystem II. There is also a substantial change in the production of chemical molecules known as reactive oxygen species that caused physical damage to the algal cells as well as a change in structure for proteins that is essential for function. I reviewed the literature within the past fifteen years, regarding the effects of temperature on a variety of green macroalgae species. The results indicated that after sufficient exposure, the photosynthetic rate of macroalgae is reduced significantly and that the change in chemistry lead to alterations in the physiology of green macroalgae. In this thesis, I propose two possible directions for algae research that involves genetic sequencing of a model species to identify a possible temperature tolerance gene, as well as the potential use of green macroalgae in photobioreactors as a source of renewable energy. Close

• 186. [Article] Stomatal Responses of Douglas-Fir Seedlings to Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Temperature During the Third and Fourth Years of Exposure

  Two major components of climate change, increasing atmospheric [CO2] and increasing temperature, may substantially alter the effects of water availability to plants through effects on the rate of water ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stomatal Responses of Douglas-Fir Seedlings to Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Temperature During the Third and Fourth Years of Exposure Author: Lewis, James D., Lucash, Melissa S., Olszyk, David M., Tingey, David T. Year: 2002 Two major components of climate change, increasing atmospheric [CO2] and increasing temperature, may substantially alter the effects of water availability to plants through effects on the rate of water loss from leaves. We examined the interactive effects of elevated [CO2] and temperature on seasonal patterns of stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E) and instantaneous transpiration efficiency (ITE) in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings. Seedlings were grown in sunlit chambers at either ambient CO2 (AC) or ambient + 180 µmol mol-1 CO2 (EC), and at ambient temperature (AT) or ambient + 3.5° C (ET) in a full-factorial design. Needle gas exchange at the target growth conditions was measured approximately monthly over 21 months. Across the study period and across temperature treatments, growth in elevated [CO2] decreased E by an average of 12% and increased ITE by an average of 46%. The absolute reduction of E associated with elevated [CO2] significantly increased with seasonal increases in the needle-to-air vapour pressure deficit (D). Across CO2 treatments, growth in elevated temperature increased E an average of 37%, and did not affect ITE. Combined, growth in elevated [CO2] and elevated temperature increased E an average of 19% compared with the ACAT treatment. The CO2 supply and growth temperature did not significantly affect stomatal sensitivity to D or the relationship between gs and net photosynthetic rates. This study suggests that elevated [CO2] may not completely ameliorate the effect of elevated temperature on E, and that climate change may substantially alter needle-level water loss and water use efficiency of Douglas-fir seedlings. Title: Stomatal Responses of Douglas-Fir Seedlings to Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Temperature During the Third and Fourth Years of Exposure Author: Lewis, James D., Lucash, Melissa S., Olszyk, David M., Tingey, David T. Year: 2002 Two major components of climate change, increasing atmospheric [CO2] and increasing temperature, may substantially alter the effects of water availability to plants through effects on the rate of water loss from leaves. We examined the interactive effects of elevated [CO2] and temperature on seasonal patterns of stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E) and instantaneous transpiration efficiency (ITE) in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings. Seedlings were grown in sunlit chambers at either ambient CO2 (AC) or ambient + 180 µmol mol-1 CO2 (EC), and at ambient temperature (AT) or ambient + 3.5° C (ET) in a full-factorial design. Needle gas exchange at the target growth conditions was measured approximately monthly over 21 months. Across the study period and across temperature treatments, growth in elevated [CO2] decreased E by an average of 12% and increased ITE by an average of 46%. The absolute reduction of E associated with elevated [CO2] significantly increased with seasonal increases in the needle-to-air vapour pressure deficit (D). Across CO2 treatments, growth in elevated temperature increased E an average of 37%, and did not affect ITE. Combined, growth in elevated [CO2] and elevated temperature increased E an average of 19% compared with the ACAT treatment. The CO2 supply and growth temperature did not significantly affect stomatal sensitivity to D or the relationship between gs and net photosynthetic rates. This study suggests that elevated [CO2] may not completely ameliorate the effect of elevated temperature on E, and that climate change may substantially alter needle-level water loss and water use efficiency of Douglas-fir seedlings. Close

• 187. [Article] Morphogenesis of Douglas Fir Buds is Altered at Elevated Temperature but not at Elevated CO2

  Global climatic change as expressed by increased CO2 and temperature has the potential for dramatic effects on trees. To determine what its effects may be on Pacific Northwest forests, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Morphogenesis of Douglas Fir Buds is Altered at Elevated Temperature but not at Elevated CO2 Author: Apple, Martha E., Lucash, Melissa S., Olszyk, David M., Tingey, David T. Year: 1998 Global climatic change as expressed by increased CO2 and temperature has the potential for dramatic effects on trees. To determine what its effects may be on Pacific Northwest forests, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii ) seedlings were grown in sun-lit controlled environment chambers at ambient or elevated (+4°C above ambient) temperature, and at ambient or elevated (+200 ppm above ambient) CO2. In 1995–1996 and 1996–1997, elevated CO2 had no effect on vegetative bud morphology, while the following unusual morphological characteristics were found with greater frequency at elevated temperature than at ambient: rosetted buds with reflexed and loosened outer scales, convoluted inner scales, clusters of small buds, needles elongating between scales, needle primordia with white, hyaline apical extensions, and buds with hardened scales inside of unbroken buds. Buds became rosetted in elevated temperature chambers after temperatures exceeded 40°C in July, 1996. Rosettes were induced within 48-h in buds placed in a 40°C oven; fewer rosettes formed at 20°C. Induction was reversible in buds transferred from 40 to 20°C, implying that rosetting is a physical rather than a growth phenomenon. It appears that rosettes form after long-term exposure to elevated temperature and after shorter periods of exposure to intense heat. Elevated temperature influences bud morphology and may therefore influence the overall branching structure of Douglas-fir seedlings. Title: Morphogenesis of Douglas Fir Buds is Altered at Elevated Temperature but not at Elevated CO2 Author: Apple, Martha E., Lucash, Melissa S., Olszyk, David M., Tingey, David T. Year: 1998 Global climatic change as expressed by increased CO2 and temperature has the potential for dramatic effects on trees. To determine what its effects may be on Pacific Northwest forests, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii ) seedlings were grown in sun-lit controlled environment chambers at ambient or elevated (+4°C above ambient) temperature, and at ambient or elevated (+200 ppm above ambient) CO2. In 1995–1996 and 1996–1997, elevated CO2 had no effect on vegetative bud morphology, while the following unusual morphological characteristics were found with greater frequency at elevated temperature than at ambient: rosetted buds with reflexed and loosened outer scales, convoluted inner scales, clusters of small buds, needles elongating between scales, needle primordia with white, hyaline apical extensions, and buds with hardened scales inside of unbroken buds. Buds became rosetted in elevated temperature chambers after temperatures exceeded 40°C in July, 1996. Rosettes were induced within 48-h in buds placed in a 40°C oven; fewer rosettes formed at 20°C. Induction was reversible in buds transferred from 40 to 20°C, implying that rosetting is a physical rather than a growth phenomenon. It appears that rosettes form after long-term exposure to elevated temperature and after shorter periods of exposure to intense heat. Elevated temperature influences bud morphology and may therefore influence the overall branching structure of Douglas-fir seedlings. Close

• 188. [Article] Absorption and attenuation of visible and near-infrared light in water: dependence on temperature and salinity

  This paper was published in Applied Optics and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ao/home.cfm. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Absorption and attenuation of visible and near-infrared light in water: dependence on temperature and salinity Author: Gray, Deric, Zaneveld, J. Ronald V., Pegau, W. Scott This paper was published in Applied Optics and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ao/home.cfm. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law. Title: Absorption and attenuation of visible and near-infrared light in water: dependence on temperature and salinity Author: Gray, Deric, Zaneveld, J. Ronald V., Pegau, W. Scott This paper was published in Applied Optics and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ao/home.cfm. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law. Close

• 189. [Article] Climate change on the Colorado Plateau of eastern Utah inferred from borehole temperatures

  Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Climate change on the Colorado Plateau of eastern Utah inferred from borehole temperatures Author: Chapman, David S., Harris, Robert N. Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Title: Climate change on the Colorado Plateau of eastern Utah inferred from borehole temperatures Author: Chapman, David S., Harris, Robert N. Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Close

• 190. [Article] Buffer strips for stream temperature control

  During clearcut logging, complete removal of the forest canopy and the shade it provides to small streams can cause large increases in water temperature. Such increases in temperature can be prevented ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Buffer strips for stream temperature control Author: Brown, George Wallace, 1939-, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Brazier, Jon Roger During clearcut logging, complete removal of the forest canopy and the shade it provides to small streams can cause large increases in water temperature. Such increases in temperature can be prevented if buffer strips of vegetation are left along the stream to provide shade. The purposes of this paper are to define the characteristics of buffer strips that are important in regulating the temperature of small streams and to describe a method of designing buffer strips that will insure no change in stream temperature as a result of logging and, at the same time, minimize the amount of commercial timber left in the strip. Commercial timber volume alone is not an important criterion for temperature control. Further, the width of the buffer strip is also not an important criterion. For the small streams studied as part of this research, the maximum shading ability of the average buffer strip was reached within a width of 80 feet. Specifying standard 100- to 200-foot buffer strips for all streams generally will include more timber than necessary. The canopy density along the path of incoming solar radiation best describes the ability of the buffer strip to control stream temperature. An estimate of this value can be obtained easily by foresters laying out buffer strips in the field and will insure proper design of the buffer strip for control of stream temperature. Title: Buffer strips for stream temperature control Author: Brown, George Wallace, 1939-, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Brazier, Jon Roger During clearcut logging, complete removal of the forest canopy and the shade it provides to small streams can cause large increases in water temperature. Such increases in temperature can be prevented if buffer strips of vegetation are left along the stream to provide shade. The purposes of this paper are to define the characteristics of buffer strips that are important in regulating the temperature of small streams and to describe a method of designing buffer strips that will insure no change in stream temperature as a result of logging and, at the same time, minimize the amount of commercial timber left in the strip. Commercial timber volume alone is not an important criterion for temperature control. Further, the width of the buffer strip is also not an important criterion. For the small streams studied as part of this research, the maximum shading ability of the average buffer strip was reached within a width of 80 feet. Specifying standard 100- to 200-foot buffer strips for all streams generally will include more timber than necessary. The canopy density along the path of incoming solar radiation best describes the ability of the buffer strip to control stream temperature. An estimate of this value can be obtained easily by foresters laying out buffer strips in the field and will insure proper design of the buffer strip for control of stream temperature. Close

• 191. [Article] Growth and behavioral responses to elevated temperatures by juvenile sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria and the interactive role of food availability

  The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth and behavioral responses to elevated temperatures by juvenile sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria and the interactive role of food availability Author: Sogard, Susan M., Olla, Bori L. The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Title: Growth and behavioral responses to elevated temperatures by juvenile sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria and the interactive role of food availability Author: Sogard, Susan M., Olla, Bori L. The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Close

• 192. [Article] Above- and Belowground Microclimate of Grow Tubes in an Organic Mulch-incorporated, Raised Bed System for Blueberry

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Institute for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Above- and Belowground Microclimate of Grow Tubes in an Organic Mulch-incorporated, Raised Bed System for Blueberry Author: Strik, Bernadine C., Tarara, Julie M., Chaves, Bernardo To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Institute for Scientific Information and published by the American Society for Horticultural Science. It can be found at: http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/. Title: Above- and Belowground Microclimate of Grow Tubes in an Organic Mulch-incorporated, Raised Bed System for Blueberry Author: Strik, Bernadine C., Tarara, Julie M., Chaves, Bernardo To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Institute for Scientific Information and published by the American Society for Horticultural Science. It can be found at: http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/. Close

• 193. [Article] A study of the seasonal variation in temperature and salinity along the Oregon - Northern California coast

  This study examines the seasonal variability in temperature and salinity of the nearshore waters off Oregon and Northern California. Specifically, temperature and salinity variations during summer and winter ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of the seasonal variation in temperature and salinity along the Oregon - Northern California coast Author: Bourke, Robert H. This study examines the seasonal variability in temperature and salinity of the nearshore waters off Oregon and Northern California. Specifically, temperature and salinity variations during summer and winter were ana1yzed from data gathered at shore stations along the coast and from hydrographic data collected within 25 nautical miles of shore. At each of five shore stations a modal cell technique was used to establish the temperature-salinity characteristics of the "normal" water type existing at each station during summer and winter. A classification scheme was employed to determine what local processes were influential in altering the "normal" T-S characteristics at each station. In summer mixing with Columbia River plume water was found to be the major modifying process along the Northern Oregon coast. Off Central and Southern Oregon local heating and mixing with water from the shelf/slope region were found to be most influential. In winter dilution due to precipitation and subsequent runoff is the major modifying factor along the entire coast except off Northern Oregon where mixing with shelf/slope waters is slightly more influential. The temperature and salinity structure of the near surface waters (< 200 meters) was examined for four latitudinal zones off the Oregon- Northern California coast. Within each zone profiles were constructed at 5, 15, and 25 nautical miles offshore. Surface waters are warmer and more saline in summer than in winter. Surface temperatures increase seaward in both seasons. Surface salinities increase seaward only during winter; in summer the increase is shoreward. Offshore gradients of temperature and salinity are one to two orders of magnitude greater than longshore gradients. A strong thermocline to 30 meters and a strong halocline to 75 meters is present in summer. In winter the water is isothermal to 50 meters while a strong halocline is present to 100 meters. Below these levels temperatures and salinities continue to slowly decrease and increase, respectively, until at 200 meters they become constant throughout the study area. Variability with distance from shore is significant only in summer and is constrained to the upper 150 meters of the water column. Title: A study of the seasonal variation in temperature and salinity along the Oregon - Northern California coast Author: Bourke, Robert H. This study examines the seasonal variability in temperature and salinity of the nearshore waters off Oregon and Northern California. Specifically, temperature and salinity variations during summer and winter were ana1yzed from data gathered at shore stations along the coast and from hydrographic data collected within 25 nautical miles of shore. At each of five shore stations a modal cell technique was used to establish the temperature-salinity characteristics of the "normal" water type existing at each station during summer and winter. A classification scheme was employed to determine what local processes were influential in altering the "normal" T-S characteristics at each station. In summer mixing with Columbia River plume water was found to be the major modifying process along the Northern Oregon coast. Off Central and Southern Oregon local heating and mixing with water from the shelf/slope region were found to be most influential. In winter dilution due to precipitation and subsequent runoff is the major modifying factor along the entire coast except off Northern Oregon where mixing with shelf/slope waters is slightly more influential. The temperature and salinity structure of the near surface waters (< 200 meters) was examined for four latitudinal zones off the Oregon- Northern California coast. Within each zone profiles were constructed at 5, 15, and 25 nautical miles offshore. Surface waters are warmer and more saline in summer than in winter. Surface temperatures increase seaward in both seasons. Surface salinities increase seaward only during winter; in summer the increase is shoreward. Offshore gradients of temperature and salinity are one to two orders of magnitude greater than longshore gradients. A strong thermocline to 30 meters and a strong halocline to 75 meters is present in summer. In winter the water is isothermal to 50 meters while a strong halocline is present to 100 meters. Below these levels temperatures and salinities continue to slowly decrease and increase, respectively, until at 200 meters they become constant throughout the study area. Variability with distance from shore is significant only in summer and is constrained to the upper 150 meters of the water column. Close

• 194. [Article] Effects of water quality and surface temperature on the scaling characteristics of cooling tower water

  The fouling of cooling tower water was investigated as a function of heater surface temperature and water quality. In particular, the effects on fouling of the addition of calcium in excess of the amounts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of water quality and surface temperature on the scaling characteristics of cooling tower water Author: Lahm, Lawrence The fouling of cooling tower water was investigated as a function of heater surface temperature and water quality. In particular, the effects on fouling of the addition of calcium in excess of the amounts required for saturation were examined. First, the average bulk water temperature was 97 ± 1 degree F, water velocities ranged from 3 to 8ft/s, heated surface temperatures varied from 105 to 165 degrees F, and the average effective calcium hardness ranged from 560 to 780 ppm as CaCO₃. Additionally, the effects of pH in the range 7 to 9 were observed for water with lower levels of calcium. For these runs, the average bulk water temperature ranged from 97 to 106 degrees F. Water velocities of 3 and 5 ft/s were used, and the surface temperatures were in the range 155 to 5 ft/s were used:and the surface temperatures were in the range 155 to 185 degrees F. The average measured calcium hardness varied from 290 to 400 ppm as CaCO₃. Of the runs with excess calcium, only one had significant fouling, suggesting fouling was suppressed. From the pH runs it appears that there is a minimum in the fouling tendency at a pH near 8. For the runs for which the deposits were not primarily CaCO₃, the surface temperature effects on the asymptotic fouling resistance to heat transfer corresponded well with predictions in the literature. For deposits which were almost pure calcium carbonate, no temperature dependence of the fouling factor could be shown. The material deposited was found to correspond strongly with the Ryznar stability index, with each material deposited in a unique, limited range of the index. Title: Effects of water quality and surface temperature on the scaling characteristics of cooling tower water Author: Lahm, Lawrence The fouling of cooling tower water was investigated as a function of heater surface temperature and water quality. In particular, the effects on fouling of the addition of calcium in excess of the amounts required for saturation were examined. First, the average bulk water temperature was 97 ± 1 degree F, water velocities ranged from 3 to 8ft/s, heated surface temperatures varied from 105 to 165 degrees F, and the average effective calcium hardness ranged from 560 to 780 ppm as CaCO₃. Additionally, the effects of pH in the range 7 to 9 were observed for water with lower levels of calcium. For these runs, the average bulk water temperature ranged from 97 to 106 degrees F. Water velocities of 3 and 5 ft/s were used, and the surface temperatures were in the range 155 to 5 ft/s were used:and the surface temperatures were in the range 155 to 185 degrees F. The average measured calcium hardness varied from 290 to 400 ppm as CaCO₃. Of the runs with excess calcium, only one had significant fouling, suggesting fouling was suppressed. From the pH runs it appears that there is a minimum in the fouling tendency at a pH near 8. For the runs for which the deposits were not primarily CaCO₃, the surface temperature effects on the asymptotic fouling resistance to heat transfer corresponded well with predictions in the literature. For deposits which were almost pure calcium carbonate, no temperature dependence of the fouling factor could be shown. The material deposited was found to correspond strongly with the Ryznar stability index, with each material deposited in a unique, limited range of the index. Close

• 195. [Article] Development of nickel aluminide (NiAl) microchannel array devices for high-temperature applications

  The miniaturization of Microtechnology-based Energy, Chemical and Biological Systems (MECS) is made possible by the use of high aspect ratio microchannel arrays to increase the surface-area-to-volume ratio ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of nickel aluminide (NiAl) microchannel array devices for high-temperature applications Author: Kanlayasiri, Kannachai The miniaturization of Microtechnology-based Energy, Chemical and Biological Systems (MECS) is made possible by the use of high aspect ratio microchannel arrays to increase the surface-area-to-volume ratio of the flow conduits within the devices, resulting in an improvement in the heat and mass transfer performance of the devices. However, advantages of the MECS concept cannot be applied to high-temperature applications (above 650°C) due to lack of high-temperature MECS devices; therefore, the development of high-temperature MECS devices is necessary to overcome this bottleneck. This dissertation involves the development of high-temperature MECS devices from a high-temperature material, nickel aluminide (NiAl). NiAl foil was synthesized from elemental nickel (Ni) and aluminum (Al) foils through a two step process--tack bonding and reactive diffusion. The elemental foils were tack bonded at 500°C, 3.9 MPa for 15 minutes. The reactive diffusion process was then performed through a heat treatment at 1000°C for a period of time corresponding to the thickness of the composite foil. The synthesized NiAl foil showed an atomic ratio of Al to Ni up to 0.96. The foil also showed a decent flatness and surface roughness. This dissertation proposes a reactive diffusion bonding as a joining technique of nickel aluminides. An investigation of bonding parameter effects on the warpage of nickel aluminide fins in the reactive diffusion bonding process was performed. Results showed that bonding time and temperature had significant effects on warpage of the fin. The fin warpage increased with the increase of bonding time and bonding temperature. Results also suggested that the bonding pressure had an effect on the fin warpage. However, chemical compositions of the fin were not significant to the warpage. This research also proposes a new fabrication procedure for producing NiAl MECS devices. NiAl foils were used as the starting material, and the reactive diffusion bonding technique was employed as the joining technique. The research outcome indicated the viability of the proposed method in fabricating NiAl MECS devices. This method achieved leak-tight devices with a reasonable fin flatness. Title: Development of nickel aluminide (NiAl) microchannel array devices for high-temperature applications Author: Kanlayasiri, Kannachai The miniaturization of Microtechnology-based Energy, Chemical and Biological Systems (MECS) is made possible by the use of high aspect ratio microchannel arrays to increase the surface-area-to-volume ratio of the flow conduits within the devices, resulting in an improvement in the heat and mass transfer performance of the devices. However, advantages of the MECS concept cannot be applied to high-temperature applications (above 650°C) due to lack of high-temperature MECS devices; therefore, the development of high-temperature MECS devices is necessary to overcome this bottleneck. This dissertation involves the development of high-temperature MECS devices from a high-temperature material, nickel aluminide (NiAl). NiAl foil was synthesized from elemental nickel (Ni) and aluminum (Al) foils through a two step process--tack bonding and reactive diffusion. The elemental foils were tack bonded at 500°C, 3.9 MPa for 15 minutes. The reactive diffusion process was then performed through a heat treatment at 1000°C for a period of time corresponding to the thickness of the composite foil. The synthesized NiAl foil showed an atomic ratio of Al to Ni up to 0.96. The foil also showed a decent flatness and surface roughness. This dissertation proposes a reactive diffusion bonding as a joining technique of nickel aluminides. An investigation of bonding parameter effects on the warpage of nickel aluminide fins in the reactive diffusion bonding process was performed. Results showed that bonding time and temperature had significant effects on warpage of the fin. The fin warpage increased with the increase of bonding time and bonding temperature. Results also suggested that the bonding pressure had an effect on the fin warpage. However, chemical compositions of the fin were not significant to the warpage. This research also proposes a new fabrication procedure for producing NiAl MECS devices. NiAl foils were used as the starting material, and the reactive diffusion bonding technique was employed as the joining technique. The research outcome indicated the viability of the proposed method in fabricating NiAl MECS devices. This method achieved leak-tight devices with a reasonable fin flatness. Close

• 196. [Article] Demonstration of fiber optic distributed temperature sensing to differentiate cold water refuge between ground water inflows and hyporheic exchange

  Recent developments in Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) have allowed new insight into the surface-to-ground water interaction. The continuous temperature measurement by the DTS allows for cool water ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Demonstration of fiber optic distributed temperature sensing to differentiate cold water refuge between ground water inflows and hyporheic exchange Author: Collier, Michael W. Recent developments in Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) have allowed new insight into the surface-to-ground water interaction. The continuous temperature measurement by the DTS allows for cool water inflows to be located during warm summer months. These cool water inflows can then be differentiated between ground water and hyporheic exchange. The cool water inflows are important to many species that inhabit the rivers of the Western United States. As temperatures increase due to climate change the importance of cool water inflows will grow. This study used fiber optic cable and the DTS system to measure the temperature in 2km of the Walla Walla River, near Milton-Freewater, Oregon. The temperature data was split into nighttime and daytime averages. The correlation between these two data sets was calculated to reveal when the daytime and nighttime data followed the same cooling pattern (evidence of ground water inflow) or when the nighttime temperature increased, but the daytime temperature decreased (evidence of hyporheic exchange). Nine areas of apparent ground water inflow and nine areas of expected hyporheic exchange were identified. The average quantity of inflow at each ground water site was calculated as 0.04 m3/s. The computed average hyporheic exchange depth along the 2000 m channel was 0.32 m. The located cold water inflows were compared to salmon and trout location from a US Fish and Wildlife Survey. This comparison showed that the cool mid-day inflows (either ground water or hyporheic exchange locations) made up 1/3 of the study reach length and had approximately 60% of the cold water fish. Half of the cool water inflow sites did not have fish present during the survey which suggests that while influent cool water is a major factor for fish congregation, it is not the sole factor. Title: Demonstration of fiber optic distributed temperature sensing to differentiate cold water refuge between ground water inflows and hyporheic exchange Author: Collier, Michael W. Recent developments in Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) have allowed new insight into the surface-to-ground water interaction. The continuous temperature measurement by the DTS allows for cool water inflows to be located during warm summer months. These cool water inflows can then be differentiated between ground water and hyporheic exchange. The cool water inflows are important to many species that inhabit the rivers of the Western United States. As temperatures increase due to climate change the importance of cool water inflows will grow. This study used fiber optic cable and the DTS system to measure the temperature in 2km of the Walla Walla River, near Milton-Freewater, Oregon. The temperature data was split into nighttime and daytime averages. The correlation between these two data sets was calculated to reveal when the daytime and nighttime data followed the same cooling pattern (evidence of ground water inflow) or when the nighttime temperature increased, but the daytime temperature decreased (evidence of hyporheic exchange). Nine areas of apparent ground water inflow and nine areas of expected hyporheic exchange were identified. The average quantity of inflow at each ground water site was calculated as 0.04 m3/s. The computed average hyporheic exchange depth along the 2000 m channel was 0.32 m. The located cold water inflows were compared to salmon and trout location from a US Fish and Wildlife Survey. This comparison showed that the cool mid-day inflows (either ground water or hyporheic exchange locations) made up 1/3 of the study reach length and had approximately 60% of the cold water fish. Half of the cool water inflow sites did not have fish present during the survey which suggests that while influent cool water is a major factor for fish congregation, it is not the sole factor. Close

• 197. [Article] Dynamic mechanical analysis of wood and wood-based composites

  Wood and wood-based composites are being used in either new or more demanding applications. A means is needed to successfully analyze new materials and to predict their long-term performance. Two techniques, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dynamic mechanical analysis of wood and wood-based composites Author: Gao, Hong Wood and wood-based composites are being used in either new or more demanding applications. A means is needed to successfully analyze new materials and to predict their long-term performance. Two techniques, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and time-temperature superposition (TTS) offer a means to accomplish this objective. The outcome of this study is an analysis method that could be used to evaluate the structural characteristics of wood, resin, and wood-based composites as affected by temperature, frequency, and humidity, and the possibility of using this information to define changes in the production process or product. Dynamic mechanical analysis characterizes a material's properties in terms of the deformation response to periodic forces. To accomplish this analysis, small samples of material were subjected to sinusoidal loads in the center point while the temperature was varied in a controlled manner. The dynamic mechanical properties such as storage modulus, loss modulus, and internal friction were determined, in addition to the glass transition temperature, all as a function of temperature, frequency and moisture content. The applicability of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and time-temperature superposition (TTS) was investigated. The time-temperature superposition principle provides a much broader effective range of frequency by making measurements of the dynamic properties at different temperatures and by shifting the data to construct a master curve. Verification studies confirmed the applicability of DMA/TTS. Dynamic properties of wood and its components of earlywood and latewood were measured. The data was used to successfully predict the properties of wood. The properties of particulate wood-based composites indicate that adhesives play an important role in the temperature dependence of the dynamic properties of wood-based composites. The relationship between dynamic internal friction and static internal bond strength was also investigated. The internal friction measurement is suggested as a potential bonding characterization of wood-based composites. Title: Dynamic mechanical analysis of wood and wood-based composites Author: Gao, Hong Wood and wood-based composites are being used in either new or more demanding applications. A means is needed to successfully analyze new materials and to predict their long-term performance. Two techniques, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and time-temperature superposition (TTS) offer a means to accomplish this objective. The outcome of this study is an analysis method that could be used to evaluate the structural characteristics of wood, resin, and wood-based composites as affected by temperature, frequency, and humidity, and the possibility of using this information to define changes in the production process or product. Dynamic mechanical analysis characterizes a material's properties in terms of the deformation response to periodic forces. To accomplish this analysis, small samples of material were subjected to sinusoidal loads in the center point while the temperature was varied in a controlled manner. The dynamic mechanical properties such as storage modulus, loss modulus, and internal friction were determined, in addition to the glass transition temperature, all as a function of temperature, frequency and moisture content. The applicability of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and time-temperature superposition (TTS) was investigated. The time-temperature superposition principle provides a much broader effective range of frequency by making measurements of the dynamic properties at different temperatures and by shifting the data to construct a master curve. Verification studies confirmed the applicability of DMA/TTS. Dynamic properties of wood and its components of earlywood and latewood were measured. The data was used to successfully predict the properties of wood. The properties of particulate wood-based composites indicate that adhesives play an important role in the temperature dependence of the dynamic properties of wood-based composites. The relationship between dynamic internal friction and static internal bond strength was also investigated. The internal friction measurement is suggested as a potential bonding characterization of wood-based composites. Close

• 198. [Article] Norwegian Salmonid Farming and Global Warming: Spatial Distribution and Value Adding

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Norwegian Salmonid Farming and Global Warming: Spatial Distribution and Value Adding Author: Heen, Knut, Hermansen, Øystein Abstract only. Title: Norwegian Salmonid Farming and Global Warming: Spatial Distribution and Value Adding Author: Heen, Knut, Hermansen, Øystein Abstract only. Close

• 199. [Article] Response of western Oregon stream temperatures to contemporary forest management

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final draft as accepted by the publisher. The final version is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at the Forest Ecology and Management website: http://www.elsev...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Response of western Oregon stream temperatures to contemporary forest management Author: Madsen, Lisa J., Dent, Liz, Groom, Jeremiah D., Fleuret, Jennifer This is the author's peer-reviewed final draft as accepted by the publisher. The final version is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at the Forest Ecology and Management website: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/503310/description Title: Response of western Oregon stream temperatures to contemporary forest management Author: Madsen, Lisa J., Dent, Liz, Groom, Jeremiah D., Fleuret, Jennifer This is the author's peer-reviewed final draft as accepted by the publisher. The final version is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at the Forest Ecology and Management website: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/503310/description Close

• 200. [Article] Isolating the effects of storm events on arctic aquatic bacteria: temperature, nutrients, and community composition as controls on bacterial productivity

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Frontiers Research Foundation. The published article can be found at: http://www.frontiersin.org/Microbiology. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Isolating the effects of storm events on arctic aquatic bacteria: temperature, nutrients, and community composition as controls on bacterial productivity Author: Crump, Byron C., Adams, Heather E., Kling, George W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Frontiers Research Foundation. The published article can be found at: http://www.frontiersin.org/Microbiology. Supporting Information can be found at: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00250/full#h9. Title: Isolating the effects of storm events on arctic aquatic bacteria: temperature, nutrients, and community composition as controls on bacterial productivity Author: Crump, Byron C., Adams, Heather E., Kling, George W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Frontiers Research Foundation. The published article can be found at: http://www.frontiersin.org/Microbiology. Supporting Information can be found at: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00250/full#h9. Close