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• 101. [Image] PH036_2228 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Elephant rock, near Gibbon, Oregon. ; Elephant Rock, near Gibbon, Oregon.

  	A Native American man, identified as Charley Whirlwind, Sr. (also known as Dr. Whirlwind), wearing a robe, or possibly a cape or cloak, stands near a rock formation identified as Elephant Rock near Gibbon, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_2228 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Elephant rock, near Gibbon, Oregon. ; Elephant Rock, near Gibbon, Oregon. Year: 1897 A Native American man, identified as Charley Whirlwind, Sr. (also known as Dr. Whirlwind), wearing a robe, or possibly a cape or cloak, stands near a rock formation identified as Elephant Rock near Gibbon, Oregon. The landscape is arid and rocky and the craggy, rock formation resembles an elephant. Title: PH036_2228 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Elephant rock, near Gibbon, Oregon. ; Elephant Rock, near Gibbon, Oregon. Year: 1897 A Native American man, identified as Charley Whirlwind, Sr. (also known as Dr. Whirlwind), wearing a robe, or possibly a cape or cloak, stands near a rock formation identified as Elephant Rock near Gibbon, Oregon. The landscape is arid and rocky and the craggy, rock formation resembles an elephant. Close

• 102. [Image] PH036_6656 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Native American man in horned headdress

  	An image of a print of a Native American man wearing a horned headdress, a shirt, armbands, a neckerchief, and hair ornaments. His hair is in braids.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_6656 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Native American man in horned headdress Year: 1897 An image of a print of a Native American man wearing a horned headdress, a shirt, armbands, a neckerchief, and hair ornaments. His hair is in braids. Title: PH036_6656 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Native American man in horned headdress Year: 1897 An image of a print of a Native American man wearing a horned headdress, a shirt, armbands, a neckerchief, and hair ornaments. His hair is in braids. Close

• 103. [Image] PH036_6650 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Native American on horseback

  	A Native American woman wearing traditional clothing, including earrings and a headscarf, sits on a horse. The horse is draped with blankets and outfitted with a bridle, reins, and stirrups.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_6650 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Native American on horseback Year: 1897 A Native American woman wearing traditional clothing, including earrings and a headscarf, sits on a horse. The horse is draped with blankets and outfitted with a bridle, reins, and stirrups. Title: PH036_6650 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Native American on horseback Year: 1897 A Native American woman wearing traditional clothing, including earrings and a headscarf, sits on a horse. The horse is draped with blankets and outfitted with a bridle, reins, and stirrups. Close

• 104. [Image] PH036_2949 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Relics of Whitman massacre from collection in Oregon Historical Society ; Relics of Whitman massacre from collection in Oregon Historical Society.

  	Relics from the Whitman Massacre, 1847 in the collection of the Oregon Historical Society are shown mounted on a wall and displayed on a table. The relics include two Native American tomahawks, a Native ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_2949 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Relics of Whitman massacre from collection in Oregon Historical Society ; Relics of Whitman massacre from collection in Oregon Historical Society. Year: 1897 Relics from the Whitman Massacre, 1847 in the collection of the Oregon Historical Society are shown mounted on a wall and displayed on a table. The relics include two Native American tomahawks, a Native American war club, a sword and scabbard, and two unidentified objects. Title: PH036_2949 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Relics of Whitman massacre from collection in Oregon Historical Society ; Relics of Whitman massacre from collection in Oregon Historical Society. Year: 1897 Relics from the Whitman Massacre, 1847 in the collection of the Oregon Historical Society are shown mounted on a wall and displayed on a table. The relics include two Native American tomahawks, a Native American war club, a sword and scabbard, and two unidentified objects. Close

• 105. [Image] PH021_indian_girl; Native American girl in regalia

  	A portrait of a Native American girl in regalia posing next to a horse. The girl is wearing a dress with abstract patterning on its surface, and fringes at its edges. Around her forehead she wears a beaded ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH021_indian_girl; Native American girl in regalia Author: unknown (photographer) Year: 1905 A portrait of a Native American girl in regalia posing next to a horse. The girl is wearing a dress with abstract patterning on its surface, and fringes at its edges. Around her forehead she wears a beaded headband with an attached feather. She wears earrings and has beaded accessories in her braided hair. She holds a rope that is attached to a horse standing behind her. The horse is draped with decorative beaded bags, and material with long fringes. One bag displays a stag with leaves and the other designs appear to be abstract patterns. Tipis, horses, and a wooden fence are visible in the distance. Title: PH021_indian_girl; Native American girl in regalia Author: unknown (photographer) Year: 1905 A portrait of a Native American girl in regalia posing next to a horse. The girl is wearing a dress with abstract patterning on its surface, and fringes at its edges. Around her forehead she wears a beaded headband with an attached feather. She wears earrings and has beaded accessories in her braided hair. She holds a rope that is attached to a horse standing behind her. The horse is draped with decorative beaded bags, and material with long fringes. One bag displays a stag with leaves and the other designs appear to be abstract patterns. Tipis, horses, and a wooden fence are visible in the distance. Close

• 106. [Article] Runners of a Different Race: North American Indigenous Athletes and National Identities in the Early Twentieth Century

  This thesis explores the intersection of indigeneity and modernity in early-twentieth-century North America by examining Native Americans in competitive running arenas in both domestic and international ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Runners of a Different Race: North American Indigenous Athletes and National Identities in the Early Twentieth Century Author: Keegan, Tara Year: 2016 This thesis explores the intersection of indigeneity and modernity in early-twentieth-century North America by examining Native Americans in competitive running arenas in both domestic and international settings. Historians have analyzed sports to understand central facets of this intersection, including race, gender, nationalism, assimilation, and resistance. But running, specifically, embodies what was both indigenous and modern, a symbol of both racial and national worth at a time when those categories coexisted uneasily. The narrative follows one main case study: the “Redwood Highway Indian Marathon,” a 480-mile footrace from San Francisco, California, to Grants Pass, Oregon, contested between Native Americans from Northern California and New Mexico in 1927 and 1928. That race and others reveal how indigenous runners asserted both Native and modern American/Canadian/Mexican identities through sport, how mainstream societies understood modern indigenous people, and to what extent those societies embraced images of “Indianness” in regional and national identities, economies, and cultures. Title: Runners of a Different Race: North American Indigenous Athletes and National Identities in the Early Twentieth Century Author: Keegan, Tara Year: 2016 This thesis explores the intersection of indigeneity and modernity in early-twentieth-century North America by examining Native Americans in competitive running arenas in both domestic and international settings. Historians have analyzed sports to understand central facets of this intersection, including race, gender, nationalism, assimilation, and resistance. But running, specifically, embodies what was both indigenous and modern, a symbol of both racial and national worth at a time when those categories coexisted uneasily. The narrative follows one main case study: the “Redwood Highway Indian Marathon,” a 480-mile footrace from San Francisco, California, to Grants Pass, Oregon, contested between Native Americans from Northern California and New Mexico in 1927 and 1928. That race and others reveal how indigenous runners asserted both Native and modern American/Canadian/Mexican identities through sport, how mainstream societies understood modern indigenous people, and to what extent those societies embraced images of “Indianness” in regional and national identities, economies, and cultures. Close

• 107. [Article] Developing One's Self: Adoption and Identity Formation Through the Eyes of Transracially Adopted Native American Adults

  Life story methods were used to explore the contextual factors that influenced the experiences and identity formation of seven Native American adults who were transracially adopted prior to the passage ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Developing One's Self: Adoption and Identity Formation Through the Eyes of Transracially Adopted Native American Adults Author: Becker-Green, Jody Year: 2009 Life story methods were used to explore the contextual factors that influenced the experiences and identity formation of seven Native American adults who were transracially adopted prior to the passage of the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978. These methods provided a deeper understanding of how these individuals have integrated their adoption experiences into their evolving sense of self. The life story methodology offered a way to acknowledge and validate participants' life experiences and allowed for the collection of rich information from the perspectives of the adoptees. The life story interviews were structured to gather information on the influence of one's adoptive family and cultural, social, and educational experiences on participants' developing sense of self. Even though an interview guide was developed for use in the study, each story uniquely unfolded in a manner the participant was comfortable sharing. The study examined the life stories for patterns or emerging themes related to identity development at different points in the narrators' life cycles in order to develop an aggregate account of the contextual factors influencing identity formation as well as a collective understanding of sense of self. The study identified 12 contextual factors that have both positively and negatively influenced identity development among the participants throughout their lifespan. These factors are: (1) adoptive family; (2) community; (3) educational experiences; (4) religion/spirituality; (5) travel; (6) exposure to cultural experiences; (7) employment; (8) friendships; (9) peer groups; (10) military; (11) societal messages, and (12) reconnection to tribal heritage. Overall, findings from this study suggest that the majority of participants have developed strong Native American, multi-cultural, and/or bi-cultural identities that incorporate their various experiences as transracial adoptees. Practice considerations for transracial adoptees as well as adoptive parents are suggested. Policy implications relating to granting access to original birth and/or adoption related records are presented. Finally, future research recommendations are offered specific to Native American transracial adoptees, their biological families, and tribal communities from which they adopted. While the practice, policy, and research recommendations are specific to Native American transracial adoptees, the recommendations may have broader implications to a wider population of adoptees in general. Title: Developing One's Self: Adoption and Identity Formation Through the Eyes of Transracially Adopted Native American Adults Author: Becker-Green, Jody Year: 2009 Life story methods were used to explore the contextual factors that influenced the experiences and identity formation of seven Native American adults who were transracially adopted prior to the passage of the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978. These methods provided a deeper understanding of how these individuals have integrated their adoption experiences into their evolving sense of self. The life story methodology offered a way to acknowledge and validate participants' life experiences and allowed for the collection of rich information from the perspectives of the adoptees. The life story interviews were structured to gather information on the influence of one's adoptive family and cultural, social, and educational experiences on participants' developing sense of self. Even though an interview guide was developed for use in the study, each story uniquely unfolded in a manner the participant was comfortable sharing. The study examined the life stories for patterns or emerging themes related to identity development at different points in the narrators' life cycles in order to develop an aggregate account of the contextual factors influencing identity formation as well as a collective understanding of sense of self. The study identified 12 contextual factors that have both positively and negatively influenced identity development among the participants throughout their lifespan. These factors are: (1) adoptive family; (2) community; (3) educational experiences; (4) religion/spirituality; (5) travel; (6) exposure to cultural experiences; (7) employment; (8) friendships; (9) peer groups; (10) military; (11) societal messages, and (12) reconnection to tribal heritage. Overall, findings from this study suggest that the majority of participants have developed strong Native American, multi-cultural, and/or bi-cultural identities that incorporate their various experiences as transracial adoptees. Practice considerations for transracial adoptees as well as adoptive parents are suggested. Policy implications relating to granting access to original birth and/or adoption related records are presented. Finally, future research recommendations are offered specific to Native American transracial adoptees, their biological families, and tribal communities from which they adopted. While the practice, policy, and research recommendations are specific to Native American transracial adoptees, the recommendations may have broader implications to a wider population of adoptees in general. Close

• 108. [Article] Infusing Tribal Curriculum into K-12 Schools: A Case Study of Oregon’s Native American Educational Policies

  Not having accurate contemporary, historical and place-based curriculum drafted in consultation with tribes is a huge disservice and a violation of the trust agreements the United States government entered ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Infusing Tribal Curriculum into K-12 Schools: A Case Study of Oregon’s Native American Educational Policies Author: Garcia, Shadiin Year: 2017 Not having accurate contemporary, historical and place-based curriculum drafted in consultation with tribes is a huge disservice and a violation of the trust agreements the United States government entered into with its sovereign nations. Through a single state case study, this research explores how a tribally written curriculum attempts to address this violation by examining the state context of the Native American education landscape and state policy. This research utilizes the theoretical frameworks of Red Pedagogy, Tribal Critical Theory and Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy to explore the intentions of the tribal curriculum writers and the professional development provider of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde Tribal History curriculum unit; Oregon’s American Indian/Alaska Native Education State Plan, and the legislative policy of Senate Bill 13. The study concluded with the following implications for policy, theory, and practice: Indigenous curricular endeavors that center indigenous values, incorporate local context are important, and acknowledge the role of colonialism and are just part of the larger systemic response of decolonization; Implementation challenges are rooted in a colonized paradigm and expanding reform to the educator preparation and policy realm is critical so that all educators (Native and non-Native benefit); Addressing power and hegemonic structures in contexts outside of education (with the local indigenous communities) create a larger and necessary accountability scope; Indigenous knowledge is nuanced, varied, and evolving and thus, needs robust professional development that incorporates best and promising practices in concert with local indigenous communities for both inservice and preservice fields; And without policy and state incentives, the implementation challenges will continue. Title: Infusing Tribal Curriculum into K-12 Schools: A Case Study of Oregon’s Native American Educational Policies Author: Garcia, Shadiin Year: 2017 Not having accurate contemporary, historical and place-based curriculum drafted in consultation with tribes is a huge disservice and a violation of the trust agreements the United States government entered into with its sovereign nations. Through a single state case study, this research explores how a tribally written curriculum attempts to address this violation by examining the state context of the Native American education landscape and state policy. This research utilizes the theoretical frameworks of Red Pedagogy, Tribal Critical Theory and Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy to explore the intentions of the tribal curriculum writers and the professional development provider of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde Tribal History curriculum unit; Oregon’s American Indian/Alaska Native Education State Plan, and the legislative policy of Senate Bill 13. The study concluded with the following implications for policy, theory, and practice: Indigenous curricular endeavors that center indigenous values, incorporate local context are important, and acknowledge the role of colonialism and are just part of the larger systemic response of decolonization; Implementation challenges are rooted in a colonized paradigm and expanding reform to the educator preparation and policy realm is critical so that all educators (Native and non-Native benefit); Addressing power and hegemonic structures in contexts outside of education (with the local indigenous communities) create a larger and necessary accountability scope; Indigenous knowledge is nuanced, varied, and evolving and thus, needs robust professional development that incorporates best and promising practices in concert with local indigenous communities for both inservice and preservice fields; And without policy and state incentives, the implementation challenges will continue. Close

• 109. [Image] Mariah Huhndorf Oral History Interview

  	At the time of this interview, Mariah Huhndorf was an activities coordinator at the Native American Longhouse. A junior General Science major studying to become a physician's assistant, Huhndorf came to ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mariah Huhndorf Oral History Interview Year: 2013 At the time of this interview, Mariah Huhndorf was an activities coordinator at the Native American Longhouse. A junior General Science major studying to become a physician's assistant, Huhndorf came to OSU from her hometown of Kenai, Alaska. Huhndorf, a native Alaskan with an Athabaskan mother and Yupik father, describes her experiences at Oregon State University, both as a student and as an activities coordinator at the Native American Longhouse. She discusses Longhouse events, such as the Alaska Winter Games, which she coordinated; the challenges and solutions that NAL staff have experienced with communication; her suggestions that staff learn more about events hosted at the NAL by other groups and work to make it clear that the NAL welcomes all visitors, native or not; what the new Longhouse means to her; how OSU and the NAL have affected her own identity as a native Alaskan; the importance of sharing stories; and the "culture shock" she felt coming to Corvallis, with a population of about 54,700, from her hometown of Kenai, Alaska, with a population of about 7,000. Link to Audio Recording: http://media.oregonstate.edu/media/Oral+History+Interview%3A+Mariah+Huhndorf/0_frg7uz6g Title: Mariah Huhndorf Oral History Interview Year: 2013 At the time of this interview, Mariah Huhndorf was an activities coordinator at the Native American Longhouse. A junior General Science major studying to become a physician's assistant, Huhndorf came to OSU from her hometown of Kenai, Alaska. Huhndorf, a native Alaskan with an Athabaskan mother and Yupik father, describes her experiences at Oregon State University, both as a student and as an activities coordinator at the Native American Longhouse. She discusses Longhouse events, such as the Alaska Winter Games, which she coordinated; the challenges and solutions that NAL staff have experienced with communication; her suggestions that staff learn more about events hosted at the NAL by other groups and work to make it clear that the NAL welcomes all visitors, native or not; what the new Longhouse means to her; how OSU and the NAL have affected her own identity as a native Alaskan; the importance of sharing stories; and the "culture shock" she felt coming to Corvallis, with a population of about 54,700, from her hometown of Kenai, Alaska, with a population of about 7,000. Link to Audio Recording: http://media.oregonstate.edu/media/Oral+History+Interview%3A+Mariah+Huhndorf/0_frg7uz6g Close

• 110. [Image] Daniel Cárdenas Oral History Interview

  	At the time of this interview, Daniel Cárdenas was a graduate teaching assistant at the Native American Longhouse. A first-year graduate student in College Student Services Administration, Cárdenas came ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Daniel Cárdenas Oral History Interview Year: 2013 At the time of this interview, Daniel Cárdenas was a graduate teaching assistant at the Native American Longhouse. A first-year graduate student in College Student Services Administration, Cárdenas came to OSU from his hometown of Fair Oaks, California. Cárdenas discusses the challenges, responsibilities, and growth he has experienced working as a graduate teaching assistance in the Longhouse; the events of Native Heritage Month; the planning and challenges of opening and moving into the new Longhouse; the annual Pow Wow thrown by the Native American Student Association; relationships with other cultural centers staff; ideas for inter-cultural center collaboration; the Oregon One Percent for Art law and the art in the new Longhouse, including the art of artist Shirod Younker; the importance of honoring intersecting identities; the generosity of the local Native community; ideas about bringing in Native language speakers, visiting other longhouses and building ties with the nine tribes of Oregon; and OSU's impact on his personal racial, ethnic, and spiritual identity. Link to Audio Recording: http://media.oregonstate.edu/media/Oral+History+Interview%3A+Daniel+C%C3%A1rdenas/0_3w7pz01j Title: Daniel Cárdenas Oral History Interview Year: 2013 At the time of this interview, Daniel Cárdenas was a graduate teaching assistant at the Native American Longhouse. A first-year graduate student in College Student Services Administration, Cárdenas came to OSU from his hometown of Fair Oaks, California. Cárdenas discusses the challenges, responsibilities, and growth he has experienced working as a graduate teaching assistance in the Longhouse; the events of Native Heritage Month; the planning and challenges of opening and moving into the new Longhouse; the annual Pow Wow thrown by the Native American Student Association; relationships with other cultural centers staff; ideas for inter-cultural center collaboration; the Oregon One Percent for Art law and the art in the new Longhouse, including the art of artist Shirod Younker; the importance of honoring intersecting identities; the generosity of the local Native community; ideas about bringing in Native language speakers, visiting other longhouses and building ties with the nine tribes of Oregon; and OSU's impact on his personal racial, ethnic, and spiritual identity. Link to Audio Recording: http://media.oregonstate.edu/media/Oral+History+Interview%3A+Daniel+C%C3%A1rdenas/0_3w7pz01j Close

• 111. [Article] Disruptions in the Dream City: Unsettled Ideologies at the 1905 World's Fair in Portland, Oregon

  This thesis examines the experiences of fairgoers at the Lewis and Clark Centennial, American Pacific Exposition and Oriental Fair held in Portland, Oregon from June to October of 1905. Historians have ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Disruptions in the Dream City: Unsettled Ideologies at the 1905 World's Fair in Portland, Oregon Author: Cleland, Kat Year: 2013 This thesis examines the experiences of fairgoers at the Lewis and Clark Centennial, American Pacific Exposition and Oriental Fair held in Portland, Oregon from June to October of 1905. Historians have framed world's fairs and international expositions as sites of legitimating narratives and restagings of empire and nationhood. This thesis focuses on women, Asian Americans, and Native Americans who interrupted and disrupted the performance and exhibition of U.S. imperialism in the specific case of Portland, Oregon. It considers who benefitted from or endured loss in the demonstrations of imperial culture at the Fair. Following the premises that metropolitan and colonial histories should be considered in the same analytical field and that the systemic power of domestic imperialism in the United States extended beyond Native Americans into the experiences of most nonwhite American communities, this thesis adds a metropolitan approach to Native-American history and, in turn, applies a more colonial approach to the study of African-American, Asian-American, and working-class women's histories. In three chapters, this study explores a range of disruptions at the 1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial - patched over by the Exposition's civic elites and overlooked by previous historians of the Fair - that shed light on the politics of race, class, and gender within the processes of empire and nation building in the turn-of-the-century West. Title: Disruptions in the Dream City: Unsettled Ideologies at the 1905 World's Fair in Portland, Oregon Author: Cleland, Kat Year: 2013 This thesis examines the experiences of fairgoers at the Lewis and Clark Centennial, American Pacific Exposition and Oriental Fair held in Portland, Oregon from June to October of 1905. Historians have framed world's fairs and international expositions as sites of legitimating narratives and restagings of empire and nationhood. This thesis focuses on women, Asian Americans, and Native Americans who interrupted and disrupted the performance and exhibition of U.S. imperialism in the specific case of Portland, Oregon. It considers who benefitted from or endured loss in the demonstrations of imperial culture at the Fair. Following the premises that metropolitan and colonial histories should be considered in the same analytical field and that the systemic power of domestic imperialism in the United States extended beyond Native Americans into the experiences of most nonwhite American communities, this thesis adds a metropolitan approach to Native-American history and, in turn, applies a more colonial approach to the study of African-American, Asian-American, and working-class women's histories. In three chapters, this study explores a range of disruptions at the 1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial - patched over by the Exposition's civic elites and overlooked by previous historians of the Fair - that shed light on the politics of race, class, and gender within the processes of empire and nation building in the turn-of-the-century West. Close

• 112. [Article] Racial Hegemony in America: The Struggle for identity Among the Black Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southern United States

  The notion of race was introduced to the Americas at the time of colonization. For the Black Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes, racism has led to the rejection of their tribal heritage from both tribal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Racial Hegemony in America: The Struggle for identity Among the Black Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southern United States Author: Hartsfield, Natasha Year: 2013 The notion of race was introduced to the Americas at the time of colonization. For the Black Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes, racism has led to the rejection of their tribal heritage from both tribal and United States governments. The Black Indians are of both African and Native American ancestry with a history born in America and rich with resistance against colonial power. Blood quantum, the governmental requisite for tribal membership, is but one of the many laws put in place to govern Native American tribes. This introduces the question: Why, in a Nation that claims "freedom for all," does there continue to be groups of people whose identities are not recognized? Why are descendants of both Native American and African ancestors ineligible for education scholarships, land allotments, gaming and fishing rights and other tribal allowances? In 1965 African-Americans were marching on Washington to demand their rights as American citizens. Today, Black Indians are marching on Washington from Indian Territory in Oklahoma to demand their rights. As a people who represent the continuing struggle for American freedom, the case of the Black Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes demonstrates how hegemony introduced the hypodescent rule or "one drop of blood" rule by the United States, laid the foundation for systemic effects of the racial hierarchy within the tribes. As this is an issue that may be further explored, future research might include a comparative study of other unrecognized groups that have been affected by colonialism, incorporating archival research, research of material culture and oral histories. Faculty Mentor: Pedro Ferbel-Azcarate Title: Racial Hegemony in America: The Struggle for identity Among the Black Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southern United States Author: Hartsfield, Natasha Year: 2013 The notion of race was introduced to the Americas at the time of colonization. For the Black Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes, racism has led to the rejection of their tribal heritage from both tribal and United States governments. The Black Indians are of both African and Native American ancestry with a history born in America and rich with resistance against colonial power. Blood quantum, the governmental requisite for tribal membership, is but one of the many laws put in place to govern Native American tribes. This introduces the question: Why, in a Nation that claims "freedom for all," does there continue to be groups of people whose identities are not recognized? Why are descendants of both Native American and African ancestors ineligible for education scholarships, land allotments, gaming and fishing rights and other tribal allowances? In 1965 African-Americans were marching on Washington to demand their rights as American citizens. Today, Black Indians are marching on Washington from Indian Territory in Oklahoma to demand their rights. As a people who represent the continuing struggle for American freedom, the case of the Black Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes demonstrates how hegemony introduced the hypodescent rule or "one drop of blood" rule by the United States, laid the foundation for systemic effects of the racial hierarchy within the tribes. As this is an issue that may be further explored, future research might include a comparative study of other unrecognized groups that have been affected by colonialism, incorporating archival research, research of material culture and oral histories. Faculty Mentor: Pedro Ferbel-Azcarate Close

• 113. [Article] Book Reviews [Multicultural Poetry Books for Young Clients]

  Reviews 5 multicultural poetry books for children and young adult that are appropriate for counselors working with culturally diverse young clients. Cultures addressed include Native American, Black American, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Book Reviews [Multicultural Poetry Books for Young Clients] Author: McMillen, Paula S., Pehrsson, Dale Elizabeth, Doerksen, Dana Reviews 5 multicultural poetry books for children and young adult that are appropriate for counselors working with culturally diverse young clients. Cultures addressed include Native American, Black American, Asian Pacific American and Hispanic American. Title: Book Reviews [Multicultural Poetry Books for Young Clients] Author: McMillen, Paula S., Pehrsson, Dale Elizabeth, Doerksen, Dana Reviews 5 multicultural poetry books for children and young adult that are appropriate for counselors working with culturally diverse young clients. Cultures addressed include Native American, Black American, Asian Pacific American and Hispanic American. Close

• 114. [Article] The Archaeology of a 19th Century Post-Treaty Homestead on the Former Klamath Indian Reservation, Oregon

  xvi, 148 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Archaeology of a 19th Century Post-Treaty Homestead on the Former Klamath Indian Reservation, Oregon Author: Ruiz, Christopher L., 1974- Year: 2011, 2012, 2010 xvi, 148 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Title: The Archaeology of a 19th Century Post-Treaty Homestead on the Former Klamath Indian Reservation, Oregon Author: Ruiz, Christopher L., 1974- Year: 2011, 2012, 2010 xvi, 148 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Close

• 115. [Article] "Forward You Must Go": Chemawa Indian Boarding School and Student Activism in the 1960s and 1970s

  vii, 122 p. : ill.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Forward You Must Go": Chemawa Indian Boarding School and Student Activism in the 1960s and 1970s Author: Ruhl, Melissa Year: 2011 vii, 122 p. : ill. Title: "Forward You Must Go": Chemawa Indian Boarding School and Student Activism in the 1960s and 1970s Author: Ruhl, Melissa Year: 2011 vii, 122 p. : ill. Close

• 116. [Article] Archival anthropometry : an analysis of the anthropometric data of Native American children gathered by Franz Boas, 1888-1902

  Franz Boas collected anthropometric data on approximately 15,000 people from over 200 Native American tribal groups between 1888 and 1902. Twelve basic measurements were taken: standing height, shoulder ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Archival anthropometry : an analysis of the anthropometric data of Native American children gathered by Franz Boas, 1888-1902 Author: Kirkpatrick, Kristin A. Franz Boas collected anthropometric data on approximately 15,000 people from over 200 Native American tribal groups between 1888 and 1902. Twelve basic measurements were taken: standing height, shoulder height, height to digit III, arm span, sitting height, shoulder width, head length and width, face height and breadth, and nose height and breadth. At the turn of the century, Boas was unable to efficiently analyze these data. With computers now commonplace, several investigations of the adult anthropometric data have been undertaken in recent years; however, analysis of the child anthropometric data has not been undertaken. This study analyzes child anthropometric data from Western North America, giving special emphasis to children on the Siletz and Klamath Reservations. More specifically, this study investigates the occurrence of morphological differences in Native American children as a result of living within the reservation system. It is well known that environmental factors play a crucial role in child growth and development, and the effect of those factors can be measured through anthropometry. Differences in the growth and development of the children on each reservation can be related to their unique histories. An investigation of the literature and records kept by the Bureau of Indian Affairs reveals differing socioeconomic conditions on the Siletz and Klamath Reservations. Both reservations failed agriculturally, but while many Klamath became successful in cattle raising and logging, the Siletz were unable to fully enter these lucrative occupations. Additionally, the unratified treaties of many Siletz tribes left the reservation without adequate support from the government, while the Klamath received rations and supplies as stipulated by their ratified treaty. Descriptive statistics and growth distance curves reveal that the Klamath are shorter than the total sample of Western North American Indians, and the Siletz, particularly the males, are shorter than the Klamath. The shorter stature is due to the proportionately shorter legs of the Siletz, a finding that is consistent with other studies of populations living in depressed socioeconomic conditions. Title: Archival anthropometry : an analysis of the anthropometric data of Native American children gathered by Franz Boas, 1888-1902 Author: Kirkpatrick, Kristin A. Franz Boas collected anthropometric data on approximately 15,000 people from over 200 Native American tribal groups between 1888 and 1902. Twelve basic measurements were taken: standing height, shoulder height, height to digit III, arm span, sitting height, shoulder width, head length and width, face height and breadth, and nose height and breadth. At the turn of the century, Boas was unable to efficiently analyze these data. With computers now commonplace, several investigations of the adult anthropometric data have been undertaken in recent years; however, analysis of the child anthropometric data has not been undertaken. This study analyzes child anthropometric data from Western North America, giving special emphasis to children on the Siletz and Klamath Reservations. More specifically, this study investigates the occurrence of morphological differences in Native American children as a result of living within the reservation system. It is well known that environmental factors play a crucial role in child growth and development, and the effect of those factors can be measured through anthropometry. Differences in the growth and development of the children on each reservation can be related to their unique histories. An investigation of the literature and records kept by the Bureau of Indian Affairs reveals differing socioeconomic conditions on the Siletz and Klamath Reservations. Both reservations failed agriculturally, but while many Klamath became successful in cattle raising and logging, the Siletz were unable to fully enter these lucrative occupations. Additionally, the unratified treaties of many Siletz tribes left the reservation without adequate support from the government, while the Klamath received rations and supplies as stipulated by their ratified treaty. Descriptive statistics and growth distance curves reveal that the Klamath are shorter than the total sample of Western North American Indians, and the Siletz, particularly the males, are shorter than the Klamath. The shorter stature is due to the proportionately shorter legs of the Siletz, a finding that is consistent with other studies of populations living in depressed socioeconomic conditions. Close

• 117. [Image] Native American Longhouse (NAL) Album, 1997-2000

  	Events and activities depicted: Pow Wow, 1998; Faces of the Longhouse, 1997; Diversity Development Staff Training, 1998-1999; Indigenous Peoples Day celebration with guest speaker Edward Castillo, October ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native American Longhouse (NAL) Album, 1997-2000 Author: Native American Longhouse Eena Haws Year: 1997 Events and activities depicted: Pow Wow, 1998; Faces of the Longhouse, 1997; Diversity Development Staff Training, 1998-1999; Indigenous Peoples Day celebration with guest speaker Edward Castillo, October 1998; The Visiting Writers Series and The Craft of Writing Series with James Welch, October 1998; American Indian Student Retreat; NAL Advisory Board Dinner, October 1998; Frybread Booth / Can Food Drive for the Hurricane Mitch victims, November 1998; Winter Longhouse Potluck; Winter Term Staff Retreat; MLK Jr. Fun Run/Walk, 1999; Test Taking Skills Workshop, February 1999; Drum Making Class, February 1999; Craft Night, February 1999; The Ethnic Studies Colloquium Series guest speaker author Laura Tohe, March 1999; Salem Bake, Winter 1999; Winter Finals Week Breakfast; Longhouse Needs Assessment Dinner; Baseball game, Spring 1999; R. Carlos Nakai Concert, Spring 1999; Winona LaDuke, environmental activist, lecture, Spring 1999; Pow Wow, Spring 1999; Pumpkin Carving, October 1999; The Longhouse Blessing, November 1999; Staff Retreat, January 2000; Welcome Dinner for Frank and Allison, January 2000; NAL staff at the rec center; Building Bridges, January 2000; All Staff Bowling Night, February 2000; Siblings Weekend, February 2000; Pine Nut Beading and Craft Night; Longhouse Grand Opening, May 2000; Wacky Olympics, May 2000; Salmon Bake, 2000; Making Leis, 2000. Title: Native American Longhouse (NAL) Album, 1997-2000 Author: Native American Longhouse Eena Haws Year: 1997 Events and activities depicted: Pow Wow, 1998; Faces of the Longhouse, 1997; Diversity Development Staff Training, 1998-1999; Indigenous Peoples Day celebration with guest speaker Edward Castillo, October 1998; The Visiting Writers Series and The Craft of Writing Series with James Welch, October 1998; American Indian Student Retreat; NAL Advisory Board Dinner, October 1998; Frybread Booth / Can Food Drive for the Hurricane Mitch victims, November 1998; Winter Longhouse Potluck; Winter Term Staff Retreat; MLK Jr. Fun Run/Walk, 1999; Test Taking Skills Workshop, February 1999; Drum Making Class, February 1999; Craft Night, February 1999; The Ethnic Studies Colloquium Series guest speaker author Laura Tohe, March 1999; Salem Bake, Winter 1999; Winter Finals Week Breakfast; Longhouse Needs Assessment Dinner; Baseball game, Spring 1999; R. Carlos Nakai Concert, Spring 1999; Winona LaDuke, environmental activist, lecture, Spring 1999; Pow Wow, Spring 1999; Pumpkin Carving, October 1999; The Longhouse Blessing, November 1999; Staff Retreat, January 2000; Welcome Dinner for Frank and Allison, January 2000; NAL staff at the rec center; Building Bridges, January 2000; All Staff Bowling Night, February 2000; Siblings Weekend, February 2000; Pine Nut Beading and Craft Night; Longhouse Grand Opening, May 2000; Wacky Olympics, May 2000; Salmon Bake, 2000; Making Leis, 2000. Close

• 118. [Article] Tracking Fish and Human Response to Abrupt Environmental Change at Tse-whit-zen: A Large Native American Village on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington State

  Evidence of large earthquakes occurring along the Pacific Northwest coast is reflected in coastal stratigraphy from Oregon to British Columbia, where there also exists an extensive archaeological record ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tracking Fish and Human Response to Abrupt Environmental Change at Tse-whit-zen: A Large Native American Village on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington State Author: Mohlenhoff, Kathryn Anne Year: 2013 Evidence of large earthquakes occurring along the Pacific Northwest coast is reflected in coastal stratigraphy from Oregon to British Columbia, where there also exists an extensive archaeological record of Native American occupation. Tse-whit-zen, a large Native American village dating between 1824 and 54 cal B.P. located on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, was excavated with exceptionally fine stratigraphic control allowing for precise comparison of natural and cultural records. Here I report on the >10,000 fish remains from one 2x2 m excavation block; this assemblage spans one earthquake event, allowing study of changes in relative taxonomic abundance through time that may coincide with earthquakes or other environmental changes. Results indicate use of a wide range of marine fish taxa including various sculpins (Cottidae), flatfish (Pleuronectiformes), herring (Clupea pallasii) and salmon (Oncorhynchusspp.). This illustrates a highly diverse diet throughout occupation, though relative abundances of more offshore taxa decrease through time in favor of some nearshore taxa, possibly indicating the presence of a coseismic event. This thesis serves as part of a pilot study for a collaborative project that is underway. This larger project addresses human response to both gradual and abrupt environmental change through the analysis of all classes of Tse-whit-zen faunal remains, which provide a link to impacts on animal populations and in turn human subsistence. Title: Tracking Fish and Human Response to Abrupt Environmental Change at Tse-whit-zen: A Large Native American Village on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington State Author: Mohlenhoff, Kathryn Anne Year: 2013 Evidence of large earthquakes occurring along the Pacific Northwest coast is reflected in coastal stratigraphy from Oregon to British Columbia, where there also exists an extensive archaeological record of Native American occupation. Tse-whit-zen, a large Native American village dating between 1824 and 54 cal B.P. located on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, was excavated with exceptionally fine stratigraphic control allowing for precise comparison of natural and cultural records. Here I report on the >10,000 fish remains from one 2x2 m excavation block; this assemblage spans one earthquake event, allowing study of changes in relative taxonomic abundance through time that may coincide with earthquakes or other environmental changes. Results indicate use of a wide range of marine fish taxa including various sculpins (Cottidae), flatfish (Pleuronectiformes), herring (Clupea pallasii) and salmon (Oncorhynchusspp.). This illustrates a highly diverse diet throughout occupation, though relative abundances of more offshore taxa decrease through time in favor of some nearshore taxa, possibly indicating the presence of a coseismic event. This thesis serves as part of a pilot study for a collaborative project that is underway. This larger project addresses human response to both gradual and abrupt environmental change through the analysis of all classes of Tse-whit-zen faunal remains, which provide a link to impacts on animal populations and in turn human subsistence. Close

• 119. [Article] The Realization of the Cathlapotle Plankhouse: Reflections on Cross-Cultural Collaboration in the Post-NAGPRA Era

  In the last two decades, a shift in the museological paradigm has changed the way in which Native American history and culture is interpreted and represented to the general public. As legal mandates and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Realization of the Cathlapotle Plankhouse: Reflections on Cross-Cultural Collaboration in the Post-NAGPRA Era Author: Boyne, Erica Lynn Year: 2011 In the last two decades, a shift in the museological paradigm has changed the way in which Native American history and culture is interpreted and represented to the general public. As legal mandates and growing institutional pressures increasingly call for the integration of tribal representatives into the decision-making bodies of museums and authoritative institutions, cross-cultural collaboration and partnerships have increased significantly. With little precedent guiding public historians and museum professionals through this new and complex system of collaboration, the path unfolding in the journey towards the “indigenization”; of museums has been marked with achievements and challenges that have both taught and tested historical professionals. The following is a case study that examines the ways in which this unfolding shift in Native American representation manifested itself in the reconstruction of a Chinookan plankhouse in the early 21st century. With a common objective of educating visitors about the significant cultural and natural history of the former site of the Cathlapotle village, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Chinook Indian Nation teamed up to design, fund, construct and interpret the Cathlapotle Plankhouse in Ridgefield, Washington. Despite sharing a common goal for the reconstruction of a full-scale Chinookan plankhouse, different motivations and agendas guided the decision-making process and required both partners to make compromises that challenged each other’s understanding and expectations of the project. In this work, I analyze how these two organizations navigated the rewarding yet challenging realm of cross-cultural collaboration to create a meaningful and significant heritage site for a wide range of user groups. From this analysis, I hope to provide public historians and museum professionals a detailed example of a cross-cultural partnership that will assist them as they move forward through a continuously unfolding and largely uncharted system of collaboration. Title: The Realization of the Cathlapotle Plankhouse: Reflections on Cross-Cultural Collaboration in the Post-NAGPRA Era Author: Boyne, Erica Lynn Year: 2011 In the last two decades, a shift in the museological paradigm has changed the way in which Native American history and culture is interpreted and represented to the general public. As legal mandates and growing institutional pressures increasingly call for the integration of tribal representatives into the decision-making bodies of museums and authoritative institutions, cross-cultural collaboration and partnerships have increased significantly. With little precedent guiding public historians and museum professionals through this new and complex system of collaboration, the path unfolding in the journey towards the “indigenization”; of museums has been marked with achievements and challenges that have both taught and tested historical professionals. The following is a case study that examines the ways in which this unfolding shift in Native American representation manifested itself in the reconstruction of a Chinookan plankhouse in the early 21st century. With a common objective of educating visitors about the significant cultural and natural history of the former site of the Cathlapotle village, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Chinook Indian Nation teamed up to design, fund, construct and interpret the Cathlapotle Plankhouse in Ridgefield, Washington. Despite sharing a common goal for the reconstruction of a full-scale Chinookan plankhouse, different motivations and agendas guided the decision-making process and required both partners to make compromises that challenged each other’s understanding and expectations of the project. In this work, I analyze how these two organizations navigated the rewarding yet challenging realm of cross-cultural collaboration to create a meaningful and significant heritage site for a wide range of user groups. From this analysis, I hope to provide public historians and museum professionals a detailed example of a cross-cultural partnership that will assist them as they move forward through a continuously unfolding and largely uncharted system of collaboration. Close

• 120. [Article] Traditional Environmental Knowledge (TEK) and Cultural Reconstruction: A Practical Application at the Red Bluff Recreation Area, Mendocino National Forest, Grindstone District

  Graduation date: 2016

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Traditional Environmental Knowledge (TEK) and Cultural Reconstruction: A Practical Application at the Red Bluff Recreation Area, Mendocino National Forest, Grindstone District Author: Riske-Gomez, Jessica Graduation date: 2016 Title: Traditional Environmental Knowledge (TEK) and Cultural Reconstruction: A Practical Application at the Red Bluff Recreation Area, Mendocino National Forest, Grindstone District Author: Riske-Gomez, Jessica Graduation date: 2016 Close

• 121. [Article] Relic Hunting, Archaeology, and Loss of Native American Heritage at The Dalles

  Assesses the damage done to Native American sites and heritage by relic hunters and archaeologists digging in the mid-Columbia River region that was inundated by completion of The Dalles Dam in 1957. Long ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relic Hunting, Archaeology, and Loss of Native American Heritage at The Dalles Author: Butler, Virginia L. Year: 2007 Assesses the damage done to Native American sites and heritage by relic hunters and archaeologists digging in the mid-Columbia River region that was inundated by completion of The Dalles Dam in 1957. Long before the dam was built,relic hunters disturbed grave sites and mounds in their search for artifacts. The artifacts went into private collections or were sold, without concern for their context or for the rights and concerns of native people. The article also discusses the development of the profession of archaeology and the ways professional archaeologists were complicit in the desecration of native sites. Sites along the river continue to be looted in spite of laws against looting and the ethical codes adopted by such organizations as the Society for American Archaeology. Title: Relic Hunting, Archaeology, and Loss of Native American Heritage at The Dalles Author: Butler, Virginia L. Year: 2007 Assesses the damage done to Native American sites and heritage by relic hunters and archaeologists digging in the mid-Columbia River region that was inundated by completion of The Dalles Dam in 1957. Long before the dam was built,relic hunters disturbed grave sites and mounds in their search for artifacts. The artifacts went into private collections or were sold, without concern for their context or for the rights and concerns of native people. The article also discusses the development of the profession of archaeology and the ways professional archaeologists were complicit in the desecration of native sites. Sites along the river continue to be looted in spite of laws against looting and the ethical codes adopted by such organizations as the Society for American Archaeology. Close

• 122. [Article] The S-Word: Discourse, Stereotypes, and the American Indian Woman

  What’s in a name? Plenty when it comes to the ability of words to establish identity. In 2005 in Oregon, for example, 142 land features carried the name ‘‘squaw’’—Squaw Gulch, Squaw Butte, Squaw Meadows, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The S-Word: Discourse, Stereotypes, and the American Indian Woman Author: Merskin, Debra Year: 2011, 2010 What’s in a name? Plenty when it comes to the ability of words to establish identity. In 2005 in Oregon, for example, 142 land features carried the name ‘‘squaw’’—Squaw Gulch, Squaw Butte, Squaw Meadows, and Squaw Flat Reservoir (U.S. Geological Survey, 2008). This article examines the term squaw, its presentation in popular culture, and how this framing constructs Native womanhood in the public imagination. Two primary representations are revealed in the discourse defining squaw: as sexual punching bag and as drudge. The opinions and attitudes of reporters, citizens (Indian and non-Indian), government officials, agencies, and tribal representatives are included as reflected in journalistic accounts of the land form debate about the use and meaning of the label squaw. The psychological impact of this racial and sexual slur has a significant negative impact on quality of life, perceptions, and opportunities for Native American women (ethnostress) due to the consistent use and reification of the squaw stereotype through more than 400 years of U.S. history. This article is written as part of a larger body of work that argues for an expansion of Schroeder and Borgerson’s (2005, 2008) representational ethics of images to include words. Title: The S-Word: Discourse, Stereotypes, and the American Indian Woman Author: Merskin, Debra Year: 2011, 2010 What’s in a name? Plenty when it comes to the ability of words to establish identity. In 2005 in Oregon, for example, 142 land features carried the name ‘‘squaw’’—Squaw Gulch, Squaw Butte, Squaw Meadows, and Squaw Flat Reservoir (U.S. Geological Survey, 2008). This article examines the term squaw, its presentation in popular culture, and how this framing constructs Native womanhood in the public imagination. Two primary representations are revealed in the discourse defining squaw: as sexual punching bag and as drudge. The opinions and attitudes of reporters, citizens (Indian and non-Indian), government officials, agencies, and tribal representatives are included as reflected in journalistic accounts of the land form debate about the use and meaning of the label squaw. The psychological impact of this racial and sexual slur has a significant negative impact on quality of life, perceptions, and opportunities for Native American women (ethnostress) due to the consistent use and reification of the squaw stereotype through more than 400 years of U.S. history. This article is written as part of a larger body of work that argues for an expansion of Schroeder and Borgerson’s (2005, 2008) representational ethics of images to include words. Close

• 123. [Article] The Kalispel Tribe of Indian’s Contemporary Usage of Traditional Foodways

  Native American traditional foodways serve as one of the most important resources for indigenous communities because these resources provide a variety of non-physical cultural assets and health benefits ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Kalispel Tribe of Indian’s Contemporary Usage of Traditional Foodways Author: Hilborn, Alexander M. Native American traditional foodways serve as one of the most important resources for indigenous communities because these resources provide a variety of non-physical cultural assets and health benefits to Native groups through the medium of food. The demolition of North America’s foodways through colonization has had adverse effects on indigenous communities ranging from chronic diseases to a breakdown of cultural practices and societal cohesion. This study looks to understand how the people of the Kalispel Tribe interact with their traditional foodways through a series of survey questions and ethnographic interviews to ascertain the importance of traditional food resources to a tribe in a modern context. The Kalispel Tribe has a reservation on the Pend Oreille River and consists of 457 enrolled members and additional unenrolled community members. The survey generated 25 responses and three informants provided ethnographic interviews. Like many tribes, the traditional foods of the Kalispel remain a key part of tribal life and have associated meanings and values that relate to the biological, societal, and cultural health of the community. Insuring the viability of traditional foodways and their beneficial properties represents a way for the Kalispel and other indigenous communities to combat food insecurity and practice self-determination through food sovereignty. Title: The Kalispel Tribe of Indian’s Contemporary Usage of Traditional Foodways Author: Hilborn, Alexander M. Native American traditional foodways serve as one of the most important resources for indigenous communities because these resources provide a variety of non-physical cultural assets and health benefits to Native groups through the medium of food. The demolition of North America’s foodways through colonization has had adverse effects on indigenous communities ranging from chronic diseases to a breakdown of cultural practices and societal cohesion. This study looks to understand how the people of the Kalispel Tribe interact with their traditional foodways through a series of survey questions and ethnographic interviews to ascertain the importance of traditional food resources to a tribe in a modern context. The Kalispel Tribe has a reservation on the Pend Oreille River and consists of 457 enrolled members and additional unenrolled community members. The survey generated 25 responses and three informants provided ethnographic interviews. Like many tribes, the traditional foods of the Kalispel remain a key part of tribal life and have associated meanings and values that relate to the biological, societal, and cultural health of the community. Insuring the viability of traditional foodways and their beneficial properties represents a way for the Kalispel and other indigenous communities to combat food insecurity and practice self-determination through food sovereignty. Close

• 124. [Article] "An Anxious Desire of Self Preservation": Colonialism, Transition, and Identity on the Umatilla Indian Reservation, 1860-1910

  In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the United States government, in its relations with Native Americans, implemented a policy of assimilation designed to detribalize Indian peoples and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "An Anxious Desire of Self Preservation": Colonialism, Transition, and Identity on the Umatilla Indian Reservation, 1860-1910 Author: Lozar, Patrick Year: 2013 In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the United States government, in its relations with Native Americans, implemented a policy of assimilation designed to detribalize Indian peoples and absorb them into the dominant society. Subjected to this colonial agenda, the Cayuse, Walla Walla, and Umatilla tribes of Oregon's Umatilla Indian Reservation, as a matter of survival, endeavored to maintain community cohesion and retain their indigenous identity. In this context, I argue that the tribes confronted federal initiatives with a strategy of adaptive resistance that allowed them to approach these onerous impositions on their own terms. This study examines their diverse responses to assimilation and colonialism, specifically accommodation, adaptation, and diplomacy. Employing the investigative frameworks of education, religion, and economics reveals the variety of tactics applied within these categories, which range from incorporation to evasion. Through these actions and reactions, the tribes reaffirmed their capacity to assert native agency. Title: "An Anxious Desire of Self Preservation": Colonialism, Transition, and Identity on the Umatilla Indian Reservation, 1860-1910 Author: Lozar, Patrick Year: 2013 In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the United States government, in its relations with Native Americans, implemented a policy of assimilation designed to detribalize Indian peoples and absorb them into the dominant society. Subjected to this colonial agenda, the Cayuse, Walla Walla, and Umatilla tribes of Oregon's Umatilla Indian Reservation, as a matter of survival, endeavored to maintain community cohesion and retain their indigenous identity. In this context, I argue that the tribes confronted federal initiatives with a strategy of adaptive resistance that allowed them to approach these onerous impositions on their own terms. This study examines their diverse responses to assimilation and colonialism, specifically accommodation, adaptation, and diplomacy. Employing the investigative frameworks of education, religion, and economics reveals the variety of tactics applied within these categories, which range from incorporation to evasion. Through these actions and reactions, the tribes reaffirmed their capacity to assert native agency. Close

• 125. [Image] PH036_6809 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Group of Native American men on horseback;

  	Fourteen Native American men on horeback are riding through an encampment. All are wearing some sort of headdress and tribal costume. Some are carrying staffs with feather adornment. The horses have ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_6809 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Group of Native American men on horseback; Year: 1897 Fourteen Native American men on horeback are riding through an encampment. All are wearing some sort of headdress and tribal costume. Some are carrying staffs with feather adornment. The horses have beaded harnesses. They are riding through a meadow edged by a line of trees where people stand watching. There are five tipis spaced along the tree line on the meadow. On the opposite side of the photo is a photographer dressed in European-American clothing and a camera. Some of the people watching are wearing cowboy hats and are wrapped in blankets. Title: PH036_6809 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Group of Native American men on horseback; Year: 1897 Fourteen Native American men on horeback are riding through an encampment. All are wearing some sort of headdress and tribal costume. Some are carrying staffs with feather adornment. The horses have beaded harnesses. They are riding through a meadow edged by a line of trees where people stand watching. There are five tipis spaced along the tree line on the meadow. On the opposite side of the photo is a photographer dressed in European-American clothing and a camera. Some of the people watching are wearing cowboy hats and are wrapped in blankets. Close

• 126. [Article] The meaning of falling water: Celilo Falls and the Dalles in historical literature

  Discusses the changing meaning attached to Celilo Falls and The Dalles and how these places were represented in the published literature from the 1807 edition of Lewis and Clark Expedition sergeant Patrick ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The meaning of falling water: Celilo Falls and the Dalles in historical literature Author: Lang, William L. Year: 2007 Discusses the changing meaning attached to Celilo Falls and The Dalles and how these places were represented in the published literature from the 1807 edition of Lewis and Clark Expedition sergeant Patrick Gass's journal through the 2006 publication of Joseph C. Dupris, Kathleen S. Hill, and William Rodgers, Jr.'s 'The Si'lailo Way: Indians, Salmon, and Law on the Columbia River.' The article examines many topics, including early Euro-American incursions, the changes wrought by the Native American land cessions in 1855, and the development of hydroelectric power on the Columbia River, particularly The Dalles Dam, completed in 1957, which destroyed ancient Native American fishing grounds. Title: The meaning of falling water: Celilo Falls and the Dalles in historical literature Author: Lang, William L. Year: 2007 Discusses the changing meaning attached to Celilo Falls and The Dalles and how these places were represented in the published literature from the 1807 edition of Lewis and Clark Expedition sergeant Patrick Gass's journal through the 2006 publication of Joseph C. Dupris, Kathleen S. Hill, and William Rodgers, Jr.'s 'The Si'lailo Way: Indians, Salmon, and Law on the Columbia River.' The article examines many topics, including early Euro-American incursions, the changes wrought by the Native American land cessions in 1855, and the development of hydroelectric power on the Columbia River, particularly The Dalles Dam, completed in 1957, which destroyed ancient Native American fishing grounds. Close

• 127. [Image] Poker Jim, Chief of Round Up, Pendleton, OR. ; Poker Jim, chief of Round-up ; Poker Jim, chief of the roundup. ; PH036_3723

  	A Native American man identified as Poker Jim, Chief of Round Up, sits in front of a backdrop. He wears traditional Native American clothing, including a buckskin coat and a headdress with feathers, furs, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Poker Jim, Chief of Round Up, Pendleton, OR. ; Poker Jim, chief of Round-up ; Poker Jim, chief of the roundup. ; PH036_3723 Year: 1900 A Native American man identified as Poker Jim, Chief of Round Up, sits in front of a backdrop. He wears traditional Native American clothing, including a buckskin coat and a headdress with feathers, furs, and other ornamentation. His eyes are closed and in his right hand he holds a medal with a likeness of a European American man in profile. In his left hand he holds an object, possibly a scabbard, that is made of buckskin and decorated with beadwork. Title: Poker Jim, Chief of Round Up, Pendleton, OR. ; Poker Jim, chief of Round-up ; Poker Jim, chief of the roundup. ; PH036_3723 Year: 1900 A Native American man identified as Poker Jim, Chief of Round Up, sits in front of a backdrop. He wears traditional Native American clothing, including a buckskin coat and a headdress with feathers, furs, and other ornamentation. His eyes are closed and in his right hand he holds a medal with a likeness of a European American man in profile. In his left hand he holds an object, possibly a scabbard, that is made of buckskin and decorated with beadwork. Close

• 128. [Image] Poker Jim, Chef of Round Up, Pendleton, OR. ; Poker Jim, chief of Round-up ; Poker Jim, chief of the roundup.

  	A Native American man, identified as Poker Jim, Chief at Round Up, sits in a chair wearing Native American clothing, including a buckskin coat with fringe, a headdress with eagle feathers, fur and other ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Poker Jim, Chef of Round Up, Pendleton, OR. ; Poker Jim, chief of Round-up ; Poker Jim, chief of the roundup. Year: 1897 A Native American man, identified as Poker Jim, Chief at Round Up, sits in a chair wearing Native American clothing, including a buckskin coat with fringe, a headdress with eagle feathers, fur and other ornamentation, and moccasins. In his left hand he holds a rifle in a buckskin scabbard ornamented with beadwork, fringe, and an eagle feather. A fur is draped over his right forearm and in his right hand he holds a medal with a likeness of a European American in profile. Title: Poker Jim, Chef of Round Up, Pendleton, OR. ; Poker Jim, chief of Round-up ; Poker Jim, chief of the roundup. Year: 1897 A Native American man, identified as Poker Jim, Chief at Round Up, sits in a chair wearing Native American clothing, including a buckskin coat with fringe, a headdress with eagle feathers, fur and other ornamentation, and moccasins. In his left hand he holds a rifle in a buckskin scabbard ornamented with beadwork, fringe, and an eagle feather. A fur is draped over his right forearm and in his right hand he holds a medal with a likeness of a European American in profile. Close

• 129. [Image] PH036_4292 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Bones, Palouse Indian, in costume.

  	A Native American man, identified incorrectly as Bones of the Palouse tribe, stands on a mat in front of a backdrop. He wears Native American clothing, including a fur hair wrap, choker, bracelet, arm ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_4292 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Bones, Palouse Indian, in costume. Year: 1897 A Native American man, identified incorrectly as Bones of the Palouse tribe, stands on a mat in front of a backdrop. He wears Native American clothing, including a fur hair wrap, choker, bracelet, arm bands, necklaces, shirt, leggings, moccasins, and breechcloth. The man stands in profile to the camera. In his right hand he holds a piece of fabric, possibly a handkerchief. His left hand is raised to his brow. On the ground at his feet is a Euro-American style hat. Tribal members have identified him as Peter Gibbon of the Cayuse tribe. Title: PH036_4292 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Bones, Palouse Indian, in costume. Year: 1897 A Native American man, identified incorrectly as Bones of the Palouse tribe, stands on a mat in front of a backdrop. He wears Native American clothing, including a fur hair wrap, choker, bracelet, arm bands, necklaces, shirt, leggings, moccasins, and breechcloth. The man stands in profile to the camera. In his right hand he holds a piece of fabric, possibly a handkerchief. His left hand is raised to his brow. On the ground at his feet is a Euro-American style hat. Tribal members have identified him as Peter Gibbon of the Cayuse tribe. Close

• 130. [Image] Sargent Sambo

  	Native American youth in traditional clothing and headdress, painted portrait studio backdrop; identified as Shasta Indian Sargent Sambo at age 12
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sargent Sambo Author: Southern Oregon Historical Society Native American youth in traditional clothing and headdress, painted portrait studio backdrop; identified as Shasta Indian Sargent Sambo at age 12 Title: Sargent Sambo Author: Southern Oregon Historical Society Native American youth in traditional clothing and headdress, painted portrait studio backdrop; identified as Shasta Indian Sargent Sambo at age 12 Close

• 131. [Article] Tracking Fish and Human Response to Earthquakes on the Northwest Coast of Washington State, USA: A Preliminary Study at Tse-whit-zen

  Evidence of large earthquakes occurring along the Pacific Northwest Coast is reflected in coastal stratigraphy from Oregon to British Columbia, where there also exists an extensive archaeological record ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tracking Fish and Human Response to Earthquakes on the Northwest Coast of Washington State, USA: A Preliminary Study at Tse-whit-zen Author: Mohlenhoff, Kathryn A., Butler, Virginia L. Year: 2017 Evidence of large earthquakes occurring along the Pacific Northwest Coast is reflected in coastal stratigraphy from Oregon to British Columbia, where there also exists an extensive archaeological record of Native American occupation. Tse-whit-zen, a large Native American village dating between ∼2800 yrs BP and the historic era, located on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, was excavated with exceptionally fine stratigraphic control allowing for precise comparison of these natural and cultural records. Here we report on the ∼10,000 fish remains from one 2 × 2 m excavation block; this assemblage spans the timing of one seismic event, allowing study of changes in relative taxonomic abundance through time that may coincide with earthquakes or other environmental changes. Results indicate a wide variety of fish taxa were used throughout the dated occupation. Comparisons of fish use before and after one earthquake event shows a decline in salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) and an increase in herring (Clupea pallasii), shifts consistent with earthquake-related habitat loss. This serves as a pilot study for a large-scale collaborative project that is drawing on the range in animal types (invertebrates, mammals, birds, and fishes) to assess human response to gradual and abrupt environmental change at Tse-whit-zen. Title: Tracking Fish and Human Response to Earthquakes on the Northwest Coast of Washington State, USA: A Preliminary Study at Tse-whit-zen Author: Mohlenhoff, Kathryn A., Butler, Virginia L. Year: 2017 Evidence of large earthquakes occurring along the Pacific Northwest Coast is reflected in coastal stratigraphy from Oregon to British Columbia, where there also exists an extensive archaeological record of Native American occupation. Tse-whit-zen, a large Native American village dating between ∼2800 yrs BP and the historic era, located on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, was excavated with exceptionally fine stratigraphic control allowing for precise comparison of these natural and cultural records. Here we report on the ∼10,000 fish remains from one 2 × 2 m excavation block; this assemblage spans the timing of one seismic event, allowing study of changes in relative taxonomic abundance through time that may coincide with earthquakes or other environmental changes. Results indicate a wide variety of fish taxa were used throughout the dated occupation. Comparisons of fish use before and after one earthquake event shows a decline in salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) and an increase in herring (Clupea pallasii), shifts consistent with earthquake-related habitat loss. This serves as a pilot study for a large-scale collaborative project that is drawing on the range in animal types (invertebrates, mammals, birds, and fishes) to assess human response to gradual and abrupt environmental change at Tse-whit-zen. Close

• 132. [Article] Project Management of Empathic Design Process Compared to Other Design Processes

  In this report, we analyze Empathic Design as a new product development process within project management; using the newest Nike’s N7 footwear product that has been made to target the Native American community ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Project Management of Empathic Design Process Compared to Other Design Processes Author: Amini, Mitra, Al Mallak, Manar, Burgan, Mohamed, Ngarmnil, Thanaporn Year: 2011 In this report, we analyze Empathic Design as a new product development process within project management; using the newest Nike’s N7 footwear product that has been made to target the Native American community and people inspired by Native American as our main case study. We also used Nike’s Free footwear product as a conventional product design case study to compare it with N7. The report outlines the steps of Empathic Design observation steps and their benefits within the project management basic phases. Accordingly, the report contains a comparison analysis between Empathic and Traditional design project management methods; along with a full elaboration of the Problems that might occur during the product design management process. Title: Project Management of Empathic Design Process Compared to Other Design Processes Author: Amini, Mitra, Al Mallak, Manar, Burgan, Mohamed, Ngarmnil, Thanaporn Year: 2011 In this report, we analyze Empathic Design as a new product development process within project management; using the newest Nike’s N7 footwear product that has been made to target the Native American community and people inspired by Native American as our main case study. We also used Nike’s Free footwear product as a conventional product design case study to compare it with N7. The report outlines the steps of Empathic Design observation steps and their benefits within the project management basic phases. Accordingly, the report contains a comparison analysis between Empathic and Traditional design project management methods; along with a full elaboration of the Problems that might occur during the product design management process. Close

• 133. [Article] Collaborations between Tribal and Non-Tribal Organizations: Sharing Expertise, Knowledge, and Cultural Resources ~ Best Practices

  In this presentation Fernández, along with Elizabeth Joffrion, describes a research study regarding collaborations between Tribal and Non-Tribal organizations. The presentation was a part of a gathering ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Collaborations between Tribal and Non-Tribal Organizations: Sharing Expertise, Knowledge, and Cultural Resources ~ Best Practices Author: Fernández, Natalia In this presentation Fernández, along with Elizabeth Joffrion, describes a research study regarding collaborations between Tribal and Non-Tribal organizations. The presentation was a part of a gathering to discuss the Protocols for Native American Archival Materials (2006) regarding the the proper care of Indigenous archives housed at non-tribal repositories and how these guidelines should be successfully implemented. Based on the original intent of the Protocols as a living document, this pre-conference Summit brought together original drafters of the Protocols, as well as allies in the United States and Canada, to review and reflect on lessons learned from the Protocols and other key documents, to make clarifying alterations and updates to the document based on case studies, conversations, and research. Title: Collaborations between Tribal and Non-Tribal Organizations: Sharing Expertise, Knowledge, and Cultural Resources ~ Best Practices Author: Fernández, Natalia In this presentation Fernández, along with Elizabeth Joffrion, describes a research study regarding collaborations between Tribal and Non-Tribal organizations. The presentation was a part of a gathering to discuss the Protocols for Native American Archival Materials (2006) regarding the the proper care of Indigenous archives housed at non-tribal repositories and how these guidelines should be successfully implemented. Based on the original intent of the Protocols as a living document, this pre-conference Summit brought together original drafters of the Protocols, as well as allies in the United States and Canada, to review and reflect on lessons learned from the Protocols and other key documents, to make clarifying alterations and updates to the document based on case studies, conversations, and research. Close

• 134. [Article] Prehistoric utilization of thermal springs in the Pacific Northwest

  Natural thermal springs occur throughout the Pacific Northwest. The use and importance of this natural environmental feature to Native Americans prior to and during the period of initial white contact ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prehistoric utilization of thermal springs in the Pacific Northwest Author: Griffin, Dennis, 1953- Natural thermal springs occur throughout the Pacific Northwest. The use and importance of this natural environmental feature to Native Americans prior to and during the period of initial white contact is examined. Ethnographic, archaeological, and oral historical information is described in an attempt to reconstruct the role of these naturally-heated springs. This information is examined in relation to the location and temperature of springs in an effort to discover what influence hot springs had on the settlement and subsistence patterns of the early inhabitants of the three cultural regions that constitute the Pacific Northwest (Northwest Coast, Plateau and Northern Great Basin). An analysis of this data is used to make an assessment of the value of thermal spring sites to the archaeological inventory. An analysis of the current interpretation of the term "cultural resource" is examined in its relationship to sites having no empirically obvious and associated cultural remains. An argument is presented for a reliance on off site data including ethnographic and oral historical accounts. The current status of thermal springs in the Northwest Region is reviewed in reference to modern Native American concerns over the development of this natural resource. Title: Prehistoric utilization of thermal springs in the Pacific Northwest Author: Griffin, Dennis, 1953- Natural thermal springs occur throughout the Pacific Northwest. The use and importance of this natural environmental feature to Native Americans prior to and during the period of initial white contact is examined. Ethnographic, archaeological, and oral historical information is described in an attempt to reconstruct the role of these naturally-heated springs. This information is examined in relation to the location and temperature of springs in an effort to discover what influence hot springs had on the settlement and subsistence patterns of the early inhabitants of the three cultural regions that constitute the Pacific Northwest (Northwest Coast, Plateau and Northern Great Basin). An analysis of this data is used to make an assessment of the value of thermal spring sites to the archaeological inventory. An analysis of the current interpretation of the term "cultural resource" is examined in its relationship to sites having no empirically obvious and associated cultural remains. An argument is presented for a reliance on off site data including ethnographic and oral historical accounts. The current status of thermal springs in the Northwest Region is reviewed in reference to modern Native American concerns over the development of this natural resource. Close

• 135. [Article] "I'm Not a Rapper, I'm an Activist Who Rhymes": Native American Hip Hop, Activism, and Twenty-First Century Identities

  In this thesis, I examine the ways in which a growing number of Indigenous artists in the United States and Canada are using hip hop not only as a form of artistic expression, but also to vent frustration ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "I'm Not a Rapper, I'm an Activist Who Rhymes": Native American Hip Hop, Activism, and Twenty-First Century Identities Author: England, Megan Year: 2016 In this thesis, I examine the ways in which a growing number of Indigenous artists in the United States and Canada are using hip hop not only as a form of artistic expression, but also to vent frustration about and to draw attention to contemporary issues affecting their communities. These artists participate in a tradition of politically conscious performance that has influenced and been influenced by Indigenous social movements across North America. Indigenous hip hop serves to affirm and redefine twenty-first century Indigenous identities, disrupting and reinterpreting stereotypical representations of Native Americans in a process which I describe as an “authenticity loop.” By utilizing artistic choices and strategic representations of indigeneity, the artists I examine have firmly established that they along with their communities are not remnants of the past, even as they maintain a continuity between previous generations and the present day. Title: "I'm Not a Rapper, I'm an Activist Who Rhymes": Native American Hip Hop, Activism, and Twenty-First Century Identities Author: England, Megan Year: 2016 In this thesis, I examine the ways in which a growing number of Indigenous artists in the United States and Canada are using hip hop not only as a form of artistic expression, but also to vent frustration about and to draw attention to contemporary issues affecting their communities. These artists participate in a tradition of politically conscious performance that has influenced and been influenced by Indigenous social movements across North America. Indigenous hip hop serves to affirm and redefine twenty-first century Indigenous identities, disrupting and reinterpreting stereotypical representations of Native Americans in a process which I describe as an “authenticity loop.” By utilizing artistic choices and strategic representations of indigeneity, the artists I examine have firmly established that they along with their communities are not remnants of the past, even as they maintain a continuity between previous generations and the present day. Close

• 136. [Image] Poker Jim, Chief at Round Up. ; Poker Jim, chief of the roundup.

  	A Native American man, identified as Poker Jim, Chief at Round Up, stands on a mat with a geometric motif and wears Native American clothing, including a buckskin coat with fringe, a headdress with eagle ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Poker Jim, Chief at Round Up. ; Poker Jim, chief of the roundup. Year: 1897 A Native American man, identified as Poker Jim, Chief at Round Up, stands on a mat with a geometric motif and wears Native American clothing, including a buckskin coat with fringe, a headdress with eagle feathers, fur and other ornamentation, and moccasins. In his left arm he holds a rifle in a buckskin scabbard with beadwork and fringe. A fur is draped over his right forearm and in his right hand he holds a medal that is worn around his neck. Title: Poker Jim, Chief at Round Up. ; Poker Jim, chief of the roundup. Year: 1897 A Native American man, identified as Poker Jim, Chief at Round Up, stands on a mat with a geometric motif and wears Native American clothing, including a buckskin coat with fringe, a headdress with eagle feathers, fur and other ornamentation, and moccasins. In his left arm he holds a rifle in a buckskin scabbard with beadwork and fringe. A fur is draped over his right forearm and in his right hand he holds a medal that is worn around his neck. Close

• 137. [Image] Pope Leo White Bull, Cayuse Tribe ; Pope Leo White Bull, Umatilla Indian boy, in costume ; Pope Leo White Bull, Umatilla Indian boy, in costume.

  	A Native American boy, identified as Pope Leo White Bull of the Cayuse tribe and the Umatilla tribe, stands on a blanket in front of a backdrop. He wears Native American clothing or costume, including ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pope Leo White Bull, Cayuse Tribe ; Pope Leo White Bull, Umatilla Indian boy, in costume ; Pope Leo White Bull, Umatilla Indian boy, in costume. Year: 1897 A Native American boy, identified as Pope Leo White Bull of the Cayuse tribe and the Umatilla tribe, stands on a blanket in front of a backdrop. He wears Native American clothing or costume, including a headdress or hat, a bead and hairbone bandoleer, a cloth shirt, a breechcloth with a geometric motif, a shirt, leggings, and moccasins. On the blanket at the boy's feet are eagle feathers and an object that is possibly a fan. Title: Pope Leo White Bull, Cayuse Tribe ; Pope Leo White Bull, Umatilla Indian boy, in costume ; Pope Leo White Bull, Umatilla Indian boy, in costume. Year: 1897 A Native American boy, identified as Pope Leo White Bull of the Cayuse tribe and the Umatilla tribe, stands on a blanket in front of a backdrop. He wears Native American clothing or costume, including a headdress or hat, a bead and hairbone bandoleer, a cloth shirt, a breechcloth with a geometric motif, a shirt, leggings, and moccasins. On the blanket at the boy's feet are eagle feathers and an object that is possibly a fan. Close

• 138. [Image] We-nix, Cayuse Indian woman, sister of Donald McKay; PH036_4800

  	An unidentified Native American child and a Native American women, identified as Wenix, the sister of Donald McKay, of the Cayuse tribe, are outside in front of a tipi. The child is seated on two Pendleton ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: We-nix, Cayuse Indian woman, sister of Donald McKay; PH036_4800 Year: 1900 An unidentified Native American child and a Native American women, identified as Wenix, the sister of Donald McKay, of the Cayuse tribe, are outside in front of a tipi. The child is seated on two Pendleton blankets atop a horse. Other blankets are draped across the horse. The child is wearing a long-sleeve shirt and a necklace. The child is holding the reins in his or her left hand. The woman is standing to the right of the child on horseback. She is wearing a robe, a necklace, and boots. Her hair is tied into two braids. With both of her hands, she is holding a beaded bag with a geometric design. A grove of trees is in the background. Title: We-nix, Cayuse Indian woman, sister of Donald McKay; PH036_4800 Year: 1900 An unidentified Native American child and a Native American women, identified as Wenix, the sister of Donald McKay, of the Cayuse tribe, are outside in front of a tipi. The child is seated on two Pendleton blankets atop a horse. Other blankets are draped across the horse. The child is wearing a long-sleeve shirt and a necklace. The child is holding the reins in his or her left hand. The woman is standing to the right of the child on horseback. She is wearing a robe, a necklace, and boots. Her hair is tied into two braids. With both of her hands, she is holding a beaded bag with a geometric design. A grove of trees is in the background. Close

• 139. [Image] PH036_6342 Lee Moorhouse photographs

  	A Native American man wearing regalia stands inside a tipi. The man wears a horned headdress, a shirt, a breechcloth, and moccasins. He also wears a necklace and a fur. He holds a smoking pipe. Two other ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_6342 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1897 A Native American man wearing regalia stands inside a tipi. The man wears a horned headdress, a shirt, a breechcloth, and moccasins. He also wears a necklace and a fur. He holds a smoking pipe. Two other Native Americans recline on blankets near him. Title: PH036_6342 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1897 A Native American man wearing regalia stands inside a tipi. The man wears a horned headdress, a shirt, a breechcloth, and moccasins. He also wears a necklace and a fur. He holds a smoking pipe. Two other Native Americans recline on blankets near him. Close

• 140. [Image] PH036_6219 Lee Moorhouse photographs

  	A Native American man wearing a feathered headdress poses in front of a small tipi. The tipi is positioned in front of a wall on which is mounted an exhibit of Native American clothing, weapons, and artifacts, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_6219 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1897 A Native American man wearing a feathered headdress poses in front of a small tipi. The tipi is positioned in front of a wall on which is mounted an exhibit of Native American clothing, weapons, and artifacts, identified as belonging to Major Lee Moorhouse. A banner hung from the top of the wall reads, Major Lee Moorhouse Umatilla Indian Exhibit. The exhibit includes regalia, weapons, bows, arrows, pictures or photographs, blankets, bags and other items. Title: PH036_6219 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1897 A Native American man wearing a feathered headdress poses in front of a small tipi. The tipi is positioned in front of a wall on which is mounted an exhibit of Native American clothing, weapons, and artifacts, identified as belonging to Major Lee Moorhouse. A banner hung from the top of the wall reads, Major Lee Moorhouse Umatilla Indian Exhibit. The exhibit includes regalia, weapons, bows, arrows, pictures or photographs, blankets, bags and other items. Close

• 141. [Image] PH036_6235 Lee Moorhouse photographs

  	Two Native American men dressed in regalia pose with weapons in front of a collection of Native American clothing and artifacts identified as belonging to Major Lee Moorhouse. The men wear feathered headdresses, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_6235 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1897 Two Native American men dressed in regalia pose with weapons in front of a collection of Native American clothing and artifacts identified as belonging to Major Lee Moorhouse. The men wear feathered headdresses, arm bands, breechcloths, breastplates, and moccasins. One wields a tomahawk and the other draws a bow. They stand on blankets. Title: PH036_6235 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1897 Two Native American men dressed in regalia pose with weapons in front of a collection of Native American clothing and artifacts identified as belonging to Major Lee Moorhouse. The men wear feathered headdresses, arm bands, breechcloths, breastplates, and moccasins. One wields a tomahawk and the other draws a bow. They stand on blankets. Close

• 142. [Image] PH036_4358 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Joe Bennet, Walla Walla Indian ; Joe Bennett, Walla Walla Indian in costume in front of tipi.

  	A Native American man identified as Joe Bennett of the Walla Walla tribe stands in traditional Native American clothing near a tipi. He wears a buckskin shirt with fringe, a headband with an eagle feather, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_4358 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Joe Bennet, Walla Walla Indian ; Joe Bennett, Walla Walla Indian in costume in front of tipi. Year: 1897 A Native American man identified as Joe Bennett of the Walla Walla tribe stands in traditional Native American clothing near a tipi. He wears a buckskin shirt with fringe, a headband with an eagle feather, a choker, necklaces, and a breechcloth with a geometric motif. He holds a tomahawk and a fur and has a knife in a scabbard tucked in his belt. The man wears his hair in braids. Title: PH036_4358 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Joe Bennet, Walla Walla Indian ; Joe Bennett, Walla Walla Indian in costume in front of tipi. Year: 1897 A Native American man identified as Joe Bennett of the Walla Walla tribe stands in traditional Native American clothing near a tipi. He wears a buckskin shirt with fringe, a headband with an eagle feather, a choker, necklaces, and a breechcloth with a geometric motif. He holds a tomahawk and a fur and has a knife in a scabbard tucked in his belt. The man wears his hair in braids. Close

• 143. [Image] PH036_6702 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Umatilla Indians(?) ; Native American on horseback

  	A group of Native American men, identified as members of the Umatilla tribe, ride horses along a row of trees and tipis. The men wear regalia, including feathered headdresses. In the background is a line ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_6702 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Umatilla Indians(?) ; Native American on horseback Year: 1897 A group of Native American men, identified as members of the Umatilla tribe, ride horses along a row of trees and tipis. The men wear regalia, including feathered headdresses. In the background is a line of deciduous trees in full leaf. Title: PH036_6702 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Umatilla Indians(?) ; Native American on horseback Year: 1897 A group of Native American men, identified as members of the Umatilla tribe, ride horses along a row of trees and tipis. The men wear regalia, including feathered headdresses. In the background is a line of deciduous trees in full leaf. Close

• 144. [Image] PH036_2229 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Elephant rock, near Gibbon, Oregon. ; Elephant Rock, near Gibbon, Oregon.

  	A Native American man identified as Charley Whirlwind, Sr. (also known as Dr. Whirlwind), wearing a robe, or possibly a cape or cloak or capote coat, stands near a rock formation identified as Elephant ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_2229 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Elephant rock, near Gibbon, Oregon. ; Elephant Rock, near Gibbon, Oregon. Year: 1897 A Native American man identified as Charley Whirlwind, Sr. (also known as Dr. Whirlwind), wearing a robe, or possibly a cape or cloak or capote coat, stands near a rock formation identified as Elephant Rock, near Gibbon, Oregon. The landscape is arid and rocky and the craggy rock formation resembles an elephant. Title: PH036_2229 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Elephant rock, near Gibbon, Oregon. ; Elephant Rock, near Gibbon, Oregon. Year: 1897 A Native American man identified as Charley Whirlwind, Sr. (also known as Dr. Whirlwind), wearing a robe, or possibly a cape or cloak or capote coat, stands near a rock formation identified as Elephant Rock, near Gibbon, Oregon. The landscape is arid and rocky and the craggy rock formation resembles an elephant. Close

• 145. [Image] Sally Chapman, Indian, in costume ; PH036_4288

  	A Native American woman, identified as Sally Chapman, in front of a backdrop on a mat with a geometric design. She wears Native American clothing, including a dress, hat, earrings, choker, and moccasins. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sally Chapman, Indian, in costume ; PH036_4288 Year: 1900 A Native American woman, identified as Sally Chapman, in front of a backdrop on a mat with a geometric design. She wears Native American clothing, including a dress, hat, earrings, choker, and moccasins. She wears her hair in braids. In her hands she holds a bag or handbag with a geometric design. The identification of the woman is tentative and is being checked by tribal members. Title: Sally Chapman, Indian, in costume ; PH036_4288 Year: 1900 A Native American woman, identified as Sally Chapman, in front of a backdrop on a mat with a geometric design. She wears Native American clothing, including a dress, hat, earrings, choker, and moccasins. She wears her hair in braids. In her hands she holds a bag or handbag with a geometric design. The identification of the woman is tentative and is being checked by tribal members. Close

• 146. [Image] PH036_2528 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Looms in Pendleton woolen mills, Indians working mills. ; Looms in Pendleton woolen mills, Indians working looms.

  	A Native American woman and a Native American man stand at two industrial looms in the Pendleton Woolen Mills in Pendleton, Oregon. The man wears a blanket around his waist and the woman wears a blanket ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_2528 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Looms in Pendleton woolen mills, Indians working mills. ; Looms in Pendleton woolen mills, Indians working looms. Year: 1897 A Native American woman and a Native American man stand at two industrial looms in the Pendleton Woolen Mills in Pendleton, Oregon. The man wears a blanket around his waist and the woman wears a blanket over her shoulders. The man wears his hair in braids and holds a tool, possibly a shuttle, in his right hand. Title: PH036_2528 Lee Moorhouse photographs; Looms in Pendleton woolen mills, Indians working mills. ; Looms in Pendleton woolen mills, Indians working looms. Year: 1897 A Native American woman and a Native American man stand at two industrial looms in the Pendleton Woolen Mills in Pendleton, Oregon. The man wears a blanket around his waist and the woman wears a blanket over her shoulders. The man wears his hair in braids and holds a tool, possibly a shuttle, in his right hand. Close

• 147. [Image] PH036_3397 Lee Moorhouse photographs

  	A black-and-white photograph of three men, identified as Champions Jackson Sundown, Hall, and Rollen, 1916, are standing in an open space that might be a field or rodeo ring. One man appears to be Native ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_3397 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1916 A black-and-white photograph of three men, identified as Champions Jackson Sundown, Hall, and Rollen, 1916, are standing in an open space that might be a field or rodeo ring. One man appears to be Native American and the other two appear to be caucasian. All three men are wearing cowboy hats and boots. The Native American man has his long braids tied in front underneath a scarf around his neck. He wears a beaded belt, long-sleeved light-colored shirt, and wooly chaps. He has bracelets at both wrists and is smiling, standing facing the photographer with his hand on his left hip, holding a rope.The man in the middle is wearing a dark knit shirt with a lighter stripe across the middle, and leather chaps with metal conchos down the side. He stands smiling with arms akimbo facing the photographer, hands resting on the thick rope tied around his waist. The third man is looking to the left of the photograph, and is frowning. He is wears a light-colored shirt and plain leather belt and his leather chaps have metal conchos with leather tassles down the sides. Title: PH036_3397 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1916 A black-and-white photograph of three men, identified as Champions Jackson Sundown, Hall, and Rollen, 1916, are standing in an open space that might be a field or rodeo ring. One man appears to be Native American and the other two appear to be caucasian. All three men are wearing cowboy hats and boots. The Native American man has his long braids tied in front underneath a scarf around his neck. He wears a beaded belt, long-sleeved light-colored shirt, and wooly chaps. He has bracelets at both wrists and is smiling, standing facing the photographer with his hand on his left hip, holding a rope.The man in the middle is wearing a dark knit shirt with a lighter stripe across the middle, and leather chaps with metal conchos down the side. He stands smiling with arms akimbo facing the photographer, hands resting on the thick rope tied around his waist. The third man is looking to the left of the photograph, and is frowning. He is wears a light-colored shirt and plain leather belt and his leather chaps have metal conchos with leather tassles down the sides. Close

• 148. [Article] The Achfa-hammi Plankhouse: Understanding Tribal Architectures in the Realm of Historic Preservation

  After years of assimilation and acculturation, many Native Americans have both the means and strength to assert their unique identity among mainstream America. They have devised various channels for accomplishing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Achfa-hammi Plankhouse: Understanding Tribal Architectures in the Realm of Historic Preservation Author: Rieke, Lauren Year: 2013 After years of assimilation and acculturation, many Native Americans have both the means and strength to assert their unique identity among mainstream America. They have devised various channels for accomplishing this, such as language classes and continuing traditional practices, often using resources offered through State, Federal or Tribal Historic Preservation programs. Constructions of contemporary traditional architecture can be another of these tools used to promote this cultural renaissance. As a field that defines itself on the basis of cultural conservation, Historic Preservation principles claim to support these endeavors; however, because they do not meet the age criteria for "historic structures," such buildings are often left out of the preservation matrix. By examining the Achfa-hammi plankhouse of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde, this thesis will address the building's impact on cultural revitalization and explore the disconnect that exists between Historic Preservation policies and new constructions of tribal architectures. Title: The Achfa-hammi Plankhouse: Understanding Tribal Architectures in the Realm of Historic Preservation Author: Rieke, Lauren Year: 2013 After years of assimilation and acculturation, many Native Americans have both the means and strength to assert their unique identity among mainstream America. They have devised various channels for accomplishing this, such as language classes and continuing traditional practices, often using resources offered through State, Federal or Tribal Historic Preservation programs. Constructions of contemporary traditional architecture can be another of these tools used to promote this cultural renaissance. As a field that defines itself on the basis of cultural conservation, Historic Preservation principles claim to support these endeavors; however, because they do not meet the age criteria for "historic structures," such buildings are often left out of the preservation matrix. By examining the Achfa-hammi plankhouse of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde, this thesis will address the building's impact on cultural revitalization and explore the disconnect that exists between Historic Preservation policies and new constructions of tribal architectures. Close

• 149. [Article] Columbia Basin Heritage Fish Consumption Rates

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10745

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Columbia Basin Heritage Fish Consumption Rates Author: Harper, Barbara L., Walker, Deward E., Jr. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10745 Title: Columbia Basin Heritage Fish Consumption Rates Author: Harper, Barbara L., Walker, Deward E., Jr. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10745 Close

• 150. [Image] Three Native American men spearing salmon on rapids of Columbia River. Prentiss photo

  	Black and white image of three Native American men fishing from rocks at Celilo Falls. All hold long poles or spears. Two are wearing caps, while one wears what looks like a knitted cap. Two of the men ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Three Native American men spearing salmon on rapids of Columbia River. Prentiss photo Year: 1880 Black and white image of three Native American men fishing from rocks at Celilo Falls. All hold long poles or spears. Two are wearing caps, while one wears what looks like a knitted cap. Two of the men wear overalls; all have long sleeves and pants and wear shoes. In the middle ground of the photo are the falls, and two wooden structures, one of which may be a wooden fish wheel. Hills rise up in the background. The photo was taken before March, 1957, when the Dalles Dam began operation and covered the falls. Title: Three Native American men spearing salmon on rapids of Columbia River. Prentiss photo Year: 1880 Black and white image of three Native American men fishing from rocks at Celilo Falls. All hold long poles or spears. Two are wearing caps, while one wears what looks like a knitted cap. Two of the men wear overalls; all have long sleeves and pants and wear shoes. In the middle ground of the photo are the falls, and two wooden structures, one of which may be a wooden fish wheel. Hills rise up in the background. The photo was taken before March, 1957, when the Dalles Dam began operation and covered the falls. Close

• 151. [Image] Three Native American men spearing salmon on rapids of Columbia River. Prentiss photo

  	Black and white image of three Native American men fishing from rocks at Celilo Falls. All hold long poles or spears. Two are wearing caps, while one wears what looks like a knitted cap. Two of the men ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Three Native American men spearing salmon on rapids of Columbia River. Prentiss photo Year: 1880 Black and white image of three Native American men fishing from rocks at Celilo Falls. All hold long poles or spears. Two are wearing caps, while one wears what looks like a knitted cap. Two of the men wear overalls; all have long sleeves and pants and wear shoes. In the middle ground of the photo are the falls, and two wooden structures, one of which may be a wooden fish wheel. Hills rise up in the background. The photo was taken before March, 1957, when the Dalles Dam began operation and covered the falls. Title: Three Native American men spearing salmon on rapids of Columbia River. Prentiss photo Year: 1880 Black and white image of three Native American men fishing from rocks at Celilo Falls. All hold long poles or spears. Two are wearing caps, while one wears what looks like a knitted cap. Two of the men wear overalls; all have long sleeves and pants and wear shoes. In the middle ground of the photo are the falls, and two wooden structures, one of which may be a wooden fish wheel. Hills rise up in the background. The photo was taken before March, 1957, when the Dalles Dam began operation and covered the falls. Close

• 152. [Article] Native American taxation and Oregon personal income tax

  This archived document is maintained by the Oregon State Library as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native American taxation and Oregon personal income tax Year: 2010 This archived document is maintained by the Oregon State Library as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes. Title: Native American taxation and Oregon personal income tax Year: 2010 This archived document is maintained by the Oregon State Library as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes. Close

• 153. [Image] "Native and dugout canoe, Celilo, Columbia River"

  	Photographs of Native Americans, primarily on the Columbia River Plateau. Identified as William Sohappy, who lived on the Umatilla Reservation.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Native and dugout canoe, Celilo, Columbia River" Year: 1899 Photographs of Native Americans, primarily on the Columbia River Plateau. Identified as William Sohappy, who lived on the Umatilla Reservation. Title: "Native and dugout canoe, Celilo, Columbia River" Year: 1899 Photographs of Native Americans, primarily on the Columbia River Plateau. Identified as William Sohappy, who lived on the Umatilla Reservation. Close

• 154. [Image] "Natives spearing salmon on the Columbia"

  	Photographs of Native Americans, primarily on the Columbia River Plateau. Part of negative is missing.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Natives spearing salmon on the Columbia" Year: 1901 Photographs of Native Americans, primarily on the Columbia River Plateau. Part of negative is missing. Title: "Natives spearing salmon on the Columbia" Year: 1901 Photographs of Native Americans, primarily on the Columbia River Plateau. Part of negative is missing. Close

• 155. [Article] Green Is the New Black: African American Literature Informing Environmental Justice Law

  38 pages

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Green Is the New Black: African American Literature Informing Environmental Justice Law Author: Prince, Shannon Joyce Year: 2017 38 pages Title: Green Is the New Black: African American Literature Informing Environmental Justice Law Author: Prince, Shannon Joyce Year: 2017 38 pages Close

• 156. [Article] Blood, bondage and chains : a legacy of kinship between black-red people

  My research is looking at the cultural and kinship ties of African and Native peoples and how our worlds were forged together by colonization, bonded during the institutionalize state of shackles and slavery ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Blood, bondage and chains : a legacy of kinship between black-red people Author: Bertha, Clarissa My research is looking at the cultural and kinship ties of African and Native peoples and how our worlds were forged together by colonization, bonded during the institutionalize state of shackles and slavery and how the legacy of these tools of genocide are now tearing us apart. Being of mixed African and Native American heritage, I understand the significant role slavery and its aftermath has had on the identity and family connection of people of mixed African and Native Heritage. The disruption of the family and the destruction of identity are part of the legacy left by the institution of chattel slavery. Persons of mixed Native, African and European heritage are products of intertwined heritages that mark the manifestation of the slavery system and the impact the institution has had on how they choose to identify or are forced to identify. Because of the ingrained racialized practices of the United States, identity for persons of color is decided and based on phenotype characteristics of the individual. For a person of mixed heritage identity, description can be further hindered when their identity is measured and challenged by ethnic and racial standards of the larger White society. These standards and trends work their way into the lives and cultures of the smaller groups to the point that their identities no longer belong to them. As a way to maintain a small degree of control over their families and identities, families passed down oral renderings to each generation. Using a collection of oral histories and personal narrative, this study works to preserve information regarding familial and kinship ties between persons of Native and African American heritage. It examines how slavery, by Native Americans against African Americans, affects kinship ties, identity, and its role in the facilitation or hindrance of the transmission of familial and kinship knowledge of peoples of mixed Native and African American heritage. Title: Blood, bondage and chains : a legacy of kinship between black-red people Author: Bertha, Clarissa My research is looking at the cultural and kinship ties of African and Native peoples and how our worlds were forged together by colonization, bonded during the institutionalize state of shackles and slavery and how the legacy of these tools of genocide are now tearing us apart. Being of mixed African and Native American heritage, I understand the significant role slavery and its aftermath has had on the identity and family connection of people of mixed African and Native Heritage. The disruption of the family and the destruction of identity are part of the legacy left by the institution of chattel slavery. Persons of mixed Native, African and European heritage are products of intertwined heritages that mark the manifestation of the slavery system and the impact the institution has had on how they choose to identify or are forced to identify. Because of the ingrained racialized practices of the United States, identity for persons of color is decided and based on phenotype characteristics of the individual. For a person of mixed heritage identity, description can be further hindered when their identity is measured and challenged by ethnic and racial standards of the larger White society. These standards and trends work their way into the lives and cultures of the smaller groups to the point that their identities no longer belong to them. As a way to maintain a small degree of control over their families and identities, families passed down oral renderings to each generation. Using a collection of oral histories and personal narrative, this study works to preserve information regarding familial and kinship ties between persons of Native and African American heritage. It examines how slavery, by Native Americans against African Americans, affects kinship ties, identity, and its role in the facilitation or hindrance of the transmission of familial and kinship knowledge of peoples of mixed Native and African American heritage. Close

• 157. [Article] A study of the attitudes of Japanese American and of native American high school freshmen toward discipline

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of the attitudes of Japanese American and of native American high school freshmen toward discipline Author: Price, Cora Natalie Title: A study of the attitudes of Japanese American and of native American high school freshmen toward discipline Author: Price, Cora Natalie Close

• 158. [Image] PH036_6427 Lee Moorhouse photographs

  	[Native American man in profile.]
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_6427 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1900 [Native American man in profile.] Title: PH036_6427 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1900 [Native American man in profile.] Close

• 159. [Article] (Re)Presenting Peoples and Storied Lands: Public Presentation of Archaeology and Representation of Native Americans in Selected Western U.S. Protected Areas

  Every year, hundreds of thousands of people visit the Native American ancestral lands in the western United States developed for tourism and recreation. The stewards of these lands seek to engage visitors ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: (Re)Presenting Peoples and Storied Lands: Public Presentation of Archaeology and Representation of Native Americans in Selected Western U.S. Protected Areas Author: Survant, Cerinda Year: 2016 Every year, hundreds of thousands of people visit the Native American ancestral lands in the western United States developed for tourism and recreation. The stewards of these lands seek to engage visitors and enrich their experience, and simultaneously to protect the lands' natural and cultural resources. To achieve their mission, protected areas regularly use interpretation -- materials and experiences that aim to educate visitors about resources and see them as personally meaningful. However, there is little literature on interpretive content in protected areas, few qualitative studies of interpretation as constructed by visitors and interpreters, and little literature on the representation of Native Americans in museums and protected areas. I consider the public presentation of archaeology at exemplary protected areas in the U.S. Southwest and Great Basin within a theoretical framework of governmentality and representation. Within a mixed-method research design, this project used participant-observation at thirteen protected area locales to identify interpretive content and representational strategies, and semi-structured interviews with 31 individuals to elicit staff and visitors' understandings of interpretation and display. This research found three types of narratives in the interpretation sampled-- scientific narratives, cultural narratives, and management messages. In general, scientific narratives appeared more frequently than cultural narratives and both appeared more frequently than management messages. Archaeology dominated scientific narratives, cultural continuity dominated cultural narratives, and orientation dominated management messages. In general, archaeology appeared with greater relative frequency than any other component of interpretive content. This study also found that interpretation predominantly adopted a third-person omniscient point of view and represented people predominantly in the ancient past. This study has both academic and applied outcomes. The work aims to contribute to the scant body of literature on interpretive content in protected areas stewarding natural and cultural resources, the few qualitative studies of interpretation as constructed by visitors and interpreters, and the existing literature on the representation of Native Americans in museums and protected areas as well as informing future interpretive practice. These findings inform a report on contemporary interpretive practice and recommendations for the public presentation of archaeology delivered to the US Fish and Wildlife Service in December 2013. Title: (Re)Presenting Peoples and Storied Lands: Public Presentation of Archaeology and Representation of Native Americans in Selected Western U.S. Protected Areas Author: Survant, Cerinda Year: 2016 Every year, hundreds of thousands of people visit the Native American ancestral lands in the western United States developed for tourism and recreation. The stewards of these lands seek to engage visitors and enrich their experience, and simultaneously to protect the lands' natural and cultural resources. To achieve their mission, protected areas regularly use interpretation -- materials and experiences that aim to educate visitors about resources and see them as personally meaningful. However, there is little literature on interpretive content in protected areas, few qualitative studies of interpretation as constructed by visitors and interpreters, and little literature on the representation of Native Americans in museums and protected areas. I consider the public presentation of archaeology at exemplary protected areas in the U.S. Southwest and Great Basin within a theoretical framework of governmentality and representation. Within a mixed-method research design, this project used participant-observation at thirteen protected area locales to identify interpretive content and representational strategies, and semi-structured interviews with 31 individuals to elicit staff and visitors' understandings of interpretation and display. This research found three types of narratives in the interpretation sampled-- scientific narratives, cultural narratives, and management messages. In general, scientific narratives appeared more frequently than cultural narratives and both appeared more frequently than management messages. Archaeology dominated scientific narratives, cultural continuity dominated cultural narratives, and orientation dominated management messages. In general, archaeology appeared with greater relative frequency than any other component of interpretive content. This study also found that interpretation predominantly adopted a third-person omniscient point of view and represented people predominantly in the ancient past. This study has both academic and applied outcomes. The work aims to contribute to the scant body of literature on interpretive content in protected areas stewarding natural and cultural resources, the few qualitative studies of interpretation as constructed by visitors and interpreters, and the existing literature on the representation of Native Americans in museums and protected areas as well as informing future interpretive practice. These findings inform a report on contemporary interpretive practice and recommendations for the public presentation of archaeology delivered to the US Fish and Wildlife Service in December 2013. Close

• 160. [Article] A Mixed Methods Approach to Measure Cultural Competency in Oregon State University Research Scientists Working with a Pacific Northwest Tribe

  The Community Engagement Core of OSU's Superfund Research Program aims to increase cultural capacity among university scientists while simultaneously supporting research focused on reducing health disparities ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Mixed Methods Approach to Measure Cultural Competency in Oregon State University Research Scientists Working with a Pacific Northwest Tribe Author: Allee, Amelia, Harrison, Sydelle The Community Engagement Core of OSU's Superfund Research Program aims to increase cultural capacity among university scientists while simultaneously supporting research focused on reducing health disparities for Pacific Northwest Tribes originating from harmful chemical exposures in the environment. Title: A Mixed Methods Approach to Measure Cultural Competency in Oregon State University Research Scientists Working with a Pacific Northwest Tribe Author: Allee, Amelia, Harrison, Sydelle The Community Engagement Core of OSU's Superfund Research Program aims to increase cultural capacity among university scientists while simultaneously supporting research focused on reducing health disparities for Pacific Northwest Tribes originating from harmful chemical exposures in the environment. Close

• 161. [Article] The Portland Spectator, March 2010

  Editor: Joe Wirtheim Articles in this issue include: What have you done for me lately, ASPSU?; Healthy: A sticky situation for corn syrup consumers; Hitchhiker's guide to bureaucracy; As it happens: the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Portland Spectator, March 2010 Author: Portland State University. Student Publications Board Year: 2010 Editor: Joe Wirtheim Articles in this issue include: What have you done for me lately, ASPSU?; Healthy: A sticky situation for corn syrup consumers; Hitchhiker's guide to bureaucracy; As it happens: the impeachment of Ron Lee; Native American Center coordinator dropped; Civil rights and practical policing; and Oregon's legislators act fast; A balancing act: our national debt Title: The Portland Spectator, March 2010 Author: Portland State University. Student Publications Board Year: 2010 Editor: Joe Wirtheim Articles in this issue include: What have you done for me lately, ASPSU?; Healthy: A sticky situation for corn syrup consumers; Hitchhiker's guide to bureaucracy; As it happens: the impeachment of Ron Lee; Native American Center coordinator dropped; Civil rights and practical policing; and Oregon's legislators act fast; A balancing act: our national debt Close

• 162. [Article] Interview with Judy Bluehorse-Skelton, Portland State U., 2011 (audio)

  Interview of Judy Bluehorse-Skelton by Christopher Milton on August 10th, 2011. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Judy Bluehorse-Skelton, Portland State U., 2011 (audio) Author: Bluehorse-Skelton, Judy Year: 2011 Interview of Judy Bluehorse-Skelton by Christopher Milton on August 10th, 2011. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Judy Bluehorse-Skelton, Portland State U., 2011 (audio) Author: Bluehorse-Skelton, Judy Year: 2011 Interview of Judy Bluehorse-Skelton by Christopher Milton on August 10th, 2011. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 163. [Article] Public Funding and the Road to Damascus: The Legacy of Employment Division v. Smith

  14 pages

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Public Funding and the Road to Damascus: The Legacy of Employment Division v. Smith Author: Epps, Garrett Year: 2016 14 pages Title: Public Funding and the Road to Damascus: The Legacy of Employment Division v. Smith Author: Epps, Garrett Year: 2016 14 pages Close

• 164. [Article] A Century of Uncertainty and the New Politics of Indian Water Settlements: How Tribes and States Can Overcome the Chilling Effect of the PAYGO Act

  24 pages

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Century of Uncertainty and the New Politics of Indian Water Settlements: How Tribes and States Can Overcome the Chilling Effect of the PAYGO Act Author: Lee, Daniel K. Year: 2014 24 pages Title: A Century of Uncertainty and the New Politics of Indian Water Settlements: How Tribes and States Can Overcome the Chilling Effect of the PAYGO Act Author: Lee, Daniel K. Year: 2014 24 pages Close

• 165. [Article] Native American programs as socio-cultural adaptive mechanisms to the college environment : a case comparison of the University of Oregon and Oregon State University

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native American programs as socio-cultural adaptive mechanisms to the college environment : a case comparison of the University of Oregon and Oregon State University Author: McComb, Marlin Richard Title: Native American programs as socio-cultural adaptive mechanisms to the college environment : a case comparison of the University of Oregon and Oregon State University Author: McComb, Marlin Richard Close

• 166. [Article] Northern Paiute History Project Paper Collection 2014

  146 pages

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Northern Paiute History Project Paper Collection 2014 Author: Hwang, Soo, Lerner, Kimi, Raether, Jan, Smith, Simone, Weissman, Madeline Year: 2014 146 pages Title: Northern Paiute History Project Paper Collection 2014 Author: Hwang, Soo, Lerner, Kimi, Raether, Jan, Smith, Simone, Weissman, Madeline Year: 2014 146 pages Close

• 167. [Image] "Indian Wood Carrier"

  	Native Americans
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Indian Wood Carrier" Year: 1899 Native Americans Title: "Indian Wood Carrier" Year: 1899 Native Americans Close

• 168. [Image] Native American women with basket of huckleberries

  	Photo was taken on Gifford Pinchot National Forest. U.S. Forest Service photo #281580
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native American women with basket of huckleberries Year: 1933 Photo was taken on Gifford Pinchot National Forest. U.S. Forest Service photo #281580 Title: Native American women with basket of huckleberries Year: 1933 Photo was taken on Gifford Pinchot National Forest. U.S. Forest Service photo #281580 Close

• 169. [Image] PH037_IN00050; 22401; P3432; IN50A

  	[Native American men posing for camera (without trousers, undergarments exposed)]
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH037_IN00050; 22401; P3432; IN50A Year: 1880 [Native American men posing for camera (without trousers, undergarments exposed)] Title: PH037_IN00050; 22401; P3432; IN50A Year: 1880 [Native American men posing for camera (without trousers, undergarments exposed)] Close

• 170. [Image] PH037_22401; IN50; P3433; IN50B

  	[Native American men, posing for camera (holding hands)]
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH037_22401; IN50; P3433; IN50B Year: 1880 [Native American men, posing for camera (holding hands)] Title: PH037_22401; IN50; P3433; IN50B Year: 1880 [Native American men, posing for camera (holding hands)] Close

• 171. [Image] PH037_IN00039; 1113; 61; P3426

  	[Close-up of Native American mother and baby in a papoose]
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH037_IN00039; 1113; 61; P3426 Year: 1880 [Close-up of Native American mother and baby in a papoose] Title: PH037_IN00039; 1113; 61; P3426 Year: 1880 [Close-up of Native American mother and baby in a papoose] Close

• 172. [Image] PH037_IN00038; 13919; P3418

  	[Native American fruit picker's village at Col. Morrison's]
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH037_IN00038; 13919; P3418 Year: 1880 [Native American fruit picker's village at Col. Morrison's] Title: PH037_IN00038; 13919; P3418 Year: 1880 [Native American fruit picker's village at Col. Morrison's] Close

• 173. [Image] PH037_IN00028; 15543; P3419

  	[Stadium with crowd at Centennial, Astoria, with Native Americans]
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH037_IN00028; 15543; P3419 Year: 1880 [Stadium with crowd at Centennial, Astoria, with Native Americans] Title: PH037_IN00028; 15543; P3419 Year: 1880 [Stadium with crowd at Centennial, Astoria, with Native Americans] Close

• 174. [Image] PH037_IN00026; P3416

  	[Group of Native Americans outside a tent]
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH037_IN00026; P3416 Year: 1880 [Group of Native Americans outside a tent] Title: PH037_IN00026; P3416 Year: 1880 [Group of Native Americans outside a tent] Close

• 175. [Image] PH037_IN00019; IN49; 1293; P3427; IN4

  	[Native American Women weaving baskets. Seven finished baskets in front with designs.]
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH037_IN00019; IN49; 1293; P3427; IN4 Year: 1880 [Native American Women weaving baskets. Seven finished baskets in front with designs.] Title: PH037_IN00019; IN49; 1293; P3427; IN4 Year: 1880 [Native American Women weaving baskets. Seven finished baskets in front with designs.] Close

• 176. [Image] PH037_IN00009; 694; P3398; IN9A

  	[Native American Woman who remembers Lewis and Clark]
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH037_IN00009; 694; P3398; IN9A Year: 1880 [Native American Woman who remembers Lewis and Clark] Title: PH037_IN00009; 694; P3398; IN9A Year: 1880 [Native American Woman who remembers Lewis and Clark] Close

• 177. [Image] PH037_IN00008; 695; P3397

  	[Native American family and teepee]
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH037_IN00008; 695; P3397 Year: 1880 [Native American family and teepee] Title: PH037_IN00008; 695; P3397 Year: 1880 [Native American family and teepee] Close

• 178. [Image] PH037_IN00006; 704; P3396

  	['Indian God' Native American sculptured artifact / sculpture on landscape]
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH037_IN00006; 704; P3396 Year: 1880 ['Indian God' Native American sculptured artifact / sculpture on landscape] Title: PH037_IN00006; 704; P3396 Year: 1880 ['Indian God' Native American sculptured artifact / sculpture on landscape] Close

• 179. [Image] PH037_IN00003; 723; P3393

  	[Native American Baskets. Close up of approximatesly one hundred baskets of varying shapes, sizes, geometric designs and patters.]
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH037_IN00003; 723; P3393 Year: 1880 [Native American Baskets. Close up of approximatesly one hundred baskets of varying shapes, sizes, geometric designs and patters.] Title: PH037_IN00003; 723; P3393 Year: 1880 [Native American Baskets. Close up of approximatesly one hundred baskets of varying shapes, sizes, geometric designs and patters.] Close

• 180. [Image] Native Americans in early ox cart, Pendleton Round-Up Parade

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native Americans in early ox cart, Pendleton Round-Up Parade Year: 1940 Title: Native Americans in early ox cart, Pendleton Round-Up Parade Year: 1940 Close

• 181. [Image] Native American dancers at Pendleton Round-up

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native American dancers at Pendleton Round-up Year: 1940 Title: Native American dancers at Pendleton Round-up Year: 1940 Close

• 182. [Image] Native Americans in ceremonial regalia at the Pendleton Round-Up

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native Americans in ceremonial regalia at the Pendleton Round-Up Year: 1935 Title: Native Americans in ceremonial regalia at the Pendleton Round-Up Year: 1935 Close

• 183. [Image] Oregon State Police trooper with Native American man

  	Near Celilo Falls? Perhaps this is Henry Thompson, son of Chief of Tommy Thompson.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon State Police trooper with Native American man Year: 1935 Near Celilo Falls? Perhaps this is Henry Thompson, son of Chief of Tommy Thompson. Title: Oregon State Police trooper with Native American man Year: 1935 Near Celilo Falls? Perhaps this is Henry Thompson, son of Chief of Tommy Thompson. Close

• 184. [Image] Native American women on parade at Pendleton Round-Up

  	Pendleton Round Up, Pendleton, Oregon.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native American women on parade at Pendleton Round-Up Year: 1935 Pendleton Round Up, Pendleton, Oregon. Title: Native American women on parade at Pendleton Round-Up Year: 1935 Pendleton Round Up, Pendleton, Oregon. Close

• 185. [Image] Older couple

  	Native American couple. This is one of several images that Gifford made of the couple.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Older couple Year: 1900 Native American couple. This is one of several images that Gifford made of the couple. Title: Older couple Year: 1900 Native American couple. This is one of several images that Gifford made of the couple. Close

• 186. [Image] Native American woman

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native American woman Year: 1895 Title: Native American woman Year: 1895 Close

• 187. [Image] Native Americans spearing salmon on the Columbia River

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native Americans spearing salmon on the Columbia River Year: 1901 Title: Native Americans spearing salmon on the Columbia River Year: 1901 Close

• 188. [Image] Fragment #5 - Medicine Crow

  	A portrait of a Native American, whose face is starkly divided in shadow, is rendered in periwinkle tones and contained in a square bordered by a cross-hatched pattern. Three black feathers with maroon ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fragment #5 - Medicine Crow Author: Higginson, Marilyn A portrait of a Native American, whose face is starkly divided in shadow, is rendered in periwinkle tones and contained in a square bordered by a cross-hatched pattern. Three black feathers with maroon arrows pointing downward extend from the bottom of the cross-hatch pattern.; 1976 Title: Fragment #5 - Medicine Crow Author: Higginson, Marilyn A portrait of a Native American, whose face is starkly divided in shadow, is rendered in periwinkle tones and contained in a square bordered by a cross-hatched pattern. Three black feathers with maroon arrows pointing downward extend from the bottom of the cross-hatch pattern.; 1976 Close

• 189. [Image] PH037_MC00175; P3731; 18092; MC

  	[Indian Henry, Molalla. Three men in suits and one in native american attire, surrounded by automobiles and a livery building in the background]
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH037_MC00175; P3731; 18092; MC Year: 1880 [Indian Henry, Molalla. Three men in suits and one in native american attire, surrounded by automobiles and a livery building in the background] Title: PH037_MC00175; P3731; 18092; MC Year: 1880 [Indian Henry, Molalla. Three men in suits and one in native american attire, surrounded by automobiles and a livery building in the background] Close

• 190. [Image] Native American little girl at Celilo Falls

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native American little girl at Celilo Falls Year: 1930 Title: Native American little girl at Celilo Falls Year: 1930 Close

• 191. [Image] Native American little girl at Celilo Falls

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native American little girl at Celilo Falls Year: 1930 Title: Native American little girl at Celilo Falls Year: 1930 Close

• 192. [Image] President August Strand wearing Native American regalia during a broadcast on KGW radio

  	August L. Strand was president of Oregon State from 1942 to 1961.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: President August Strand wearing Native American regalia during a broadcast on KGW radio Year: 1950 August L. Strand was president of Oregon State from 1942 to 1961. Title: President August Strand wearing Native American regalia during a broadcast on KGW radio Year: 1950 August L. Strand was president of Oregon State from 1942 to 1961. Close

• 193. [Image] Buffalo Sing

  	This quilted wall piece presents three sections of Native American symbolism within geometric patterning.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Buffalo Sing Author: Fashbaugh, Marilyn Year: 1975 This quilted wall piece presents three sections of Native American symbolism within geometric patterning. Title: Buffalo Sing Author: Fashbaugh, Marilyn Year: 1975 This quilted wall piece presents three sections of Native American symbolism within geometric patterning. Close

• 194. [Image] Many Moons Ago

  	This quilted wall piece presents three sections of Native American symbolism within geometric patterning.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Many Moons Ago Author: Fashbaugh, Marilyn Year: 1975 This quilted wall piece presents three sections of Native American symbolism within geometric patterning. Title: Many Moons Ago Author: Fashbaugh, Marilyn Year: 1975 This quilted wall piece presents three sections of Native American symbolism within geometric patterning. Close

• 195. [Image] Mythic Herd

  	(Installation Process) This piece consists of three shiny, red buck mounts, stylized with Pacific Northwest Native American design, that sit atop large stumps that have been cleaned, shaped, and banded ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mythic Herd Author: Brownlee, Edward M. Year: 1975 (Installation Process) This piece consists of three shiny, red buck mounts, stylized with Pacific Northwest Native American design, that sit atop large stumps that have been cleaned, shaped, and banded together with metal stripping. Title: Mythic Herd Author: Brownlee, Edward M. Year: 1975 (Installation Process) This piece consists of three shiny, red buck mounts, stylized with Pacific Northwest Native American design, that sit atop large stumps that have been cleaned, shaped, and banded together with metal stripping. Close

• 196. [Image] Mythic Herd

  	This piece consists of three shiny, red buck mounts, stylized with Pacific Northwest Native American design, that sit atop large stumps that have been cleaned, shaped, and banded together with metal st...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mythic Herd Author: Brownlee, Edward M. Year: 1975 This piece consists of three shiny, red buck mounts, stylized with Pacific Northwest Native American design, that sit atop large stumps that have been cleaned, shaped, and banded together with metal stripping. Title: Mythic Herd Author: Brownlee, Edward M. Year: 1975 This piece consists of three shiny, red buck mounts, stylized with Pacific Northwest Native American design, that sit atop large stumps that have been cleaned, shaped, and banded together with metal stripping. Close

• 197. [Image] James Collins, 1888

  	Collins was one of the first Native American students at Oregon State University. He was affiliated with the Siletz Tribe and graduated in 1888.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: James Collins, 1888 Author: Groves, William F. Year: 1888 Collins was one of the first Native American students at Oregon State University. He was affiliated with the Siletz Tribe and graduated in 1888. Title: James Collins, 1888 Author: Groves, William F. Year: 1888 Collins was one of the first Native American students at Oregon State University. He was affiliated with the Siletz Tribe and graduated in 1888. Close

• 198. [Image] Mythic Herd

  	This piece consists of three shiny, red buck mounts, stylized with Pacific Northwest Native American design, that sit atop large stumps that have been cleaned, shaped, and banded together with metal st...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mythic Herd Author: Brownlee, Edward M. Year: 1975 This piece consists of three shiny, red buck mounts, stylized with Pacific Northwest Native American design, that sit atop large stumps that have been cleaned, shaped, and banded together with metal stripping. Title: Mythic Herd Author: Brownlee, Edward M. Year: 1975 This piece consists of three shiny, red buck mounts, stylized with Pacific Northwest Native American design, that sit atop large stumps that have been cleaned, shaped, and banded together with metal stripping. Close

• 199. [Image] Mythic Herd

  	This piece consists of three shiny, red buck mounts, stylized with Pacific Northwest Native American design, that sit atop large stumps that have been cleaned, shaped, and banded together with metal st...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mythic Herd Author: Brownlee, Edward M. Year: 1975 This piece consists of three shiny, red buck mounts, stylized with Pacific Northwest Native American design, that sit atop large stumps that have been cleaned, shaped, and banded together with metal stripping. Title: Mythic Herd Author: Brownlee, Edward M. Year: 1975 This piece consists of three shiny, red buck mounts, stylized with Pacific Northwest Native American design, that sit atop large stumps that have been cleaned, shaped, and banded together with metal stripping. Close

• 200. [Image] Lumi Lady

  	A portrait of a Native American woman rendered in black and white.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lumi Lady Author: Mattingly, James (Jim) Year: 1975 A portrait of a Native American woman rendered in black and white. Title: Lumi Lady Author: Mattingly, James (Jim) Year: 1975 A portrait of a Native American woman rendered in black and white. Close