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• 101. [Image] Reproductive biology and demographics of endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon

  	We analyzed the reproductive biology and demographics of the Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris, two endangered species endemic to the upper Klamath Basin ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reproductive biology and demographics of endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: Perkins, David L.; Scoppettone, Gary; Buettner, Mark Year: 2000, 2005 We analyzed the reproductive biology and demographics of the Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris, two endangered species endemic to the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California, from 1984-1997. Lost River suckers had distinct river and lake shoreline spawning stocks, and individuals of both species commonly spawned in consecutive years. In the Williamson River and lower Sprague River, spawning migration by both species occurred mainly during a 5-week period that started within the first three weeks of April and peaked between mid April and early May, although a separate, earlier (mid March) run of Lost River suckers may also spawn in the upper Sprague River. Migration of both species was several times higher at dawn (0500-0730 h) and evening (1800-2200 h) than other times of the day. Peak migrations almost always corresponded to peaks in water temperature, usually at 10-15°C. Lost River suckers were captured at springs along the east shore of the lake from late February through mid May, with peak spawning usually in mid March to mid April. Shortnose suckers were generally captured at the springs from late March through late May, but the time of peak spawning was not determined. Size and age at maturity was determined by recruitment from a strong year class (1991). Male Lost River suckers began recruitment into the adult population at age 4+ (375-475 mm). Substantial recruitment of females did not begin until age 7+ (510-560 mm). Male and female shortnose suckers began recruitment at age 4+, with the majority offish recruited by age 5+. Males recruited at 270-370 mm; females recruited at 325-425 mm. Fecundity estimates were quite variable ranging from 44,000-236,000 eggs per female Lost River sucker and 18,000-72,000 eggs per female shortnose sucker. In 1984 and 1985, the spawning populations of both species were dominated by large, old individuals, with little indication of recent adult recruitment. In the next 13 years, only one strong year class (1991) recruited into the spawning populations of both species. This year class temporarily boosted population numbers, but annual fish kills from 1995 to 1997 eliminated most adults of both species. Associated with poor water quality caused by the proliferation and decay of blue-green algae Aphanizomenonflos-aquae, these fish kills raise concern that alterations to the lake ecosystem over the past several decades have Perkins et al. Lost River and shortnose suckers 5 increased the magnitude and frequency of poor water quality. As a result, mortality rates of all life stages may have increased, thereby disrupting the species' life history pattern and potentially decreasing long-term population viability. Introduction The Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris are large, long-lived suckers endemic to the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California. Both species are typically lake dwelling but migrate to tributaries or shoreline springs to spawn (Moyle 1976, Scoppettone and Vinyard 1991). Once extremely abundant (Cope 1884, Gilbert 1898), both species have experienced severe population declines and were federally listed as endangered in 1988 (USFWS 1988). Much of the original habitat of these suckers has been destroyed or altered by conversion of lake areas to agriculture, dams, instream flow diversions, and water quality problems associated with timber harvest, loss of riparian vegetation, livestock grazing, and agricultural practices (USFWS 1988). Knowledge of the life history of Lost River and shortnose suckers is fundamental to recovery of these species. The objective of this report was to present the results of studies conducted from 1987-1998 on the reproductive biology and demographics of Lost River and shortnose suckers, and to compare these results with earlier unpublished data. Study Sites Studies were conducted on Upper Klamath Lake and the lower Williamson-Sprague river system (Figure 1). These waters form the upper portion of the Klamath River Basin in south-central Oregon and represent most remaining native habitat of Lost River and shortnose suckers. Upper Klamath Lake is a remnant of pluvial Lake Modoc that included eight major basins and encompassed 2,839 km2 (Dicken 1980). Today, Upper Klamath Lake serves as a storage reservoir that provides water for agricultural irrigation, waterfowl refuges, instream flow requirements of anadromous fish, and hydroelectric power generation. At full capacity, the lake covers approximately 360 km2 and has an average depth of 2.4 m. Most deeper water (3-12 m) is restricted to narrow trenches along the western shore. Lake elevation is controlled at the outlet by Link River Title: Reproductive biology and demographics of endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: Perkins, David L.; Scoppettone, Gary; Buettner, Mark Year: 2000, 2005 We analyzed the reproductive biology and demographics of the Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris, two endangered species endemic to the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California, from 1984-1997. Lost River suckers had distinct river and lake shoreline spawning stocks, and individuals of both species commonly spawned in consecutive years. In the Williamson River and lower Sprague River, spawning migration by both species occurred mainly during a 5-week period that started within the first three weeks of April and peaked between mid April and early May, although a separate, earlier (mid March) run of Lost River suckers may also spawn in the upper Sprague River. Migration of both species was several times higher at dawn (0500-0730 h) and evening (1800-2200 h) than other times of the day. Peak migrations almost always corresponded to peaks in water temperature, usually at 10-15°C. Lost River suckers were captured at springs along the east shore of the lake from late February through mid May, with peak spawning usually in mid March to mid April. Shortnose suckers were generally captured at the springs from late March through late May, but the time of peak spawning was not determined. Size and age at maturity was determined by recruitment from a strong year class (1991). Male Lost River suckers began recruitment into the adult population at age 4+ (375-475 mm). Substantial recruitment of females did not begin until age 7+ (510-560 mm). Male and female shortnose suckers began recruitment at age 4+, with the majority offish recruited by age 5+. Males recruited at 270-370 mm; females recruited at 325-425 mm. Fecundity estimates were quite variable ranging from 44,000-236,000 eggs per female Lost River sucker and 18,000-72,000 eggs per female shortnose sucker. In 1984 and 1985, the spawning populations of both species were dominated by large, old individuals, with little indication of recent adult recruitment. In the next 13 years, only one strong year class (1991) recruited into the spawning populations of both species. This year class temporarily boosted population numbers, but annual fish kills from 1995 to 1997 eliminated most adults of both species. Associated with poor water quality caused by the proliferation and decay of blue-green algae Aphanizomenonflos-aquae, these fish kills raise concern that alterations to the lake ecosystem over the past several decades have Perkins et al. Lost River and shortnose suckers 5 increased the magnitude and frequency of poor water quality. As a result, mortality rates of all life stages may have increased, thereby disrupting the species' life history pattern and potentially decreasing long-term population viability. Introduction The Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris are large, long-lived suckers endemic to the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California. Both species are typically lake dwelling but migrate to tributaries or shoreline springs to spawn (Moyle 1976, Scoppettone and Vinyard 1991). Once extremely abundant (Cope 1884, Gilbert 1898), both species have experienced severe population declines and were federally listed as endangered in 1988 (USFWS 1988). Much of the original habitat of these suckers has been destroyed or altered by conversion of lake areas to agriculture, dams, instream flow diversions, and water quality problems associated with timber harvest, loss of riparian vegetation, livestock grazing, and agricultural practices (USFWS 1988). Knowledge of the life history of Lost River and shortnose suckers is fundamental to recovery of these species. The objective of this report was to present the results of studies conducted from 1987-1998 on the reproductive biology and demographics of Lost River and shortnose suckers, and to compare these results with earlier unpublished data. Study Sites Studies were conducted on Upper Klamath Lake and the lower Williamson-Sprague river system (Figure 1). These waters form the upper portion of the Klamath River Basin in south-central Oregon and represent most remaining native habitat of Lost River and shortnose suckers. Upper Klamath Lake is a remnant of pluvial Lake Modoc that included eight major basins and encompassed 2,839 km2 (Dicken 1980). Today, Upper Klamath Lake serves as a storage reservoir that provides water for agricultural irrigation, waterfowl refuges, instream flow requirements of anadromous fish, and hydroelectric power generation. At full capacity, the lake covers approximately 360 km2 and has an average depth of 2.4 m. Most deeper water (3-12 m) is restricted to narrow trenches along the western shore. Lake elevation is controlled at the outlet by Link River Close

• 102. [Image] Biological opinion Klamath Project operations

  	"May 31, 2002."; Includes bibliographical references.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological opinion Klamath Project operations Author: United States.; National Marine Fisheries Service. Year: 2002, 2008, 2005 "May 31, 2002."; Includes bibliographical references. Title: Biological opinion Klamath Project operations Author: United States.; National Marine Fisheries Service. Year: 2002, 2008, 2005 "May 31, 2002."; Includes bibliographical references. Close

• 103. [Image] Sediment oxygen demand in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon, 1999

  	SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS The distribution of SOD2q values (measured sediment oxygen demand values corrected to 20°C [degrees Celsius]) had a median value of 1.6 g/m2/day (grams per square meter per day) in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sediment oxygen demand in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon, 1999 Author: Wood, Tamara M. Year: 2001, 2005, 2004 SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS The distribution of SOD2q values (measured sediment oxygen demand values corrected to 20°C [degrees Celsius]) had a median value of 1.6 g/m2/day (grams per square meter per day) in the spring and 1.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. These values were well within the range of values in the literature for sites with similar sediment characteristics: primarily silty with at least a moderate amount of organic content. Over most of the lake there appears to be relatively little variation in SOD 14the interquartile range in values was 0.4 g/m2/day in the spring and 0.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. A significant exception was apparent in Ball Bay, where SOD in the late summer was greater than 10.2 g/m2/day. In the absence of primary production, an SOD of this magnitude could deplete the water column of oxygen in a few days. This measurement provided evidence that localized areas of very high SOD occur episodically in the bays, perhaps associated with large algal mats being trapped by the lake circulation patterns. A statistical test for a spring to late summer difference in the median values of SOD confirmed that SOD in the late summer (median value 1.7 g/m2/day) was significantly higher than in the spring (median value 1.2 g/m2/day). The difference was primarily due to seasonal changes in temperature; when SOD values were corrected to 20°C, there was no seasonal difference in the median values. There was no correlation between SOD20 and the sediment characteristics measured in this study: percent fines, organic carbon, and residue lost on ignition. Title: Sediment oxygen demand in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon, 1999 Author: Wood, Tamara M. Year: 2001, 2005, 2004 SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS The distribution of SOD2q values (measured sediment oxygen demand values corrected to 20°C [degrees Celsius]) had a median value of 1.6 g/m2/day (grams per square meter per day) in the spring and 1.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. These values were well within the range of values in the literature for sites with similar sediment characteristics: primarily silty with at least a moderate amount of organic content. Over most of the lake there appears to be relatively little variation in SOD 14the interquartile range in values was 0.4 g/m2/day in the spring and 0.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. A significant exception was apparent in Ball Bay, where SOD in the late summer was greater than 10.2 g/m2/day. In the absence of primary production, an SOD of this magnitude could deplete the water column of oxygen in a few days. This measurement provided evidence that localized areas of very high SOD occur episodically in the bays, perhaps associated with large algal mats being trapped by the lake circulation patterns. A statistical test for a spring to late summer difference in the median values of SOD confirmed that SOD in the late summer (median value 1.7 g/m2/day) was significantly higher than in the spring (median value 1.2 g/m2/day). The difference was primarily due to seasonal changes in temperature; when SOD values were corrected to 20°C, there was no seasonal difference in the median values. There was no correlation between SOD20 and the sediment characteristics measured in this study: percent fines, organic carbon, and residue lost on ignition. Close

• 104. [Image] An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins [volume 1]

  	Quigley, Thomas M.; Arbelbide, Sylvia J., tech. eds. 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins: volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-405. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins [volume 1] Author: Quigley, Thomas Milton; Arbelbide, S. J. (Sylvia J.) Year: 1997, 2008, 2005 Quigley, Thomas M.; Arbelbide, Sylvia J., tech. eds. 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins: volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-405. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 4 vol. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed.; The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment). The Assessment of Ecosystem Components in the Interior Columbia Basin and Portions of the Klamath and Great Basins provides detailed information about current conditions and trends for the biophysical and social systems within the Basin. This information can be used by land managers to develop broad land management goals and priorities and provides the context for decisions specific to smaller geographic areas. The Assessment area covers about 8 percent of the U.S. land area, 24 percent of the Nation's National Forest System lands, 10 percent of the Nation's BLM-administered lands, and contains about 1.2 percent of the Nation's population. This results in a population density that is less than one-sixth of the U.S. average. The area has experienced recent, rapid population growth and generally has a robust, diverse economy. As compared to historic conditions, the terrestrial, aquatic, forest, and rangeland systems have undergone dramatic changes. Forested landscapes are more susceptible to fire, insect, and disease than under historic conditions. Rangelands are highly susceptible to noxious weed invasion. The disturbance regimes that operate on forest and rangeland have changed substantially, with lethal fires dominating many areas where non-lethal fires were the norm historically. Terrestrial habitats that have experienced the greatest decline include the native grassland, native shrubland, and old forest structures. There are areas within the Assessment area that have higher diversity than others. Aquatic systems are now more fragmented and isolated than historically and the introduction of non-native fish species has complicated current status of native fishes. Core habitat and population centers do remain as building blocks for restoration. Social and economic conditions within the Assessment area vary considerably, depending to a great extent on population, diversity of employment opportunities, and changing demographics. Those counties with the higher population densities and greater diversity of employment opportunities are generally more resilient to economic downturns. This Assessment provides a rich information base, including over 170 mapped themes with associated models and databases, from which future decisions can benefit. Keywords: Columbia basin, biophysical systems, social systems, ecosystem. Title: An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins [volume 1] Author: Quigley, Thomas Milton; Arbelbide, S. J. (Sylvia J.) Year: 1997, 2008, 2005 Quigley, Thomas M.; Arbelbide, Sylvia J., tech. eds. 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins: volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-405. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 4 vol. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed.; The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment). The Assessment of Ecosystem Components in the Interior Columbia Basin and Portions of the Klamath and Great Basins provides detailed information about current conditions and trends for the biophysical and social systems within the Basin. This information can be used by land managers to develop broad land management goals and priorities and provides the context for decisions specific to smaller geographic areas. The Assessment area covers about 8 percent of the U.S. land area, 24 percent of the Nation's National Forest System lands, 10 percent of the Nation's BLM-administered lands, and contains about 1.2 percent of the Nation's population. This results in a population density that is less than one-sixth of the U.S. average. The area has experienced recent, rapid population growth and generally has a robust, diverse economy. As compared to historic conditions, the terrestrial, aquatic, forest, and rangeland systems have undergone dramatic changes. Forested landscapes are more susceptible to fire, insect, and disease than under historic conditions. Rangelands are highly susceptible to noxious weed invasion. The disturbance regimes that operate on forest and rangeland have changed substantially, with lethal fires dominating many areas where non-lethal fires were the norm historically. Terrestrial habitats that have experienced the greatest decline include the native grassland, native shrubland, and old forest structures. There are areas within the Assessment area that have higher diversity than others. Aquatic systems are now more fragmented and isolated than historically and the introduction of non-native fish species has complicated current status of native fishes. Core habitat and population centers do remain as building blocks for restoration. Social and economic conditions within the Assessment area vary considerably, depending to a great extent on population, diversity of employment opportunities, and changing demographics. Those counties with the higher population densities and greater diversity of employment opportunities are generally more resilient to economic downturns. This Assessment provides a rich information base, including over 170 mapped themes with associated models and databases, from which future decisions can benefit. Keywords: Columbia basin, biophysical systems, social systems, ecosystem. Close

• 105. [Article] Using an indicator model to rank relative stock status of minor West Coast rockfish species

  Quantitative assessments of many West coast rockfish stocks of both major and minor importance to commercial fisheries have shown varying declines in abundances. The population sizes of less-abundant, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using an indicator model to rank relative stock status of minor West Coast rockfish species Author: Miller, Stacey D. Quantitative assessments of many West coast rockfish stocks of both major and minor importance to commercial fisheries have shown varying declines in abundances. The population sizes of less-abundant, co-occurring unassessed species may also be declining. However, determining stock status of the many non-targeted, minor species with high levels of certainty and quantifiable predictability may be prohibitively expensive and/or impractical because of the dearth of available data. Using a system of qualitative indicators may provide a cost-effective method to create preliminary assessments of the relative status of minor rockfish stocks and subsequently prioritize future studies. This project was undertaken to test a system of indicators to characterize the status of West Coast rockfish species including Sebastes aurora, S. babcocki, S. aleutianus, S. zacentrus, S. borealis, S. diploproa, and S. reedi. An array of indicators including catch per unit effort, the proportion of positive hauls, and length composition data were used to detect possible changes in the density, distribution, and size composition of the population. Data were taken from three West Coast bottom trawl surveys conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service. The percentage of trends indicating linear decline were summarized and stocks were subsequently ranked in order of greatest concern over declining populations. S. babcocki was ranked as the stock of greatest concern with 52% of the indices showing negative trends while negative trends for S. diploproa, S. zacentrus, and S. borealis were found in 26%, 23%, and 20% of the indices, respectively. Less than 15% of determined trends were negative for S. aleutianus, S. aurora, and S. reedi. Our interpretation of the health of the population projected by the indicators was compared to the population status based upon formal stock assessments for four species, S. alutus, S. crameri, S. melanostomus, and S. rufus. Indicator-based assessments show potential to preliminarly assess numerous species simultaneously and identify species of greatest concern over declining populations. Title: Using an indicator model to rank relative stock status of minor West Coast rockfish species Author: Miller, Stacey D. Quantitative assessments of many West coast rockfish stocks of both major and minor importance to commercial fisheries have shown varying declines in abundances. The population sizes of less-abundant, co-occurring unassessed species may also be declining. However, determining stock status of the many non-targeted, minor species with high levels of certainty and quantifiable predictability may be prohibitively expensive and/or impractical because of the dearth of available data. Using a system of qualitative indicators may provide a cost-effective method to create preliminary assessments of the relative status of minor rockfish stocks and subsequently prioritize future studies. This project was undertaken to test a system of indicators to characterize the status of West Coast rockfish species including Sebastes aurora, S. babcocki, S. aleutianus, S. zacentrus, S. borealis, S. diploproa, and S. reedi. An array of indicators including catch per unit effort, the proportion of positive hauls, and length composition data were used to detect possible changes in the density, distribution, and size composition of the population. Data were taken from three West Coast bottom trawl surveys conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service. The percentage of trends indicating linear decline were summarized and stocks were subsequently ranked in order of greatest concern over declining populations. S. babcocki was ranked as the stock of greatest concern with 52% of the indices showing negative trends while negative trends for S. diploproa, S. zacentrus, and S. borealis were found in 26%, 23%, and 20% of the indices, respectively. Less than 15% of determined trends were negative for S. aleutianus, S. aurora, and S. reedi. Our interpretation of the health of the population projected by the indicators was compared to the population status based upon formal stock assessments for four species, S. alutus, S. crameri, S. melanostomus, and S. rufus. Indicator-based assessments show potential to preliminarly assess numerous species simultaneously and identify species of greatest concern over declining populations. Close

• 106. [Image] IMST review of the USFWS and NMFS 2001 biological opinions on management of the Klamath Reclamation Project and related reports: a report of the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds

  	This report is a review of scientific research done by various organizations involved in the Klamath Reclamation Project to assess the "status and management of coho salmon in the Klamath River and . . ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: IMST review of the USFWS and NMFS 2001 biological opinions on management of the Klamath Reclamation Project and related reports: a report of the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Oregon) Year: 2003, 2004 This report is a review of scientific research done by various organizations involved in the Klamath Reclamation Project to assess the "status and management of coho salmon in the Klamath River and . . . management of Upper Klamath Lake and its watershed"; "April 16, 2003"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-112) Title: IMST review of the USFWS and NMFS 2001 biological opinions on management of the Klamath Reclamation Project and related reports: a report of the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Oregon) Year: 2003, 2004 This report is a review of scientific research done by various organizations involved in the Klamath Reclamation Project to assess the "status and management of coho salmon in the Klamath River and . . . management of Upper Klamath Lake and its watershed"; "April 16, 2003"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-112) Close

• 107. [Article] Analysis of threats to Galápagos Marine Iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)

  Galápagos marine iguana population sizes have been declining since first contact with humans.This decline has historically been attributed mainly to predation by invasive species, but additional human-caused ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of threats to Galápagos Marine Iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) Author: Spangler, Sarah Elizabeth Galápagos marine iguana population sizes have been declining since first contact with humans.This decline has historically been attributed mainly to predation by invasive species, but additional human-caused threats exist today. My thesis conducts an analysis of the present threats to the species and determines which are the most severe.Modern threats include invasive species, the increasing presence of humans, the potential for foreign pathogens, and the effects of climate change. Specifically, the most severe threats are environmental contamination such as oil spills, oceanic changes due to climate change,and expected increases in the severity of El Niño events. Due to the difficulty of addressing climate change at the local level, conservation of this species should be focused on managing local human activity to prevent predation and chronic stress from other threats. Title: Analysis of threats to Galápagos Marine Iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) Author: Spangler, Sarah Elizabeth Galápagos marine iguana population sizes have been declining since first contact with humans.This decline has historically been attributed mainly to predation by invasive species, but additional human-caused threats exist today. My thesis conducts an analysis of the present threats to the species and determines which are the most severe.Modern threats include invasive species, the increasing presence of humans, the potential for foreign pathogens, and the effects of climate change. Specifically, the most severe threats are environmental contamination such as oil spills, oceanic changes due to climate change,and expected increases in the severity of El Niño events. Due to the difficulty of addressing climate change at the local level, conservation of this species should be focused on managing local human activity to prevent predation and chronic stress from other threats. Close

• 108. [Image] Improving salmon passage: draft, the Lower Snake River juvenile salmon migration feasibility report/environmental impact statement

  	The purpose of this summary report is to provide an overview of the findings developed for the Lower Snake River Juvenile Salmon Migration Feasibility Study. For more detailed information, the reader should ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Improving salmon passage: draft, the Lower Snake River juvenile salmon migration feasibility report/environmental impact statement Year: 1999, 2004 The purpose of this summary report is to provide an overview of the findings developed for the Lower Snake River Juvenile Salmon Migration Feasibility Study. For more detailed information, the reader should refer to the Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement and attached appendices. The genesis of this study is the National Marine Fisheries Service's 1995 Biological Opinion for the Reinitiation of Consultation on 1994-1998 Operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System and Juvenile Transportation Program in 1995 and Future Years (95 Biological Opinion). While the focus of this study is the relationship between the four dams on the lower Snake River and their effects on juvenile fish traveling toward the ocean, the implications of the study are broader. The Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement includes the best available information on the biological effectiveness, engineering, economic effects, and other environmental effects associated with the four specific alternatives. It does not, however, include a recommendation or identify a preferred alternative. This will give the public and other agencies an opportunity to review and understand this information and provide input before a preferred alternative is selected. At the same time, this will allow the region to consider the Habitat, Hatcheries, Harvest, and Hydropower Working Paper on salmon recovery by the Federal Caucus. Information from this process will be fully examined to determine how it may influence decisions on actions for the lower Snake River. Title: Improving salmon passage: draft, the Lower Snake River juvenile salmon migration feasibility report/environmental impact statement Year: 1999, 2004 The purpose of this summary report is to provide an overview of the findings developed for the Lower Snake River Juvenile Salmon Migration Feasibility Study. For more detailed information, the reader should refer to the Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement and attached appendices. The genesis of this study is the National Marine Fisheries Service's 1995 Biological Opinion for the Reinitiation of Consultation on 1994-1998 Operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System and Juvenile Transportation Program in 1995 and Future Years (95 Biological Opinion). While the focus of this study is the relationship between the four dams on the lower Snake River and their effects on juvenile fish traveling toward the ocean, the implications of the study are broader. The Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement includes the best available information on the biological effectiveness, engineering, economic effects, and other environmental effects associated with the four specific alternatives. It does not, however, include a recommendation or identify a preferred alternative. This will give the public and other agencies an opportunity to review and understand this information and provide input before a preferred alternative is selected. At the same time, this will allow the region to consider the Habitat, Hatcheries, Harvest, and Hydropower Working Paper on salmon recovery by the Federal Caucus. Information from this process will be fully examined to determine how it may influence decisions on actions for the lower Snake River. Close

• 109. [Article] Evaluating the influence of land use, drought and reach isolation on the occurrence of freshwater mussel species in the lower Flint River Basin, Georgia (U.S.A.)

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http:...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating the influence of land use, drought and reach isolation on the occurrence of freshwater mussel species in the lower Flint River Basin, Georgia (U.S.A.) Author: Conroy, Michael J., Shea, Colin P., Wisniewski, Jason M., Peterson, James T. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ Title: Evaluating the influence of land use, drought and reach isolation on the occurrence of freshwater mussel species in the lower Flint River Basin, Georgia (U.S.A.) Author: Conroy, Michael J., Shea, Colin P., Wisniewski, Jason M., Peterson, James T. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ Close

• 110. [Article] Avian Species Richness in Relation to Intensive Forest Management Practices in Early Seral Tree Plantations

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Avian Species Richness in Relation to Intensive Forest Management Practices in Early Seral Tree Plantations Author: Ellis, Tana M., Duke, Steven D., Giovanini, Jack, Jones, Jay E., Kroll, Andrew J., Betts, Matthew G. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action. Title: Avian Species Richness in Relation to Intensive Forest Management Practices in Early Seral Tree Plantations Author: Ellis, Tana M., Duke, Steven D., Giovanini, Jack, Jones, Jay E., Kroll, Andrew J., Betts, Matthew G. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action. Close

• 111. [Image] A framework for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins

  	Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T.; Quigley, Thomas M., tech. eds. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the Interior Columbia Basin including portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A framework for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Year: 1996, 2005 Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T.; Quigley, Thomas M., tech. eds. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the Interior Columbia Basin including portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-374. Portland, OR; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 66 p. A framework for ecosystem management is proposed. This framework assumes the purpose of ecosystem management is to maintain the integrity of ecosystems over time and space. It is based on four ecosystem principles: ecosystems are dynamic, can be viewed as hierarchies with temporal and spatial dimensions, have limits, and are relatively unpredictable. This approach recognizes that people are part of ecosystems and that stewardship must be able to resolve tough challenges including how to meet multiple demands with finite resources. The framework describes a general planning model for ecosystem management that has four iterative steps: monitoring, assessment, decision-making, and implementation. Since ecosystems cross jurisdictional lines, the implementation of the framework depends on partnerships among land managers, the scientific community, and stakeholders. It proposes that decision-making be based on information provided by the best available science and the most appropriate technologies for land management. Keywords: Ecosystem assessment, ecosystem principles, ecosystem management, planning models, management goals, risk analysis. Title: A framework for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Year: 1996, 2005 Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T.; Quigley, Thomas M., tech. eds. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the Interior Columbia Basin including portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-374. Portland, OR; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 66 p. A framework for ecosystem management is proposed. This framework assumes the purpose of ecosystem management is to maintain the integrity of ecosystems over time and space. It is based on four ecosystem principles: ecosystems are dynamic, can be viewed as hierarchies with temporal and spatial dimensions, have limits, and are relatively unpredictable. This approach recognizes that people are part of ecosystems and that stewardship must be able to resolve tough challenges including how to meet multiple demands with finite resources. The framework describes a general planning model for ecosystem management that has four iterative steps: monitoring, assessment, decision-making, and implementation. Since ecosystems cross jurisdictional lines, the implementation of the framework depends on partnerships among land managers, the scientific community, and stakeholders. It proposes that decision-making be based on information provided by the best available science and the most appropriate technologies for land management. Keywords: Ecosystem assessment, ecosystem principles, ecosystem management, planning models, management goals, risk analysis. Close

• 112. [Article] Evidence for xylem embolism as a primary factor in dehydration-induced declines in leaf hydraulic conductance

  This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evidence for xylem embolism as a primary factor in dehydration-induced declines in leaf hydraulic conductance Author: Johnson, Daniel M., Meinzer, Frederick C., McCulloh, Katherine A., Woodruff, David R. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Title: Evidence for xylem embolism as a primary factor in dehydration-induced declines in leaf hydraulic conductance Author: Johnson, Daniel M., Meinzer, Frederick C., McCulloh, Katherine A., Woodruff, David R. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Close

• 113. [Image] Oversight field hearing on the Endangered Species Act 30 years later : the Klamath Project : oversight field hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, Saturday, July 17, 2004, in Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	"Serial no. 108-104."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oversight field hearing on the Endangered Species Act 30 years later : the Klamath Project : oversight field hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, Saturday, July 17, 2004, in Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources. Subcommittee on Water and Power Year: 2005 "Serial no. 108-104." Title: Oversight field hearing on the Endangered Species Act 30 years later : the Klamath Project : oversight field hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, Saturday, July 17, 2004, in Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources. Subcommittee on Water and Power Year: 2005 "Serial no. 108-104." Close

• 114. [Article] The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts Author: Reid, J. Leighton, Contu, Sara, Newbold, Tim, et al., Hudson, Lawrence N. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292045-7758. Title: The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts Author: Reid, J. Leighton, Contu, Sara, Newbold, Tim, et al., Hudson, Lawrence N. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292045-7758. Close

• 115. [Image] Biological assessment of Klamath Project's continuing operations on the endangered Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker

  	BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF KLAMATH PROJECT'S CONTINUING OPERATIONS ON THE ENDANGERED LOST RIVER SUCKER AND SHORTNOSE SUCKER U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Mid-Pacific Region Klamath Basin Area Office Klamath ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological assessment of Klamath Project's continuing operations on the endangered Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 2001, 2005 BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF KLAMATH PROJECT'S CONTINUING OPERATIONS ON THE ENDANGERED LOST RIVER SUCKER AND SHORTNOSE SUCKER U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Mid-Pacific Region Klamath Basin Area Office Klamath Falls, Oregon February 13,2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2 2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTION 3 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF HISTORIC OPERATIONS 6 4.0 ENDANGERED SPECIES POTENTIALLY AFFECTED BY THE KLAMATH PROJECT 16 5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE 60 6.0 EFFECTS OF KLAMATH PROJECT ON BALD EAGLES 60 7.0 EFFECTS OF KLAMATH PROJECT ENDANGERED SUCKERS 63 8.0 PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT FOR ENDANGERED SUCKERS 82 9.0 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS 84 10.0 DETERMINATION OF EFFECTS 89 11.0 LITERATURE CITED 90 12.0 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS 100 13.0 APPENDIX 1 - ESA CONSULTATION REVIEW 101 Title: Biological assessment of Klamath Project's continuing operations on the endangered Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 2001, 2005 BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF KLAMATH PROJECT'S CONTINUING OPERATIONS ON THE ENDANGERED LOST RIVER SUCKER AND SHORTNOSE SUCKER U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Mid-Pacific Region Klamath Basin Area Office Klamath Falls, Oregon February 13,2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2 2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTION 3 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF HISTORIC OPERATIONS 6 4.0 ENDANGERED SPECIES POTENTIALLY AFFECTED BY THE KLAMATH PROJECT 16 5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE 60 6.0 EFFECTS OF KLAMATH PROJECT ON BALD EAGLES 60 7.0 EFFECTS OF KLAMATH PROJECT ENDANGERED SUCKERS 63 8.0 PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT FOR ENDANGERED SUCKERS 82 9.0 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS 84 10.0 DETERMINATION OF EFFECTS 89 11.0 LITERATURE CITED 90 12.0 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS 100 13.0 APPENDIX 1 - ESA CONSULTATION REVIEW 101 Close

• 116. [Article] Range Contractions of North American Carnivores and Ungulates

  We compared the historic and current geographical ranges of 43 North American carnivores and ungulates to identify large-scale patterns in range contractions and expansions. Seventeen of the species had ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Range Contractions of North American Carnivores and Ungulates Author: Laliberte, Andrea S., Ripple, William J. We compared the historic and current geographical ranges of 43 North American carnivores and ungulates to identify large-scale patterns in range contractions and expansions. Seventeen of the species had experienced range contractions over more than 20% of their historic range. In areas of higher human influence, species were more likely to contract and less likely to persist. Species richness had also declined considerably since historic times. The temperate grasslands and temperate broadleaf–mixed forest biomes lost the highest average number of species, while the boreal forest and tundra showed fewer numbers of species lost. Species contractions were a result of Euro-American settlement and postsettlement development in North America. These effects have been widespread and indicate a rapid collapse of species distributions over the course of only 1 to 2 centuries. The results of this study can be used to improve scientists’ knowledge of historical reference conditions and to provide input for wildlife reintroductions and for the creation of wildlife reserves. Title: Range Contractions of North American Carnivores and Ungulates Author: Laliberte, Andrea S., Ripple, William J. We compared the historic and current geographical ranges of 43 North American carnivores and ungulates to identify large-scale patterns in range contractions and expansions. Seventeen of the species had experienced range contractions over more than 20% of their historic range. In areas of higher human influence, species were more likely to contract and less likely to persist. Species richness had also declined considerably since historic times. The temperate grasslands and temperate broadleaf–mixed forest biomes lost the highest average number of species, while the boreal forest and tundra showed fewer numbers of species lost. Species contractions were a result of Euro-American settlement and postsettlement development in North America. These effects have been widespread and indicate a rapid collapse of species distributions over the course of only 1 to 2 centuries. The results of this study can be used to improve scientists’ knowledge of historical reference conditions and to provide input for wildlife reintroductions and for the creation of wildlife reserves. Close

• 117. [Article] Host Identity Matters in the Amphibian- Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis System: Fine-Scale Patterns of Variation in Responses to a Multi-Host Pathogen

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Host Identity Matters in the Amphibian- Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis System: Fine-Scale Patterns of Variation in Responses to a Multi-Host Pathogen Author: Gervasi, Stephanie, Blaustein, Andrew R., Olson, Deanna H., Gondhalekar, Carmen To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action. Title: Host Identity Matters in the Amphibian- Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis System: Fine-Scale Patterns of Variation in Responses to a Multi-Host Pathogen Author: Gervasi, Stephanie, Blaustein, Andrew R., Olson, Deanna H., Gondhalekar, Carmen To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action. Close

• 118. [Article] Host-pathogen dynamics in a changing environment : susceptibility of amphibians to an emerging infectious disease

  Infectious diseases are a growing concern for both humans and wildlife. The negative effects of infectious disease have been exemplified by the recent global amphibian population declines associated with ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Host-pathogen dynamics in a changing environment : susceptibility of amphibians to an emerging infectious disease Author: Searle, Catherine L. Infectious diseases are a growing concern for both humans and wildlife. The negative effects of infectious disease have been exemplified by the recent global amphibian population declines associated with disease outbreaks. Although multiple pathogens and factors play a role in these declines, the aquatic fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has received considerable attention due to its substantial contribution to amphibian population declines around the world. Bd prevalence and severity appears to be increasing worldwide, either from recent anthropogenic spread of the pathogen or from changes in the environment that have altered host-pathogen dynamics. This dissertation explores the factors that affect host susceptibility to Bd. I first tested the effects of hormonal stress on susceptibility to Bd (Chapter 2). Using corticosterone, the major chronic stress hormone in amphibians, I was able to mimic the physiological effects of stress without altering other factors that may affect the host-pathogen relationship. I exposed three species of larval amphibians to corticosterone for two weeks to induce chronic stress before challenging them with exposure to Bd. I found that exposure to corticosterone did not alter infection prevalence or severity in any species, indicating that chronically elevated levels of corticosterone do not affect susceptibility to Bd. I next examined the interactive effects of the ubiquitous stressor, ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB), and host infection by Bd (Chapter 3). UVB can cause lethal and sublethal effects in amphibians, including increased susceptibility to pathogens. In outdoor mesocosms, I used ambient levels of UVB to stress larval amphibians while simultaneously exposing them to Bd. Although exposure to UVB increased mortality, it did not alter infection. To investigate the effects of community structure on infection prevalence and severity, I studied how six anuran species (frogs and toads) differed in susceptibility to Bd (Chapter 4). I experimentally exposed post-metamorphic amphibians native to North America to Bd under identical laboratory conditions. All species tested had higher rates of mortality when exposed to Bd compared to unexposed controls. However, the species differed widely in their rates of Bd-associated mortality, even though there was no difference in infection levels among species. I also found that within species, the relationship between body size and infection varied, indicating physiological differences in the way that amphibian species respond to pathogen infection. Finally, I studied the effects of the amphibian host community on infection. I experimentally exposed larval amphibians to Bd after manipulating host density and species richness in the laboratory (Chapter 5). I recorded five measures of disease risk and found a dilution effect where greater species richness decreased disease risk, even after taking into account changes in density. Together with Chapter 4, this study emphasizes the need to understand the effects of the community on host-pathogen dynamics. This dissertation provides insight into the effects of stress and community structure on disease dynamics. Although there has been a great effort to understand Bd since it was discovered, the ecology of Bd remains relatively unknown. My research represents an important step in understanding the host-pathogen relationship in a changing environment. Title: Host-pathogen dynamics in a changing environment : susceptibility of amphibians to an emerging infectious disease Author: Searle, Catherine L. Infectious diseases are a growing concern for both humans and wildlife. The negative effects of infectious disease have been exemplified by the recent global amphibian population declines associated with disease outbreaks. Although multiple pathogens and factors play a role in these declines, the aquatic fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has received considerable attention due to its substantial contribution to amphibian population declines around the world. Bd prevalence and severity appears to be increasing worldwide, either from recent anthropogenic spread of the pathogen or from changes in the environment that have altered host-pathogen dynamics. This dissertation explores the factors that affect host susceptibility to Bd. I first tested the effects of hormonal stress on susceptibility to Bd (Chapter 2). Using corticosterone, the major chronic stress hormone in amphibians, I was able to mimic the physiological effects of stress without altering other factors that may affect the host-pathogen relationship. I exposed three species of larval amphibians to corticosterone for two weeks to induce chronic stress before challenging them with exposure to Bd. I found that exposure to corticosterone did not alter infection prevalence or severity in any species, indicating that chronically elevated levels of corticosterone do not affect susceptibility to Bd. I next examined the interactive effects of the ubiquitous stressor, ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB), and host infection by Bd (Chapter 3). UVB can cause lethal and sublethal effects in amphibians, including increased susceptibility to pathogens. In outdoor mesocosms, I used ambient levels of UVB to stress larval amphibians while simultaneously exposing them to Bd. Although exposure to UVB increased mortality, it did not alter infection. To investigate the effects of community structure on infection prevalence and severity, I studied how six anuran species (frogs and toads) differed in susceptibility to Bd (Chapter 4). I experimentally exposed post-metamorphic amphibians native to North America to Bd under identical laboratory conditions. All species tested had higher rates of mortality when exposed to Bd compared to unexposed controls. However, the species differed widely in their rates of Bd-associated mortality, even though there was no difference in infection levels among species. I also found that within species, the relationship between body size and infection varied, indicating physiological differences in the way that amphibian species respond to pathogen infection. Finally, I studied the effects of the amphibian host community on infection. I experimentally exposed larval amphibians to Bd after manipulating host density and species richness in the laboratory (Chapter 5). I recorded five measures of disease risk and found a dilution effect where greater species richness decreased disease risk, even after taking into account changes in density. Together with Chapter 4, this study emphasizes the need to understand the effects of the community on host-pathogen dynamics. This dissertation provides insight into the effects of stress and community structure on disease dynamics. Although there has been a great effort to understand Bd since it was discovered, the ecology of Bd remains relatively unknown. My research represents an important step in understanding the host-pathogen relationship in a changing environment. Close

• 119. [Article] Lamprey

  Abstract -- The majority of scientific studies on lamprey have investigated biological attributes, with few studies investigating historic abundance, detailed distribution and specific ecological requirements ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lamprey Abstract -- The majority of scientific studies on lamprey have investigated biological attributes, with few studies investigating historic abundance, detailed distribution and specific ecological requirements and role. Because of the paucity of information and concerns of declining lamprey population in the Pacific Northwest, the Applegate River Watershed Council (ARWC) with the Medford District of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) collaborated to study lamprey populations in the Applegate River watershed of southwest Oregon (Close et al. 1995, Larson & Belchik 1998, Kostow 2002). The objectives of the study included: (1) Identifying species composition; (2) determining the distribution of lamprey species; and (3) relating the distribution of lamprey ammocoetes (juveniles or larvae) to physical stream characteristics. This paper summarizes the life histories of the two most common lamprey species in the Oregon, the Pacific (Lampetra tridentata) and Western Brook (Lampetra richardsoni), details the methods of study, reports the results and summarizes the findings. Also included are recommendations and suggestions for future lamprey work in the Applegate basin. Title: Lamprey Abstract -- The majority of scientific studies on lamprey have investigated biological attributes, with few studies investigating historic abundance, detailed distribution and specific ecological requirements and role. Because of the paucity of information and concerns of declining lamprey population in the Pacific Northwest, the Applegate River Watershed Council (ARWC) with the Medford District of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) collaborated to study lamprey populations in the Applegate River watershed of southwest Oregon (Close et al. 1995, Larson & Belchik 1998, Kostow 2002). The objectives of the study included: (1) Identifying species composition; (2) determining the distribution of lamprey species; and (3) relating the distribution of lamprey ammocoetes (juveniles or larvae) to physical stream characteristics. This paper summarizes the life histories of the two most common lamprey species in the Oregon, the Pacific (Lampetra tridentata) and Western Brook (Lampetra richardsoni), details the methods of study, reports the results and summarizes the findings. Also included are recommendations and suggestions for future lamprey work in the Applegate basin. Close

• 120. [Article] Crown structure and growth efficiency of red spruce in uneven-aged, mixed-species stands in Maine

  Several hypotheses about the relationships among individual tree growth, tree leaf area, and relative tree size or position were tested with red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) growing in uneven-aged, mixed-species ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crown structure and growth efficiency of red spruce in uneven-aged, mixed-species stands in Maine Author: Brissette, John C., Gu, Lianhong, Maguire, Douglas A. (Douglas Alan) Several hypotheses about the relationships among individual tree growth, tree leaf area, and relative tree size or position were tested with red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) growing in uneven-aged, mixed-species forests of south-central Maine, U.S.A. Based on data from 65 sample trees, predictive models were developed to (i) estimate the amount of foliage held by individual trees from sapwood cross-sectional area and (ii) define the relationship between stem volume growth and three variables: total foliage area, relative position in the stand, and the degree of past suppression. A model that included variables representing tree size (or relative social position) and degree of past suppression (live branch whorls per unit crown length) indicated that stem volume growth first increased but later decreased over leaf area when other variables were held constant. Growth efficiency declined with increasing tree leaf area, although greater height and diameter enhanced growth efficiency and greater past suppression diminished growth efficiency. The decline in growth efficiency with greater leaf area likely is attributable to one or several of the factors previously identified as contributing to growth declines in mature, even-aged stands. Title: Crown structure and growth efficiency of red spruce in uneven-aged, mixed-species stands in Maine Author: Brissette, John C., Gu, Lianhong, Maguire, Douglas A. (Douglas Alan) Several hypotheses about the relationships among individual tree growth, tree leaf area, and relative tree size or position were tested with red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) growing in uneven-aged, mixed-species forests of south-central Maine, U.S.A. Based on data from 65 sample trees, predictive models were developed to (i) estimate the amount of foliage held by individual trees from sapwood cross-sectional area and (ii) define the relationship between stem volume growth and three variables: total foliage area, relative position in the stand, and the degree of past suppression. A model that included variables representing tree size (or relative social position) and degree of past suppression (live branch whorls per unit crown length) indicated that stem volume growth first increased but later decreased over leaf area when other variables were held constant. Growth efficiency declined with increasing tree leaf area, although greater height and diameter enhanced growth efficiency and greater past suppression diminished growth efficiency. The decline in growth efficiency with greater leaf area likely is attributable to one or several of the factors previously identified as contributing to growth declines in mature, even-aged stands. Close

• 121. [Article] Climate Change Effects on Northern Great Lake (USA) Forests: A Case for Preserving Diversity

  Under business as usual (BAU) management, stresses posed by climate change may exceed the ability of Great Lake forests to adapt. Temperature and precipitation projections in the Great Lakes region are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Climate Change Effects on Northern Great Lake (USA) Forests: A Case for Preserving Diversity Author: Duveneck, Matthew Joshua, Scheller, Robert M., White, Mark A., Handler, Stephen D., Ravenscroft, Catherine Year: 2014 Under business as usual (BAU) management, stresses posed by climate change may exceed the ability of Great Lake forests to adapt. Temperature and precipitation projections in the Great Lakes region are expected to change forest tree species composition and productivity. It is unknown how a change in productivity and/or tree species diversity due to climate change will affect the relationship between diversity and productivity. We assessed how forests in two landscapes (i.e., northern lower Michigan and northeastern Minnesota, USA) would respond to climate change and explored the diversityproductivity relationship under climate change. In addition, we explored how tree species diversity varied across landscapes by soil type, climate, and management. We used a spatially dynamic forest ecosystem model, LANDIS-II, to simulate BAU forest management under three climate scenarios (current climate, low emissions, and high emissions) in each landscape. We found a positive relationship between diversity and productivity only under a high emissions future as productivity declined. Within landscapes, climate change simulations resulted in the highest diversity in the coolest climate regions and lowest diversity in the warmest climate region in Minnesota and Michigan, respectively. Simulated productivity declined in both landscapes under the high emissions climate scenario as species such as balsam fir (Abies balsamea) declined in abundance. In the Great Lakes region, a high emissions future may decrease forest productivity creating a more positive relationship between diversity and productivity. Maintaining a diversity of tree species may become increasingly important to maintain the adaptive capacity of forests. Title: Climate Change Effects on Northern Great Lake (USA) Forests: A Case for Preserving Diversity Author: Duveneck, Matthew Joshua, Scheller, Robert M., White, Mark A., Handler, Stephen D., Ravenscroft, Catherine Year: 2014 Under business as usual (BAU) management, stresses posed by climate change may exceed the ability of Great Lake forests to adapt. Temperature and precipitation projections in the Great Lakes region are expected to change forest tree species composition and productivity. It is unknown how a change in productivity and/or tree species diversity due to climate change will affect the relationship between diversity and productivity. We assessed how forests in two landscapes (i.e., northern lower Michigan and northeastern Minnesota, USA) would respond to climate change and explored the diversityproductivity relationship under climate change. In addition, we explored how tree species diversity varied across landscapes by soil type, climate, and management. We used a spatially dynamic forest ecosystem model, LANDIS-II, to simulate BAU forest management under three climate scenarios (current climate, low emissions, and high emissions) in each landscape. We found a positive relationship between diversity and productivity only under a high emissions future as productivity declined. Within landscapes, climate change simulations resulted in the highest diversity in the coolest climate regions and lowest diversity in the warmest climate region in Minnesota and Michigan, respectively. Simulated productivity declined in both landscapes under the high emissions climate scenario as species such as balsam fir (Abies balsamea) declined in abundance. In the Great Lakes region, a high emissions future may decrease forest productivity creating a more positive relationship between diversity and productivity. Maintaining a diversity of tree species may become increasingly important to maintain the adaptive capacity of forests. Close

• 122. [Article] Effects of pesticides on amphibians with special reference to the pyrethroid insecticide, cypermethrin

  Pollution by pesticides is a ubiquitous concern for wildlife. The effects of pesticides are especially concerning in aquatic environments, which are particularly vulnerable as they have several exposure ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of pesticides on amphibians with special reference to the pyrethroid insecticide, cypermethrin Author: Biga, Lindsay M. Pollution by pesticides is a ubiquitous concern for wildlife. The effects of pesticides are especially concerning in aquatic environments, which are particularly vulnerable as they have several exposure routes for the influx of chemicals. These effects are of particular concern as biodiversity loss reaches unprecedented rates. This includes recent declines of amphibian populations and loss of amphibian species. Pesticide exposure may contribute to some amphibian populations and extinctions. This dissertation explores the effects of pesticides on amphibians, with particular reference to the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin. I first synthesized acute toxicity data of pesticides for amphibians from the literature (Chapter 2). Using 96h LC50 values for amphibian larvae exposed to insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, I determined that amphibian species cannot be systematically classified as sensitive or tolerant to pesticides. Rather, relative acute lethal toxicities varied among species and between chemicals and types of pesticides even within a species, indicating that no amphibian species from this analysis can represent anticipated toxic effects to all amphibians. I next examined the differences in sensitivity to cypermethrin among three developmental stages for three anuran (frog) species (Chapter 3). I experimentally exposed embryos, recently hatched larvae and larvae with limb buds to cypermethrin in the laboratory. Exposure to cypermethrin had lethal and sublethal effects on some species and stages, but not all. The Pacific treefrog (Pseudacris regilla) was the most sensitive species and the early larval stage was the most sensitive for these three species. Additionally, cypermethrin exposure induced abnormal behavior in response to prodding for some species and stages. These results indicate differences in sensitivity to cypermethrin among species of amphibians. To further understand differences in sensitivity to pesticides among amphibians, I compared how three populations of P. regilla responded to cypermethrin exposure (Chapter 4). I performed a time-to-death assay in the laboratory, exposing newly hatched larvae from each population to cypermethrin under identical conditions. All populations had high rates of mortality when exposed to cypermethrin compared to unexposed controls and populations varied in the time to death. Moreover, exposed individuals were smaller than unexposed controls. Interestingly, population sensitivity did not appear to be associated with proximity to agriculture, but rather with elevation gradient, indicating that an evolved tolerance to pesticide exposure is not the mechanism for the differences in sensitivity observed here. To investigate the effects of cypermethrin on amphibians within a community context, I studied exposure in mesocosms (Chapter 5). I set up semi-natural aquatic ponds in enclosures that contained zooplankton, phytoplankton, and periphyton along with amphibian larvae. I experimentally exposed these mesocosms to cypermethrin and measured the effects on the amphibians and the other members of the community. Cypermethrin affected the entire aquatic community, even at the lowest dose, indicating the direct and indirect deleterious effects of cypermethrin on both invertebrate and vertebrate species in an aquatic community. This dissertation provides needed data on the effects of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin on amphibians and their communities. Understanding the toxicity of newer, commonly used pesticides to non-target organisms is important as conservation biologists and managers make efforts to combat future amphibian population declines which may be associated with chemicals in the environment. Title: Effects of pesticides on amphibians with special reference to the pyrethroid insecticide, cypermethrin Author: Biga, Lindsay M. Pollution by pesticides is a ubiquitous concern for wildlife. The effects of pesticides are especially concerning in aquatic environments, which are particularly vulnerable as they have several exposure routes for the influx of chemicals. These effects are of particular concern as biodiversity loss reaches unprecedented rates. This includes recent declines of amphibian populations and loss of amphibian species. Pesticide exposure may contribute to some amphibian populations and extinctions. This dissertation explores the effects of pesticides on amphibians, with particular reference to the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin. I first synthesized acute toxicity data of pesticides for amphibians from the literature (Chapter 2). Using 96h LC50 values for amphibian larvae exposed to insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, I determined that amphibian species cannot be systematically classified as sensitive or tolerant to pesticides. Rather, relative acute lethal toxicities varied among species and between chemicals and types of pesticides even within a species, indicating that no amphibian species from this analysis can represent anticipated toxic effects to all amphibians. I next examined the differences in sensitivity to cypermethrin among three developmental stages for three anuran (frog) species (Chapter 3). I experimentally exposed embryos, recently hatched larvae and larvae with limb buds to cypermethrin in the laboratory. Exposure to cypermethrin had lethal and sublethal effects on some species and stages, but not all. The Pacific treefrog (Pseudacris regilla) was the most sensitive species and the early larval stage was the most sensitive for these three species. Additionally, cypermethrin exposure induced abnormal behavior in response to prodding for some species and stages. These results indicate differences in sensitivity to cypermethrin among species of amphibians. To further understand differences in sensitivity to pesticides among amphibians, I compared how three populations of P. regilla responded to cypermethrin exposure (Chapter 4). I performed a time-to-death assay in the laboratory, exposing newly hatched larvae from each population to cypermethrin under identical conditions. All populations had high rates of mortality when exposed to cypermethrin compared to unexposed controls and populations varied in the time to death. Moreover, exposed individuals were smaller than unexposed controls. Interestingly, population sensitivity did not appear to be associated with proximity to agriculture, but rather with elevation gradient, indicating that an evolved tolerance to pesticide exposure is not the mechanism for the differences in sensitivity observed here. To investigate the effects of cypermethrin on amphibians within a community context, I studied exposure in mesocosms (Chapter 5). I set up semi-natural aquatic ponds in enclosures that contained zooplankton, phytoplankton, and periphyton along with amphibian larvae. I experimentally exposed these mesocosms to cypermethrin and measured the effects on the amphibians and the other members of the community. Cypermethrin affected the entire aquatic community, even at the lowest dose, indicating the direct and indirect deleterious effects of cypermethrin on both invertebrate and vertebrate species in an aquatic community. This dissertation provides needed data on the effects of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin on amphibians and their communities. Understanding the toxicity of newer, commonly used pesticides to non-target organisms is important as conservation biologists and managers make efforts to combat future amphibian population declines which may be associated with chemicals in the environment. Close

• 123. [Article] Changes in Forage Quantity and Quality with Continued Cattle Grazing in a Mountain Riparian Pasture

  The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in the quantity, quality, and moisture of available forage in a riparian pasture, and shrub utilization by cattle during a 30-d late summer grazing period. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Changes in Forage Quantity and Quality with Continued Cattle Grazing in a Mountain Riparian Pasture Author: Ackerman, Callan, Damiran, Daalkhaijav, Pulsipher, Gary, Darambazar, Enkhjargal, DelCurto, Timothy The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in the quantity, quality, and moisture of available forage in a riparian pasture, and shrub utilization by cattle during a 30-d late summer grazing period. A riparian pasture (44.7 ha) in northeast of Oregon was grazed with 30 yearlings (419 kg, BCS = 5.05) and 30 mature cows with calves (499 kg, BCS = 4.65) from early August to early September in 2001, and from late July to late August in 2002. Sampling dates were d 0, d 10, d 20, and d 30. The forage availability before grazing was 1058 kg/ha and declined to 323 kg/ha at the end of the grazing period (P < 0.10). Grasses dominated the pasture, followed by forbs, grass-likes (sedges and/or rushes), and shrubs. Kentucky bluegrass was the most prevalent forage species followed by timothy, sedges, and common snowberry. The highest percent disappearances of forage species was (83.7 - 92.7%) observed with quackgrass, western fescue, California brome, redtop, and heartleaf arnica, though their initial contributions to the available forage were less than 5%. Timothy, elk sedge, red clover, and common snowberry were also preferred species and major components of the available vegetation. High levels of shrub utilization were observed from d 20 through the end of the grazing period (45% for willow and 59% for alder). Forbs and shrubs did not vary in moisture content over the 30 d grazing period and across the years averaging 59% and 61%, respectively (P > 0.10). In contrast, the moisture content of grasses were over 50% at the beginning of the grazing period and declined to 34% by d 20. Likewise, forbs and shrubs were higher than grasses in CP (11, 14, and 6%, respectively) and IVDMD (58, 49, and 42% respectively). In summary, our results suggest that cattle grazing late summer riparian pastures will switch to intensive shrub utilization when grasses decline in quality and quantity, and forbs decline in quantity. Title: Changes in Forage Quantity and Quality with Continued Cattle Grazing in a Mountain Riparian Pasture Author: Ackerman, Callan, Damiran, Daalkhaijav, Pulsipher, Gary, Darambazar, Enkhjargal, DelCurto, Timothy The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in the quantity, quality, and moisture of available forage in a riparian pasture, and shrub utilization by cattle during a 30-d late summer grazing period. A riparian pasture (44.7 ha) in northeast of Oregon was grazed with 30 yearlings (419 kg, BCS = 5.05) and 30 mature cows with calves (499 kg, BCS = 4.65) from early August to early September in 2001, and from late July to late August in 2002. Sampling dates were d 0, d 10, d 20, and d 30. The forage availability before grazing was 1058 kg/ha and declined to 323 kg/ha at the end of the grazing period (P < 0.10). Grasses dominated the pasture, followed by forbs, grass-likes (sedges and/or rushes), and shrubs. Kentucky bluegrass was the most prevalent forage species followed by timothy, sedges, and common snowberry. The highest percent disappearances of forage species was (83.7 - 92.7%) observed with quackgrass, western fescue, California brome, redtop, and heartleaf arnica, though their initial contributions to the available forage were less than 5%. Timothy, elk sedge, red clover, and common snowberry were also preferred species and major components of the available vegetation. High levels of shrub utilization were observed from d 20 through the end of the grazing period (45% for willow and 59% for alder). Forbs and shrubs did not vary in moisture content over the 30 d grazing period and across the years averaging 59% and 61%, respectively (P > 0.10). In contrast, the moisture content of grasses were over 50% at the beginning of the grazing period and declined to 34% by d 20. Likewise, forbs and shrubs were higher than grasses in CP (11, 14, and 6%, respectively) and IVDMD (58, 49, and 42% respectively). In summary, our results suggest that cattle grazing late summer riparian pastures will switch to intensive shrub utilization when grasses decline in quality and quantity, and forbs decline in quantity. Close

• 124. [Image] ESA basics: 30 years of protecting endangered species

  	Electronic resource; Title from title screen;
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: ESA basics: 30 years of protecting endangered species Year: 2004, 2006, 2005 Electronic resource; Title from title screen; Title: ESA basics: 30 years of protecting endangered species Year: 2004, 2006, 2005 Electronic resource; Title from title screen; Close

• 125. [Article] The ecology of disease and anthropogenic stressors in amphibians

  We proposed to test the hypothesis that ecologically relevant concentrations of pesticide mixtures will increase susceptibility of metamorphic amphibians to a fungal pathogen known as Batrachochytrium ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The ecology of disease and anthropogenic stressors in amphibians Author: French, Kellie M. We proposed to test the hypothesis that ecologically relevant concentrations of pesticide mixtures will increase susceptibility of metamorphic amphibians to a fungal pathogen known as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, or Bd. Bd has received considerable attention as one of the causes of declining amphibian populations. We hypothesized that exposure to the contaminants in the larval stage would cause increased pathogen load, decreased growth, and increased mortality of amphibians. Our amphibians included 2 species of tree frogs (Spring Peepers and Pacific tree frogs), 1 toad species (Western Toads), and 2 true frog species (Leopard frogs and Cascades frogs). Each species of frog was split into five different pesticide treatments: high herbicide, low herbicide, high insecticide, low insecticide, and a control treatment. Half of the frogs in each pesticide treatment were exposed as tadpoles and half were exposed as metamorphs. In the end, three of the five species showed significant mortality rates. We saw similarities between the tree frogs. They both showed a Bd effect with a significant p-value. The toads showed an increased susceptibility compared to the other species. Our true frogs showed very little mortality and had no significant effects. Title: The ecology of disease and anthropogenic stressors in amphibians Author: French, Kellie M. We proposed to test the hypothesis that ecologically relevant concentrations of pesticide mixtures will increase susceptibility of metamorphic amphibians to a fungal pathogen known as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, or Bd. Bd has received considerable attention as one of the causes of declining amphibian populations. We hypothesized that exposure to the contaminants in the larval stage would cause increased pathogen load, decreased growth, and increased mortality of amphibians. Our amphibians included 2 species of tree frogs (Spring Peepers and Pacific tree frogs), 1 toad species (Western Toads), and 2 true frog species (Leopard frogs and Cascades frogs). Each species of frog was split into five different pesticide treatments: high herbicide, low herbicide, high insecticide, low insecticide, and a control treatment. Half of the frogs in each pesticide treatment were exposed as tadpoles and half were exposed as metamorphs. In the end, three of the five species showed significant mortality rates. We saw similarities between the tree frogs. They both showed a Bd effect with a significant p-value. The toads showed an increased susceptibility compared to the other species. Our true frogs showed very little mortality and had no significant effects. Close

• 126. [Article] Species of Concern South Coast District, 1990

  Abstract -- The Fish Division requested each District Fish Biologist to review the present status of the fish stocks in their District, and then identify, by species, each population that is of concern ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Species of Concern South Coast District, 1990 Abstract -- The Fish Division requested each District Fish Biologist to review the present status of the fish stocks in their District, and then identify, by species, each population that is of concern at this time. This included populations that are thought to be at a sensitive level by the biologists and, also, ones that the public think may be declining or at low levels. Also, any hatchery programs that are presently not meeting the management goals of the basin should be addressed. The following populations and programs were identified by South Coast District personnel as meeting the criteria for "concern" Title: Species of Concern South Coast District, 1990 Abstract -- The Fish Division requested each District Fish Biologist to review the present status of the fish stocks in their District, and then identify, by species, each population that is of concern at this time. This included populations that are thought to be at a sensitive level by the biologists and, also, ones that the public think may be declining or at low levels. Also, any hatchery programs that are presently not meeting the management goals of the basin should be addressed. The following populations and programs were identified by South Coast District personnel as meeting the criteria for "concern" Close

• 127. [Article] Bird communities in managed conifer stands in the Oregon Cascades : habitat associations and nest predation

  Green-tree retention is being implemented on state and federal lands in Oregon. Silvicultural prescriptions with tree and snag retention are thought to mimic natural disturbance patterns in the Pacific ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bird communities in managed conifer stands in the Oregon Cascades : habitat associations and nest predation Author: Vega, Robyn M. S. Green-tree retention is being implemented on state and federal lands in Oregon. Silvicultural prescriptions with tree and snag retention are thought to mimic natural disturbance patterns in the Pacific Northwest more closely than traditional silvicultural practices, which reduce structural complexity. The effects of green-tree retention on native bird species in the Pacific Northwest are largely unknown. Consequently, this study examined avian communities, individual species abundances, habitat associations, and artificial nest predation in the West-central Oregon Cascade Range. Between May and August 1992, 4 clearcut, 4 green-tree retention, and 4 mature conifer stands were studied. Species diversity was greater in mature stands than in clearcuts. Total bird abundance and species richness did not differ among stand types, but community composition did. Differences in community composition were related to differences in vegetation structure and composition. Species showed individualistic responses to stand types, and individual species abundances were correlated with conifer and snag densities more than with other variables. Green-tree retention stands provided habitat for some birds that are associated with early- and late-seral habitats. Predation on ground nests was greater in clearcuts than retention stands. Shrub nest predation was greater in retention stands than in clearcuts or mature stands. These results support the hypothesis that trees and snags which are retained in harvest units serve as perches which facilitate the location of shrub nests by predators. Retention stands may be sink habitats for species which nest in them unsuccessfully. Open canopy species which are negatively associated with green-tree retention may show further declines in population if green-tree retention stands replace clearcuts on state and federal lands in Oregon. In order to provide habitat for native species, a variety of stand conditions should be maintained across the landscape and management objectives should be tailored to individual species or communities. Title: Bird communities in managed conifer stands in the Oregon Cascades : habitat associations and nest predation Author: Vega, Robyn M. S. Green-tree retention is being implemented on state and federal lands in Oregon. Silvicultural prescriptions with tree and snag retention are thought to mimic natural disturbance patterns in the Pacific Northwest more closely than traditional silvicultural practices, which reduce structural complexity. The effects of green-tree retention on native bird species in the Pacific Northwest are largely unknown. Consequently, this study examined avian communities, individual species abundances, habitat associations, and artificial nest predation in the West-central Oregon Cascade Range. Between May and August 1992, 4 clearcut, 4 green-tree retention, and 4 mature conifer stands were studied. Species diversity was greater in mature stands than in clearcuts. Total bird abundance and species richness did not differ among stand types, but community composition did. Differences in community composition were related to differences in vegetation structure and composition. Species showed individualistic responses to stand types, and individual species abundances were correlated with conifer and snag densities more than with other variables. Green-tree retention stands provided habitat for some birds that are associated with early- and late-seral habitats. Predation on ground nests was greater in clearcuts than retention stands. Shrub nest predation was greater in retention stands than in clearcuts or mature stands. These results support the hypothesis that trees and snags which are retained in harvest units serve as perches which facilitate the location of shrub nests by predators. Retention stands may be sink habitats for species which nest in them unsuccessfully. Open canopy species which are negatively associated with green-tree retention may show further declines in population if green-tree retention stands replace clearcuts on state and federal lands in Oregon. In order to provide habitat for native species, a variety of stand conditions should be maintained across the landscape and management objectives should be tailored to individual species or communities. Close

• 128. [Article] Introduction of New Fish Species for Improved Aquaculture Production in Malawi: Policy Implications for Fish Biodiversity Preservation and Management

  Poster Session

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Introduction of New Fish Species for Improved Aquaculture Production in Malawi: Policy Implications for Fish Biodiversity Preservation and Management Author: Kapute, Fanuel Poster Session Title: Introduction of New Fish Species for Improved Aquaculture Production in Malawi: Policy Implications for Fish Biodiversity Preservation and Management Author: Kapute, Fanuel Poster Session Close

• 129. [Article] Ecology and applications of cutaneous mechanisms of resistance to amphibian chytridiomycosis

  Amphibian biodiversity is in rapid global decline, due in part to the fungal disease chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Susceptibility to Bd and chytridiomycosis varies between ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecology and applications of cutaneous mechanisms of resistance to amphibian chytridiomycosis Author: Nebergall, Emily E. Amphibian biodiversity is in rapid global decline, due in part to the fungal disease chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Susceptibility to Bd and chytridiomycosis varies between species and populations. Skin peptides and symbiotic skin bacteria appear to be important mechanisms of Bd resistance. However, not much is known about the ways in which these mechanisms vary between species and locations or about the relative importance of these mechanisms to different amphibian species. This thesis sought to explore the ecology and applications of mechanisms of resistance to Bd. In the second chapter, I use an information theoretic approach to investigate the source of intraspecies and interspecies variation in three measures of predicted resistance against chytridiomycosis: skin peptide inhibition of Bd, skin peptide quantity, and prevalence of Bd-inhibitory bacteria. I collected peptide and bacterial samples from three amphibian species in Mt. Rainier National Park, which is characterized by landscape heterogeneity and low connectivity and hence is likely to produce high variability between amphibian populations in different park regions. I found that skin peptide defenses may vary primarily by species, whereas anti-Bd skin bacteria may vary primarily by location. In the third chapter, I investigate the feasibility of using anti- Bd bacteria to bioaugment an endangered amphibian species, Rana chiricahuensis, against infection with Bd. I screened skin bacterial communities from wild R. chiricahuensis for anti- Bd bacteria and selected Pseudomonas fluorescens as an experimental bioaugmentation agent. I tested P. fluorescens alongside Janthinobacterium lividum in Bd challenges studies with wild adult R. chiricahuensis. Results of these studies do not indicate bioaugmentation with either of these two bacteria as a feasible Bd management strategy for R. chiricahuensis. Title: Ecology and applications of cutaneous mechanisms of resistance to amphibian chytridiomycosis Author: Nebergall, Emily E. Amphibian biodiversity is in rapid global decline, due in part to the fungal disease chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Susceptibility to Bd and chytridiomycosis varies between species and populations. Skin peptides and symbiotic skin bacteria appear to be important mechanisms of Bd resistance. However, not much is known about the ways in which these mechanisms vary between species and locations or about the relative importance of these mechanisms to different amphibian species. This thesis sought to explore the ecology and applications of mechanisms of resistance to Bd. In the second chapter, I use an information theoretic approach to investigate the source of intraspecies and interspecies variation in three measures of predicted resistance against chytridiomycosis: skin peptide inhibition of Bd, skin peptide quantity, and prevalence of Bd-inhibitory bacteria. I collected peptide and bacterial samples from three amphibian species in Mt. Rainier National Park, which is characterized by landscape heterogeneity and low connectivity and hence is likely to produce high variability between amphibian populations in different park regions. I found that skin peptide defenses may vary primarily by species, whereas anti-Bd skin bacteria may vary primarily by location. In the third chapter, I investigate the feasibility of using anti- Bd bacteria to bioaugment an endangered amphibian species, Rana chiricahuensis, against infection with Bd. I screened skin bacterial communities from wild R. chiricahuensis for anti- Bd bacteria and selected Pseudomonas fluorescens as an experimental bioaugmentation agent. I tested P. fluorescens alongside Janthinobacterium lividum in Bd challenges studies with wild adult R. chiricahuensis. Results of these studies do not indicate bioaugmentation with either of these two bacteria as a feasible Bd management strategy for R. chiricahuensis. Close

• 130. [Article] Host species composition influences infection severity among amphibians in the absence of spillover transmission

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/jo...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Host species composition influences infection severity among amphibians in the absence of spillover transmission Author: Han, Barbara A., Storfer, Andrew, Blaustein, Andrew R., Searle, Catherine L., Kerby, Jacob L. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292045-7758 Title: Host species composition influences infection severity among amphibians in the absence of spillover transmission Author: Han, Barbara A., Storfer, Andrew, Blaustein, Andrew R., Searle, Catherine L., Kerby, Jacob L. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292045-7758 Close

• 131. [Article] Size-related variation in tree growth and physiology

  The goal of this dissertation was to improve our understanding of age-related constraints on aboveground production of forest trees. Previous research suggesting that carbon uptake of old trees is hydraulically ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Size-related variation in tree growth and physiology Author: McDowell, Nate G. The goal of this dissertation was to improve our understanding of age-related constraints on aboveground production of forest trees. Previous research suggesting that carbon uptake of old trees is hydraulically constrained by tree size was used as the springboard for this research. Three specific working hypotheses were investigated: 1) compensation for height via decreasing the ratio of leaf area to sapwood area as trees become taller occurs for all tree species, 2) compensation via both physiological and structural mechanisms is insufficient to prevent age- or height-related reductions in stomatal conductance and photosynthesis of Douglas-fir, and 3) removal of competition via stand density reductions allows old ponderosa pine to increase growth via increased stomatal conductance. I found that, for most species in which data were available, the ratio of leaf area to sapwood area declines as trees become taller. This response should act to maintain leaf-specific hydraulic sufficiency as trees become taller. This decline was observed both within- and between-species growing in wet vs. dry climates, and for broadleaf and needleleaf species. Two species (Norway spruce and Balsam fir) increased the ratio with height, showing that compensation for hydraulic constraints via reducing leaf area per unit sapwood area is not a universal response. In Douglas-fir trees ranging in height from 15 m to 60 m, hydraulic limitation and compensation co-occur. Growth efficiency, stomatal conductance as indexed using stable carbon isotopes, and leaf-specific hydraulic conductance declined as trees became taller. A simple model based on Darcy's Law showed that the observed 44% decline in hydraulic conductance with increasing tree height would have been greater than 70% had the leaf area to sapwood area ratio and the soil-to-leaf water potential not changed in concert with height. I observed that growth and carbon isotope discrimination of 250-year-old ponderosa pine are very sensitive to increasing moisture availability after stand density reductions. The assumptions that old trees are unable to respond to increased growing space, or that they are genetically predisposed to grow slowly, were shown to be false. Together, these results support the theory that hydraulic constraints to tree height exist. Furthermore, these studies show that resource availability and hydraulic compensation can mitigate size-induced changes in hydraulic conductance and stomatal conductance. Future research on the mechanisms of age-related growth decline should focus on testing multiple hypotheses within the same set of forests. Incorporation of model predictions of each hypothesis will allow estimation of the relative role of each potential mechanism. Future research on the hydraulic limitation hypothesis should investigate the consequences of compensation for hydraulic driving forces-such as height-induced reductions in liquid phase conductance-on gas exchange and carbon allocation. Title: Size-related variation in tree growth and physiology Author: McDowell, Nate G. The goal of this dissertation was to improve our understanding of age-related constraints on aboveground production of forest trees. Previous research suggesting that carbon uptake of old trees is hydraulically constrained by tree size was used as the springboard for this research. Three specific working hypotheses were investigated: 1) compensation for height via decreasing the ratio of leaf area to sapwood area as trees become taller occurs for all tree species, 2) compensation via both physiological and structural mechanisms is insufficient to prevent age- or height-related reductions in stomatal conductance and photosynthesis of Douglas-fir, and 3) removal of competition via stand density reductions allows old ponderosa pine to increase growth via increased stomatal conductance. I found that, for most species in which data were available, the ratio of leaf area to sapwood area declines as trees become taller. This response should act to maintain leaf-specific hydraulic sufficiency as trees become taller. This decline was observed both within- and between-species growing in wet vs. dry climates, and for broadleaf and needleleaf species. Two species (Norway spruce and Balsam fir) increased the ratio with height, showing that compensation for hydraulic constraints via reducing leaf area per unit sapwood area is not a universal response. In Douglas-fir trees ranging in height from 15 m to 60 m, hydraulic limitation and compensation co-occur. Growth efficiency, stomatal conductance as indexed using stable carbon isotopes, and leaf-specific hydraulic conductance declined as trees became taller. A simple model based on Darcy's Law showed that the observed 44% decline in hydraulic conductance with increasing tree height would have been greater than 70% had the leaf area to sapwood area ratio and the soil-to-leaf water potential not changed in concert with height. I observed that growth and carbon isotope discrimination of 250-year-old ponderosa pine are very sensitive to increasing moisture availability after stand density reductions. The assumptions that old trees are unable to respond to increased growing space, or that they are genetically predisposed to grow slowly, were shown to be false. Together, these results support the theory that hydraulic constraints to tree height exist. Furthermore, these studies show that resource availability and hydraulic compensation can mitigate size-induced changes in hydraulic conductance and stomatal conductance. Future research on the mechanisms of age-related growth decline should focus on testing multiple hypotheses within the same set of forests. Incorporation of model predictions of each hypothesis will allow estimation of the relative role of each potential mechanism. Future research on the hydraulic limitation hypothesis should investigate the consequences of compensation for hydraulic driving forces-such as height-induced reductions in liquid phase conductance-on gas exchange and carbon allocation. Close

• 132. [Article] The Retail Demand for Demersal Fresh Fish in Great Britain

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Retail Demand for Demersal Fresh Fish in Great Britain Author: Revell, Brian James, Fousekis, Panos Research Paper Title: The Retail Demand for Demersal Fresh Fish in Great Britain Author: Revell, Brian James, Fousekis, Panos Research Paper Close

• 133. [Article] Succinic dehydrogenase activity in mesopelagic oceanic fishes

  The purposes of this investigation were to measure the relative levels of enzymatic and respiratory metabolism of some vertically migrating mesopelagic fishes collected from the ocean waters off Oregon ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Succinic dehydrogenase activity in mesopelagic oceanic fishes Author: Karinen, John Franklin The purposes of this investigation were to measure the relative levels of enzymatic and respiratory metabolism of some vertically migrating mesopelagic fishes collected from the ocean waters off Oregon and to modify and adapt an enzyme method for use as a measure of metabolic activity at sea with a minimum of equipment. A knowledge of the quantitative measure of the respiratory and metabolic rates of these organisms could be usefully applied to several problems of interest; oxygen minimum layers, vertical migration, and vertical distribution. Ten species of fishes were studied with regard to their respiratory potential as measured by succinic dehydrogenase activity. Oxygen consumption for two species was measured at various temperatures for comparative purposes. The metabolic rates calculated from the enzyme data fell within the limits of the standard metabolic rate - temperature relationships compiled from the data of several authors for fishes of the same size from various environments. The fish from the greatest depths had low metabolic rates comparable to those reported for some Antarctic and Arctic species. Metabolic rates of species of mesopelagic fish differed significantly and declined with the general depth and temperature at which the species was found. Title: Succinic dehydrogenase activity in mesopelagic oceanic fishes Author: Karinen, John Franklin The purposes of this investigation were to measure the relative levels of enzymatic and respiratory metabolism of some vertically migrating mesopelagic fishes collected from the ocean waters off Oregon and to modify and adapt an enzyme method for use as a measure of metabolic activity at sea with a minimum of equipment. A knowledge of the quantitative measure of the respiratory and metabolic rates of these organisms could be usefully applied to several problems of interest; oxygen minimum layers, vertical migration, and vertical distribution. Ten species of fishes were studied with regard to their respiratory potential as measured by succinic dehydrogenase activity. Oxygen consumption for two species was measured at various temperatures for comparative purposes. The metabolic rates calculated from the enzyme data fell within the limits of the standard metabolic rate - temperature relationships compiled from the data of several authors for fishes of the same size from various environments. The fish from the greatest depths had low metabolic rates comparable to those reported for some Antarctic and Arctic species. Metabolic rates of species of mesopelagic fish differed significantly and declined with the general depth and temperature at which the species was found. Close

• 134. [Article] Complexity Increases Predictability in Allometrically Constrained Food Webs

  Access to this item has been restricted by repository administrators at the request of the publisher until December 31, 2016.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Complexity Increases Predictability in Allometrically Constrained Food Webs Author: Iles, Alison C., Novak, Mark Access to this item has been restricted by repository administrators at the request of the publisher until December 31, 2016. Title: Complexity Increases Predictability in Allometrically Constrained Food Webs Author: Iles, Alison C., Novak, Mark Access to this item has been restricted by repository administrators at the request of the publisher until December 31, 2016. Close

• 135. [Article] Life-history and physiological trade-offs to reproduction of invasive and noninvasive Rubus

  The goal of this dissertation was to improve our understanding of the physiology and life-history of invasive plants and of the mechanisms underlying life-history trade-offs. I compared invasive and noninvasive ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Life-history and physiological trade-offs to reproduction of invasive and noninvasive Rubus Author: McDowell, Susan C. The goal of this dissertation was to improve our understanding of the physiology and life-history of invasive plants and of the mechanisms underlying life-history trade-offs. I compared invasive and noninvasive species of Rubus (blackberry) that grow together in the Pacific Northwest. Three hypotheses were investigated: (1) Invasive Rubus have higher photosynthetic capacity and lower leaf-level resource costs of photosynthesis than native, noninvasive species; (2) The physiological effects of reproduction on foliage result in higher reproductive effort for noninvasive Rubus than for an invasive species, in spite of the greater number and size of fruit produced by the invasive species; and (3) Reproduction produces greater trade-offs to growth for noninvasive Rubus because of its higher reproductive effort, and these trade-offs affect the population demographics of these species. I found that two invasive species, R. discolor and R. laciniatus, had higher photosynthetic capacities and maintained these rates for a longer portion of the year than two noninvasive species, R. ursinus and R. leucodermis. Furthermore, the two invasive species had higher rates of photosynthesis per unit resource investment, such as carbon, nitrogen, and water, than the noninvasive Rubus. I found that these photosynthetic characteristics could be used to distinguish between the noninvasive and invasive species using discriminant analysis. I compared reproductive effort for one of the invasive, R. discolor, and one of the noninvasive, R. ursinus, species. I found that, although the invasive Rubus allocated more resources directly to reproduction than the noninvasive species, it had lower reproductive effort because it did not have the significant decline in leaf nitrogen and photosynthetic capacity and significant increase in mid-day water stress that were associated with reproduction in the noninvasive species. I also observed that sexual reproduction in the noninvasive species was associated with trade-offs to growth both within and between generations, but these were not observed in the invasive species. These trade-offs in the noninvasive species resulted in an almost complete dependence on clonal growth rather than sexual reproduction for population growth. The invasive Rubus relied on sexual reproduction for population growth relatively more than the noninvasive species and, therefore, reproductive effort influenced the demographics of these species. Title: Life-history and physiological trade-offs to reproduction of invasive and noninvasive Rubus Author: McDowell, Susan C. The goal of this dissertation was to improve our understanding of the physiology and life-history of invasive plants and of the mechanisms underlying life-history trade-offs. I compared invasive and noninvasive species of Rubus (blackberry) that grow together in the Pacific Northwest. Three hypotheses were investigated: (1) Invasive Rubus have higher photosynthetic capacity and lower leaf-level resource costs of photosynthesis than native, noninvasive species; (2) The physiological effects of reproduction on foliage result in higher reproductive effort for noninvasive Rubus than for an invasive species, in spite of the greater number and size of fruit produced by the invasive species; and (3) Reproduction produces greater trade-offs to growth for noninvasive Rubus because of its higher reproductive effort, and these trade-offs affect the population demographics of these species. I found that two invasive species, R. discolor and R. laciniatus, had higher photosynthetic capacities and maintained these rates for a longer portion of the year than two noninvasive species, R. ursinus and R. leucodermis. Furthermore, the two invasive species had higher rates of photosynthesis per unit resource investment, such as carbon, nitrogen, and water, than the noninvasive Rubus. I found that these photosynthetic characteristics could be used to distinguish between the noninvasive and invasive species using discriminant analysis. I compared reproductive effort for one of the invasive, R. discolor, and one of the noninvasive, R. ursinus, species. I found that, although the invasive Rubus allocated more resources directly to reproduction than the noninvasive species, it had lower reproductive effort because it did not have the significant decline in leaf nitrogen and photosynthetic capacity and significant increase in mid-day water stress that were associated with reproduction in the noninvasive species. I also observed that sexual reproduction in the noninvasive species was associated with trade-offs to growth both within and between generations, but these were not observed in the invasive species. These trade-offs in the noninvasive species resulted in an almost complete dependence on clonal growth rather than sexual reproduction for population growth. The invasive Rubus relied on sexual reproduction for population growth relatively more than the noninvasive species and, therefore, reproductive effort influenced the demographics of these species. Close

• 136. [Article] Disentangling the cause of a catastrophic population decline in a large marine mammal

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecol

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Disentangling the cause of a catastrophic population decline in a large marine mammal Author: Staniland, Iain J., Baylis, Alastair M. M., Christiansen, Fredrik, Orben, Rachael A., Hays, Graeme C., Arnould, John P. Y. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecol Title: Disentangling the cause of a catastrophic population decline in a large marine mammal Author: Staniland, Iain J., Baylis, Alastair M. M., Christiansen, Fredrik, Orben, Rachael A., Hays, Graeme C., Arnould, John P. Y. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecol Close

• 137. [Article] Nitrogen fixation by Purshia tridentata : some ecological aspects and root nodule anatomy

  This study examines several aspects of nitrogen fixation by Purshia tridentata (Pursh) D. C., a rosaceous shrub widespread in the central Oregon pumice region, especially as an understory species in Pinus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nitrogen fixation by Purshia tridentata : some ecological aspects and root nodule anatomy Author: Dalton, David Andrews This study examines several aspects of nitrogen fixation by Purshia tridentata (Pursh) D. C., a rosaceous shrub widespread in the central Oregon pumice region, especially as an understory species in Pinus ponderosa and Pinus contorta forests. Anatomical studies of root nodules under the light microscope revealed strong similarities to other non-legume nodules. The endophyte, apparently an actinomycete, was visible as a mass of hyphae with peripheral spherical vesicles in swollen infected cells in the central cortex of the nodules. Seasonal variations in morphology and anatomy are described. Acetylene reduction was used to assay nodule activity in both field and greenhouse plants. The maximum rates were observed at 20°C., although summer soil temperatures were frequently around 15°C., at which a much lower rate was observed. Acetylene reduction by excised nodules was linear for 5 hours and then slowly declined until finally ceasing after 19 hours. Nodule activity was found to decline in water stressed plants, essentially ceasing in plants with xylem pressure potentials below -25 bars. Field studies at 5 different sites revealed that nodule activity began in mid-May or early June when soil temperature at 20 cm. increased to above 10°C. Activity began later and remained lower until July20 in plants located under Pinus contorta probably because of the cooler temperatures at this site. Nodule activity at all sites was maximum in June and July. In late July, nodule activity declined sharply, corresponding with moisture stress readings in the -25 bar range. Daily acetylene reduction rates declined sharply each night; this decline was even more severe late in the season. Only 46% of Purshia plants were found to be nodulated. Several possible explanations for this low percent are discussed, but the primary reason appears to be low soil temperature and unfavorable moisture conditions. Previous speculations that Purshia may contribute significant amounts of nitrogen to the ecosystems in which it occurs are disputed using estimates based on seasonal acetylene reduction rates and a determination of nodule biomass/ha. The estimated nitrogen accretion rate was only 0.057 kg N/ha yr. Title: Nitrogen fixation by Purshia tridentata : some ecological aspects and root nodule anatomy Author: Dalton, David Andrews This study examines several aspects of nitrogen fixation by Purshia tridentata (Pursh) D. C., a rosaceous shrub widespread in the central Oregon pumice region, especially as an understory species in Pinus ponderosa and Pinus contorta forests. Anatomical studies of root nodules under the light microscope revealed strong similarities to other non-legume nodules. The endophyte, apparently an actinomycete, was visible as a mass of hyphae with peripheral spherical vesicles in swollen infected cells in the central cortex of the nodules. Seasonal variations in morphology and anatomy are described. Acetylene reduction was used to assay nodule activity in both field and greenhouse plants. The maximum rates were observed at 20°C., although summer soil temperatures were frequently around 15°C., at which a much lower rate was observed. Acetylene reduction by excised nodules was linear for 5 hours and then slowly declined until finally ceasing after 19 hours. Nodule activity was found to decline in water stressed plants, essentially ceasing in plants with xylem pressure potentials below -25 bars. Field studies at 5 different sites revealed that nodule activity began in mid-May or early June when soil temperature at 20 cm. increased to above 10°C. Activity began later and remained lower until July20 in plants located under Pinus contorta probably because of the cooler temperatures at this site. Nodule activity at all sites was maximum in June and July. In late July, nodule activity declined sharply, corresponding with moisture stress readings in the -25 bar range. Daily acetylene reduction rates declined sharply each night; this decline was even more severe late in the season. Only 46% of Purshia plants were found to be nodulated. Several possible explanations for this low percent are discussed, but the primary reason appears to be low soil temperature and unfavorable moisture conditions. Previous speculations that Purshia may contribute significant amounts of nitrogen to the ecosystems in which it occurs are disputed using estimates based on seasonal acetylene reduction rates and a determination of nodule biomass/ha. The estimated nitrogen accretion rate was only 0.057 kg N/ha yr. Close

• 138. [Article] Declining and state sensitive bird species : breeding in Willamette Valley grasslands: 2008/09 status update

  This archived document is maintained by the Oregon State Library as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Declining and state sensitive bird species : breeding in Willamette Valley grasslands: 2008/09 status update Year: 2010 This archived document is maintained by the Oregon State Library as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes. Title: Declining and state sensitive bird species : breeding in Willamette Valley grasslands: 2008/09 status update Year: 2010 This archived document is maintained by the Oregon State Library as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes. Close

• 139. [Image] Song-bird population

  	This manuscript begins with how to attract songbirds to one's home, including the removal of predators, flora to interact with, and a water source. The author comments that there has been a noticed absence ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Song-bird population Author: Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953 Year: 1930 This manuscript begins with how to attract songbirds to one's home, including the removal of predators, flora to interact with, and a water source. The author comments that there has been a noticed absence of some of the typical visitors to their property. Essentially, there has been a decline in population in some of the songbird species, such as wrens. Speculation for the source of this decline includes either disease or mishap during migration. Title: Song-bird population Author: Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953 Year: 1930 This manuscript begins with how to attract songbirds to one's home, including the removal of predators, flora to interact with, and a water source. The author comments that there has been a noticed absence of some of the typical visitors to their property. Essentially, there has been a decline in population in some of the songbird species, such as wrens. Speculation for the source of this decline includes either disease or mishap during migration. Close

• 140. [Image] Draft upper Williamson River Watershed assessment

  	"Prepared for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Foundation, and the Upper Williamson River Catchment Group, in cooperation with the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, and the Klamath Watershed Council."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Draft upper Williamson River Watershed assessment Author: David Evans and Associates, Inc. Year: 2004, 2005 "Prepared for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Foundation, and the Upper Williamson River Catchment Group, in cooperation with the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, and the Klamath Watershed Council." Title: Draft upper Williamson River Watershed assessment Author: David Evans and Associates, Inc. Year: 2004, 2005 "Prepared for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Foundation, and the Upper Williamson River Catchment Group, in cooperation with the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, and the Klamath Watershed Council." Close

• 141. [Article] Water movement in the stem xylem in relation to xylem specific conductivity in four hardwood species

  In deciduous species, water exits stems mainly through leaf traces attached to the outer growth ring and yet we know that water ascends throughout the entire cross-section of the sapwood. There is an increasing amount ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water movement in the stem xylem in relation to xylem specific conductivity in four hardwood species Author: Fallas-Cedeno, Lottie In deciduous species, water exits stems mainly through leaf traces attached to the outer growth ring and yet we know that water ascends throughout the entire cross-section of the sapwood. There is an increasing amount of information on sap flow and sapwood hydraulic properties from separate studies, but little information exists on how flow and hydraulics vary radially along the sapwood within a tree. In this study, we determined axial sap flux (3) and axial specific conductivity (ks) at five different radial locations within the sapwood, spedfically at 1.2, 2.0, 3.5, 5.0 and 7.0 cm inward from the cambium, and used these values to estimate the tension gradient in the water column at those radial positions. Four hardwood species growing in the Pacific Northwest were used for this study: Acer macrophyllum Pursh (bigleaf maple, n=8), Alnus rubra Bong. (red alder, n=8), Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray x Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. (cottonwood, n=4) and Arbutus menziesii Pursh (Pacific madrone, n=7). Field and laboratory study were performed during 2003 and 2004, and values were pooled for these two years. Sap flux decreased from the outer to the inner part of the sapwood in all species. Arbutus, followed by Acer, showed the highest differences within all analyzed depths. Alnus had a slight declining sap flux profile along the first three depths, with a marked decline from 10.3 g m2 s1 to 5.7 g m2 s1 in the two inner positions. Populus showed the highest sap flux values, averaging 32.1 g m2 s1 in the two outer depths and these values fluctuated as 23.7 g m2 s', 26.3 g m2 s1 and 23.9 g m 2 1, along the radius. Specific conductivity showed a similar radial pattern in Alnus, Populus and Arbutus, declining from the outer sapwood inward. Of these species, Alnus had the most uniform profile, decreasing, on average, by l2% at each depth. In Arbutus and Populus, k had quite high variance, and exhibited the lowest values in the inner depths. In contrast, Acer k5 fluctuated from the outer to the inner sapwood. In general, there was a relationship between J and k5 measured at the same locations for Alnus, Arbutus, and Populus. Arbutus had the most significant linear relationship between J and k at all analyzed depths, with r2= 0.93, followed by Alnus and Populus (r2= 0.79). Acer showed a fluctuating pattern, with a random J/k relationship by depth (r2 < 0.001). Axial tension gradient appeared to be constant across the sapwood radius in Alnus and Arbutus, but it was non-uniform in the inner positions in Acer and Populus. Gradients remained constant in Acer at the first two depths then declined toward the 3.5 cm position, where the highest tension values occurred at the 5.0 cm position. There was a marked increase in tension gradient toward the inner depths in Populus. The observed Jand k5 patterns along the sapwood also demonstrated the resistance to water flux in the radial direction. This demonstrates, in the studied species, the existence of different resistances to water flux in the radial direction. This tension gradient along the sapwood demonstrates the presence of measurable resistance to water flow in the radial direction. This resistance may also affect wood utilization and processing, especially when dealing with drying and treating wood. This study also showed the importance of accurately estimating J along the entire sapwood in order to estimate whole-tree water use. Title: Water movement in the stem xylem in relation to xylem specific conductivity in four hardwood species Author: Fallas-Cedeno, Lottie In deciduous species, water exits stems mainly through leaf traces attached to the outer growth ring and yet we know that water ascends throughout the entire cross-section of the sapwood. There is an increasing amount of information on sap flow and sapwood hydraulic properties from separate studies, but little information exists on how flow and hydraulics vary radially along the sapwood within a tree. In this study, we determined axial sap flux (3) and axial specific conductivity (ks) at five different radial locations within the sapwood, spedfically at 1.2, 2.0, 3.5, 5.0 and 7.0 cm inward from the cambium, and used these values to estimate the tension gradient in the water column at those radial positions. Four hardwood species growing in the Pacific Northwest were used for this study: Acer macrophyllum Pursh (bigleaf maple, n=8), Alnus rubra Bong. (red alder, n=8), Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray x Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. (cottonwood, n=4) and Arbutus menziesii Pursh (Pacific madrone, n=7). Field and laboratory study were performed during 2003 and 2004, and values were pooled for these two years. Sap flux decreased from the outer to the inner part of the sapwood in all species. Arbutus, followed by Acer, showed the highest differences within all analyzed depths. Alnus had a slight declining sap flux profile along the first three depths, with a marked decline from 10.3 g m2 s1 to 5.7 g m2 s1 in the two inner positions. Populus showed the highest sap flux values, averaging 32.1 g m2 s1 in the two outer depths and these values fluctuated as 23.7 g m2 s', 26.3 g m2 s1 and 23.9 g m 2 1, along the radius. Specific conductivity showed a similar radial pattern in Alnus, Populus and Arbutus, declining from the outer sapwood inward. Of these species, Alnus had the most uniform profile, decreasing, on average, by l2% at each depth. In Arbutus and Populus, k had quite high variance, and exhibited the lowest values in the inner depths. In contrast, Acer k5 fluctuated from the outer to the inner sapwood. In general, there was a relationship between J and k5 measured at the same locations for Alnus, Arbutus, and Populus. Arbutus had the most significant linear relationship between J and k at all analyzed depths, with r2= 0.93, followed by Alnus and Populus (r2= 0.79). Acer showed a fluctuating pattern, with a random J/k relationship by depth (r2 < 0.001). Axial tension gradient appeared to be constant across the sapwood radius in Alnus and Arbutus, but it was non-uniform in the inner positions in Acer and Populus. Gradients remained constant in Acer at the first two depths then declined toward the 3.5 cm position, where the highest tension values occurred at the 5.0 cm position. There was a marked increase in tension gradient toward the inner depths in Populus. The observed Jand k5 patterns along the sapwood also demonstrated the resistance to water flux in the radial direction. This demonstrates, in the studied species, the existence of different resistances to water flux in the radial direction. This tension gradient along the sapwood demonstrates the presence of measurable resistance to water flow in the radial direction. This resistance may also affect wood utilization and processing, especially when dealing with drying and treating wood. This study also showed the importance of accurately estimating J along the entire sapwood in order to estimate whole-tree water use. Close

• 142. [Image] A review of possible causes of nutrient enrichment and decline of endangered sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon

  	ill., maps (1 col.); Includes bibliographical references (p. 22-24); Possible causes of excessive nutrient enrichment in Upper Klamath Lake -- Possible causes of decline in sucker population
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A review of possible causes of nutrient enrichment and decline of endangered sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Year: 1993, 2004 ill., maps (1 col.); Includes bibliographical references (p. 22-24); Possible causes of excessive nutrient enrichment in Upper Klamath Lake -- Possible causes of decline in sucker population Title: A review of possible causes of nutrient enrichment and decline of endangered sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Year: 1993, 2004 ill., maps (1 col.); Includes bibliographical references (p. 22-24); Possible causes of excessive nutrient enrichment in Upper Klamath Lake -- Possible causes of decline in sucker population Close

• 143. [Article] Policy Conundrum: Restoring Wild Salmon to the Pacific Northwest

  Restoring wild salmon runs to the Pacific Northwest is technically challenging, politically nasty, and socially divisive. Pa st restoration efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Society’s failure to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Policy Conundrum: Restoring Wild Salmon to the Pacific Northwest Author: Lackey, Robert T. Year: 2001 Restoring wild salmon runs to the Pacific Northwest is technically challenging, politically nasty, and socially divisive. Pa st restoration efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Society’s failure to reverse the continuing decline of wild salmon has the characteristics of a policy conundrum: nearly everyone supports, abstractly at least, restoring salmon runs; considerable public and private resources have been devoted to their restoration; but society collectively remains evidently unwilling to make the painful decisions clearly necessary to arrest their decline. The salmon policy conundrum is characterized by competing societal priorities being adjudicated in a political environment where few are willing to acknowledge publicly the future consequences of prior de facto policy choices. Decisions already made have greatly circumscribed the status of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest through at least the next several decades. Barring a near wholesale reversal of many of society’s previous decisions (and apparent priorities), and allowing for considerable year-to-year and decade-to-decade variation in run size due in part to oscillations in climate and oceanic conditions, I conclude that through the twenty-first century, many, perhaps most, stocks of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest likely will remain at their current low levels or continue to decline in spite of current protection and restoration efforts. Title: Policy Conundrum: Restoring Wild Salmon to the Pacific Northwest Author: Lackey, Robert T. Year: 2001 Restoring wild salmon runs to the Pacific Northwest is technically challenging, politically nasty, and socially divisive. Pa st restoration efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Society’s failure to reverse the continuing decline of wild salmon has the characteristics of a policy conundrum: nearly everyone supports, abstractly at least, restoring salmon runs; considerable public and private resources have been devoted to their restoration; but society collectively remains evidently unwilling to make the painful decisions clearly necessary to arrest their decline. The salmon policy conundrum is characterized by competing societal priorities being adjudicated in a political environment where few are willing to acknowledge publicly the future consequences of prior de facto policy choices. Decisions already made have greatly circumscribed the status of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest through at least the next several decades. Barring a near wholesale reversal of many of society’s previous decisions (and apparent priorities), and allowing for considerable year-to-year and decade-to-decade variation in run size due in part to oscillations in climate and oceanic conditions, I conclude that through the twenty-first century, many, perhaps most, stocks of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest likely will remain at their current low levels or continue to decline in spite of current protection and restoration efforts. Close

• 144. [Article] The Icelandic Pelagic Sector and its Development under an ITQ Management System

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Icelandic Pelagic Sector and its Development under an ITQ Management System Author: Saevaldsson, Hordur, Gunnlaugsson, Stefan B. Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: The Icelandic Pelagic Sector and its Development under an ITQ Management System Author: Saevaldsson, Hordur, Gunnlaugsson, Stefan B. Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 145. [Article] Flowering Patterns of Understory Herbs 30 Years after Disturbance of Subalpine Old-Growth Forests by Tephra from Mount St. Helens

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the University of Chicago Press and can be found at: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/ijps/current

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Flowering Patterns of Understory Herbs 30 Years after Disturbance of Subalpine Old-Growth Forests by Tephra from Mount St. Helens Author: Zobel, Donald B., Antos, Joseph A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the University of Chicago Press and can be found at: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/ijps/current Title: Flowering Patterns of Understory Herbs 30 Years after Disturbance of Subalpine Old-Growth Forests by Tephra from Mount St. Helens Author: Zobel, Donald B., Antos, Joseph A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the University of Chicago Press and can be found at: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/ijps/current Close

• 146. [Article] Insects associated with black stain root disease of Douglas-fir in western Oregon

  The root systems of Douglas-fir trees infected with Verticicladiella wagenerii and assigned by crown color and terminal growth characteristics to several stages of decline were excavated at three widely ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Insects associated with black stain root disease of Douglas-fir in western Oregon Author: Witcosky, Jeffrey John The root systems of Douglas-fir trees infected with Verticicladiella wagenerii and assigned by crown color and terminal growth characteristics to several stages of decline were excavated at three widely separated sites in the Coast Range of Oregon. Data were gathered on insect species present, extent of colonization of the root system and lower stem by V. wagenerii, and the presence or absence of viable V. wagenerii inoculum, either as hyphae in wood or as conidia, within diseased trees. The weevils Steremnius carinatus and Pissodes fasciatus and the scolytid Hylastes nigrinus were commonly associated with diseased roots and root collar-lower stem portions of diseased trees. In established pockets of V. wagenerii-induced mortality, damage by S. carinatus and P. fasciatus was always noted in trees in the year of death and H. nigrinus damage occurred in 92% of these same trees. H. nigrinus and S. carinatus, associated primarily with root damage, were the first insects to invade diseased trees. Insects sequentially colonized roots of the diseased trees as each root succumbed to infection; the colonization process spanned two to four years in most cases. P. fasciatus attack was associated with tree death. V. wagenerii occurred as viable inoculum throughout the decline of host trees. Viable V. wagenerii hyphae were found in 75% of the trees recently killed by the disease. Nearly 100% of all declining trees harbored viable V. wagenerii inoculum. Trees exhibiting severe crown symptoms had nearly their entire root system colonized by the pathogen. Conidiophores of V. wagenerii were observed in galleries and pupal cells of all three beetle species. The coincidence of viable inocula and adults of these three species of root-inhabiting insects at the time of their dispersal makes H. nigrinus, P. fasciatus, and S. carinatus potential vectors of black stain root disease in Douglas-fir. Title: Insects associated with black stain root disease of Douglas-fir in western Oregon Author: Witcosky, Jeffrey John The root systems of Douglas-fir trees infected with Verticicladiella wagenerii and assigned by crown color and terminal growth characteristics to several stages of decline were excavated at three widely separated sites in the Coast Range of Oregon. Data were gathered on insect species present, extent of colonization of the root system and lower stem by V. wagenerii, and the presence or absence of viable V. wagenerii inoculum, either as hyphae in wood or as conidia, within diseased trees. The weevils Steremnius carinatus and Pissodes fasciatus and the scolytid Hylastes nigrinus were commonly associated with diseased roots and root collar-lower stem portions of diseased trees. In established pockets of V. wagenerii-induced mortality, damage by S. carinatus and P. fasciatus was always noted in trees in the year of death and H. nigrinus damage occurred in 92% of these same trees. H. nigrinus and S. carinatus, associated primarily with root damage, were the first insects to invade diseased trees. Insects sequentially colonized roots of the diseased trees as each root succumbed to infection; the colonization process spanned two to four years in most cases. P. fasciatus attack was associated with tree death. V. wagenerii occurred as viable inoculum throughout the decline of host trees. Viable V. wagenerii hyphae were found in 75% of the trees recently killed by the disease. Nearly 100% of all declining trees harbored viable V. wagenerii inoculum. Trees exhibiting severe crown symptoms had nearly their entire root system colonized by the pathogen. Conidiophores of V. wagenerii were observed in galleries and pupal cells of all three beetle species. The coincidence of viable inocula and adults of these three species of root-inhabiting insects at the time of their dispersal makes H. nigrinus, P. fasciatus, and S. carinatus potential vectors of black stain root disease in Douglas-fir. Close

• 147. [Article] All hosts are not created equal : variation in amphibian responses to an emerging fungal pathogen and why it matters

  Emerging infectious diseases are increasing globally and are a threat to human, wildlife, and ecosystem health. The emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), or amphibian chytrid fungus, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: All hosts are not created equal : variation in amphibian responses to an emerging fungal pathogen and why it matters Author: Gervasi, Stephanie S. Emerging infectious diseases are increasing globally and are a threat to human, wildlife, and ecosystem health. The emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), or amphibian chytrid fungus, is associated with worldwide amphibian population declines and extinctions. Bd has been found on every continent where amphibians exist and has been documented to infect hundreds of species. As with other multi-host pathogens, the outcome of infection with Bd appears to vary among individuals, species, and populations. Variation in host responses to infection can lead to changes in the structure and composition of amphibian assemblages and can affect disease dynamics including pathogen persistence or fadeouts in ecological communities. Understanding the feedback between hosts and pathogens requires disentangling the influence of multiple interacting biotic and abiotic factors, yet fundamentally depends on characterizing intrinsic host responses to infection. This thesis broadly examines variation in species-specific susceptibility to the chytrid fungus among amphibians. I have characterized patterns of mortality, quantitative infection load, feeding behavior, and pathogen avoidance behavior of twenty different amphibian species exposed to the fungus or control conditions (Chapter 2). We found a high degree of variation in pathogen-induced responses to chytrid fungus, ranging from zero mortality to 100% mortality after only six days of pathogen exposure. Variation in infection load was also significant at the species level and there was not always a direct relationship between infection load and mortality. Behavior of pathogen exposed animals was significantly different from that of control animals, and reduced feeding behavior of pathogen-exposed animals is likely to be related to the decline in health of pathogen-exposed animals. In Chapter 3, I examined a special case of amphibian susceptibility to chytrid fungus in the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus). Bullfrogs are widely reported to be a tolerant host and a carrier of Bd that spreads the pathogen to less tolerant hosts. However, this hypothesis has not been rigorously tested using an experimental approach. In Chapter 3, co-authors and I tested whether bullfrogs raised from eggs to metamorphosis in outdoor mesocosms were susceptible to two different strains of Bd (one strain isolated from a "non susceptible" species, the American bullfrog; the second strain isolated from a highly susceptible species, the Western toad (Anaxyrus boreas)). Bullfrogs were susceptible to strain JEL 274, and this is the first documented case of susceptibility to chytrid fungus in this species. Bullfrogs were not susceptible to strain JEL 630, indicating variation in virulence among chytrid fungus strains and important context dependency when considering the effect of infection non individuals, species, and populations of amphibians. In Chapter 4, I examined fine- scale variation in responses of three key amphibian hosts, and examine the evidence for tolerance (the ability to maintain health as infection severity increases) or resistance (the ability to reduce pathogen infection load) of larval and post-metamorphic animals to Bd. I saw pronounced variation in responses to chytrid fungus among species, between life history stages, over time, and found that responses to the fungal inoculate were not dose dependent in two out of the three species examined. In the final data chapter, Chapter 5, I investigated immunological responses that underlie variation in species-specific responses to Bd. I looked at temporal patterns of functional immune responses during a time-course of early and later stage exposure to Bd, spanning 24 hours after experimental inoculation to 15 days post-inoculation. I uncovered patterns in immune responses that were distinctly associated with susceptibility and temporal patterns in infection load associated with susceptibility and immune response. This thesis provides critical information about variation in host responses to a conservation relevant pathogen. Differences in how host hosts acquire, transmit, and persist with infection have important implications for spatiotemporal disease dynamics. Further, understanding host sensitivity to infection allows for predictive risk management of imperiled species. Title: All hosts are not created equal : variation in amphibian responses to an emerging fungal pathogen and why it matters Author: Gervasi, Stephanie S. Emerging infectious diseases are increasing globally and are a threat to human, wildlife, and ecosystem health. The emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), or amphibian chytrid fungus, is associated with worldwide amphibian population declines and extinctions. Bd has been found on every continent where amphibians exist and has been documented to infect hundreds of species. As with other multi-host pathogens, the outcome of infection with Bd appears to vary among individuals, species, and populations. Variation in host responses to infection can lead to changes in the structure and composition of amphibian assemblages and can affect disease dynamics including pathogen persistence or fadeouts in ecological communities. Understanding the feedback between hosts and pathogens requires disentangling the influence of multiple interacting biotic and abiotic factors, yet fundamentally depends on characterizing intrinsic host responses to infection. This thesis broadly examines variation in species-specific susceptibility to the chytrid fungus among amphibians. I have characterized patterns of mortality, quantitative infection load, feeding behavior, and pathogen avoidance behavior of twenty different amphibian species exposed to the fungus or control conditions (Chapter 2). We found a high degree of variation in pathogen-induced responses to chytrid fungus, ranging from zero mortality to 100% mortality after only six days of pathogen exposure. Variation in infection load was also significant at the species level and there was not always a direct relationship between infection load and mortality. Behavior of pathogen exposed animals was significantly different from that of control animals, and reduced feeding behavior of pathogen-exposed animals is likely to be related to the decline in health of pathogen-exposed animals. In Chapter 3, I examined a special case of amphibian susceptibility to chytrid fungus in the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus). Bullfrogs are widely reported to be a tolerant host and a carrier of Bd that spreads the pathogen to less tolerant hosts. However, this hypothesis has not been rigorously tested using an experimental approach. In Chapter 3, co-authors and I tested whether bullfrogs raised from eggs to metamorphosis in outdoor mesocosms were susceptible to two different strains of Bd (one strain isolated from a "non susceptible" species, the American bullfrog; the second strain isolated from a highly susceptible species, the Western toad (Anaxyrus boreas)). Bullfrogs were susceptible to strain JEL 274, and this is the first documented case of susceptibility to chytrid fungus in this species. Bullfrogs were not susceptible to strain JEL 630, indicating variation in virulence among chytrid fungus strains and important context dependency when considering the effect of infection non individuals, species, and populations of amphibians. In Chapter 4, I examined fine- scale variation in responses of three key amphibian hosts, and examine the evidence for tolerance (the ability to maintain health as infection severity increases) or resistance (the ability to reduce pathogen infection load) of larval and post-metamorphic animals to Bd. I saw pronounced variation in responses to chytrid fungus among species, between life history stages, over time, and found that responses to the fungal inoculate were not dose dependent in two out of the three species examined. In the final data chapter, Chapter 5, I investigated immunological responses that underlie variation in species-specific responses to Bd. I looked at temporal patterns of functional immune responses during a time-course of early and later stage exposure to Bd, spanning 24 hours after experimental inoculation to 15 days post-inoculation. I uncovered patterns in immune responses that were distinctly associated with susceptibility and temporal patterns in infection load associated with susceptibility and immune response. This thesis provides critical information about variation in host responses to a conservation relevant pathogen. Differences in how host hosts acquire, transmit, and persist with infection have important implications for spatiotemporal disease dynamics. Further, understanding host sensitivity to infection allows for predictive risk management of imperiled species. Close

• 148. [Article] Potential effects of sea-level rise on plant productivity: species-specific responses in northeast Pacific tidal marshes

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential effects of sea-level rise on plant productivity: species-specific responses in northeast Pacific tidal marshes Author: Thorne, Karen M., Dugger, Bruce D., Guntenspergen, Glenn R., Buffington, Kevin J., Takekawa, John Y., Janousek, Christopher N. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Inter-Research. The published article can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Title: Potential effects of sea-level rise on plant productivity: species-specific responses in northeast Pacific tidal marshes Author: Thorne, Karen M., Dugger, Bruce D., Guntenspergen, Glenn R., Buffington, Kevin J., Takekawa, John Y., Janousek, Christopher N. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Inter-Research. The published article can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Close

• 149. [Article] Canopy arthropod assemblages in four overstory and three understory plant species in a mixed-conifer old-growth forest in California

  We compared canopy arthropod assemblages among overstory conifer and understory angiosperm species at Teakettle Experimental Forest in the Sierra Nevada in California during 1998–2000. Arthropods were sampled ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Canopy arthropod assemblages in four overstory and three understory plant species in a mixed-conifer old-growth forest in California Author: Schowalter, Timothy D., Zhang, Yanli We compared canopy arthropod assemblages among overstory conifer and understory angiosperm species at Teakettle Experimental Forest in the Sierra Nevada in California during 1998–2000. Arthropods were sampled from upper, middle, and lower crown levels of one overstory tree of each of the four dominant conifer species (Jeffrey pine, sugar pine, white fir, and incense cedar), and from three understory plants of each of the major understory species (California black oak, manzanita, and white-thorn ceanothus) in each of five replicate plots during June and Aug. in each of the 3 years to represent seasonal and annual variation in abundances. Many taxa differed significantly in abundance among plant species, with one to five taxa being significant indicators for each plant species. Five to eight taxa on each plant species showed significant differences in abundance among years. Aphids and scale insects, predaceous mirids, and some detritivores showed peak abundances in 1999, a particularly dry year, whereas most other taxa showed lowest abundances during 1999 or declining abundances during this period, suggesting association with wetter conditions. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS), supported by multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP), showed that arthropod assemblages differed significantly among the seven plant species, especially between overstory conifers and understory angiosperms, and among the 3 years. These data indicate that the diversity and structure of arthropod communities depend on vegetation structure and/or condition, perhaps as modified by annual variation in weather conditions. Title: Canopy arthropod assemblages in four overstory and three understory plant species in a mixed-conifer old-growth forest in California Author: Schowalter, Timothy D., Zhang, Yanli We compared canopy arthropod assemblages among overstory conifer and understory angiosperm species at Teakettle Experimental Forest in the Sierra Nevada in California during 1998–2000. Arthropods were sampled from upper, middle, and lower crown levels of one overstory tree of each of the four dominant conifer species (Jeffrey pine, sugar pine, white fir, and incense cedar), and from three understory plants of each of the major understory species (California black oak, manzanita, and white-thorn ceanothus) in each of five replicate plots during June and Aug. in each of the 3 years to represent seasonal and annual variation in abundances. Many taxa differed significantly in abundance among plant species, with one to five taxa being significant indicators for each plant species. Five to eight taxa on each plant species showed significant differences in abundance among years. Aphids and scale insects, predaceous mirids, and some detritivores showed peak abundances in 1999, a particularly dry year, whereas most other taxa showed lowest abundances during 1999 or declining abundances during this period, suggesting association with wetter conditions. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS), supported by multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP), showed that arthropod assemblages differed significantly among the seven plant species, especially between overstory conifers and understory angiosperms, and among the 3 years. These data indicate that the diversity and structure of arthropod communities depend on vegetation structure and/or condition, perhaps as modified by annual variation in weather conditions. Close

• 150. [Article] Strictly for the Birds? A Note on the Ecosystem Effects of the Collapse of the Pacific Sardine

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Strictly for the Birds? A Note on the Ecosystem Effects of the Collapse of the Pacific Sardine Author: Hannesson, Rögnvaldur, Herrick, Samuel Jr Abstract only. Title: Strictly for the Birds? A Note on the Ecosystem Effects of the Collapse of the Pacific Sardine Author: Hannesson, Rögnvaldur, Herrick, Samuel Jr Abstract only. Close

• 151. [Article] Global Ex-Vessel Fish Price Database: Construction and Applications

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Global Ex-Vessel Fish Price Database: Construction and Applications Author: Sumaila, Ussif Rashid, Pauly, Daniel, Marsden, A. Dale, Watson, Reg Research Paper Title: Global Ex-Vessel Fish Price Database: Construction and Applications Author: Sumaila, Ussif Rashid, Pauly, Daniel, Marsden, A. Dale, Watson, Reg Research Paper Close

• 152. [Article] Gamma irradiation patterns of Salmonella typhosa, Salmonella paratyphi B, and Salmonella wichita in crabmeat

  Studies were conducted under controlled conditions in order to observe the resulting survival patterns in solid crabmeat of Salmonella typhosa, Salmonella paratyphi B, and SaImonella wichita following ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gamma irradiation patterns of Salmonella typhosa, Salmonella paratyphi B, and Salmonella wichita in crabmeat Author: Dyer, John Kaye Studies were conducted under controlled conditions in order to observe the resulting survival patterns in solid crabmeat of Salmonella typhosa, Salmonella paratyphi B, and SaImonella wichita following individual exposure to various doses of gamma radiation. As shown in their survival curves, these species of Salmonella exhibited in varying degrees a rapid non-linear decline in viability with respect to the radiation doses. This decline tended to become very gradual as the radiation dose increased, showing a distinct tailing of small numbers of survivors over a number of increasing doses at. the end of the dose-survival curve. This phenomenon was referred to as the "tailing effect". The above species of Salmonella were further subjected individually to gamma radiation in various dilutions of crabmeat. The results revealed that the "tailing effect" gradually disappeared as the concentration of the crabmeat decreased with the dose-survival curve tending to become linear. Title: Gamma irradiation patterns of Salmonella typhosa, Salmonella paratyphi B, and Salmonella wichita in crabmeat Author: Dyer, John Kaye Studies were conducted under controlled conditions in order to observe the resulting survival patterns in solid crabmeat of Salmonella typhosa, Salmonella paratyphi B, and SaImonella wichita following individual exposure to various doses of gamma radiation. As shown in their survival curves, these species of Salmonella exhibited in varying degrees a rapid non-linear decline in viability with respect to the radiation doses. This decline tended to become very gradual as the radiation dose increased, showing a distinct tailing of small numbers of survivors over a number of increasing doses at. the end of the dose-survival curve. This phenomenon was referred to as the "tailing effect". The above species of Salmonella were further subjected individually to gamma radiation in various dilutions of crabmeat. The results revealed that the "tailing effect" gradually disappeared as the concentration of the crabmeat decreased with the dose-survival curve tending to become linear. Close

• 153. [Article] Range-wide abundance and fluctuating asymmetry patterns of sagebrush-obligate passerine birds

  North American sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) ecosystems are suffering from reductions in habitat extent and quality. Only about 50% of sagebrush remains from pre-settlement conditions, and much of the remaining ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Range-wide abundance and fluctuating asymmetry patterns of sagebrush-obligate passerine birds Author: Krissman, Cortnie M. North American sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) ecosystems are suffering from reductions in habitat extent and quality. Only about 50% of sagebrush remains from pre-settlement conditions, and much of the remaining habitat is fragmented or degraded by invasive species, fire suppression and overgrazing. Sagebrush-obligate species are experiencing population declines as a result of these ecosystem changes. To effectively conserve this ecosystem, it is essential to understand patterns of abundance and stress of the inhabitants at the landscape-level. Abundance of species across their geographic range is not uniform. Instead, abundance often decreases towards the periphery of the range where resources and habitat conditions become less suitable. In addition, stress in populations closer to the periphery of the range may be expressed in condition-dependent traits where suboptimal environmental conditions occur. Fluctuating asymmetry, random deviations from perfect symmetry in bilateral body parts, may reveal increased stress in these populations. I examined patterns of abundance and fluctuating asymmetry of Brewer’s Sparrow (Spizella breweri), Sage Sparrow (Amphisipiza belli), and Sage Thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus), in the western United States, to determine how these responses vary with proximity to range periphery of sagebrush. Using negative binomial regression and Akaike’s Information Criterion, I investigated associations between species abundance from North American Breeding Bird Survey count data and several local- and landscapelevel variables derived from digital maps depicting the distribution of sagebrush throughout the United States. Abundance for these three sagebrushobligate passerine birds was greatest in mid-elevation (1,200-2,300 m) areas and increased with sagebrush cover. I found little support for abundance declining as a function of proximity to range periphery. Using mixed model regression, I assessed the relationship between fluctuating asymmetry estimates in the tarsi of juveniles and the proximity of specimens to the periphery of sagebrush distribution. I predicted higher levels of fluctuating asymmetry in individuals nearer the range periphery. However, fluctuating asymmetry decreased with proximity to the range periphery for Sage Sparrow, and, although present Sage Thrasher, fluctuating asymmetry did not differ significantly across the geographic range for this species. Fluctuating asymmetry could not be estimated with confidence for Brewer’s Sparrow. While this study revealed stress in these species, a more logistically complex study to evaluate fluctuating asymmetry patterns across the landscape is necessary for determining areas of conservation priority. Loss of areas of high percent sagebrush cover due to habitat fragmentation and degradation will result in continued declines in abundance of sagebrush-obligate passerine birds. Knowing high abundances of sagebrush-obligate passerine birds occur in locations with high sagebrush cover at mid-elevations will aid land managers and conservation biologists in designing effective conservation strategies for these species. Title: Range-wide abundance and fluctuating asymmetry patterns of sagebrush-obligate passerine birds Author: Krissman, Cortnie M. North American sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) ecosystems are suffering from reductions in habitat extent and quality. Only about 50% of sagebrush remains from pre-settlement conditions, and much of the remaining habitat is fragmented or degraded by invasive species, fire suppression and overgrazing. Sagebrush-obligate species are experiencing population declines as a result of these ecosystem changes. To effectively conserve this ecosystem, it is essential to understand patterns of abundance and stress of the inhabitants at the landscape-level. Abundance of species across their geographic range is not uniform. Instead, abundance often decreases towards the periphery of the range where resources and habitat conditions become less suitable. In addition, stress in populations closer to the periphery of the range may be expressed in condition-dependent traits where suboptimal environmental conditions occur. Fluctuating asymmetry, random deviations from perfect symmetry in bilateral body parts, may reveal increased stress in these populations. I examined patterns of abundance and fluctuating asymmetry of Brewer’s Sparrow (Spizella breweri), Sage Sparrow (Amphisipiza belli), and Sage Thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus), in the western United States, to determine how these responses vary with proximity to range periphery of sagebrush. Using negative binomial regression and Akaike’s Information Criterion, I investigated associations between species abundance from North American Breeding Bird Survey count data and several local- and landscapelevel variables derived from digital maps depicting the distribution of sagebrush throughout the United States. Abundance for these three sagebrushobligate passerine birds was greatest in mid-elevation (1,200-2,300 m) areas and increased with sagebrush cover. I found little support for abundance declining as a function of proximity to range periphery. Using mixed model regression, I assessed the relationship between fluctuating asymmetry estimates in the tarsi of juveniles and the proximity of specimens to the periphery of sagebrush distribution. I predicted higher levels of fluctuating asymmetry in individuals nearer the range periphery. However, fluctuating asymmetry decreased with proximity to the range periphery for Sage Sparrow, and, although present Sage Thrasher, fluctuating asymmetry did not differ significantly across the geographic range for this species. Fluctuating asymmetry could not be estimated with confidence for Brewer’s Sparrow. While this study revealed stress in these species, a more logistically complex study to evaluate fluctuating asymmetry patterns across the landscape is necessary for determining areas of conservation priority. Loss of areas of high percent sagebrush cover due to habitat fragmentation and degradation will result in continued declines in abundance of sagebrush-obligate passerine birds. Knowing high abundances of sagebrush-obligate passerine birds occur in locations with high sagebrush cover at mid-elevations will aid land managers and conservation biologists in designing effective conservation strategies for these species. Close

• 154. [Article] Emergence, survival and reproduction of three species of forbs important to sage grouse nutrition in response to fire, microsite and method of establishment

  Since settlement of the Intermountain West, sage grouse abundance and productivity has declined and their range has decreased. The decline of sage grouse populations is primarily due to permanent loss ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Emergence, survival and reproduction of three species of forbs important to sage grouse nutrition in response to fire, microsite and method of establishment Author: Wirth, Troy A. Since settlement of the Intermountain West, sage grouse abundance and productivity has declined and their range has decreased. The decline of sage grouse populations is primarily due to permanent loss and degradation of sagebrush-grassland habitat. Recently, several studies have shown that sage grouse productivity may be limited by the availability of certain preferred, highly nutritious forb species that have also declined within sagebrush ecosystems of the Intermountain West. During the spring and summer, forbs are extremely important in maintaining the nutritional status and productivity of pre-laying hens and growth and survival of rapidly growing chicks. Researchers studying sage grouse have suggested several methods for restoring forbs in depleted sage grouse habitat. Among the methods proposed are prescribed fires that produce small mosaics of burned and unburned patches on the landscape. For this to occur, an adequate pre-burn forb community must exist in the location of the fire. In areas without adequate pre-burn forb communites, forbs must reseed naturally or be revegetated. The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of three species of forbs for revegetation projects where improving sage grouse habitat is a goal. Species suitability was determined by evaluating the emergence, survival and reproduction of Crepis modocensis Greene, Crepis occidentalis Nutt. and Astragalus purshii in response to method of establishment (seeding or transplanting), pre-establishment treatment (burned or unburned), and microsite (mound or interspace). Four prescription burns of sagebrush grassland were set at the United States Fish and Wildlife Service Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge, Oregon. After burning, one experimental plot was randomly located within each burned and unburned site. Of the seeds planted in 1997, A. purshil had the lowest emergence (8%) of all three species. Both Crepis species had similar overall emergence (38%). Significantly more Crepis seedlings emerged from shrub mounds in unburned areas (50%) than in any other fire by microsite treatment (33 to 36%). Significantly more A. purshuii emerged in the burned interspace (10.9) compared to the burned mounds (3.5). Nearly twice as many emerging Crepis seedlings survived in the burned areas as opposed to unburned areas (P<0.01). This resulted in more plant establishment in burned mounds despite higher emergence in unburned mounds. Microsite also significantly affected survival of Crepis seedlings (P<0.01). Approximately 10% more Crepis seedlings survived in mounds compared to interspaces. A. purshuii seedlings also survived better in burned areas (P=0.06), but had no differential response to microsite. Fire enhanced survival of both Crepis and A. purshii transplants (P=0.08 and P=0.001), although, transplanting did not enhance plant establishment over seedings. Therefore, I conclude that revegetation of sage grouse habitat with Crepis species is a viable option given its high germinability, favorable response to fire and wide distribution. Title: Emergence, survival and reproduction of three species of forbs important to sage grouse nutrition in response to fire, microsite and method of establishment Author: Wirth, Troy A. Since settlement of the Intermountain West, sage grouse abundance and productivity has declined and their range has decreased. The decline of sage grouse populations is primarily due to permanent loss and degradation of sagebrush-grassland habitat. Recently, several studies have shown that sage grouse productivity may be limited by the availability of certain preferred, highly nutritious forb species that have also declined within sagebrush ecosystems of the Intermountain West. During the spring and summer, forbs are extremely important in maintaining the nutritional status and productivity of pre-laying hens and growth and survival of rapidly growing chicks. Researchers studying sage grouse have suggested several methods for restoring forbs in depleted sage grouse habitat. Among the methods proposed are prescribed fires that produce small mosaics of burned and unburned patches on the landscape. For this to occur, an adequate pre-burn forb community must exist in the location of the fire. In areas without adequate pre-burn forb communites, forbs must reseed naturally or be revegetated. The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of three species of forbs for revegetation projects where improving sage grouse habitat is a goal. Species suitability was determined by evaluating the emergence, survival and reproduction of Crepis modocensis Greene, Crepis occidentalis Nutt. and Astragalus purshii in response to method of establishment (seeding or transplanting), pre-establishment treatment (burned or unburned), and microsite (mound or interspace). Four prescription burns of sagebrush grassland were set at the United States Fish and Wildlife Service Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge, Oregon. After burning, one experimental plot was randomly located within each burned and unburned site. Of the seeds planted in 1997, A. purshil had the lowest emergence (8%) of all three species. Both Crepis species had similar overall emergence (38%). Significantly more Crepis seedlings emerged from shrub mounds in unburned areas (50%) than in any other fire by microsite treatment (33 to 36%). Significantly more A. purshuii emerged in the burned interspace (10.9) compared to the burned mounds (3.5). Nearly twice as many emerging Crepis seedlings survived in the burned areas as opposed to unburned areas (P<0.01). This resulted in more plant establishment in burned mounds despite higher emergence in unburned mounds. Microsite also significantly affected survival of Crepis seedlings (P<0.01). Approximately 10% more Crepis seedlings survived in mounds compared to interspaces. A. purshuii seedlings also survived better in burned areas (P=0.06), but had no differential response to microsite. Fire enhanced survival of both Crepis and A. purshii transplants (P=0.08 and P=0.001), although, transplanting did not enhance plant establishment over seedings. Therefore, I conclude that revegetation of sage grouse habitat with Crepis species is a viable option given its high germinability, favorable response to fire and wide distribution. Close

• 155. [Article] A pioneer exotic tree search for the douglas fir region

  After three-quarters of a century of introduction of 152 conifer and broadleaf species, no promising candidate exotic was found for the Douglas-fir region. Growth curves spanning 50 years or longer are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A pioneer exotic tree search for the douglas fir region Author: Silen, Roy R., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Olson, Donald L. After three-quarters of a century of introduction of 152 conifer and broadleaf species, no promising candidate exotic was found for the Douglas-fir region. Growth curves spanning 50 years or longer are figured for many species. Firs, pines, larches, spruces, hemlocks, and cedars originating in northwestern North America had superior growth rates to those from other forest regions. The probable basis for these differences is discussed. The record highlights a general failure of introduced hardwoods, the slow decline of most introduced conifers, the long time needed to express failures, dramatic effects of climatic extremes or of introduced pests, failure of native species of continental origin at Wind River, striking similarities of growth rates for the species originating in each country, and many important contrasts between results from early reports and long-term conclusions. Title: A pioneer exotic tree search for the douglas fir region Author: Silen, Roy R., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Olson, Donald L. After three-quarters of a century of introduction of 152 conifer and broadleaf species, no promising candidate exotic was found for the Douglas-fir region. Growth curves spanning 50 years or longer are figured for many species. Firs, pines, larches, spruces, hemlocks, and cedars originating in northwestern North America had superior growth rates to those from other forest regions. The probable basis for these differences is discussed. The record highlights a general failure of introduced hardwoods, the slow decline of most introduced conifers, the long time needed to express failures, dramatic effects of climatic extremes or of introduced pests, failure of native species of continental origin at Wind River, striking similarities of growth rates for the species originating in each country, and many important contrasts between results from early reports and long-term conclusions. Close

• 156. [Article] Licensed to Kill: Can we use Quota Markets to Conserve Seabirds?

  presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Licensed to Kill: Can we use Quota Markets to Conserve Seabirds? Author: Pascoe, Sean presentation Title: Licensed to Kill: Can we use Quota Markets to Conserve Seabirds? Author: Pascoe, Sean presentation Close

• 157. [Article] The use of burned forest by breeding birds following the Biscuit Fire in southwest Oregon

  Fire severity is hypothesized as an important driver of bird responses to wildfire. For those species that typically respond negatively to increasing severity, Accessibility of high-severity burned forest ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The use of burned forest by breeding birds following the Biscuit Fire in southwest Oregon Author: Donaghy Cannon, Michelle M. Fire severity is hypothesized as an important driver of bird responses to wildfire. For those species that typically respond negatively to increasing severity, Accessibility of high-severity burned forest may be dependent on the proximity of unburned or low-severity burned forest to meet all of the needs of breeding bird species that typically respond negatively to increasing fire severity. We used dynamic occupancy modeling and intensive surveys to test the hypothesis that the presence of live trees explained distribution of birds in high-severity burned forest in the first three years following the Biscuit Complex Fire in southwest Oregon. Proximity of low-moderate severity burned forest appeared to be important for some foliage- and bark-gleaning species. However, probability of occurrence in high-severity patches for several canopy-associates was not associated with distance from low-moderate severity burned forest. We found strong evidence that large snags (>52-cm) and large live conifers provided important nest substrates for several of these open-cup nesting species. Sprouts from top-killed hardwood species provided primary nesting substrates for early-seral associates and some species that nest in live trees or mature shrubs in unburned forest. Large areas of high-severity burned forest appeared to provide important breeding habitat for edge-sensitive cavity-nesting species. Most cavity nests were in large fire-killed or legacy snags with significant decay. In all, bird species that were likely to nest in high-severity forest also were likely to persist in the early post-fire period. Identifying the structures used for nesting by these species provides a mechanistic understanding of the distributions of many species of breeding birds following wildfire, and underscores the importance of local ecological context in interpretation of the effects of disturbance. We used intensive surveys to evaluate the efficacy of point count surveys to detect breeding birds. Most species had significantly higher detection probabilities at sites with evidence of breeding activity than at sites without such evidence. Among species, however, detection probability did not predict prevalence of breeding. Most species for which detection probabilities during point counts were low or moderate were those predicted to decline following high-severity fire. This finding highlights the importance of evaluating detection probabilities to identify effective sampling methods for species expected to respond negatively to habitat alteration. Title: The use of burned forest by breeding birds following the Biscuit Fire in southwest Oregon Author: Donaghy Cannon, Michelle M. Fire severity is hypothesized as an important driver of bird responses to wildfire. For those species that typically respond negatively to increasing severity, Accessibility of high-severity burned forest may be dependent on the proximity of unburned or low-severity burned forest to meet all of the needs of breeding bird species that typically respond negatively to increasing fire severity. We used dynamic occupancy modeling and intensive surveys to test the hypothesis that the presence of live trees explained distribution of birds in high-severity burned forest in the first three years following the Biscuit Complex Fire in southwest Oregon. Proximity of low-moderate severity burned forest appeared to be important for some foliage- and bark-gleaning species. However, probability of occurrence in high-severity patches for several canopy-associates was not associated with distance from low-moderate severity burned forest. We found strong evidence that large snags (>52-cm) and large live conifers provided important nest substrates for several of these open-cup nesting species. Sprouts from top-killed hardwood species provided primary nesting substrates for early-seral associates and some species that nest in live trees or mature shrubs in unburned forest. Large areas of high-severity burned forest appeared to provide important breeding habitat for edge-sensitive cavity-nesting species. Most cavity nests were in large fire-killed or legacy snags with significant decay. In all, bird species that were likely to nest in high-severity forest also were likely to persist in the early post-fire period. Identifying the structures used for nesting by these species provides a mechanistic understanding of the distributions of many species of breeding birds following wildfire, and underscores the importance of local ecological context in interpretation of the effects of disturbance. We used intensive surveys to evaluate the efficacy of point count surveys to detect breeding birds. Most species had significantly higher detection probabilities at sites with evidence of breeding activity than at sites without such evidence. Among species, however, detection probability did not predict prevalence of breeding. Most species for which detection probabilities during point counts were low or moderate were those predicted to decline following high-severity fire. This finding highlights the importance of evaluating detection probabilities to identify effective sampling methods for species expected to respond negatively to habitat alteration. Close

• 158. [Article] Influences of island characteristics on community structure and species incidence of desert bats in a near-shore archipelago, Baja California, Mexico

  Island biogeography has strongly influenced the study of biodiversity because archipelagos provide natural model systems for investigating patterns of diversity and the processes that shape ecological ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influences of island characteristics on community structure and species incidence of desert bats in a near-shore archipelago, Baja California, Mexico Author: Frick, Winifred F. Island biogeography has strongly influenced the study of biodiversity because archipelagos provide natural model systems for investigating patterns of diversity and the processes that shape ecological communities. I investigated the influence of area and isolation of islands (n = 32) in the Gulf of California, Mexico on patterns of richness, nestedness, and incidence of desert bats to determine factors important in shaping community structure and patterns of occurrence of bats in a naturally insular landscape. Species richness of bats was positively influenced by island size and declined with isolation from the Baja peninsula in two distinct subarchipelagos. Southern islands, which are associated with greater density of vegetation from summer rainfall, supported more species than dry, barren islands in the northern subarchipelago, suggesting that both area and habitat characteristics contribute to species richness of bats. Community composition of bats was nested by area and isolation, such that species found on smaller and more isolated islands were subsets of communities found on large, less isolated islands that harbored higher richness. The influences of area and isolation on community nestedness suggest species differ in immigration and persistence rates on islands. Bat communities were also nested at 27 sites in coastal habitat on the Baja peninsula, indicating that nestedness may occur in contiguous habitats that lack immigration and extinction filters. Probability of species occurrence on islands was influenced by area for five species of insectivorous bat (Pipistrellus hesperus, Myotis californicus, Macrotus californicus, Antrozous pallidus, and Mormoops megalophylla), suggesting occupancy of islands by these species is limited by resource requirements. The threshold of island size for occupancy of most species was ca. 100 ha, which is similar to area thresholds of incidence for many landbirds in the same archipelago. Isolation also influenced incidence of insectivorous bat species. My research shows that area and isolation influence both community structure and occupancy of bat species in a near-shore archipelago. My results raise important questions about connectivity and persistence of populations of bats in isolated habitats, especially when patch size is small. Title: Influences of island characteristics on community structure and species incidence of desert bats in a near-shore archipelago, Baja California, Mexico Author: Frick, Winifred F. Island biogeography has strongly influenced the study of biodiversity because archipelagos provide natural model systems for investigating patterns of diversity and the processes that shape ecological communities. I investigated the influence of area and isolation of islands (n = 32) in the Gulf of California, Mexico on patterns of richness, nestedness, and incidence of desert bats to determine factors important in shaping community structure and patterns of occurrence of bats in a naturally insular landscape. Species richness of bats was positively influenced by island size and declined with isolation from the Baja peninsula in two distinct subarchipelagos. Southern islands, which are associated with greater density of vegetation from summer rainfall, supported more species than dry, barren islands in the northern subarchipelago, suggesting that both area and habitat characteristics contribute to species richness of bats. Community composition of bats was nested by area and isolation, such that species found on smaller and more isolated islands were subsets of communities found on large, less isolated islands that harbored higher richness. The influences of area and isolation on community nestedness suggest species differ in immigration and persistence rates on islands. Bat communities were also nested at 27 sites in coastal habitat on the Baja peninsula, indicating that nestedness may occur in contiguous habitats that lack immigration and extinction filters. Probability of species occurrence on islands was influenced by area for five species of insectivorous bat (Pipistrellus hesperus, Myotis californicus, Macrotus californicus, Antrozous pallidus, and Mormoops megalophylla), suggesting occupancy of islands by these species is limited by resource requirements. The threshold of island size for occupancy of most species was ca. 100 ha, which is similar to area thresholds of incidence for many landbirds in the same archipelago. Isolation also influenced incidence of insectivorous bat species. My research shows that area and isolation influence both community structure and occupancy of bat species in a near-shore archipelago. My results raise important questions about connectivity and persistence of populations of bats in isolated habitats, especially when patch size is small. Close

• 159. [Article] Effects of Pesticide Mixtures on Host-Pathogen Dynamics of the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of Pesticide Mixtures on Host-Pathogen Dynamics of the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus Author: Buck, Julia C., Brogan, William R. III, Urbina, Jenny, Blaustein, Andrew R., Dang, Trang D., Hua, Jessica, et al. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Title: Effects of Pesticide Mixtures on Host-Pathogen Dynamics of the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus Author: Buck, Julia C., Brogan, William R. III, Urbina, Jenny, Blaustein, Andrew R., Dang, Trang D., Hua, Jessica, et al. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Close

• 160. [Article] A quantitative survey of the fleas associated with the gray-tailed vole, Microtus canicaudus Miller

  A study of the population dynamics and ecology of the fleas associated with the gray-tailed vole, Microtus canicaudus Miller, was conducted on three sites surrounding the city of Corvallis, Oregon. Over ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A quantitative survey of the fleas associated with the gray-tailed vole, Microtus canicaudus Miller Author: Robbins, Richard George A study of the population dynamics and ecology of the fleas associated with the gray-tailed vole, Microtus canicaudus Miller, was conducted on three sites surrounding the city of Corvallis, Oregon. Over a period of 12 months, 22,641 adult and larval fleas representing three families and eight species were recovered from 428 voles and 256 nests. Catallagia charlottensis (Baker) 1898 was by far the most abundant flea species, followed by Atyphloceras multidentatus (Co Fox) 1909, Hystrichopsylla occidentalis Holland 1949, Peromyscopsylla selenis (Rothschild) 1906, Nosopsyllus fasciatus (Bosc d'Antic) 1801, Monopsyllus wagneri (Baker) 1904, Corrodopsylla curvata (Rothschild) 1915, and four specimens of an unidentified Rhadinopsylla. On all sites, flea populations experienced spring and early winter peaks followed by drastic summer and midwinter declines. The summer decline was especially severe and at this time fleas were generally confined to subterranean nests. This cycle did not correspond with that of the vole itself which bred principally from spring to fall, producing only an occasional litter during the winter months. Fluctuations in flea populations were positively correlated with humidity and negatively correlated with temperature. Indices of extensity and intensity were computed for each flea species, and data were collected concerning the pattern of flea distribution on the body of the gray-tailed vole. Contingency tests were employed to determine whether flea infestations were dependent on particular host attributes, such as sex, size, age and physiological condition. Yearly sex ratios were computed for the seven most abundant fleas and monthly ratios for the two principal species. Finally, negative binomial distributions were fit to the observed frequency distributions of Atyphloceras multidentatus, Catallagia charlottensis and fleas collectively on 377 comparable voles. Title: A quantitative survey of the fleas associated with the gray-tailed vole, Microtus canicaudus Miller Author: Robbins, Richard George A study of the population dynamics and ecology of the fleas associated with the gray-tailed vole, Microtus canicaudus Miller, was conducted on three sites surrounding the city of Corvallis, Oregon. Over a period of 12 months, 22,641 adult and larval fleas representing three families and eight species were recovered from 428 voles and 256 nests. Catallagia charlottensis (Baker) 1898 was by far the most abundant flea species, followed by Atyphloceras multidentatus (Co Fox) 1909, Hystrichopsylla occidentalis Holland 1949, Peromyscopsylla selenis (Rothschild) 1906, Nosopsyllus fasciatus (Bosc d'Antic) 1801, Monopsyllus wagneri (Baker) 1904, Corrodopsylla curvata (Rothschild) 1915, and four specimens of an unidentified Rhadinopsylla. On all sites, flea populations experienced spring and early winter peaks followed by drastic summer and midwinter declines. The summer decline was especially severe and at this time fleas were generally confined to subterranean nests. This cycle did not correspond with that of the vole itself which bred principally from spring to fall, producing only an occasional litter during the winter months. Fluctuations in flea populations were positively correlated with humidity and negatively correlated with temperature. Indices of extensity and intensity were computed for each flea species, and data were collected concerning the pattern of flea distribution on the body of the gray-tailed vole. Contingency tests were employed to determine whether flea infestations were dependent on particular host attributes, such as sex, size, age and physiological condition. Yearly sex ratios were computed for the seven most abundant fleas and monthly ratios for the two principal species. Finally, negative binomial distributions were fit to the observed frequency distributions of Atyphloceras multidentatus, Catallagia charlottensis and fleas collectively on 377 comparable voles. Close

• 161. [Article] Demographic analysis of Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens, an endangered plant species of the Willamette Valley, Oregon: 1999 Field Studies

  Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens, known only from the Willamette Valley of western Oregon, is listed as Endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and by the state of Oregon. In 1993 a long-term ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Demographic analysis of Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens, an endangered plant species of the Willamette Valley, Oregon: 1999 Field Studies Author: Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens, known only from the Willamette Valley of western Oregon, is listed as Endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and by the state of Oregon. In 1993 a long-term population monitoring program for Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens was initiated at Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge (Polk County). The objectives were to assess long-term population trends, particularly patterns of reproduction, recruitment, and mortality. This report presents the results of the demographic monitoring from 1993-1999. Considered together the following demographic parameters indicate that the measured population at Baskett Butte (Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge) is declining. 1. The population size decreased every year but one with the 1999 population only 48% of the 1993 population. 2. Increasing mortality rates exceeded recruitment rates every year but one. 3. The percentage of the population that flowered generally decreased every year. 4. The average number of heads per flowering plant decreased each year beginning in 1995 to 3.4 heads per flowering plant in 1999. 5. The pattern of average basal area per plant varied but the 1999 average basal area is only 63% of that measured in 1993. To stabilize the population, adaptive management strategies need to be developed in conjunction with experimental approaches that will determine the factors responsible for the population decline. A second approach to aid in the recovery of Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens is to increase the population by transplanting cuttings or plants grown from seed under greenhouse conditions or by sowing seeds in the field under more controlled conditions. It is strongly recommended that future efforts to stabilize the population at Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge be coordinated with other agencies in the Valley who are also responsible for management of Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens populations. Title: Demographic analysis of Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens, an endangered plant species of the Willamette Valley, Oregon: 1999 Field Studies Author: Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens, known only from the Willamette Valley of western Oregon, is listed as Endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and by the state of Oregon. In 1993 a long-term population monitoring program for Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens was initiated at Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge (Polk County). The objectives were to assess long-term population trends, particularly patterns of reproduction, recruitment, and mortality. This report presents the results of the demographic monitoring from 1993-1999. Considered together the following demographic parameters indicate that the measured population at Baskett Butte (Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge) is declining. 1. The population size decreased every year but one with the 1999 population only 48% of the 1993 population. 2. Increasing mortality rates exceeded recruitment rates every year but one. 3. The percentage of the population that flowered generally decreased every year. 4. The average number of heads per flowering plant decreased each year beginning in 1995 to 3.4 heads per flowering plant in 1999. 5. The pattern of average basal area per plant varied but the 1999 average basal area is only 63% of that measured in 1993. To stabilize the population, adaptive management strategies need to be developed in conjunction with experimental approaches that will determine the factors responsible for the population decline. A second approach to aid in the recovery of Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens is to increase the population by transplanting cuttings or plants grown from seed under greenhouse conditions or by sowing seeds in the field under more controlled conditions. It is strongly recommended that future efforts to stabilize the population at Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge be coordinated with other agencies in the Valley who are also responsible for management of Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens populations. Close

• 162. [Article] The effects of multiple pathogens on amphibians in the Pacific Northwest

  The earth is undergoing a “biodiversity crisis” characterized by loss of populations, species, genetic diversity, and ecosystem services. Part of this crisis consists of population declines, extinctions, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of multiple pathogens on amphibians in the Pacific Northwest Author: Romansic, John M. The earth is undergoing a “biodiversity crisis” characterized by loss of populations, species, genetic diversity, and ecosystem services. Part of this crisis consists of population declines, extinctions, and increased incidence of deformities in amphibians. It is unknown whether deformities contribute to these declines. Many cases of population declines in amphibians are associated with infectious disease. Water molds (Oomycota: Oomycetes: Saprolegniales) (e.g. Achlya and Saprolegnia) may contribute to amphibian population declines whereas parasitic flatworms (Ribeiroia) appear to be major causes of amphibian deformities. I found that Saprolegnia can kill larval and newly-metamorphosed juvenile amphibians. In addition, I investigated synergistic effects of Saprolegnia and the environmental contaminant nitrate on survival of amphibian larvae. No synergisms were found. However, there was a less-than-additive interaction affecting one frog species. Saprolegnia killed Rana aurora (red-legged frog) larvae, but only when nitrate was not added, consistent with nitrate preventing Saprolegnia from killing R. aurora. I also tested for possible interactions among the pathogenic water mold A. flagellata, the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (BD), and the parasitic trematode Ribeiroia. No between-pathogen interactions were found, however, there were main effects of Ribeiroia and BD. Ribeiroia caused mortality and increased frequency of limb deformities. There were differences in the composition of deformity types between my study and previous work, suggesting that the relative frequencies of different deformity types produced by Ribeiroia may be context-dependent. Also, there was an overall effect of delayed development in Ribeiroia-exposed individuals. In addition, individuals that did not die or display limb deformities following Ribeiroia exposure had slower development than controls not exposed to Ribeiroia. Delayed development may contribute to the effects of Ribeiroia on amphibian populations. In contrast, BD sped up development, although there was no evidence of BD infection. These results are consistent with amphibian larvae responding to the presence of BD by increasing the rate of development. Hastened metamorphosis and dispersal from larval habitats may decrease the risk of BD infection or reduce BD infection load. Mortality of post-embryonic life stages from water molds and sublethal effects of Ribeiroia and BD on amphibian development may influence how these pathogens interact with amphibian populations. Title: The effects of multiple pathogens on amphibians in the Pacific Northwest Author: Romansic, John M. The earth is undergoing a “biodiversity crisis” characterized by loss of populations, species, genetic diversity, and ecosystem services. Part of this crisis consists of population declines, extinctions, and increased incidence of deformities in amphibians. It is unknown whether deformities contribute to these declines. Many cases of population declines in amphibians are associated with infectious disease. Water molds (Oomycota: Oomycetes: Saprolegniales) (e.g. Achlya and Saprolegnia) may contribute to amphibian population declines whereas parasitic flatworms (Ribeiroia) appear to be major causes of amphibian deformities. I found that Saprolegnia can kill larval and newly-metamorphosed juvenile amphibians. In addition, I investigated synergistic effects of Saprolegnia and the environmental contaminant nitrate on survival of amphibian larvae. No synergisms were found. However, there was a less-than-additive interaction affecting one frog species. Saprolegnia killed Rana aurora (red-legged frog) larvae, but only when nitrate was not added, consistent with nitrate preventing Saprolegnia from killing R. aurora. I also tested for possible interactions among the pathogenic water mold A. flagellata, the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (BD), and the parasitic trematode Ribeiroia. No between-pathogen interactions were found, however, there were main effects of Ribeiroia and BD. Ribeiroia caused mortality and increased frequency of limb deformities. There were differences in the composition of deformity types between my study and previous work, suggesting that the relative frequencies of different deformity types produced by Ribeiroia may be context-dependent. Also, there was an overall effect of delayed development in Ribeiroia-exposed individuals. In addition, individuals that did not die or display limb deformities following Ribeiroia exposure had slower development than controls not exposed to Ribeiroia. Delayed development may contribute to the effects of Ribeiroia on amphibian populations. In contrast, BD sped up development, although there was no evidence of BD infection. These results are consistent with amphibian larvae responding to the presence of BD by increasing the rate of development. Hastened metamorphosis and dispersal from larval habitats may decrease the risk of BD infection or reduce BD infection load. Mortality of post-embryonic life stages from water molds and sublethal effects of Ribeiroia and BD on amphibian development may influence how these pathogens interact with amphibian populations. Close

• 163. [Article] Toward predicting community-level effects of climate: relative temperature scaling of metabolic and ingestion rates

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecol. Supplemental Material can be found ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Toward predicting community-level effects of climate: relative temperature scaling of metabolic and ingestion rates Author: Iles, Alison C. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecol. Supplemental Material can be found at: http://www.esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/231/ Title: Toward predicting community-level effects of climate: relative temperature scaling of metabolic and ingestion rates Author: Iles, Alison C. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecol. Supplemental Material can be found at: http://www.esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E095/231/ Close

• 164. [Article] Multiple stressors and amphibian population declines

  In the past decade, declines in amphibian populations have captured scientific and popular interest. The causes of the declines are likely to be complex and involve interactions between several environmental ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multiple stressors and amphibian population declines Author: Hatch, Audrey C. In the past decade, declines in amphibian populations have captured scientific and popular interest. The causes of the declines are likely to be complex and involve interactions between several environmental stressors. Using multifactorial experiments, I investigated the combined effects of several anthropogenic stressors on developing amphibians in Oregon, USA. In laboratory experiments, I found that low levels of pH and exposure to high levels of nitrate killed larval Rana cascadae. Moreover, exposure to UV-B radiation and exposure to high levels of nitrate reduced larval activity level. Results suggest that in some cases, the effect of increasing nitrate level on larval activity depended on the pH level. In outdoor experiments, I investigated the combined effect of UV-B and nitrate fertilizer on two species of amphibians at both low and high elevation sites in Oregon. In Hyla regilla, I found that UV-B and nitrate together had a negative effect on larval mass in the lower elevation site but adversely affected survival in the high elevation site. Nitrate increased larval mass in Ambystoma macrodactylum. However, in the higher elevation experiment, this effect occurred only when UV-B was blocked. Finally, using both laboratory and outdoor experiments, I investigated the combined effects of UV-B with the two commonly used pesticides, carbaryl and chlorpyrifos. I studied these effects in the larvae of three species of amphibians native to the highly agricultural Willamette Valley in Oregon: Rana aurora, A. macrodaclylum, and H. regilla. Laboratory results for all three species revealed that a formulated pesticide product of chlorpyrifos killed larvae although the active ingredient alone did not, suggesting that some components of the pesticide formulations could be toxic to larval amphibians. In the laboratory study, there were no adverse effects caused by UV-B. However, outdoor studies indicated that ambient levels of UV-B enhance pesticide toxicity in amphibians. Both pesticides were toxic to A. macrodaclylum in the presence of UV-B. Chiorpyrifos caused mortality in R. aurora in the presence of UV-B. Overall, results demonstrate the importance of considering multiple environmental stressors together in assessing amphibian population declines. Title: Multiple stressors and amphibian population declines Author: Hatch, Audrey C. In the past decade, declines in amphibian populations have captured scientific and popular interest. The causes of the declines are likely to be complex and involve interactions between several environmental stressors. Using multifactorial experiments, I investigated the combined effects of several anthropogenic stressors on developing amphibians in Oregon, USA. In laboratory experiments, I found that low levels of pH and exposure to high levels of nitrate killed larval Rana cascadae. Moreover, exposure to UV-B radiation and exposure to high levels of nitrate reduced larval activity level. Results suggest that in some cases, the effect of increasing nitrate level on larval activity depended on the pH level. In outdoor experiments, I investigated the combined effect of UV-B and nitrate fertilizer on two species of amphibians at both low and high elevation sites in Oregon. In Hyla regilla, I found that UV-B and nitrate together had a negative effect on larval mass in the lower elevation site but adversely affected survival in the high elevation site. Nitrate increased larval mass in Ambystoma macrodactylum. However, in the higher elevation experiment, this effect occurred only when UV-B was blocked. Finally, using both laboratory and outdoor experiments, I investigated the combined effects of UV-B with the two commonly used pesticides, carbaryl and chlorpyrifos. I studied these effects in the larvae of three species of amphibians native to the highly agricultural Willamette Valley in Oregon: Rana aurora, A. macrodaclylum, and H. regilla. Laboratory results for all three species revealed that a formulated pesticide product of chlorpyrifos killed larvae although the active ingredient alone did not, suggesting that some components of the pesticide formulations could be toxic to larval amphibians. In the laboratory study, there were no adverse effects caused by UV-B. However, outdoor studies indicated that ambient levels of UV-B enhance pesticide toxicity in amphibians. Both pesticides were toxic to A. macrodaclylum in the presence of UV-B. Chiorpyrifos caused mortality in R. aurora in the presence of UV-B. Overall, results demonstrate the importance of considering multiple environmental stressors together in assessing amphibian population declines. Close

• 165. [Article] Predation on an Upper Trophic Marine Predator, the Steller Sea Lion: Evaluating High Juvenile Mortality in a Density Dependent Conceptual Framework

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Predation on an Upper Trophic Marine Predator, the Steller Sea Lion: Evaluating High Juvenile Mortality in a Density Dependent Conceptual Framework Author: Mellish, Jo-Ann E., Horning, Markus This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action. Title: Predation on an Upper Trophic Marine Predator, the Steller Sea Lion: Evaluating High Juvenile Mortality in a Density Dependent Conceptual Framework Author: Mellish, Jo-Ann E., Horning, Markus This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action. Close

• 166. [Article] The Declining Price Anomaly in Sequential Auctions with Asymmetric Bidders: The Case of Nephrops norvegicus in Lorient

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Declining Price Anomaly in Sequential Auctions with Asymmetric Bidders: The Case of Nephrops norvegicus in Lorient Author: Ollivier, Pierrick, Loisel, Patrice, Guillotreau, Patrice, Salladarré, Frédéric Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: The Declining Price Anomaly in Sequential Auctions with Asymmetric Bidders: The Case of Nephrops norvegicus in Lorient Author: Ollivier, Pierrick, Loisel, Patrice, Guillotreau, Patrice, Salladarré, Frédéric Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 167. [Article] Age-specific variation in apparent survival rates of male lesser-prairie-chickens

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Cooper Ornithological Society and can be found at: http://www.aoucospubs.org/loi/cond

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Age-specific variation in apparent survival rates of male lesser-prairie-chickens Author: Robel, Robert J., Hagen, Christian A., Applegate, Roger D., Pitman, James C., Sandercock, Brett K. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Cooper Ornithological Society and can be found at: http://www.aoucospubs.org/loi/cond Title: Age-specific variation in apparent survival rates of male lesser-prairie-chickens Author: Robel, Robert J., Hagen, Christian A., Applegate, Roger D., Pitman, James C., Sandercock, Brett K. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Cooper Ornithological Society and can be found at: http://www.aoucospubs.org/loi/cond Close

• 168. [Article] A rapid survey method for native blue mud shrimp (Upogebia pugettensis) and its associated parasitic isopod, Orthione griffenis, in Alsea Bay, Oregon and alternative applications of this methodology.

  Declines or extinctions of the native intertidal estuary blue mud shrimp, Upogebia pugettensis, have been observed or are suspected in all of its populations over the species’ range. These declines are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A rapid survey method for native blue mud shrimp (Upogebia pugettensis) and its associated parasitic isopod, Orthione griffenis, in Alsea Bay, Oregon and alternative applications of this methodology. Author: Carter, Cameron S. Declines or extinctions of the native intertidal estuary blue mud shrimp, Upogebia pugettensis, have been observed or are suspected in all of its populations over the species’ range. These declines are associated with the introduced Asian bopyrid isopod parasite, Orthione griffenis, which effectively castrates females. Baseline estimates of population abundances and distributions to measure overall change over their entire species ranges however, are lacking due, in part, to the massive efforts they require. We partially tested a simple rapid method for estimating total numbers and the structures of U. pugettensis and O. griffenis populations in Alsea Bay, Oregon that can be applied to many more populations and may more times per population than was previously possible. Additionally, portions of this novel methodology were used to develop middle school math and science curriculum using guidelines from the Oregon Department of Education's common core state standards. The curriculum will be a valuable addition to the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) initiative, which seeks to develop analytical and problem solving skills of students in these target disciplines through project-based learning. Title: A rapid survey method for native blue mud shrimp (Upogebia pugettensis) and its associated parasitic isopod, Orthione griffenis, in Alsea Bay, Oregon and alternative applications of this methodology. Author: Carter, Cameron S. Declines or extinctions of the native intertidal estuary blue mud shrimp, Upogebia pugettensis, have been observed or are suspected in all of its populations over the species’ range. These declines are associated with the introduced Asian bopyrid isopod parasite, Orthione griffenis, which effectively castrates females. Baseline estimates of population abundances and distributions to measure overall change over their entire species ranges however, are lacking due, in part, to the massive efforts they require. We partially tested a simple rapid method for estimating total numbers and the structures of U. pugettensis and O. griffenis populations in Alsea Bay, Oregon that can be applied to many more populations and may more times per population than was previously possible. Additionally, portions of this novel methodology were used to develop middle school math and science curriculum using guidelines from the Oregon Department of Education's common core state standards. The curriculum will be a valuable addition to the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) initiative, which seeks to develop analytical and problem solving skills of students in these target disciplines through project-based learning. Close

• 169. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies; Steelhead Life History Characterization; Genetic Characterization; Kelt Reconditioning - Progress Report 2003

  Abstract -- Many salmonids exhibit partial migration: the phenomenon of populations partitioned into migratory and non-migratory individuals (Jonsson and Jonsson 1993). Oncorhynchus mykiss exhibit a complex ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies; Steelhead Life History Characterization; Genetic Characterization; Kelt Reconditioning - Progress Report 2003 Abstract -- Many salmonids exhibit partial migration: the phenomenon of populations partitioned into migratory and non-migratory individuals (Jonsson and Jonsson 1993). Oncorhynchus mykiss exhibit a complex of life-history strategies ranging from residency in small headwater streams to anadromy involving migrations of hundreds of kilometers. In the Grande Ronde River basin of Northeast Oregon, both resident and anadromous life-history forms coexist, and thus populations found there likely exhibit partial migration. Partial migration may have important consequences for “anadromous” species listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The recent decline of summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) stocks in the lower Snake River has prompted their listing under the ESA. Declines in steelhead are potentially due to elevated mortality rates associated with anadromous migrations. If resident and anadromous life-history characteristics result from a phenotypically plastic trait (i.e. a genetic trait that is highly variable due to influences from environmental factors), then elevated mortality associated with the anadromous type may be shifting the populations towards residency. Further, although the anadromous expression of the trait may be declining, the trait would not necessarily be lost. Identification of the plasticity of these traits would then be important for the management of these stocks. We investigated life history traits of O. mykiss with studies in both the hatchery and natural environment. We anticipated that these complimentary approaches would allow us to evaluate the relationship between the two life-history forms. They should further allow us to explore the feasibility of using hatcheries to produce anadromous progeny from resident parents if the number of anadromous life-history forms becomes severely depressed. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies; Steelhead Life History Characterization; Genetic Characterization; Kelt Reconditioning - Progress Report 2003 Abstract -- Many salmonids exhibit partial migration: the phenomenon of populations partitioned into migratory and non-migratory individuals (Jonsson and Jonsson 1993). Oncorhynchus mykiss exhibit a complex of life-history strategies ranging from residency in small headwater streams to anadromy involving migrations of hundreds of kilometers. In the Grande Ronde River basin of Northeast Oregon, both resident and anadromous life-history forms coexist, and thus populations found there likely exhibit partial migration. Partial migration may have important consequences for “anadromous” species listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The recent decline of summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) stocks in the lower Snake River has prompted their listing under the ESA. Declines in steelhead are potentially due to elevated mortality rates associated with anadromous migrations. If resident and anadromous life-history characteristics result from a phenotypically plastic trait (i.e. a genetic trait that is highly variable due to influences from environmental factors), then elevated mortality associated with the anadromous type may be shifting the populations towards residency. Further, although the anadromous expression of the trait may be declining, the trait would not necessarily be lost. Identification of the plasticity of these traits would then be important for the management of these stocks. We investigated life history traits of O. mykiss with studies in both the hatchery and natural environment. We anticipated that these complimentary approaches would allow us to evaluate the relationship between the two life-history forms. They should further allow us to explore the feasibility of using hatcheries to produce anadromous progeny from resident parents if the number of anadromous life-history forms becomes severely depressed. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 170. [Article] Factors influencing diet composition of beef cattle grazing mixed conifer mountain riparian areas

  Two trials were conducted to evaluate changes in the quantity, quality, and moisture of available forage in the pasture, and shrub utilization by cattle during a 30-d late summer grazing period (Trial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors influencing diet composition of beef cattle grazing mixed conifer mountain riparian areas Author: Darambazar, Enkhjargal Two trials were conducted to evaluate changes in the quantity, quality, and moisture of available forage in the pasture, and shrub utilization by cattle during a 30-d late summer grazing period (Trial 1) and the effect of cow age (experience) on grazing distribution and diet composition (Trial 2) in mountain riparian areas. In the trial 1, a pasture (44.7 ha) in the Catherine Creek site at OSU’s Hall Ranch in northeast of Oregon was grazed with 30 yearlings and 30 mature cow/calf pairs from early August to early September in 2001, and from late July to late August in 2002. Sampling dates were d 0, d 10, d 20, and d 30 of the grazing period. The forage availability before grazing was 1058 kg/ha and declined to 323 kg/ha at the end of the grazing period (P<0.10). Grasses dominated the pasture, followed by forbs, grasslikes, and shrubs. Kentucky bluegrass was the most prevalent forage species followed by timothy, sedges, and common snowberry. The highest percent disappearances of forage species was (83.7-92.7%) observed with quackgrass, western fescue, California brome, redtop, and heartleaf arnica, though their initial contributions to the available forage were less than 5%. High levels of shrub utilization were observed from d 20 through the end of the grazing period (45% for willow and 59% for alder). Forbs and shrubs did not vary in moisture content between the 10 d intervals and across the years averaging 59% and 61%, respectively (P>0.10). In contrast, the moisture content of grasses were over 50% at the beginning of the grazing period but declined dramatically to 34% from d 10 to d 20. Likewise, forbs and shrubs were higher (P<0.05) than grasses in CP (11, 14, and 6%, respectively) and IVDMD (58, 49, and 42% respectively). In summary, our results suggest that cattle grazing late summer riparian pastures will switch to intensive shrub utilization when grasses decline in quality and quantity, and forbs decline in quantity. In the trial 2, thirty first calf heifers, and thirty mature cows were randomly assigned to four pastures (15 head per pasture, average 21.5 ha) in the Milk Creek site of Hall Ranch from late July to early September of 2000 and 2001. Botanical composition of diets was determined by analyzing the feces from 10 animals (5 per pasture) in each treatment during the fourth week of the trial using the microhistological procedure. Correction factors were calculated for the 22 major plant species. First calf heifers had higher portions of grasses (75% versus 71%; P<0.05), but lower portions of shrubs and trees (9% versus 13%; P<0.10) as compared to mature cow diets, respectively. On an individual species basis, ponderosa pine consumption was a major contributor with mature cows consuming greater quantities (P<0.10) than first calf heifers. In summary, mature cows seem to have selected diet less in the amount of grasses and more in the amount of shrubs and trees as compared to younger cows. Title: Factors influencing diet composition of beef cattle grazing mixed conifer mountain riparian areas Author: Darambazar, Enkhjargal Two trials were conducted to evaluate changes in the quantity, quality, and moisture of available forage in the pasture, and shrub utilization by cattle during a 30-d late summer grazing period (Trial 1) and the effect of cow age (experience) on grazing distribution and diet composition (Trial 2) in mountain riparian areas. In the trial 1, a pasture (44.7 ha) in the Catherine Creek site at OSU’s Hall Ranch in northeast of Oregon was grazed with 30 yearlings and 30 mature cow/calf pairs from early August to early September in 2001, and from late July to late August in 2002. Sampling dates were d 0, d 10, d 20, and d 30 of the grazing period. The forage availability before grazing was 1058 kg/ha and declined to 323 kg/ha at the end of the grazing period (P<0.10). Grasses dominated the pasture, followed by forbs, grasslikes, and shrubs. Kentucky bluegrass was the most prevalent forage species followed by timothy, sedges, and common snowberry. The highest percent disappearances of forage species was (83.7-92.7%) observed with quackgrass, western fescue, California brome, redtop, and heartleaf arnica, though their initial contributions to the available forage were less than 5%. High levels of shrub utilization were observed from d 20 through the end of the grazing period (45% for willow and 59% for alder). Forbs and shrubs did not vary in moisture content between the 10 d intervals and across the years averaging 59% and 61%, respectively (P>0.10). In contrast, the moisture content of grasses were over 50% at the beginning of the grazing period but declined dramatically to 34% from d 10 to d 20. Likewise, forbs and shrubs were higher (P<0.05) than grasses in CP (11, 14, and 6%, respectively) and IVDMD (58, 49, and 42% respectively). In summary, our results suggest that cattle grazing late summer riparian pastures will switch to intensive shrub utilization when grasses decline in quality and quantity, and forbs decline in quantity. In the trial 2, thirty first calf heifers, and thirty mature cows were randomly assigned to four pastures (15 head per pasture, average 21.5 ha) in the Milk Creek site of Hall Ranch from late July to early September of 2000 and 2001. Botanical composition of diets was determined by analyzing the feces from 10 animals (5 per pasture) in each treatment during the fourth week of the trial using the microhistological procedure. Correction factors were calculated for the 22 major plant species. First calf heifers had higher portions of grasses (75% versus 71%; P<0.05), but lower portions of shrubs and trees (9% versus 13%; P<0.10) as compared to mature cow diets, respectively. On an individual species basis, ponderosa pine consumption was a major contributor with mature cows consuming greater quantities (P<0.10) than first calf heifers. In summary, mature cows seem to have selected diet less in the amount of grasses and more in the amount of shrubs and trees as compared to younger cows. Close

• 171. [Article] The role of traditional ecological knowledge in understanding a species and river system at risk : Pacific lamprey in the Lower Klamath Basin

  Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) have historically been considered by the Western scientific community as a "trash" fish and generally overlooked in West Coast fisheries management. Recent population ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The role of traditional ecological knowledge in understanding a species and river system at risk : Pacific lamprey in the Lower Klamath Basin Author: Petersen, Robin S. Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) have historically been considered by the Western scientific community as a "trash" fish and generally overlooked in West Coast fisheries management. Recent population declines in Pacific Northwest streams have triggered new research to understand the life history and ecological significance of this species. These new studies are significant, yet incomplete as they lack the historical context in which to place the data. The Yurok and Karuk Tribes along the Klamath River in Northern California have long had a relationship with Pacific lamprey, utilizing it for both its subsistence and cultural value. Native knowledge of this species is integrated in a complex understanding of natural systems. However, only in the last few decades have the natural resource management skills of indigenous people been recognized by the dominant culture. Hundreds of years of suppression and exploitation limited the abilities of tribes to utilize their traditional management practices. During 2004 and 2005, I lived in the local communities of the Yurok and Karuk tribes while working with their tribal fisheries programs. Utilizing ethnographic methods of participant observation, focus groups, informal interviews, and semi-directed interviews, I gathered traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of Pacific lamprey from more than 80 Yurok and Karuk tribal community members in the Lower Klamath River Basin. While I discourage single species approaches to resource management, in my research I utilized this method to explore and learn from the holistic foundation of Karuk and Yurok TEK. Pacific lamprey became the lens through which I could view and understand lamprey more completely, as well as the ecological and cultural interconnections of the Klamath River system as a whole. In this thesis, I have included much of the TEK shared with me by local eelers and tribal community members about the life history, biology, and ecological significance of Pacific lamprey. I also summarize some of the key points made by participants regarding the cultural significance of Pacific lamprey, including the social, spiritual, and health implications of a declining lamprey population. Additionally, I include knowledge shared with me regarding traditional fisheries management and the role of ceremonies in resource management. Historically, millions of lamprey were seen throughout the Lower Klamath River Basin. Harvests began in late November at the mouth of the river and continued into August as the fish made their way up into the Scott Valley. Tribal community members emphasized the significant role lamprey have in the balance and health of the Klamath River system, both as prey and essential contributors of marine-derived nutrients. According to Karuk and Yurok tribal eelers, lamprey populations began declining in the Klamath River Basin more than forty years ago. It was not uncommon for the eelers of the village to harvest over 1000 lamprey at a time, enough to take care of the entire community. Today, they are lucky to harvest 15 lamprey. Population decline factors have been attributed to the combined influences of logging practices, wetland delineation, Iron Gate Dam, fire suppression, contamination, and predation. I utilize the main TEK contributions from this research to discuss aligning TEK and Western scientific knowledge. I also include recommendations for both Karuk and Yurok tribal fisheries programs and Western fisheries managers in the Klamath Basin on working with TEK and supporting local tribal fisheries management. Title: The role of traditional ecological knowledge in understanding a species and river system at risk : Pacific lamprey in the Lower Klamath Basin Author: Petersen, Robin S. Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) have historically been considered by the Western scientific community as a "trash" fish and generally overlooked in West Coast fisheries management. Recent population declines in Pacific Northwest streams have triggered new research to understand the life history and ecological significance of this species. These new studies are significant, yet incomplete as they lack the historical context in which to place the data. The Yurok and Karuk Tribes along the Klamath River in Northern California have long had a relationship with Pacific lamprey, utilizing it for both its subsistence and cultural value. Native knowledge of this species is integrated in a complex understanding of natural systems. However, only in the last few decades have the natural resource management skills of indigenous people been recognized by the dominant culture. Hundreds of years of suppression and exploitation limited the abilities of tribes to utilize their traditional management practices. During 2004 and 2005, I lived in the local communities of the Yurok and Karuk tribes while working with their tribal fisheries programs. Utilizing ethnographic methods of participant observation, focus groups, informal interviews, and semi-directed interviews, I gathered traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of Pacific lamprey from more than 80 Yurok and Karuk tribal community members in the Lower Klamath River Basin. While I discourage single species approaches to resource management, in my research I utilized this method to explore and learn from the holistic foundation of Karuk and Yurok TEK. Pacific lamprey became the lens through which I could view and understand lamprey more completely, as well as the ecological and cultural interconnections of the Klamath River system as a whole. In this thesis, I have included much of the TEK shared with me by local eelers and tribal community members about the life history, biology, and ecological significance of Pacific lamprey. I also summarize some of the key points made by participants regarding the cultural significance of Pacific lamprey, including the social, spiritual, and health implications of a declining lamprey population. Additionally, I include knowledge shared with me regarding traditional fisheries management and the role of ceremonies in resource management. Historically, millions of lamprey were seen throughout the Lower Klamath River Basin. Harvests began in late November at the mouth of the river and continued into August as the fish made their way up into the Scott Valley. Tribal community members emphasized the significant role lamprey have in the balance and health of the Klamath River system, both as prey and essential contributors of marine-derived nutrients. According to Karuk and Yurok tribal eelers, lamprey populations began declining in the Klamath River Basin more than forty years ago. It was not uncommon for the eelers of the village to harvest over 1000 lamprey at a time, enough to take care of the entire community. Today, they are lucky to harvest 15 lamprey. Population decline factors have been attributed to the combined influences of logging practices, wetland delineation, Iron Gate Dam, fire suppression, contamination, and predation. I utilize the main TEK contributions from this research to discuss aligning TEK and Western scientific knowledge. I also include recommendations for both Karuk and Yurok tribal fisheries programs and Western fisheries managers in the Klamath Basin on working with TEK and supporting local tribal fisheries management. Close

• 172. [Image] The story of the swan song is not all myth

  	Manuscript that looks at the two species of swan found in America, the whistling and trumpeter swans. Both were found by Lewis and Clark. The author mentions that the swan song has long been associated ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The story of the swan song is not all myth Author: Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953 Year: 1930 Manuscript that looks at the two species of swan found in America, the whistling and trumpeter swans. Both were found by Lewis and Clark. The author mentions that the swan song has long been associated with death and in comments that this can be applied to the trumpeter swan due to the decline in numbers of the bird. Title: The story of the swan song is not all myth Author: Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953 Year: 1930 Manuscript that looks at the two species of swan found in America, the whistling and trumpeter swans. Both were found by Lewis and Clark. The author mentions that the swan song has long been associated with death and in comments that this can be applied to the trumpeter swan due to the decline in numbers of the bird. Close

• 173. [Article] Occurrence of demersal fishes in relation to near-bottom oxygen levels within the California Current large marine ecosystem

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Occurrence of demersal fishes in relation to near-bottom oxygen levels within the California Current large marine ecosystem Author: Ciannelli, Lorenzo, Pierce, Stephen D., Wakefield, W. Waldo, Simon, Victor, Keller, Aimee A., Barth, John A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291365-2419. Title: Occurrence of demersal fishes in relation to near-bottom oxygen levels within the California Current large marine ecosystem Author: Ciannelli, Lorenzo, Pierce, Stephen D., Wakefield, W. Waldo, Simon, Victor, Keller, Aimee A., Barth, John A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291365-2419. Close

• 174. [Article] Initial experimental effects of intensive forest management on avian abundance

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/forest-ecology-a...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Initial experimental effects of intensive forest management on avian abundance Author: Giovanini, Jack, Kroll, Andrew J., Verschuyl, Jake, Stokely, Thomas, Betts, Matthew G. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/forest-ecology-and-management/. Title: Initial experimental effects of intensive forest management on avian abundance Author: Giovanini, Jack, Kroll, Andrew J., Verschuyl, Jake, Stokely, Thomas, Betts, Matthew G. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/forest-ecology-and-management/. Close

• 175. [Article] Integrating occupancy models and structural equation models to understand species occurrence

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Ecological Society of America and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.c...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Integrating occupancy models and structural equation models to understand species occurrence Author: Johnson, Pieter T. J., Joseph, Maxwell B., Preston, Daniel Lucas This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Ecological Society of America and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291939-9170/ Title: Integrating occupancy models and structural equation models to understand species occurrence Author: Johnson, Pieter T. J., Joseph, Maxwell B., Preston, Daniel Lucas This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Ecological Society of America and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291939-9170/ Close

• 176. [Article] Responses of algal populations to parasitism by Aphelidium chlorococcarum and chytrids in an Oregon sewage lagoon

  The abundance of algal species and their parasites was monitored weekly for two years in a sewage lagoon at the Corvallis Airport, Oregon. During the cooler months, Euglena species were dominant followed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Responses of algal populations to parasitism by Aphelidium chlorococcarum and chytrids in an Oregon sewage lagoon Author: Woods, Wendy W. The abundance of algal species and their parasites was monitored weekly for two years in a sewage lagoon at the Corvallis Airport, Oregon. During the cooler months, Euglena species were dominant followed by a Chlamydomonas assemblage in the spring and a predominantly Scenedesmus assemblage in the summer and fall. Parasites infected 14 of the 35 most abundant species of algae. An unidentified chytrid parasitized Scenedesmus obliguus, and a Rhizophydium sp. infected Chlamydomonas species. The most common parasite, Aphelidium chlorococcarum Fott, infected 11 species, particularly species of Scenedesmus. Aphelidium chlorococcarum was isolated in culture for morphological and ultrastructural study. Reclassification of Aphelidium as an Olpidiaceous chytrid was recommended. Only very severe infections had a significant impact on host populations and these were rare. Aphelidium chlorococcarum infected less than 10% of the host populations most of the year. The most severe infection observed (74%) was followed by a sharp decrease in the population of S. armatus for a month. Other declines after severe parasitism were small and lasted approximately one week. Certain climatological, chemical, and biological factors were related to the occurrence of severe infections. Of these, a dense host population favored severe parasitism the most. Increased precipitation was also associated with severe infections in the fall. Title: Responses of algal populations to parasitism by Aphelidium chlorococcarum and chytrids in an Oregon sewage lagoon Author: Woods, Wendy W. The abundance of algal species and their parasites was monitored weekly for two years in a sewage lagoon at the Corvallis Airport, Oregon. During the cooler months, Euglena species were dominant followed by a Chlamydomonas assemblage in the spring and a predominantly Scenedesmus assemblage in the summer and fall. Parasites infected 14 of the 35 most abundant species of algae. An unidentified chytrid parasitized Scenedesmus obliguus, and a Rhizophydium sp. infected Chlamydomonas species. The most common parasite, Aphelidium chlorococcarum Fott, infected 11 species, particularly species of Scenedesmus. Aphelidium chlorococcarum was isolated in culture for morphological and ultrastructural study. Reclassification of Aphelidium as an Olpidiaceous chytrid was recommended. Only very severe infections had a significant impact on host populations and these were rare. Aphelidium chlorococcarum infected less than 10% of the host populations most of the year. The most severe infection observed (74%) was followed by a sharp decrease in the population of S. armatus for a month. Other declines after severe parasitism were small and lasted approximately one week. Certain climatological, chemical, and biological factors were related to the occurrence of severe infections. Of these, a dense host population favored severe parasitism the most. Increased precipitation was also associated with severe infections in the fall. Close

• 177. [Article] The Biology of Eastern Kingbirds at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge: Survival, Reproduction, and Testosterone Secretion

  This dissertation presents the results of a study that I undertook to better understand the breeding biology of Eastern Kingbirds (hereafter, kingbirds) at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in southeastern ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Biology of Eastern Kingbirds at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge: Survival, Reproduction, and Testosterone Secretion Author: Redmond, Lucas J. Year: 2015 This dissertation presents the results of a study that I undertook to better understand the breeding biology of Eastern Kingbirds (hereafter, kingbirds) at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in southeastern Oregon from 2003 to 2009. Kingbirds are long-distance migratory songbirds that breed across much of North America. This species is socially monogamous but, via frequent extra-pair copulations, is genetically polygamous. Kingbirds exhibit relatively high breeding site fidelity, often returning to the same tree to nest in subsequent years. Both members of a pair provide parental care, but there are often specific duties performed by both male and female kingbirds. For example, males typically perform much of the vigilant nest defense that this species is well known for and contribute, to an extent, to the feeding of nestlings. Females, on the other hand, are entirely responsible for incubating and brooding. Beginning in 2002, most adults within the population of kingbirds at Malheur had been banded with a unique combination of three colored plastic leg bands and an aluminum USFWS band. Also, as many nests were located in each year as possible, and any young that survived to fledging age were banded with a unique combination of leg bands. Considerable effort was then spent each year to locate as many banded individuals as possible, which allowed me to document adult and juvenile survival. Annual survival rates of adult male and female kingbirds in the population at Malheur did not differ and were relatively high at approximately 0.65. Juvenile survival rate was approximately 0.29, indicating that slightly less than one-third of nestlings survive the interval between fledging and their first potential breeding season. Resighting probability was high for both sexes, although higher for adult males (0.94) than for adult female (0.84). The latter finding is consistent with the higher site fidelity of males than of females. Resighting probabilities for juveniles were much lower at 0.68 and 0.40 for males and females, respectively. Again, this was expected because natal site fidelity is typically much lower than breeding site fidelity. Compared to most other reports, resighting probability and return rates of juvenile kingbirds was high, presumably because the riparian habitats where kingbirds breed at Malheur function as an ecological island surrounded by, for kingbirds, unsuitable high desert habitat. Thus, unless they disperse very long distances, the only option for juvenile kingbirds is to begin nesting on the refuge. The collection of blood samples from birds has become an increasingly common practice in ornithology. The data that can be gained from these samples allow a number of interesting questions to be asked such as understanding the genetic mating system of a species, patterns of hormone secretion, and discerning migratory pathways via stable isotope analysis. The volume of blood collected is usually small and was assumed to cause no long-term negative effects on sampled individuals. However, few studies have rigorously examined the effect of blood sampling on survival. I used a multistate mark-recapture analysis to assess the effect blood sampling on annual survival of kingbirds by combining the annual survival data described above with whether or not individuals were subjected to blood sample collection. The results of this analysis indicated that blood sampling had no effect on annual survival rates of kingbirds. Whether or not this is the case for other species remains to be seen. However, my results support the assumption that when done correctly, blood sampling has little to no long-term negative effects on birds. Comparative analyses of many bird species show that testosterone secretion exhibits fairly predictable patterns among breeding birds of different mating systems. Monogamous species reach a peak during mate attraction and the period of female fertility which is then followed by a sharp decline when young are in the nest. By contrast, males of polygynous species tend to maintain higher levels of testosterone throughout the breeding season to, presumably, maximize opportunities for acquiring additional mates. Kingbirds are socially monogamous but cryptically polygamous. However, because of high rates of extra-pair paternity, variation in reproductive success among males is much higher than what is expected for a monogamous species, and, instead, is similar to what has been reported for polygynous species. Therefore from 2005 to 2009 I measured testosterone concentrations from the blood samples collected from male kingbirds to determine the breeding season profile of testosterone secretion in kingbirds and to understand the factors that influence testosterone variation among individuals. Contrary to expected for a monogamous species, the testosterone profile of kingbirds did not exhibit the brief peak in testosterone followed by a precipitous decline. Testosterone peaked early in the season, but declined very slowly as the nest cycle progressed. I attributed this gradual decline in testosterone to the cryptically polygynous nature of the kingbird extra-pair mating system. I also found substantial variation in testosterone concentration among male kingbirds and was able to identify several factors contributing to this variation. As expected, testosterone declined as the breeding season progressed (independent of stage in nest cycle) and nest density increased, while increases in testosterone were correlated with the number of fertile females within the population. This suggests that male kingbirds were capable of modulating testosterone concentrations to both cope with an increase in conspecific density, but also to ready themselves for times when extra-pair copulations were more likely. Title: The Biology of Eastern Kingbirds at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge: Survival, Reproduction, and Testosterone Secretion Author: Redmond, Lucas J. Year: 2015 This dissertation presents the results of a study that I undertook to better understand the breeding biology of Eastern Kingbirds (hereafter, kingbirds) at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in southeastern Oregon from 2003 to 2009. Kingbirds are long-distance migratory songbirds that breed across much of North America. This species is socially monogamous but, via frequent extra-pair copulations, is genetically polygamous. Kingbirds exhibit relatively high breeding site fidelity, often returning to the same tree to nest in subsequent years. Both members of a pair provide parental care, but there are often specific duties performed by both male and female kingbirds. For example, males typically perform much of the vigilant nest defense that this species is well known for and contribute, to an extent, to the feeding of nestlings. Females, on the other hand, are entirely responsible for incubating and brooding. Beginning in 2002, most adults within the population of kingbirds at Malheur had been banded with a unique combination of three colored plastic leg bands and an aluminum USFWS band. Also, as many nests were located in each year as possible, and any young that survived to fledging age were banded with a unique combination of leg bands. Considerable effort was then spent each year to locate as many banded individuals as possible, which allowed me to document adult and juvenile survival. Annual survival rates of adult male and female kingbirds in the population at Malheur did not differ and were relatively high at approximately 0.65. Juvenile survival rate was approximately 0.29, indicating that slightly less than one-third of nestlings survive the interval between fledging and their first potential breeding season. Resighting probability was high for both sexes, although higher for adult males (0.94) than for adult female (0.84). The latter finding is consistent with the higher site fidelity of males than of females. Resighting probabilities for juveniles were much lower at 0.68 and 0.40 for males and females, respectively. Again, this was expected because natal site fidelity is typically much lower than breeding site fidelity. Compared to most other reports, resighting probability and return rates of juvenile kingbirds was high, presumably because the riparian habitats where kingbirds breed at Malheur function as an ecological island surrounded by, for kingbirds, unsuitable high desert habitat. Thus, unless they disperse very long distances, the only option for juvenile kingbirds is to begin nesting on the refuge. The collection of blood samples from birds has become an increasingly common practice in ornithology. The data that can be gained from these samples allow a number of interesting questions to be asked such as understanding the genetic mating system of a species, patterns of hormone secretion, and discerning migratory pathways via stable isotope analysis. The volume of blood collected is usually small and was assumed to cause no long-term negative effects on sampled individuals. However, few studies have rigorously examined the effect of blood sampling on survival. I used a multistate mark-recapture analysis to assess the effect blood sampling on annual survival of kingbirds by combining the annual survival data described above with whether or not individuals were subjected to blood sample collection. The results of this analysis indicated that blood sampling had no effect on annual survival rates of kingbirds. Whether or not this is the case for other species remains to be seen. However, my results support the assumption that when done correctly, blood sampling has little to no long-term negative effects on birds. Comparative analyses of many bird species show that testosterone secretion exhibits fairly predictable patterns among breeding birds of different mating systems. Monogamous species reach a peak during mate attraction and the period of female fertility which is then followed by a sharp decline when young are in the nest. By contrast, males of polygynous species tend to maintain higher levels of testosterone throughout the breeding season to, presumably, maximize opportunities for acquiring additional mates. Kingbirds are socially monogamous but cryptically polygamous. However, because of high rates of extra-pair paternity, variation in reproductive success among males is much higher than what is expected for a monogamous species, and, instead, is similar to what has been reported for polygynous species. Therefore from 2005 to 2009 I measured testosterone concentrations from the blood samples collected from male kingbirds to determine the breeding season profile of testosterone secretion in kingbirds and to understand the factors that influence testosterone variation among individuals. Contrary to expected for a monogamous species, the testosterone profile of kingbirds did not exhibit the brief peak in testosterone followed by a precipitous decline. Testosterone peaked early in the season, but declined very slowly as the nest cycle progressed. I attributed this gradual decline in testosterone to the cryptically polygynous nature of the kingbird extra-pair mating system. I also found substantial variation in testosterone concentration among male kingbirds and was able to identify several factors contributing to this variation. As expected, testosterone declined as the breeding season progressed (independent of stage in nest cycle) and nest density increased, while increases in testosterone were correlated with the number of fertile females within the population. This suggests that male kingbirds were capable of modulating testosterone concentrations to both cope with an increase in conspecific density, but also to ready themselves for times when extra-pair copulations were more likely. Close

• 178. [Article] Effects of plant community characteristics on insect abundance : implications for sage-grouse brood-rearing habitat

  A causative factor in declining greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) populations is reduced annual recruitment due to poor habitat quality. Sage-grouse population decline is concurrent with ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of plant community characteristics on insect abundance : implications for sage-grouse brood-rearing habitat Author: Ersch, Erica A. A causative factor in declining greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) populations is reduced annual recruitment due to poor habitat quality. Sage-grouse population decline is concurrent with a decline in the extent and quality of the sagebrush (Artemisia sp.) biome. However, current research has shown a positive relationship between sage-grouse brood and chick survival and the abundance of Lepidoptera larva (caterpillars of moths and butterflies). This two-year (2007-2008) study focused on linking the abundance of litter and ground dwelling insects with plant community characteristics in sagebrush steppe ecosystems, in anticipation of improving sage-grouse brood-rearing habitat management. Focus was placed on insects that have been found in the diet of sage-grouse chicks and included ants, grasshoppers, darkling beetles, and scarab beetles, with a special emphasis on caterpillars. Four sites were chosen in central Oregon for this research. Two sites were dominated by A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana (mountain big sagebrush) and were managed under two different seasons of cattle grazing, spring and winter. The remaining two sites were split between a Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (yellow rabbitbrush) dominated upland and an Ericameria nauseosa (rubber rabbitbrush) dominated meadow. Line-point intercept, plant height, and basal gap intercept were employed to measure plant community structure and composition. Insect abundance was measured two ways: 1) pitfall traps for ground crawling insects, and 2) black light traps to capture adult moths. Identification of Lepidoptera species by caterpillars is difficult; therefore, documenting Lepidoptera species within an area by conducting an inventory of the adults was necessary. Results show the meadow site had more rabbitbrush, shrub, and vegetative cover, as well as taller shrubs and smaller basal gaps than the upland rabbitbrush site. Although the impact of grazing management was not quantified in this study, spring grazed sites exhibited more sagebrush and shrub cover, taller grasses and shrubs, and larger basal gaps when compared to the winter grazed sites. Within the A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana sites, forb cover, total vegetative cover, grass heights, and species richness were different between years. The meadow site provided the highest abundance of caterpillars compared to all other sites. Both rabbitbrush sites provided more caterpillars throughout May and June than the A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana communities, corresponding to early sage-grouse brood-rearing. The winter grazed A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana site and the upland rabbitbrush site exhibited the highest abundance of grasshoppers. Correlations of vegetation characteristics with insect abundance highlighted several relationships: 1) caterpillars were negatively associated with percent basal gap, mean basal gap size, and sagebrush cover, 2) caterpillars were positively associated with perennial grass cover, rabbitbrush cover, shrub height, and total vegetative cover, and 3) darkling beetles were positively associated with annual forb and annual grass cover. Moth abundance and species richness were highest during July, August, and September, with relatively few moths being caught in May or June. Overall, 222 moth species were present at the study location. Rabbitbrush and sagebrush sites had 145 species in common, with the rabbitbrush sites having 194 species overall and A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana sites having 173 species overall. Moth abundance was negatively correlated with perennial grass cover, basal cover, rabbitbrush cover, shrub and grass height, and total vegetative cover. Additionally, moth abundance was positively correlated with basal gap percent and size, as well as sagebrush cover. In conclusion, the upland rabbitbrush site exhibited the highest abundance of moths, whereas the meadow site presented the most diverse and unique number of moth species. The results of this study suggest rabbitbrush communities may be an important and intricate component within the sagebrush-steppe landscape, contributing to the quality of sage-grouse brood-rearing habitat. Title: Effects of plant community characteristics on insect abundance : implications for sage-grouse brood-rearing habitat Author: Ersch, Erica A. A causative factor in declining greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) populations is reduced annual recruitment due to poor habitat quality. Sage-grouse population decline is concurrent with a decline in the extent and quality of the sagebrush (Artemisia sp.) biome. However, current research has shown a positive relationship between sage-grouse brood and chick survival and the abundance of Lepidoptera larva (caterpillars of moths and butterflies). This two-year (2007-2008) study focused on linking the abundance of litter and ground dwelling insects with plant community characteristics in sagebrush steppe ecosystems, in anticipation of improving sage-grouse brood-rearing habitat management. Focus was placed on insects that have been found in the diet of sage-grouse chicks and included ants, grasshoppers, darkling beetles, and scarab beetles, with a special emphasis on caterpillars. Four sites were chosen in central Oregon for this research. Two sites were dominated by A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana (mountain big sagebrush) and were managed under two different seasons of cattle grazing, spring and winter. The remaining two sites were split between a Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (yellow rabbitbrush) dominated upland and an Ericameria nauseosa (rubber rabbitbrush) dominated meadow. Line-point intercept, plant height, and basal gap intercept were employed to measure plant community structure and composition. Insect abundance was measured two ways: 1) pitfall traps for ground crawling insects, and 2) black light traps to capture adult moths. Identification of Lepidoptera species by caterpillars is difficult; therefore, documenting Lepidoptera species within an area by conducting an inventory of the adults was necessary. Results show the meadow site had more rabbitbrush, shrub, and vegetative cover, as well as taller shrubs and smaller basal gaps than the upland rabbitbrush site. Although the impact of grazing management was not quantified in this study, spring grazed sites exhibited more sagebrush and shrub cover, taller grasses and shrubs, and larger basal gaps when compared to the winter grazed sites. Within the A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana sites, forb cover, total vegetative cover, grass heights, and species richness were different between years. The meadow site provided the highest abundance of caterpillars compared to all other sites. Both rabbitbrush sites provided more caterpillars throughout May and June than the A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana communities, corresponding to early sage-grouse brood-rearing. The winter grazed A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana site and the upland rabbitbrush site exhibited the highest abundance of grasshoppers. Correlations of vegetation characteristics with insect abundance highlighted several relationships: 1) caterpillars were negatively associated with percent basal gap, mean basal gap size, and sagebrush cover, 2) caterpillars were positively associated with perennial grass cover, rabbitbrush cover, shrub height, and total vegetative cover, and 3) darkling beetles were positively associated with annual forb and annual grass cover. Moth abundance and species richness were highest during July, August, and September, with relatively few moths being caught in May or June. Overall, 222 moth species were present at the study location. Rabbitbrush and sagebrush sites had 145 species in common, with the rabbitbrush sites having 194 species overall and A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana sites having 173 species overall. Moth abundance was negatively correlated with perennial grass cover, basal cover, rabbitbrush cover, shrub and grass height, and total vegetative cover. Additionally, moth abundance was positively correlated with basal gap percent and size, as well as sagebrush cover. In conclusion, the upland rabbitbrush site exhibited the highest abundance of moths, whereas the meadow site presented the most diverse and unique number of moth species. The results of this study suggest rabbitbrush communities may be an important and intricate component within the sagebrush-steppe landscape, contributing to the quality of sage-grouse brood-rearing habitat. Close

• 179. [Article] The long term effects of burning on plant succession

  The succession of plants over a period of 25 years was analyzed on clearcut areas in the western Cascades of Washington and Oregon. Thirty-three paired burned and unburned plots were reexamined in 1975. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The long term effects of burning on plant succession Author: Kraemer, James Fred The succession of plants over a period of 25 years was analyzed on clearcut areas in the western Cascades of Washington and Oregon. Thirty-three paired burned and unburned plots were reexamined in 1975. Data were combined with records from prior examinations by Morris (1970). Cover trends of six major brush species and five major herbaceous species were studied. Long term differences in plant succession between burned and unburned sites were identified. Total brush and herbaceous cover trends were similar on burned and unburned sites. Total herbaceous cover peaked approximately 14 years following logging and declined rapidly in subsequent years. Total brush cover steadily increased during the 25 year period. Increases in total brush cover were most rapid during the initial 14 years following logging. Ceanothus velutinus cover and occurrence was greater on burned plots while Rhododendron macrophylluni, Acer circinatum, and Gaultheria shallon had greater cover and occurrence on unburned plots. Greater cover of residual species on unburned sites was an important factor accounting for differences in successional trends. Variability between different plot pairs limited analyses which could be made. Results indicated secondary succession in the western Cascades varies greatly with elevation and between geographic localities. Title: The long term effects of burning on plant succession Author: Kraemer, James Fred The succession of plants over a period of 25 years was analyzed on clearcut areas in the western Cascades of Washington and Oregon. Thirty-three paired burned and unburned plots were reexamined in 1975. Data were combined with records from prior examinations by Morris (1970). Cover trends of six major brush species and five major herbaceous species were studied. Long term differences in plant succession between burned and unburned sites were identified. Total brush and herbaceous cover trends were similar on burned and unburned sites. Total herbaceous cover peaked approximately 14 years following logging and declined rapidly in subsequent years. Total brush cover steadily increased during the 25 year period. Increases in total brush cover were most rapid during the initial 14 years following logging. Ceanothus velutinus cover and occurrence was greater on burned plots while Rhododendron macrophylluni, Acer circinatum, and Gaultheria shallon had greater cover and occurrence on unburned plots. Greater cover of residual species on unburned sites was an important factor accounting for differences in successional trends. Variability between different plot pairs limited analyses which could be made. Results indicated secondary succession in the western Cascades varies greatly with elevation and between geographic localities. Close

• 180. [Article] Fisheries Management Under Species Alternation: Case of the Pacific Purse Seiner off Japan

  In the northwestern Pacific area, the fish alternation phenomena amongst sardine, anchovy and chub mackerel have been observed in the cycle of about fifty years. The sardine biomass has been drastically increased ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fisheries Management Under Species Alternation: Case of the Pacific Purse Seiner off Japan Author: Makino, Mitsutaku, Mitani, Takumi In the northwestern Pacific area, the fish alternation phenomena amongst sardine, anchovy and chub mackerel have been observed in the cycle of about fifty years. The sardine biomass has been drastically increased in 1930s and 1980s. Chub mackerel biomass has in 1970s, and anchovy has in 1960s and 1990s. It has been gradually clear that these phenomena are as a biological response to the atmospheric and oceanographic regime shifts. In order to derive fisheries management theory under these situations, we analyzed the inter-relationships amongst resource dynamics of the species, economic dynamics of purse seine fishery, and fisheries production. We found that the intensive capital investment during the sardineabundant periods (1980s) had became economic burden after sudden declines of sardine in 1990s, and prevent the broom of chub mackerel in 2000s. In order to discuss management options which take species alternation into account, we estimated the effects of hypothetical governmental interventions around the sardine-abundant period (1980s) in terms of fish biomass, economic efficiency, and food supply in the later years. Title: Fisheries Management Under Species Alternation: Case of the Pacific Purse Seiner off Japan Author: Makino, Mitsutaku, Mitani, Takumi In the northwestern Pacific area, the fish alternation phenomena amongst sardine, anchovy and chub mackerel have been observed in the cycle of about fifty years. The sardine biomass has been drastically increased in 1930s and 1980s. Chub mackerel biomass has in 1970s, and anchovy has in 1960s and 1990s. It has been gradually clear that these phenomena are as a biological response to the atmospheric and oceanographic regime shifts. In order to derive fisheries management theory under these situations, we analyzed the inter-relationships amongst resource dynamics of the species, economic dynamics of purse seine fishery, and fisheries production. We found that the intensive capital investment during the sardineabundant periods (1980s) had became economic burden after sudden declines of sardine in 1990s, and prevent the broom of chub mackerel in 2000s. In order to discuss management options which take species alternation into account, we estimated the effects of hypothetical governmental interventions around the sardine-abundant period (1980s) in terms of fish biomass, economic efficiency, and food supply in the later years. Close

• 181. [Article] Macroalgae Decrease Growth and Alter Microbial Community Structure of the Reef-Building Coral, Porites astreoides

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Macroalgae Decrease Growth and Alter Microbial Community Structure of the Reef-Building Coral, Porites astreoides Author: Thurber, Rebecca Vega, Welsh, Rory, Rosales, Stephanie, Burkepile, Deron E., Correa, Adrienne M. S., Thurber, Andrew R., Shantz, Andrew A., Pritchard, Catharine This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action. Title: Macroalgae Decrease Growth and Alter Microbial Community Structure of the Reef-Building Coral, Porites astreoides Author: Thurber, Rebecca Vega, Welsh, Rory, Rosales, Stephanie, Burkepile, Deron E., Correa, Adrienne M. S., Thurber, Andrew R., Shantz, Andrew A., Pritchard, Catharine This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action. Close

• 182. [Article] Density-Dependent Growth in Invasive Lionfish (Pterois volitans)

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plos.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Density-Dependent Growth in Invasive Lionfish (Pterois volitans) Author: Benkwitt, Cassandra E. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plos.org/. Title: Density-Dependent Growth in Invasive Lionfish (Pterois volitans) Author: Benkwitt, Cassandra E. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plos.org/. Close

• 183. [Article] Use of an Ecosystem-Based Model to Evaluate Alternative Conservation Strategies for Juvenile Chinook Salmon in a Headwater Stream

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Use of an Ecosystem-Based Model to Evaluate Alternative Conservation Strategies for Juvenile Chinook Salmon in a Headwater Stream Author: McClure, M. M., Sanderson, B. L., Harvey, C. J., Warren, D. R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ujfm20/current#.VDv38mMZlfY. Title: Use of an Ecosystem-Based Model to Evaluate Alternative Conservation Strategies for Juvenile Chinook Salmon in a Headwater Stream Author: McClure, M. M., Sanderson, B. L., Harvey, C. J., Warren, D. R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ujfm20/current#.VDv38mMZlfY. Close

• 184. [Article] Host preferences of green peach aphid and seasonal occurrence of weed hosts at key sites of aphid buildup

  Green peach aphid and associated weed populations were monitored continuously from April, 1978 to March, 1979 at three orchards and a drainage ditch. Aphid populations at all sites peaked in spring and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Host preferences of green peach aphid and seasonal occurrence of weed hosts at key sites of aphid buildup Author: Annis, Barry Alan Green peach aphid and associated weed populations were monitored continuously from April, 1978 to March, 1979 at three orchards and a drainage ditch. Aphid populations at all sites peaked in spring and declined in summer. Although natural enemies were most active during the period of peak aphid abundance, they were not numerous enough to account for population declines at all locations. Green peach aphid population trends appeared to be related to the abundance and quality of preferred host plants. Two common weed species in the Yakima area, Descurania sophia and Solanum sarachoides, were found to be highly preferred and significant sources of aphid buildup in spring and early summer. In the absence of highly preferred types and during periods of high population density, less preferred species were colonized. Laboratory studies of the green peach aphid's feeding preferences have shown an intrinsic preference for summer host plants as opposed to the winter host in all life stages investigated. In choice chamber tests involving comparisons between 12 common crop and weed species, cruciferous plants were most highly preferred. Solanaceous plants were somewhat less preferred. Observations of settling behavior in these tests revealed no evidence of attraction to preferred hosts. Initial arrival appeared to be at random, and the buildup of aphids on preferred hosts resulted from a lower rate of departure than from non-preferred hosts. Studies of the host selection behavior of green peach aphid have shown that aphids initiate probing more quickly, settle and feed more readily, and are less restless on preferred hosts. It was also found that the contents of the trichomes of Chenopodium album have no effect on the host selection behavior of this aphid, although the trichomes themselves may provide a physical barrier early in the life of the plant. Title: Host preferences of green peach aphid and seasonal occurrence of weed hosts at key sites of aphid buildup Author: Annis, Barry Alan Green peach aphid and associated weed populations were monitored continuously from April, 1978 to March, 1979 at three orchards and a drainage ditch. Aphid populations at all sites peaked in spring and declined in summer. Although natural enemies were most active during the period of peak aphid abundance, they were not numerous enough to account for population declines at all locations. Green peach aphid population trends appeared to be related to the abundance and quality of preferred host plants. Two common weed species in the Yakima area, Descurania sophia and Solanum sarachoides, were found to be highly preferred and significant sources of aphid buildup in spring and early summer. In the absence of highly preferred types and during periods of high population density, less preferred species were colonized. Laboratory studies of the green peach aphid's feeding preferences have shown an intrinsic preference for summer host plants as opposed to the winter host in all life stages investigated. In choice chamber tests involving comparisons between 12 common crop and weed species, cruciferous plants were most highly preferred. Solanaceous plants were somewhat less preferred. Observations of settling behavior in these tests revealed no evidence of attraction to preferred hosts. Initial arrival appeared to be at random, and the buildup of aphids on preferred hosts resulted from a lower rate of departure than from non-preferred hosts. Studies of the host selection behavior of green peach aphid have shown that aphids initiate probing more quickly, settle and feed more readily, and are less restless on preferred hosts. It was also found that the contents of the trichomes of Chenopodium album have no effect on the host selection behavior of this aphid, although the trichomes themselves may provide a physical barrier early in the life of the plant. Close

• 185. [Article] Biodiversity of river Ganga (India): An Environmental Economist Perspective

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biodiversity of river Ganga (India): An Environmental Economist Perspective Author: Shrivastava, Rama Shanker Abstract only. Title: Biodiversity of river Ganga (India): An Environmental Economist Perspective Author: Shrivastava, Rama Shanker Abstract only. Close

• 186. [Article] Mercury bioaccumulation in remote subalpine lakes : assessing the influence of invasive trout on salamanders

  Mercury (Hg) contamination is a global conservation threat to freshwater ecosystems, detected in even the protected lakes of Olympic National Park (Washington, USA). Although considered some of the most ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mercury bioaccumulation in remote subalpine lakes : assessing the influence of invasive trout on salamanders Author: Pfleeger, Adam Mercury (Hg) contamination is a global conservation threat to freshwater ecosystems, detected in even the protected lakes of Olympic National Park (Washington, USA). Although considered some of the most remote and pristine US ecosystems, these lakes are currently subject to multiple environmental stressors, including climate change and fish introductions; adding contaminants, such as Hg, could exacerbate the effects of these stressors on native species. Amphibians are undergoing large worldwide declines, which include declines in protected areas, such as our National Parks. Our goal is to better understand the effect of historically stocked fish in Olympic National Park on native amphibian Hg bioaccumulation. To minimize the need for lethal sampling of this already threatened group, we first examine how Hg concentrations in non-lethally sampled amphibian tissues correlated with whole-body Hg concentrations, depending on species and the different type of non-lethal tissue sample used. Second, we aimed to understand how a food web altered by fish impacted Hg bioaccumulation in native species. We measured Hg and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in organisms across trophic levels from 18 subalpine lakes. We detected small shifts in salamander food web indices and minor changes to salamander Hg concentration associated with the presence of fish. Importantly, we found increased mercury trophic magnification slopes in lakes with fish compared to fishless lakes. This research provides evidence that historic fish introductions can elevate mercury exposure in pristine ecosystems compared to natural fishless lakes. Title: Mercury bioaccumulation in remote subalpine lakes : assessing the influence of invasive trout on salamanders Author: Pfleeger, Adam Mercury (Hg) contamination is a global conservation threat to freshwater ecosystems, detected in even the protected lakes of Olympic National Park (Washington, USA). Although considered some of the most remote and pristine US ecosystems, these lakes are currently subject to multiple environmental stressors, including climate change and fish introductions; adding contaminants, such as Hg, could exacerbate the effects of these stressors on native species. Amphibians are undergoing large worldwide declines, which include declines in protected areas, such as our National Parks. Our goal is to better understand the effect of historically stocked fish in Olympic National Park on native amphibian Hg bioaccumulation. To minimize the need for lethal sampling of this already threatened group, we first examine how Hg concentrations in non-lethally sampled amphibian tissues correlated with whole-body Hg concentrations, depending on species and the different type of non-lethal tissue sample used. Second, we aimed to understand how a food web altered by fish impacted Hg bioaccumulation in native species. We measured Hg and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in organisms across trophic levels from 18 subalpine lakes. We detected small shifts in salamander food web indices and minor changes to salamander Hg concentration associated with the presence of fish. Importantly, we found increased mercury trophic magnification slopes in lakes with fish compared to fishless lakes. This research provides evidence that historic fish introductions can elevate mercury exposure in pristine ecosystems compared to natural fishless lakes. Close

• 187. [Article] Oregon's Fish and Wildlife in a Changing Climate

  Chapter 7 in: The Oregon Climate Change Assessment Report Oregon's fish and wildlife include animals on land, fish and other species in rivers and lakes, and various kinds of sea life in estuaries and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon's Fish and Wildlife in a Changing Climate Author: Hixon, Mark A., Gregory, Stanley V., Robinson, W. Douglas, Baker, C. Scott, Batchelder, Harold P., Epps, Clinton, Garcia, Tiffany S., Haig, Susan M., Letelier, Ricardo M., Lytle, David A., Menge, Bruce A., Miller, Jeffery C., Noakes, David L.G., Peterson, William T., Rice, James M., Rumrill, Steven S., Schreck, Carl B., Suryan, Robert M., Sytsma, Mark D., White, Angelicque E. Year: 2010 Chapter 7 in: The Oregon Climate Change Assessment Report Oregon's fish and wildlife include animals on land, fish and other species in rivers and lakes, and various kinds of sea life in estuaries and coastal ocean. Oregon is one of the most ecologically diverse states in the country. The state’s robust biodiversity, some of which is already threatened or endangered -- inhabits complex and dynamic ecosystems that we have only begun to understand, let alone examine in terms of climate change.It is clear that the abundance and distribution of species are shifting already and will shift more rapidly as habitats on land, in freshwater, and in the sea are altered due to increasing temperatures and related environmental changes. It remains to be seen if past changes are all tied to global climate change or if they are a result of some other variability, but they represent a proxy for how species may shift in a warmer climate. Among the observed species changes: Insects are moving in from the south of Oregon, frogs are reproducing earlier in the year and land birds are shifting their distributions northward and migrating earlier. Freshwater fish are losing their cool-water habitats. In the marine environment, algal blooms have increased (figure 11) and the highly predatory Humboldt squid have shifted their distribution from subtropical and tropical regions, making an appearance off the coast of Oregon in the last few years. In a warmer climate, plant and animal species may have to shift upward or northward on land or deeper at sea for survival. Rare or endangered species may become less abundant or extinct; insect pests, invasive species and harmful algal blooms may become more abundant. Declines in the abundance of species may be caused directly by physiological stress related to changes in temperature, water availability, and other environmental shifts, and/or indirectly by habitat degradation and negative interactions with species that are benefited by climate change (diseases, parasites, predators, and competitors). Understanding the responses of Oregon’s fish and wildlife to climate change will require a better understanding of smaller organisms and insects and ocean species. Knowledge of ecological interactions will be crucial for understanding the related effects of climate change (increased predation or competition, for example). Management and natural resource polices that protect intact ecosystems are a tool for adaptation; native species can live and migrate to these safe refugia. Title: Oregon's Fish and Wildlife in a Changing Climate Author: Hixon, Mark A., Gregory, Stanley V., Robinson, W. Douglas, Baker, C. Scott, Batchelder, Harold P., Epps, Clinton, Garcia, Tiffany S., Haig, Susan M., Letelier, Ricardo M., Lytle, David A., Menge, Bruce A., Miller, Jeffery C., Noakes, David L.G., Peterson, William T., Rice, James M., Rumrill, Steven S., Schreck, Carl B., Suryan, Robert M., Sytsma, Mark D., White, Angelicque E. Year: 2010 Chapter 7 in: The Oregon Climate Change Assessment Report Oregon's fish and wildlife include animals on land, fish and other species in rivers and lakes, and various kinds of sea life in estuaries and coastal ocean. Oregon is one of the most ecologically diverse states in the country. The state’s robust biodiversity, some of which is already threatened or endangered -- inhabits complex and dynamic ecosystems that we have only begun to understand, let alone examine in terms of climate change.It is clear that the abundance and distribution of species are shifting already and will shift more rapidly as habitats on land, in freshwater, and in the sea are altered due to increasing temperatures and related environmental changes. It remains to be seen if past changes are all tied to global climate change or if they are a result of some other variability, but they represent a proxy for how species may shift in a warmer climate. Among the observed species changes: Insects are moving in from the south of Oregon, frogs are reproducing earlier in the year and land birds are shifting their distributions northward and migrating earlier. Freshwater fish are losing their cool-water habitats. In the marine environment, algal blooms have increased (figure 11) and the highly predatory Humboldt squid have shifted their distribution from subtropical and tropical regions, making an appearance off the coast of Oregon in the last few years. In a warmer climate, plant and animal species may have to shift upward or northward on land or deeper at sea for survival. Rare or endangered species may become less abundant or extinct; insect pests, invasive species and harmful algal blooms may become more abundant. Declines in the abundance of species may be caused directly by physiological stress related to changes in temperature, water availability, and other environmental shifts, and/or indirectly by habitat degradation and negative interactions with species that are benefited by climate change (diseases, parasites, predators, and competitors). Understanding the responses of Oregon’s fish and wildlife to climate change will require a better understanding of smaller organisms and insects and ocean species. Knowledge of ecological interactions will be crucial for understanding the related effects of climate change (increased predation or competition, for example). Management and natural resource polices that protect intact ecosystems are a tool for adaptation; native species can live and migrate to these safe refugia. Close

• 188. [Article] Habitat associations of riparian beetles (Coleoptera) at Big Beaver Creek Research Natural Area, North Cascades National Park, Washington

  Beetle diversity and habitat associations of five prevalent riparian plant communities were examined along the lower reaches of Big Beaver Creek Research Natural Area, North Cascades National Park, Washington. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat associations of riparian beetles (Coleoptera) at Big Beaver Creek Research Natural Area, North Cascades National Park, Washington Author: LaBonte, James R. Beetle diversity and habitat associations of five prevalent riparian plant communities were examined along the lower reaches of Big Beaver Creek Research Natural Area, North Cascades National Park, Washington. These communities were defined by dominant tree species, and included Alder Swamps, Cedar-Hemlock Forests, Douglas-fir Forests, Gravel Bars, and Willow-Sedge Swamps. Monthly samples were taken with pitfall traps from 10 randomly selected patches per habitat during the snow-free periods (mid-June through mid-October) of 1995 and 1996. A total of 8,179 non-necrophagous beetles was collected, comprising 4 families and 290 species. Four families - Staphylinidae (43%), Carabidae (31%), Elateridae (12%), and Anthicidae (6%) accounted for 92% of all individuals. Four families encompassed 65% of all species Staphylinidae (31%), Carabidae (19%), Elateridae (8%), arid Leiodidae (7%) A few species accounted for the majority of individuals. Almost 51% of individuals were found among just 20 species. The five most abundant species in each habitat accounted for 33% (Alder Swamps) to 71% (Gravel Bars) of individuals. Beetle abundance and species composition differed among habitats. Abundance ranged from 1,530 (Cedar-Hemlock Forests) to 2,071 (Alder Swamps) . Abundance per trap per month varied from 16 (Willow-sedge Swamps) to 27 (Alder Swamps). Species richness was lowest in Douglas-fir Forests (76) and highest in Alder Swamps (119) Simpson's 1-D index ranged from 0.74 (Douglas-fir Forests) to 0.96 (Alder Swamps). Species were categorized as detritivores, fungivores, herbivores, omnivores, predators, and unknowns. Individuals and species of predators and fungivores were generally numerically dominant. Herbivores and omnivores contributed few species and individuals. Gravel Bars virtually lacked fungivores and were the only community with many (more than 30%) detrivorous individuals. Two patterns of seasonal abundance were evident. Abundance was highest in June in the two open habitats, Gravel Bars and Willow-Sedge Swamps, thereafter sharply and continuously declining into October. Abundance peaked during September in the forested habitats. Baseline data was acquired about the North Cascades National Park beetle faunas, furthering Park goals to perpetuate habitat and community assemblage integrity. In a larger context, this information has also enriched the understanding of the arthropod faunas of the Pacific Northwest. Title: Habitat associations of riparian beetles (Coleoptera) at Big Beaver Creek Research Natural Area, North Cascades National Park, Washington Author: LaBonte, James R. Beetle diversity and habitat associations of five prevalent riparian plant communities were examined along the lower reaches of Big Beaver Creek Research Natural Area, North Cascades National Park, Washington. These communities were defined by dominant tree species, and included Alder Swamps, Cedar-Hemlock Forests, Douglas-fir Forests, Gravel Bars, and Willow-Sedge Swamps. Monthly samples were taken with pitfall traps from 10 randomly selected patches per habitat during the snow-free periods (mid-June through mid-October) of 1995 and 1996. A total of 8,179 non-necrophagous beetles was collected, comprising 4 families and 290 species. Four families - Staphylinidae (43%), Carabidae (31%), Elateridae (12%), and Anthicidae (6%) accounted for 92% of all individuals. Four families encompassed 65% of all species Staphylinidae (31%), Carabidae (19%), Elateridae (8%), arid Leiodidae (7%) A few species accounted for the majority of individuals. Almost 51% of individuals were found among just 20 species. The five most abundant species in each habitat accounted for 33% (Alder Swamps) to 71% (Gravel Bars) of individuals. Beetle abundance and species composition differed among habitats. Abundance ranged from 1,530 (Cedar-Hemlock Forests) to 2,071 (Alder Swamps) . Abundance per trap per month varied from 16 (Willow-sedge Swamps) to 27 (Alder Swamps). Species richness was lowest in Douglas-fir Forests (76) and highest in Alder Swamps (119) Simpson's 1-D index ranged from 0.74 (Douglas-fir Forests) to 0.96 (Alder Swamps). Species were categorized as detritivores, fungivores, herbivores, omnivores, predators, and unknowns. Individuals and species of predators and fungivores were generally numerically dominant. Herbivores and omnivores contributed few species and individuals. Gravel Bars virtually lacked fungivores and were the only community with many (more than 30%) detrivorous individuals. Two patterns of seasonal abundance were evident. Abundance was highest in June in the two open habitats, Gravel Bars and Willow-Sedge Swamps, thereafter sharply and continuously declining into October. Abundance peaked during September in the forested habitats. Baseline data was acquired about the North Cascades National Park beetle faunas, furthering Park goals to perpetuate habitat and community assemblage integrity. In a larger context, this information has also enriched the understanding of the arthropod faunas of the Pacific Northwest. Close

• 189. [Article] Response of terrestrial vertebrates to three silvicultural treatments in the Central Oregon Coast Range

  Growing concerns over maintaining animal and plant biodiversity have led to significant changes in forest management policies in the Pacific Northwest. Silvicultural alternatives to clear cutting are being ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Response of terrestrial vertebrates to three silvicultural treatments in the Central Oregon Coast Range Author: Chambers, Carol Louise, 1958- Growing concerns over maintaining animal and plant biodiversity have led to significant changes in forest management policies in the Pacific Northwest. Silvicultural alternatives to clear cutting are being suggested to promote development, retention, or creation of late-successional features such as large trees, multilayered canopies, snags and logs. As alternative management techniques are applied to forested landscapes, land managers need to assess their effects on wildlife. I systematically sampled diurnal breeding bird and small mammal populations in the eastern Central Oregon Coast Range 1 year prior to and 2- to 4-years after harvest to determine effects of 3 silvicultural treatments: modified clearcut, two-story, and small patch group selection harvest on wildlife species compared with uncut controls. Based on measures of community similarity and responses of individual bird species, the small patch treatment (a silvicultural treatment representing a light intensity disturbance) was most similar in species composition to controls, while the two-story treatment (twoaged silvicultural treatment representing a moderate to heavy disturbance) was most similar to the modified clearcut treatment (even-aged management treatment representing a heavy intensity disturbance). Communities in control and group selection treatments were represented by different bird species than two-story and clearcut treatments. Ten bird species associated with mid- to late-successional forests declined after intensive harvest. Nine bird species responded positively to harvesting and increased in 1 or more treatments. Only 1 taxonomic group of small mammals showed a significant response to treatment; shrews (Sorex spp.) declined in two-story and clearcut treatments. I used artificial nests placed on the ground and in shrubs to compare nest predation rates among treatments. Artificial shrub nest predation rates were higher (P< 0.10) in two-story and clearcut treatments compared with control and small patch group selection stands. Animal responses to the silvicultural treatments I studied indicate a variety of stand types are needed to meet needs of all species. Placement of these stand types on the landscape should be considered so as to maintain well-distributed populations. I examined only a limited number of silvicultural options. As new treatments are implemented, animal response to them should be monitored. Title: Response of terrestrial vertebrates to three silvicultural treatments in the Central Oregon Coast Range Author: Chambers, Carol Louise, 1958- Growing concerns over maintaining animal and plant biodiversity have led to significant changes in forest management policies in the Pacific Northwest. Silvicultural alternatives to clear cutting are being suggested to promote development, retention, or creation of late-successional features such as large trees, multilayered canopies, snags and logs. As alternative management techniques are applied to forested landscapes, land managers need to assess their effects on wildlife. I systematically sampled diurnal breeding bird and small mammal populations in the eastern Central Oregon Coast Range 1 year prior to and 2- to 4-years after harvest to determine effects of 3 silvicultural treatments: modified clearcut, two-story, and small patch group selection harvest on wildlife species compared with uncut controls. Based on measures of community similarity and responses of individual bird species, the small patch treatment (a silvicultural treatment representing a light intensity disturbance) was most similar in species composition to controls, while the two-story treatment (twoaged silvicultural treatment representing a moderate to heavy disturbance) was most similar to the modified clearcut treatment (even-aged management treatment representing a heavy intensity disturbance). Communities in control and group selection treatments were represented by different bird species than two-story and clearcut treatments. Ten bird species associated with mid- to late-successional forests declined after intensive harvest. Nine bird species responded positively to harvesting and increased in 1 or more treatments. Only 1 taxonomic group of small mammals showed a significant response to treatment; shrews (Sorex spp.) declined in two-story and clearcut treatments. I used artificial nests placed on the ground and in shrubs to compare nest predation rates among treatments. Artificial shrub nest predation rates were higher (P< 0.10) in two-story and clearcut treatments compared with control and small patch group selection stands. Animal responses to the silvicultural treatments I studied indicate a variety of stand types are needed to meet needs of all species. Placement of these stand types on the landscape should be considered so as to maintain well-distributed populations. I examined only a limited number of silvicultural options. As new treatments are implemented, animal response to them should be monitored. Close

• 190. [Article] Parasites and predators of Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) in ponderosa pine

  The bark beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) has caused severe mortality in recent decades to young stands of ponderosa pine in the western United States. Insect parasites and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Parasites and predators of Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) in ponderosa pine Author: Billings, Ronald F. The bark beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) has caused severe mortality in recent decades to young stands of ponderosa pine in the western United States. Insect parasites and predators, believed to be of importance in the population dynamics of the beetle, were the subject of the thesis research, conducted in eastern Oregon. An annotated catalog of parasites and predators of D. ponderosae found in ponderosa pine is given. Parasites encountered were few both in number of species and relative abundance, and generally were limited in distribution to the upper boles of infested trees. As a result, they were considered of little importance as mortality factors. Medetera aldrichii Wheeler (Diptera: Dolichopodida) was the most abundant and widely distributed predator collected from infested ponderosa pine. The coleopteran predators Enoclerus sphegeus Fabricius, E. lecontei (Wolcott) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) and Temnochila virescens Mannerheim (Coleoptera: Ostomidae) were found in relatively low numbers. Other insect species present in sufficient numbers to Influence bark beetle brood survival, if predaceous, included Lonchaea sp. (Diptera: Lonchaeidae); Rhizophagus sculpturatus Mannerheim (Coleoptera: Rhizophagidae); Aulonium longum LeConte (Coleoptera: Colyiidae); Othnius sp. (Coleoptera: Othniidae); Corticeus sp. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and species of Staphylinidae (order Coleoptera). Five infestations, representing three distinct levels in a bark beetle gradation (enzootic, epizootic, decline from epizootic), were sampled to determine if differences in species composition and abundance of natural enemies existed among infestation levels. No differences in species composition of known predators nor of the more common associated insects possibly predaceous in habit were found. M. aldrichii was the only predatory species to exhibit a significant numerical (density dependent) response to increasing bark beetle infestation level. On basis of this attribute and its relative abundance, this species was considered by far the most important insect enemy of D. ponderosae in young ponderosa pine. Results suggest that M. aldrichii, as a natural regulatory agent of D. ponderosae, exerts little influence in preventing bark beetle outbreaks in ponderosa pine but may significantly accelerate population decline. Since all other predatory insects showed no evident response to host density increases, their combined influence on bark beetle broods would be greatest at low population levels. The spatial distribution of the more common predators within a given infestation was determined. Density of M. aldrichii was found to be positively correlated with tree diameter. Analysis of predator and bark beetle abundance in relation to subcortical moisture of host trees revealed that M. aldrichii was more susceptible to low moisture extremes than either the prey or common coleopteran predators. Larvae of M. aldrichii were not encountered in trees, sampled just prior to beetle emergence, in which subcortical tissues had dried below the fiber saturation point. As a result, survival of N. aldrichii and its effectiveness as a predator would be reduced in individual trees that dry rapidly and excessivly after bark beetle attack. Although mature larvae of E. sphegeus, E. lecontei and T. virescens appeared able to withstand low subcortical moisture extremes, early instar larvae may be susceptible. In epizootic bark beetle infestations M. aldrchii occurred in greatest numbers, shortly after bark beetle attack, in trees with high prey densities. At the relatively low predator to prey ratios present in study areas, predation in trees of high prey density could have done little more than reduce intraspecific competition of bark beetle brood. Title: Parasites and predators of Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) in ponderosa pine Author: Billings, Ronald F. The bark beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) has caused severe mortality in recent decades to young stands of ponderosa pine in the western United States. Insect parasites and predators, believed to be of importance in the population dynamics of the beetle, were the subject of the thesis research, conducted in eastern Oregon. An annotated catalog of parasites and predators of D. ponderosae found in ponderosa pine is given. Parasites encountered were few both in number of species and relative abundance, and generally were limited in distribution to the upper boles of infested trees. As a result, they were considered of little importance as mortality factors. Medetera aldrichii Wheeler (Diptera: Dolichopodida) was the most abundant and widely distributed predator collected from infested ponderosa pine. The coleopteran predators Enoclerus sphegeus Fabricius, E. lecontei (Wolcott) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) and Temnochila virescens Mannerheim (Coleoptera: Ostomidae) were found in relatively low numbers. Other insect species present in sufficient numbers to Influence bark beetle brood survival, if predaceous, included Lonchaea sp. (Diptera: Lonchaeidae); Rhizophagus sculpturatus Mannerheim (Coleoptera: Rhizophagidae); Aulonium longum LeConte (Coleoptera: Colyiidae); Othnius sp. (Coleoptera: Othniidae); Corticeus sp. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and species of Staphylinidae (order Coleoptera). Five infestations, representing three distinct levels in a bark beetle gradation (enzootic, epizootic, decline from epizootic), were sampled to determine if differences in species composition and abundance of natural enemies existed among infestation levels. No differences in species composition of known predators nor of the more common associated insects possibly predaceous in habit were found. M. aldrichii was the only predatory species to exhibit a significant numerical (density dependent) response to increasing bark beetle infestation level. On basis of this attribute and its relative abundance, this species was considered by far the most important insect enemy of D. ponderosae in young ponderosa pine. Results suggest that M. aldrichii, as a natural regulatory agent of D. ponderosae, exerts little influence in preventing bark beetle outbreaks in ponderosa pine but may significantly accelerate population decline. Since all other predatory insects showed no evident response to host density increases, their combined influence on bark beetle broods would be greatest at low population levels. The spatial distribution of the more common predators within a given infestation was determined. Density of M. aldrichii was found to be positively correlated with tree diameter. Analysis of predator and bark beetle abundance in relation to subcortical moisture of host trees revealed that M. aldrichii was more susceptible to low moisture extremes than either the prey or common coleopteran predators. Larvae of M. aldrichii were not encountered in trees, sampled just prior to beetle emergence, in which subcortical tissues had dried below the fiber saturation point. As a result, survival of N. aldrichii and its effectiveness as a predator would be reduced in individual trees that dry rapidly and excessivly after bark beetle attack. Although mature larvae of E. sphegeus, E. lecontei and T. virescens appeared able to withstand low subcortical moisture extremes, early instar larvae may be susceptible. In epizootic bark beetle infestations M. aldrchii occurred in greatest numbers, shortly after bark beetle attack, in trees with high prey densities. At the relatively low predator to prey ratios present in study areas, predation in trees of high prey density could have done little more than reduce intraspecific competition of bark beetle brood. Close

• 191. [Article] Analysis and history of the Oregon otter-trawl fishery

  The objective of the thesis is to present data upon which the management of the Oregon otter-trawl fishery can be based. In addition, a history of the Oregon trawl fishery is presented. A summary of gear ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis and history of the Oregon otter-trawl fishery Author: Harry, George Yost, 1919- The objective of the thesis is to present data upon which the management of the Oregon otter-trawl fishery can be based. In addition, a history of the Oregon trawl fishery is presented. A summary of gear development by many of the vessels in the Oregon fleet is presented in table form. The principal species studied are the English sole (Paraphrys vetulus), petrale sole (Eopsetta jordani), and Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus). For these three species the time of spawning, length at maturity, and relation of length to weight are determined. In addition, the number of eggs produced by English and Dover sole at various sizes is calculated. In 1948 and 1949 a total of 5,643 bottom fish were tagged from otter trawlers operating from Astoria. Almost all of these fish were English, petrale, and Dover sole, and all but a few were released in the area between Willapa bay and 2 Tillamook Head. Returns from the tagging give no indication of significant migrations north and south along the coast, but a small amount of exploratory winter fishing resulted in recovery of tagged :Dover sole in waters deeper than 200 fathoms. These Dover sole had been tagged during the summer in much shallower water. The growth of sole of the three species studied is computed from the tag returns. General comparisons of rates of tag return are made with other tagging experiments of a similar nature along the Pacific Coast. Otoliths of English, petrale, and Dover sole are used to calculate growth rates and compute age-frequency curves. It is concluded that otoliths are not completely satisfactory for determining the age of these species. An analysis of the condition of the stocks of English sole, petrale sole, Dover sole, and rockfish is made using the landing records for the period 1942-47, inclusive. The English sole were not completely exploited in 1947. During this period, the petrale sole declined in abundance at least 50 per cent. The Dover sole declined some in abundance, and the condition of the rockfish stocks is obscured because of the several species that enter this category. English, petrale, and Dover sole were measured at the time commercial landings were made and these data are analyzed for the years 1948-51, inclusive. In 1950 the catches of Ore,:,on otter trawlers at sea were sampled to get a measure of the amount of discard of both scrap fish and undersized English, petrale, and Dover sole. Approximately 17 per cent of the Dover sole, 33 per cent of the petrale sole, and 27 per cent of the English sole were discarded at sea because they were too small. Approximately one-half of the total catch at sea by weight was discarded. An analysis is made of the relationship of the mink-raising industry to the otter-trawl fishery. The species composition of the milk food is determined from market samples. An estimate is made of the total amount of fish fed to mink in Oregon in 1949 based on information obtained from questionnaires. The effect of the fishery for mink food on the stocks of fish of the various species is discussed. Title: Analysis and history of the Oregon otter-trawl fishery Author: Harry, George Yost, 1919- The objective of the thesis is to present data upon which the management of the Oregon otter-trawl fishery can be based. In addition, a history of the Oregon trawl fishery is presented. A summary of gear development by many of the vessels in the Oregon fleet is presented in table form. The principal species studied are the English sole (Paraphrys vetulus), petrale sole (Eopsetta jordani), and Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus). For these three species the time of spawning, length at maturity, and relation of length to weight are determined. In addition, the number of eggs produced by English and Dover sole at various sizes is calculated. In 1948 and 1949 a total of 5,643 bottom fish were tagged from otter trawlers operating from Astoria. Almost all of these fish were English, petrale, and Dover sole, and all but a few were released in the area between Willapa bay and 2 Tillamook Head. Returns from the tagging give no indication of significant migrations north and south along the coast, but a small amount of exploratory winter fishing resulted in recovery of tagged :Dover sole in waters deeper than 200 fathoms. These Dover sole had been tagged during the summer in much shallower water. The growth of sole of the three species studied is computed from the tag returns. General comparisons of rates of tag return are made with other tagging experiments of a similar nature along the Pacific Coast. Otoliths of English, petrale, and Dover sole are used to calculate growth rates and compute age-frequency curves. It is concluded that otoliths are not completely satisfactory for determining the age of these species. An analysis of the condition of the stocks of English sole, petrale sole, Dover sole, and rockfish is made using the landing records for the period 1942-47, inclusive. The English sole were not completely exploited in 1947. During this period, the petrale sole declined in abundance at least 50 per cent. The Dover sole declined some in abundance, and the condition of the rockfish stocks is obscured because of the several species that enter this category. English, petrale, and Dover sole were measured at the time commercial landings were made and these data are analyzed for the years 1948-51, inclusive. In 1950 the catches of Ore,:,on otter trawlers at sea were sampled to get a measure of the amount of discard of both scrap fish and undersized English, petrale, and Dover sole. Approximately 17 per cent of the Dover sole, 33 per cent of the petrale sole, and 27 per cent of the English sole were discarded at sea because they were too small. Approximately one-half of the total catch at sea by weight was discarded. An analysis is made of the relationship of the mink-raising industry to the otter-trawl fishery. The species composition of the milk food is determined from market samples. An estimate is made of the total amount of fish fed to mink in Oregon in 1949 based on information obtained from questionnaires. The effect of the fishery for mink food on the stocks of fish of the various species is discussed. Close

• 192. [Article] Why aren't pigeon guillemots in Prince William Sound, Alaska recovering from the Exxon Valdez oil spill?

  The Pigeon Guillemot (Cepphus columba) is now the only species of marine bird in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska that is listed as "not recovering" on the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) Trustee Council's ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Why aren't pigeon guillemots in Prince William Sound, Alaska recovering from the Exxon Valdez oil spill? Author: Bixler, Kirsten S. The Pigeon Guillemot (Cepphus columba) is now the only species of marine bird in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska that is listed as "not recovering" on the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) Trustee Council's Injured Resources List and has shown no sign of population recovery. During the 20 years since EVOS, the guillemot population in PWS has gradually declined by nearly 50% following the initial mortality event caused by direct contact with spilled oil. This decline has continued even though there is no longer evidence that guillemots are negatively affected by residual oil from EVOS. My objectives in this study were to (1) identify the primary factor now limiting Pigeon Guillemot population recovery at the Naked Island group, the most important historical breeding area for guillemots in PWS, and (2) determine whether guillemot population trends across PWS are consistent with my understanding of the primary limiting factor. I investigated two competing hypotheses for the lack of guillemot recovery at the Naked Island group: availability of high quality prey (i.e., schooling forage fish) and nest predation. The prevalence of schooling forage fish in the diet of Pigeon Guillemots at the Naked Island group has not recovered to pre- EVOS levels. However, data from both aerial surveys and beach seines provided evidence of an increase in abundance of schooling forage fish near the Naked Island group since the late 1990s. Yet between 1990 and 2008, there was a precipitous 12% per annum decline in the guillemot population at the Naked Island group, where mink are present, while at the nearby mink-free Smith Island group guillemot numbers were stable. The mortality rate of guillemot eggs and chicks at the Naked Island group was high during the late 1990s, largely attributable to predation by mink. The weight of evidence indicates that predation by mink is now the primary factor limiting the reproductive success and population recovery of Pigeon Guillemots at the Naked Island group. Differences in guillemot population trends between the Naked Island group and the remainder of PWS are also consistent with the mink predation hypothesis. The median decline in density of Pigeon Guillemots along transects at the Naked Island group was much greater (> 7 times) than the decline along transects throughout the remainder of PWS. The proportion of all guillemots in isolated pairs (as opposed to multi-pair groups) increased substantially only at the Naked Island group. This is consistent with the hypothesis that mink predation negatively affected guillemot colonies more than isolated nesting pairs; perhaps because guillemot nests in colonies were more apparent or more accessible to mink. At other high-density guillemot nesting areas in PWS, average group size of guillemots declined from 12 to 8 individuals suggesting that other factors may play a role in constraining of guillemots on a region-wide scale, perhaps availability of schooling forage fishes. Nevertheless, I conclude that the key to restoring the injured guillemot population at the Naked Island group is to eliminate mink predation pressure on guillemot eggs, nestlings, and attending adults. Title: Why aren't pigeon guillemots in Prince William Sound, Alaska recovering from the Exxon Valdez oil spill? Author: Bixler, Kirsten S. The Pigeon Guillemot (Cepphus columba) is now the only species of marine bird in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska that is listed as "not recovering" on the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) Trustee Council's Injured Resources List and has shown no sign of population recovery. During the 20 years since EVOS, the guillemot population in PWS has gradually declined by nearly 50% following the initial mortality event caused by direct contact with spilled oil. This decline has continued even though there is no longer evidence that guillemots are negatively affected by residual oil from EVOS. My objectives in this study were to (1) identify the primary factor now limiting Pigeon Guillemot population recovery at the Naked Island group, the most important historical breeding area for guillemots in PWS, and (2) determine whether guillemot population trends across PWS are consistent with my understanding of the primary limiting factor. I investigated two competing hypotheses for the lack of guillemot recovery at the Naked Island group: availability of high quality prey (i.e., schooling forage fish) and nest predation. The prevalence of schooling forage fish in the diet of Pigeon Guillemots at the Naked Island group has not recovered to pre- EVOS levels. However, data from both aerial surveys and beach seines provided evidence of an increase in abundance of schooling forage fish near the Naked Island group since the late 1990s. Yet between 1990 and 2008, there was a precipitous 12% per annum decline in the guillemot population at the Naked Island group, where mink are present, while at the nearby mink-free Smith Island group guillemot numbers were stable. The mortality rate of guillemot eggs and chicks at the Naked Island group was high during the late 1990s, largely attributable to predation by mink. The weight of evidence indicates that predation by mink is now the primary factor limiting the reproductive success and population recovery of Pigeon Guillemots at the Naked Island group. Differences in guillemot population trends between the Naked Island group and the remainder of PWS are also consistent with the mink predation hypothesis. The median decline in density of Pigeon Guillemots along transects at the Naked Island group was much greater (> 7 times) than the decline along transects throughout the remainder of PWS. The proportion of all guillemots in isolated pairs (as opposed to multi-pair groups) increased substantially only at the Naked Island group. This is consistent with the hypothesis that mink predation negatively affected guillemot colonies more than isolated nesting pairs; perhaps because guillemot nests in colonies were more apparent or more accessible to mink. At other high-density guillemot nesting areas in PWS, average group size of guillemots declined from 12 to 8 individuals suggesting that other factors may play a role in constraining of guillemots on a region-wide scale, perhaps availability of schooling forage fishes. Nevertheless, I conclude that the key to restoring the injured guillemot population at the Naked Island group is to eliminate mink predation pressure on guillemot eggs, nestlings, and attending adults. Close

• 193. [Article] Addressing Fish Uncertainty: The Quest for Rational Decisionmaking

  This paper explores the policy efforts dealing with the problem of declining Pacific Northwest fish runs. Results have been disappointing. Decades of expensive efforts costing billion of dollars have been ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Addressing Fish Uncertainty: The Quest for Rational Decisionmaking Author: Koss, Patricia, Katz, Mike, Shawcross, Jennifer Year: 2001 This paper explores the policy efforts dealing with the problem of declining Pacific Northwest fish runs. Results have been disappointing. Decades of expensive efforts costing billion of dollars have been relatively ineffective in increasing salmon runs. Many species of wild fish continue to decline or remain significantly below target levels of recovery. The issue of scientific and economic uncertainties is examined. Past and current policies have failed to adequately account for these uncertainties. One overall recommendation of this paper is that policymakers and their advisors should explicitly identify any decision criteria upon which they base their judgments or conclusions. A second recommendation is that policy analysis should be explicit about uncertainties. We offer the eighteen decision rules for fashioning fish recovery decisions in an environment of uncertainty. Title: Addressing Fish Uncertainty: The Quest for Rational Decisionmaking Author: Koss, Patricia, Katz, Mike, Shawcross, Jennifer Year: 2001 This paper explores the policy efforts dealing with the problem of declining Pacific Northwest fish runs. Results have been disappointing. Decades of expensive efforts costing billion of dollars have been relatively ineffective in increasing salmon runs. Many species of wild fish continue to decline or remain significantly below target levels of recovery. The issue of scientific and economic uncertainties is examined. Past and current policies have failed to adequately account for these uncertainties. One overall recommendation of this paper is that policymakers and their advisors should explicitly identify any decision criteria upon which they base their judgments or conclusions. A second recommendation is that policy analysis should be explicit about uncertainties. We offer the eighteen decision rules for fashioning fish recovery decisions in an environment of uncertainty. Close

• 194. [Article] Factors affecting the abundance of fall chinook salmon in the Columbia River

  A study of the population ecology of Columbia River fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), was made in an attempt to determine the cause of a serious decline in this run which occurred in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors affecting the abundance of fall chinook salmon in the Columbia River Author: Van Hyning, Jack M. A study of the population ecology of Columbia River fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), was made in an attempt to determine the cause of a serious decline in this run which occurred in the early 1950's. Fluctuations in abundance of major salmon runs the North Pacific were examined to detect any coastwide pattern. Only chinook salmon in Cook Inlet, Alaska, and chum salmon from Oregon to southwestern Alaska showed a similar trend. The following life history stages broken down into pre- and post-decline years were examined: (1) marine life including distribution and migration, growth and maturity, survival rate, oceanography, and commercial and sport fisheries; (2) upstream migration including river fisheries, gear selectivity, size and age composition of the run, escapement, and influence of dams, diseases, and water quality; (3) reproduction and incubation including spawning areas and spawning and incubation conditions; and (4) downstream migration which included predation, dams and reservoirs, diseases, flow, turbidity and temperature, and estuary life. Salient points of the analysis were: (1) a change in the maturity and survival pattern based on tagged and fin-clipped fish recovered before and after 1950; (2) a significant negative correlation between sea-water temperature during a year class' first year at sea and subsequent survival; (3) a large increase in the ocean fisheries coincident with the decline in the run; (4) catch-effort statistics of the ocean fishery show a near classic example of the effect of overexploitation; (5) estimates of the contribution of Columbia River chinook to the ocean fisheries based on tag recoveries could be underestimates rather than overestimates; (6) a significant inverse correlation between estimated ocean catch of Columbia River fall chinook and numbers entering the river; (7) size and age composition of the ocean and river catches decreased coincident with the decline in the run; (8) the gill-net fishery shows little size selectivity by age, size, or sex in the dominant group; (9) fluctuations in abundance of hatchery stocks are related to differences in survival between fingerling and adult; (10) hatchery, lower river, and upriver populations fluctuate in abundance in much the same pattern; (11) optimum escapement is between 90,000 and 100,000 adults, a value that was exceeded during most years; (12) a highly significant negative correlation between numbers of spawners and return per spawner; (13) most of the early dams had no direct effect on fall chinook and the decline in productivity occurred when river conditions were relatively stable; (14) temperatures at time of migration and spawning for fall chinook have not increased enough to be a serious mortality factor; (15) little relationship between flow, turbidity, and temperature at time of downstream migration and subsequent return was evident except that high temperatures and high flows (and turbidities) tended to produce poorer runs during certain time periods; and (16) predation and delay of smolts in reservoirs are largely unknown factors, but circumstantial evidence suggests that they were not important in regulating fall chinook numbers during the period of the study. Finally, variables that appeared to bear some relationship to fluctuations in abundance of fall chinook were submitted to multiple regression analysis. For the predecline period (1938-46 brood years), sea-water temperature and ocean troll fishing effort were significant variables (R² = 0.74). For post decline years (1947-59 broods), troll had the most influence on total return with ocean temperature and escapement having lesser effects. For the combined years, troll intensity and ocean temperature were the significant variables (R² = 0.572). Entering interaction of river flow at downstream migration with the other variables brought R² to 0.754 which means that 75% of the variability in the returning run could be accounted for by these three factors. Return per spawner was so heavily influenced by numbers of spawners that the other factors assumed negligible importance. Equations were derived that predicted the returning run in close agreement with the actual run size. Substituting a low and constant troll fishing effort in the equation resulted in the predicted run maintaining the average predecline level. The increase in ocean fishing was the main contributor to the decline of the Columbia River fall chinook run as shown by correlation, by analogy, and by the process of elimination. To demonstrate why other chinook runs have not shown similar declines, it was shown that due to several unique features in Columbia River fall chinook life history they are exposed to much more ocean fishing than other populations. It was emphasized that these conclusions should not be extrapolated to the future or to other species or runs of salmon. Title: Factors affecting the abundance of fall chinook salmon in the Columbia River Author: Van Hyning, Jack M. A study of the population ecology of Columbia River fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), was made in an attempt to determine the cause of a serious decline in this run which occurred in the early 1950's. Fluctuations in abundance of major salmon runs the North Pacific were examined to detect any coastwide pattern. Only chinook salmon in Cook Inlet, Alaska, and chum salmon from Oregon to southwestern Alaska showed a similar trend. The following life history stages broken down into pre- and post-decline years were examined: (1) marine life including distribution and migration, growth and maturity, survival rate, oceanography, and commercial and sport fisheries; (2) upstream migration including river fisheries, gear selectivity, size and age composition of the run, escapement, and influence of dams, diseases, and water quality; (3) reproduction and incubation including spawning areas and spawning and incubation conditions; and (4) downstream migration which included predation, dams and reservoirs, diseases, flow, turbidity and temperature, and estuary life. Salient points of the analysis were: (1) a change in the maturity and survival pattern based on tagged and fin-clipped fish recovered before and after 1950; (2) a significant negative correlation between sea-water temperature during a year class' first year at sea and subsequent survival; (3) a large increase in the ocean fisheries coincident with the decline in the run; (4) catch-effort statistics of the ocean fishery show a near classic example of the effect of overexploitation; (5) estimates of the contribution of Columbia River chinook to the ocean fisheries based on tag recoveries could be underestimates rather than overestimates; (6) a significant inverse correlation between estimated ocean catch of Columbia River fall chinook and numbers entering the river; (7) size and age composition of the ocean and river catches decreased coincident with the decline in the run; (8) the gill-net fishery shows little size selectivity by age, size, or sex in the dominant group; (9) fluctuations in abundance of hatchery stocks are related to differences in survival between fingerling and adult; (10) hatchery, lower river, and upriver populations fluctuate in abundance in much the same pattern; (11) optimum escapement is between 90,000 and 100,000 adults, a value that was exceeded during most years; (12) a highly significant negative correlation between numbers of spawners and return per spawner; (13) most of the early dams had no direct effect on fall chinook and the decline in productivity occurred when river conditions were relatively stable; (14) temperatures at time of migration and spawning for fall chinook have not increased enough to be a serious mortality factor; (15) little relationship between flow, turbidity, and temperature at time of downstream migration and subsequent return was evident except that high temperatures and high flows (and turbidities) tended to produce poorer runs during certain time periods; and (16) predation and delay of smolts in reservoirs are largely unknown factors, but circumstantial evidence suggests that they were not important in regulating fall chinook numbers during the period of the study. Finally, variables that appeared to bear some relationship to fluctuations in abundance of fall chinook were submitted to multiple regression analysis. For the predecline period (1938-46 brood years), sea-water temperature and ocean troll fishing effort were significant variables (R² = 0.74). For post decline years (1947-59 broods), troll had the most influence on total return with ocean temperature and escapement having lesser effects. For the combined years, troll intensity and ocean temperature were the significant variables (R² = 0.572). Entering interaction of river flow at downstream migration with the other variables brought R² to 0.754 which means that 75% of the variability in the returning run could be accounted for by these three factors. Return per spawner was so heavily influenced by numbers of spawners that the other factors assumed negligible importance. Equations were derived that predicted the returning run in close agreement with the actual run size. Substituting a low and constant troll fishing effort in the equation resulted in the predicted run maintaining the average predecline level. The increase in ocean fishing was the main contributor to the decline of the Columbia River fall chinook run as shown by correlation, by analogy, and by the process of elimination. To demonstrate why other chinook runs have not shown similar declines, it was shown that due to several unique features in Columbia River fall chinook life history they are exposed to much more ocean fishing than other populations. It was emphasized that these conclusions should not be extrapolated to the future or to other species or runs of salmon. Close

• 195. [Article] Modeling Predator Habitat to Enhance Reintroduction Planning

  Context The success of species reintroduction often depends on predation risk and spatial estimates of predator habitat. The fisher (Pekania pennanti) is a species of conservation concern and populations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling Predator Habitat to Enhance Reintroduction Planning Author: Halsey, Shiloh Michael, Zielinski, William J., Scheller, Robert M. Year: 2015 Context The success of species reintroduction often depends on predation risk and spatial estimates of predator habitat. The fisher (Pekania pennanti) is a species of conservation concern and populations in the western United States have declined substantially in the last century. Reintroduction plans are underway, but the ability of the species to establish a selfsustaining population is affected by predation from its primary predator, the bobcat (Lynx rufus). Objectives To develop a habitat model that incorporates both habitat of the focal species and the spatial patterning of predator habitat. To locate areas of densely aggregated habitat that would be suitable for reintroduction. Methods Using camera survey data, we modeled the association between bobcat presence and environmental features using a classification tree. We applied this model to a spatial analysis of fisher habitat and identified reintroduction areas in the southern Washington Cascade Range. Results The classification tree predicted bobcat detection based on elevation and mean tree diameter. The final model identified fisher reintroduction locations primarily in or near existing wilderness areas. Fisher habitat areas identified considering both habitat and predation risk differed from those identified without considering predation. Conclusion Our spatial approach is unique among fisher reintroduction plans by accounting for both resource requirements and risk of predation. It can be used as a template for future reintroduction efforts in other regions and for other species. Using similar models to refine population management and reintroduction should improve the probability of successful population establishment and stability. Title: Modeling Predator Habitat to Enhance Reintroduction Planning Author: Halsey, Shiloh Michael, Zielinski, William J., Scheller, Robert M. Year: 2015 Context The success of species reintroduction often depends on predation risk and spatial estimates of predator habitat. The fisher (Pekania pennanti) is a species of conservation concern and populations in the western United States have declined substantially in the last century. Reintroduction plans are underway, but the ability of the species to establish a selfsustaining population is affected by predation from its primary predator, the bobcat (Lynx rufus). Objectives To develop a habitat model that incorporates both habitat of the focal species and the spatial patterning of predator habitat. To locate areas of densely aggregated habitat that would be suitable for reintroduction. Methods Using camera survey data, we modeled the association between bobcat presence and environmental features using a classification tree. We applied this model to a spatial analysis of fisher habitat and identified reintroduction areas in the southern Washington Cascade Range. Results The classification tree predicted bobcat detection based on elevation and mean tree diameter. The final model identified fisher reintroduction locations primarily in or near existing wilderness areas. Fisher habitat areas identified considering both habitat and predation risk differed from those identified without considering predation. Conclusion Our spatial approach is unique among fisher reintroduction plans by accounting for both resource requirements and risk of predation. It can be used as a template for future reintroduction efforts in other regions and for other species. Using similar models to refine population management and reintroduction should improve the probability of successful population establishment and stability. Close

• 196. [Article] Long term temporal perspectives for the demersal fish assemblages of Georges Bank with implications for management and modeling

  Questions of assemblage persistence, resiliency arid continuity in time were investigated with data from seasonal bottom trawl surveys conducted by the Northeast Fisheries Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Long term temporal perspectives for the demersal fish assemblages of Georges Bank with implications for management and modeling Author: Overholtz, William Joseph Questions of assemblage persistence, resiliency arid continuity in time were investigated with data from seasonal bottom trawl surveys conducted by the Northeast Fisheries Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, from 1963-1978. Cluster analysis proved to be a useful statistical method for delineating assemblage boundries and corresponding resident demersal fish components from Georges Bank, northeastern coast, USA. Assemblages were continuous and persistant over the long term and changed spatial configuration only slightly on a seasonal basis. Responses of assemblage species ranged from mild to severe with respect to declines in biomass, numerical density and changes in relative abundance. Assemblage directional changes were triggered by intense fisheries during this time period as well as inherent trophic dynamics of component species. This study has potentially important multispecies management connotations and the assemblage concept is a useful potential operational definition or working hypothesis framework for further applications of management and modeling. Linear programming analyses with catch maximization objective functions showed that the goal of attaining total summed quotas within specific assemblages was highly dependent on species composition, relative abundance and distribution. A multispecies model of the shallow assemblage on Georges Bank was constructed to answer specific questions concerning the assemblage species composition changes we had observed. We were interested in determining whether observed trends in species composition and abundance in this assemblage could in part be explained by simple ecological mechanisms. Results from model simulation runs indicate that competition and predation could account for some of the variability in biomass that we had observed in the shallow assemblage. These findings suggest that interspecific interactions may be important determinants of fish population abundance in this type of marine assemblage. Title: Long term temporal perspectives for the demersal fish assemblages of Georges Bank with implications for management and modeling Author: Overholtz, William Joseph Questions of assemblage persistence, resiliency arid continuity in time were investigated with data from seasonal bottom trawl surveys conducted by the Northeast Fisheries Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, from 1963-1978. Cluster analysis proved to be a useful statistical method for delineating assemblage boundries and corresponding resident demersal fish components from Georges Bank, northeastern coast, USA. Assemblages were continuous and persistant over the long term and changed spatial configuration only slightly on a seasonal basis. Responses of assemblage species ranged from mild to severe with respect to declines in biomass, numerical density and changes in relative abundance. Assemblage directional changes were triggered by intense fisheries during this time period as well as inherent trophic dynamics of component species. This study has potentially important multispecies management connotations and the assemblage concept is a useful potential operational definition or working hypothesis framework for further applications of management and modeling. Linear programming analyses with catch maximization objective functions showed that the goal of attaining total summed quotas within specific assemblages was highly dependent on species composition, relative abundance and distribution. A multispecies model of the shallow assemblage on Georges Bank was constructed to answer specific questions concerning the assemblage species composition changes we had observed. We were interested in determining whether observed trends in species composition and abundance in this assemblage could in part be explained by simple ecological mechanisms. Results from model simulation runs indicate that competition and predation could account for some of the variability in biomass that we had observed in the shallow assemblage. These findings suggest that interspecific interactions may be important determinants of fish population abundance in this type of marine assemblage. Close

• 197. [Article] A New Proposal of Sustainable Seafood Markets Index (Smi): the Case Study of the Port of Vigo (Spain)

  No poster available.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A New Proposal of Sustainable Seafood Markets Index (Smi): the Case Study of the Port of Vigo (Spain) Author: Villasante, Sebastian, Rodriguez, Gonzalo No poster available. Title: A New Proposal of Sustainable Seafood Markets Index (Smi): the Case Study of the Port of Vigo (Spain) Author: Villasante, Sebastian, Rodriguez, Gonzalo No poster available. Close

• 198. [Article] Physiological alterations following severe hypoxic stress in two species of fresh-water fish

  Bluegill sunfish, Lepomia macrochirus, and cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki, were exposed to a rapidly declining oxygen tension for a period of time sufficient to just cause loss of equilibrium in the fish. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Physiological alterations following severe hypoxic stress in two species of fresh-water fish Author: Heath, Alan G. Bluegill sunfish, Lepomia macrochirus, and cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki, were exposed to a rapidly declining oxygen tension for a period of time sufficient to just cause loss of equilibrium in the fish. During recovery from the stress, measurements of oxygen uptake, blood lactic acid, blood glucose, liver glycogen, muscle glycogen, and hemoglobin or red blood cell counts were made at fixed intervals of time. Hypoxic stress caused an immediate rise in blood lactate and oxygen uptake in both species with the trout showing the greatest increases. This suggests a greater degree of oxygen debt in the latter, even though the stress routine used on this species was not as prolonged. A delayed peak in the blood lactate observed in the trout but not in the bluegill indicated a possible impairment of circulatory function in the former. The blood lactate returned to normal after two and five hours in the bluegill and cutthroat respectively. The return of the oxygen uptake to control levels required eight and ten hours respectively. An immediate mobilization of the carbohydrate stores occurred during the stress in both the bluegill and trout. The blood glucose concentration rose greatly in the bluegill but not in the trout. Mobilization of liver glycogen in the trout without a concomitant rise in glucose suggested utilization of the latter as rapidly as it was formed. During recovery from the hypoxic stress, resynthesis of glycogen stores occurred much more quickly in the bluegills than trout. Significant changes in hemoglobin or red blood cell numbers did not occur in either species indicating no change in blood water content, or effect on hemopoetic tissues resulting from the stress. It was concluded that the differences observed between these two species point to possible mechanisms in the bluegill which help it to tolerate acute hypoxic conditions better than the trout. Title: Physiological alterations following severe hypoxic stress in two species of fresh-water fish Author: Heath, Alan G. Bluegill sunfish, Lepomia macrochirus, and cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki, were exposed to a rapidly declining oxygen tension for a period of time sufficient to just cause loss of equilibrium in the fish. During recovery from the stress, measurements of oxygen uptake, blood lactic acid, blood glucose, liver glycogen, muscle glycogen, and hemoglobin or red blood cell counts were made at fixed intervals of time. Hypoxic stress caused an immediate rise in blood lactate and oxygen uptake in both species with the trout showing the greatest increases. This suggests a greater degree of oxygen debt in the latter, even though the stress routine used on this species was not as prolonged. A delayed peak in the blood lactate observed in the trout but not in the bluegill indicated a possible impairment of circulatory function in the former. The blood lactate returned to normal after two and five hours in the bluegill and cutthroat respectively. The return of the oxygen uptake to control levels required eight and ten hours respectively. An immediate mobilization of the carbohydrate stores occurred during the stress in both the bluegill and trout. The blood glucose concentration rose greatly in the bluegill but not in the trout. Mobilization of liver glycogen in the trout without a concomitant rise in glucose suggested utilization of the latter as rapidly as it was formed. During recovery from the hypoxic stress, resynthesis of glycogen stores occurred much more quickly in the bluegills than trout. Significant changes in hemoglobin or red blood cell numbers did not occur in either species indicating no change in blood water content, or effect on hemopoetic tissues resulting from the stress. It was concluded that the differences observed between these two species point to possible mechanisms in the bluegill which help it to tolerate acute hypoxic conditions better than the trout. Close

• 199. [Article] Development of the fisheries of the Eastern North Pacific : a natural-cultural systems perspective

  The eastern margin of the Eastern North Pacific Ocean was classified into physiographic regions based on a suite of physical characteristics. Information on cultural and biological characteristics of this ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of the fisheries of the Eastern North Pacific : a natural-cultural systems perspective Author: Deimling, Elisabeth A. The eastern margin of the Eastern North Pacific Ocean was classified into physiographic regions based on a suite of physical characteristics. Information on cultural and biological characteristics of this area was meshed with this classification. The result was a classification of the Eastern North Pacific into natural-cultural systems whose boundaries coincide with those of physiographic regions. Development of commercial fisheries was examined in three selected natural-cultural systems over a span of 88 years in order to identify developmental patterns unique to each and similar in all systems. Life history patterns of selected species were also examined within the context of characteristics of natural and cultural systems of the Eastern North Pacific. Species life history patterns have developed within, and therefore may tend to correlate with, general patterns in physical environment as they occur in different areas in the Eastern North Pacific. Yet life history patterns are also affected by cultural factors like exploitation and habitat destruction. Like life history patterns, fisheries also have developed differently in each natural-cultural system in the Eastern North Pacific due to differences in many interacting physical, cultural, and biological characteristics. Differences in fishery development between systems include management and exploitation techniques and technology, but also include characteristics of catch such as taxonomic composition and trophic composition, and distance from shore from which the majority of the catch came. Yet there were also similarities in patterns of fishery development between different natural-cultural systems. A `fishing up' process occurred in each natural-cultural system examined, along with declines in catch of most species that maintained a high value. Shifts in trophic structure of the catch occurred, with movement toward proportionally greater landing weights of species of lower trophic groups. Implications of such generalized patterns of exploitation and of fishery development for species life histories and for fish communities are discussed, and several management measures are suggested. Title: Development of the fisheries of the Eastern North Pacific : a natural-cultural systems perspective Author: Deimling, Elisabeth A. The eastern margin of the Eastern North Pacific Ocean was classified into physiographic regions based on a suite of physical characteristics. Information on cultural and biological characteristics of this area was meshed with this classification. The result was a classification of the Eastern North Pacific into natural-cultural systems whose boundaries coincide with those of physiographic regions. Development of commercial fisheries was examined in three selected natural-cultural systems over a span of 88 years in order to identify developmental patterns unique to each and similar in all systems. Life history patterns of selected species were also examined within the context of characteristics of natural and cultural systems of the Eastern North Pacific. Species life history patterns have developed within, and therefore may tend to correlate with, general patterns in physical environment as they occur in different areas in the Eastern North Pacific. Yet life history patterns are also affected by cultural factors like exploitation and habitat destruction. Like life history patterns, fisheries also have developed differently in each natural-cultural system in the Eastern North Pacific due to differences in many interacting physical, cultural, and biological characteristics. Differences in fishery development between systems include management and exploitation techniques and technology, but also include characteristics of catch such as taxonomic composition and trophic composition, and distance from shore from which the majority of the catch came. Yet there were also similarities in patterns of fishery development between different natural-cultural systems. A `fishing up' process occurred in each natural-cultural system examined, along with declines in catch of most species that maintained a high value. Shifts in trophic structure of the catch occurred, with movement toward proportionally greater landing weights of species of lower trophic groups. Implications of such generalized patterns of exploitation and of fishery development for species life histories and for fish communities are discussed, and several management measures are suggested. Close

• 200. [Article] Glutathione peroxidase and selenium distribution in semen and reproductive tissues of farm animals

  This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and selenium in semen of the boar, bull, ram and stallion, and in the reproductive tissues of the boar, bull ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Glutathione peroxidase and selenium distribution in semen and reproductive tissues of farm animals Author: Alabi, Nathaniel Sigismund This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and selenium in semen of the boar, bull, ram and stallion, and in the reproductive tissues of the boar, bull and ram. The effect of repeated noncryoprotective freeze-thawing on GSH-Px activity was also studied. Both hydrogen peroxide (H₂0₂) and tetra-butyl hydroperoxide (t-butyl 0₂) were used as substrates for the enzyme. Most of the GSH-Px activity in semen of the four species examined was associated with seminal plasma. GSH-Px activities in the spermatozoa of these species were comparatively very low. There were species and tissue differences in the distribution of GSH-Px in reproductive tissues. Determined per mg protein, GSH-Px activity was highest in the testis, whereas the Cowper's gland and ampulla showed the least enzyme activity. In general, GSH-Px levels in the reproductive tissues of the bull were higher than, or comparable to, those of the ram. The reproductive tissues of the boar showed the least GSH-Px activity. The GSH-Px determined in this study showed a similar magnitude of response to both H₂0₂ and t-butyl 0₂ and had a high correlation with tissue and fluid selenium levels. This demonstrates that the GSH-Px found in semen and reproductive tissues of the boar, bull and ram is a selenium-dependent enzyme. Repeated freezing (at -21°C) and thawing, in the absence of appropriate buffers, led to a decline in seminal plasma and reproductive tissue GSH-Px activities. Selenium distribution in semen and reproductive tissues differed among the species studies. On the basis of selenium concentration per billion sperm cells, boar spermatozoa had the highest selenium concentration followed by those of the stallion, bull and ram in that order. Bull seminal plasma, however, had more selenium than that of any of the other three species. The testis and epididymis had the greatest concentration of selenium found in the reproductive tissues. Levels of selenium in semen and reproductive tissues were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those in blood. The implications of these findings, as well as the inter-relationship between selenium, GSH-Px and animal reproduction, are discussed. Title: Glutathione peroxidase and selenium distribution in semen and reproductive tissues of farm animals Author: Alabi, Nathaniel Sigismund This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and selenium in semen of the boar, bull, ram and stallion, and in the reproductive tissues of the boar, bull and ram. The effect of repeated noncryoprotective freeze-thawing on GSH-Px activity was also studied. Both hydrogen peroxide (H₂0₂) and tetra-butyl hydroperoxide (t-butyl 0₂) were used as substrates for the enzyme. Most of the GSH-Px activity in semen of the four species examined was associated with seminal plasma. GSH-Px activities in the spermatozoa of these species were comparatively very low. There were species and tissue differences in the distribution of GSH-Px in reproductive tissues. Determined per mg protein, GSH-Px activity was highest in the testis, whereas the Cowper's gland and ampulla showed the least enzyme activity. In general, GSH-Px levels in the reproductive tissues of the bull were higher than, or comparable to, those of the ram. The reproductive tissues of the boar showed the least GSH-Px activity. The GSH-Px determined in this study showed a similar magnitude of response to both H₂0₂ and t-butyl 0₂ and had a high correlation with tissue and fluid selenium levels. This demonstrates that the GSH-Px found in semen and reproductive tissues of the boar, bull and ram is a selenium-dependent enzyme. Repeated freezing (at -21°C) and thawing, in the absence of appropriate buffers, led to a decline in seminal plasma and reproductive tissue GSH-Px activities. Selenium distribution in semen and reproductive tissues differed among the species studies. On the basis of selenium concentration per billion sperm cells, boar spermatozoa had the highest selenium concentration followed by those of the stallion, bull and ram in that order. Bull seminal plasma, however, had more selenium than that of any of the other three species. The testis and epididymis had the greatest concentration of selenium found in the reproductive tissues. Levels of selenium in semen and reproductive tissues were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those in blood. The implications of these findings, as well as the inter-relationship between selenium, GSH-Px and animal reproduction, are discussed. Close