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• 1481. [Article] Database development and application to characterize juvenile Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb] and understory vegetation in the Oregon and Washington Coast Range Mountains

  The Regional Vegetation Management Model (RVMM) predicts the effects of associated vegetation on the growth and yield of young Douglas-fir (age [less than or equal to] 20 years) in the Pacific Northwest, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Database development and application to characterize juvenile Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb] and understory vegetation in the Oregon and Washington Coast Range Mountains Author: Shula, Robert G. The Regional Vegetation Management Model (RVMM) predicts the effects of associated vegetation on the growth and yield of young Douglas-fir (age [less than or equal to] 20 years) in the Pacific Northwest, and is a 'front-end' growth model for existing rotation-age growth models. Objectives of this thesis are to: (a) document development of the Coast Range RVMM database, (b) characterize tree and vegetation attributes in the database, (c) describe static tree-level equations used to complete the Coastal RVMM database, and (d) describe a Douglas-fir juvenile-stand height potential index. Database. Development of the Coastal RVMM database is described with respect to the underlying design matrix, sampling and data collection protocols, extent and location of growth monitoring plots, and attributes of trees (conifer and hardwood) and associated vegetation (herb and shrub). Ninety-eight growth monitoring plots were established in the Coast Range Mountains of Oregon and Washington across a sampling matrix defined by site quality, tree-size and species, and extent and size of associated vegetation. Static Tree-Level Equations. Development of static tree-level equations to predict tree-level attributes sub-sampled during data collection is described. Equation forms have a basis in biometric literature, although each were uniquely adapted for specific tree performance. Thirty-six prediction equations are described for Douglas-fir, three other conifer species, and six hardwood species for: single-stem diameter, multi-stem basal area, tree height, crown width, and dbh-d15 relationship. The prediction equations produce unbiased estimates of tree-level attributes with adjusted R² values ranging from 0.46 to 0.93. Juvenile-Stand Height Potential Index. Douglas-fir juvenile-stand height potential index (HPI) was developed using the Coastal RVMM dataset, but augmented with four other datasets to extend database stand age (1 to 36 years breast-height-age) and. site quality. The HPI equation is an algebraic-difference formulation of an exponentiated and generalized Schumacher growth equation. In comparison with existing site-index equations: (I) HPI represents greater dominant height growth to about breast-height age 20 years, and (ii) site quality is predicted more consistently across the entire breast-height-age range of the database. Title: Database development and application to characterize juvenile Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb] and understory vegetation in the Oregon and Washington Coast Range Mountains Author: Shula, Robert G. The Regional Vegetation Management Model (RVMM) predicts the effects of associated vegetation on the growth and yield of young Douglas-fir (age [less than or equal to] 20 years) in the Pacific Northwest, and is a 'front-end' growth model for existing rotation-age growth models. Objectives of this thesis are to: (a) document development of the Coast Range RVMM database, (b) characterize tree and vegetation attributes in the database, (c) describe static tree-level equations used to complete the Coastal RVMM database, and (d) describe a Douglas-fir juvenile-stand height potential index. Database. Development of the Coastal RVMM database is described with respect to the underlying design matrix, sampling and data collection protocols, extent and location of growth monitoring plots, and attributes of trees (conifer and hardwood) and associated vegetation (herb and shrub). Ninety-eight growth monitoring plots were established in the Coast Range Mountains of Oregon and Washington across a sampling matrix defined by site quality, tree-size and species, and extent and size of associated vegetation. Static Tree-Level Equations. Development of static tree-level equations to predict tree-level attributes sub-sampled during data collection is described. Equation forms have a basis in biometric literature, although each were uniquely adapted for specific tree performance. Thirty-six prediction equations are described for Douglas-fir, three other conifer species, and six hardwood species for: single-stem diameter, multi-stem basal area, tree height, crown width, and dbh-d15 relationship. The prediction equations produce unbiased estimates of tree-level attributes with adjusted R² values ranging from 0.46 to 0.93. Juvenile-Stand Height Potential Index. Douglas-fir juvenile-stand height potential index (HPI) was developed using the Coastal RVMM dataset, but augmented with four other datasets to extend database stand age (1 to 36 years breast-height-age) and. site quality. The HPI equation is an algebraic-difference formulation of an exponentiated and generalized Schumacher growth equation. In comparison with existing site-index equations: (I) HPI represents greater dominant height growth to about breast-height age 20 years, and (ii) site quality is predicted more consistently across the entire breast-height-age range of the database. Close

• 1482. [Article] Optimal timber harvesting in uneven-aged forest stands : a discrete-time optimal-control approach

  The purpose of this dissertation is to formulate, analyze and numerically solve the dynamic harvesting problem for uneven-aged stands. The problem is to find the optimal numbers of trees to remove from ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Optimal timber harvesting in uneven-aged forest stands : a discrete-time optimal-control approach Author: Haight, Robert G. The purpose of this dissertation is to formulate, analyze and numerically solve the dynamic harvesting problem for uneven-aged stands. The problem is to find the optimal numbers of trees to remove from diameter classes over a finite time horizon and is formulated as a discrete-time optimal-control problem with bounded control variables and free terminal point. A solution algorithm called the method of steepest descent is described and demonstrated with a whole-stand/diameter-class simulator for Wisconsin hardwood stands. Optimal management regimes that maximize present net worth (PNW) from harvests taken on a 5-year cutting cycle during a 150-year time horizon are developed for three stumpage value functions. Harvest regimes derived with the gradient method contradicted optimal steady-state management regimes determined with static analysis. Pontryagin's maximum principle is used to establish optimality conditons for the dynamic and static optimization problems. Comparison of these conditions shows that for a stand with any initial diameter distribution: (1) the optimal transition regime does not converge to the steady state that maximizes land expectation value defined by the Faustmann equation; (2) the PNW of the optimal transition and steady-state regime is greater than the PNW of the statically determined regime; and (3) the optimal steady-state regime is invariant. These results invalidate the use of investment-efficient diameter distributions. The gradient method produces stationary solutions for harvest control variables in the first period and beyond; however, because of large discount factors in distant periods, the algorithm fails to provide stationary solutions for long-term management within reasonable execution times. To avoid this problem, a restart procedure that takes advantage of the stability of the first-period solution and the sequential nature of the problem is developed. An economic model for harvesting forest stands is presented and used to contrast the two major timber harvesting systems: even-aged and uneven-aged management. In contrast to even-aged management, the value of uneven-aged stand harvesting cannot be separated into independent components for stand value and land value. Thus, conclusions about the most profitable harvesting system depend on the joint productivity of the land and existing timber. This result is demonstrated by developing optimal management regimes for Arizona ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) stands. Title: Optimal timber harvesting in uneven-aged forest stands : a discrete-time optimal-control approach Author: Haight, Robert G. The purpose of this dissertation is to formulate, analyze and numerically solve the dynamic harvesting problem for uneven-aged stands. The problem is to find the optimal numbers of trees to remove from diameter classes over a finite time horizon and is formulated as a discrete-time optimal-control problem with bounded control variables and free terminal point. A solution algorithm called the method of steepest descent is described and demonstrated with a whole-stand/diameter-class simulator for Wisconsin hardwood stands. Optimal management regimes that maximize present net worth (PNW) from harvests taken on a 5-year cutting cycle during a 150-year time horizon are developed for three stumpage value functions. Harvest regimes derived with the gradient method contradicted optimal steady-state management regimes determined with static analysis. Pontryagin's maximum principle is used to establish optimality conditons for the dynamic and static optimization problems. Comparison of these conditions shows that for a stand with any initial diameter distribution: (1) the optimal transition regime does not converge to the steady state that maximizes land expectation value defined by the Faustmann equation; (2) the PNW of the optimal transition and steady-state regime is greater than the PNW of the statically determined regime; and (3) the optimal steady-state regime is invariant. These results invalidate the use of investment-efficient diameter distributions. The gradient method produces stationary solutions for harvest control variables in the first period and beyond; however, because of large discount factors in distant periods, the algorithm fails to provide stationary solutions for long-term management within reasonable execution times. To avoid this problem, a restart procedure that takes advantage of the stability of the first-period solution and the sequential nature of the problem is developed. An economic model for harvesting forest stands is presented and used to contrast the two major timber harvesting systems: even-aged and uneven-aged management. In contrast to even-aged management, the value of uneven-aged stand harvesting cannot be separated into independent components for stand value and land value. Thus, conclusions about the most profitable harvesting system depend on the joint productivity of the land and existing timber. This result is demonstrated by developing optimal management regimes for Arizona ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) stands. Close

• 1483. [Article] The relationship of clothing attitudes of three groups of women to age and level of husband's position

  The purpose of this problem was to compare young, middle-aged, and older women's attitudes concerning clothing, and to see what influence the husband's position and income had on the clothing attitudes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The relationship of clothing attitudes of three groups of women to age and level of husband's position Author: Waldemar, Martha Goetz The purpose of this problem was to compare young, middle-aged, and older women's attitudes concerning clothing, and to see what influence the husband's position and income had on the clothing attitudes of the wife. The problem dealt with five specific aspects of women's dress: (1) appropriate dress, (2) impressing others, (3) fashion interest, (4) confidence in selection of clothing, and (5) effect wife's role had on her wardrobe. The data for this study was obtained through the use of a questionnaire in a structured interview. The 75 subjects were wives of college graduates that were working in or toward a management position within a large manufacturing company in Portland, Oregon. Eleven companies manufacturing industrial equipment participated in the study. The questionnaire was composed of 21 questions used in previous research and 21 questions written for this study. The chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between age and income and attitudes toward clothing. The wife's education was also tested to see if it was an influencing factor on the above attitudes. Analysis of the data showed that significantly more younger women were concerned about what to wear than the other age groups, and that they knew the least about the designers. More of them also had less confidence in selecting a garment to wear. More of the middle-aged women knew the most about fashion designers, and had confidence in the selection of a garment. There were more significant differences between the levels of husband's position than in either wife's age or wife's education. Analysis showed subjects in the lowest income group had high interest in prestige items and wore the same outfit fewer times. More of them had less interest in reading fashion magazines, knew less about fashion designers, and had less confidence in selecting a garment than the other two income groups. Significantly more of the high income group owned prestige items, wore the same outfit many times, had a strong desire for exclusiveness, had a high interest in reading fashion magazines, and recognized more of the fashion designers names than the other two income groups. More of the women with the high school education wore the same outfit the most times, and knew less about fashion designers. They had less confidence in their selection of a garment. More of the women with the vocational or business school training had the highest confidence in the selection of a garment. The women with a college degree knew more about fashion designers. There were more women who pursued a role of home orientation and fewer were socially-oriented. More of the home and socially-oriented wives were highest in the types of activities participated in and their reasons for participation. More of the home-oriented wives were rated low in their reasons for participation. More of the socially-active women were influenced in their clothing selection by outside sources. Title: The relationship of clothing attitudes of three groups of women to age and level of husband's position Author: Waldemar, Martha Goetz The purpose of this problem was to compare young, middle-aged, and older women's attitudes concerning clothing, and to see what influence the husband's position and income had on the clothing attitudes of the wife. The problem dealt with five specific aspects of women's dress: (1) appropriate dress, (2) impressing others, (3) fashion interest, (4) confidence in selection of clothing, and (5) effect wife's role had on her wardrobe. The data for this study was obtained through the use of a questionnaire in a structured interview. The 75 subjects were wives of college graduates that were working in or toward a management position within a large manufacturing company in Portland, Oregon. Eleven companies manufacturing industrial equipment participated in the study. The questionnaire was composed of 21 questions used in previous research and 21 questions written for this study. The chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between age and income and attitudes toward clothing. The wife's education was also tested to see if it was an influencing factor on the above attitudes. Analysis of the data showed that significantly more younger women were concerned about what to wear than the other age groups, and that they knew the least about the designers. More of them also had less confidence in selecting a garment to wear. More of the middle-aged women knew the most about fashion designers, and had confidence in the selection of a garment. There were more significant differences between the levels of husband's position than in either wife's age or wife's education. Analysis showed subjects in the lowest income group had high interest in prestige items and wore the same outfit fewer times. More of them had less interest in reading fashion magazines, knew less about fashion designers, and had less confidence in selecting a garment than the other two income groups. Significantly more of the high income group owned prestige items, wore the same outfit many times, had a strong desire for exclusiveness, had a high interest in reading fashion magazines, and recognized more of the fashion designers names than the other two income groups. More of the women with the high school education wore the same outfit the most times, and knew less about fashion designers. They had less confidence in their selection of a garment. More of the women with the vocational or business school training had the highest confidence in the selection of a garment. The women with a college degree knew more about fashion designers. There were more women who pursued a role of home orientation and fewer were socially-oriented. More of the home and socially-oriented wives were highest in the types of activities participated in and their reasons for participation. More of the home-oriented wives were rated low in their reasons for participation. More of the socially-active women were influenced in their clothing selection by outside sources. Close

• 1484. [Article] Age-specific features of generalized anxiety disorder in older adults

  Older adults are the fastest growing population in the United States, and their numbers are expected to continue rising over the next few decades. The number of older adults with psychiatric disorders ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Age-specific features of generalized anxiety disorder in older adults Author: Salaz, Joselyn D. Older adults are the fastest growing population in the United States, and their numbers are expected to continue rising over the next few decades. The number of older adults with psychiatric disorders such as anxiety is also increasing. Increases in the population of older adults and in the incidence of anxiety in this population create the need for counseling clinicians to be knowledgeable of the unique needs of this group. Researchers have found differences between older and younger adults in their experiences of anxiety, which may make it difficult for clinicians to understand, assess, and treat anxiety in older adults. This dissertation contains two manuscripts focused on the age-specific features of generalized anxiety disorder in older adults. The first is a literature review. Major topics that emerged from the reviewed articles included: (a) older adults are often misdiagnosed with physical, medical or other mental illnesses when GAD is present but unrecognized, (b) frequently the presentation and experience of GAD in older adults has somatic origins, (c) frequently older adults demonstrate debilitating GAD symptoms with significant risk factors yet these symptoms fall short of the DSM-IV criteria for GAD and (d) older adults have a wider and different array of worry topics. The second manuscript is a research study. The research question was, "Can a unidimensional measure of counselor knowledge on the age-specific features of anxiety in older adults be developed?" The development of the measure was based upon content areas drawn from (a) the research literature, (b) the American Counseling Association gerontology competencies, and (c) feedback from an expert panel and mental health clinicians in the area of older adult anxiety. Reliability and factor analysis methods were employed to determine internal consistency of the measure and to determine the dimensional factor structure. Counselors from the U.S. Northwest (n = 100) were administered the measure to establish the reliability and factor structure information. Results indicated the measure had .74 internal consistency and possessed at least a bidimensional factor structure. This finding does not support the hypothesis that the factor structure of the COAAI is unidimensional. The findings of this study could be applied to further develop, validate and strengthen the ability to assess counselor knowledge on the age-specific features of older adult anxiety. Title: Age-specific features of generalized anxiety disorder in older adults Author: Salaz, Joselyn D. Older adults are the fastest growing population in the United States, and their numbers are expected to continue rising over the next few decades. The number of older adults with psychiatric disorders such as anxiety is also increasing. Increases in the population of older adults and in the incidence of anxiety in this population create the need for counseling clinicians to be knowledgeable of the unique needs of this group. Researchers have found differences between older and younger adults in their experiences of anxiety, which may make it difficult for clinicians to understand, assess, and treat anxiety in older adults. This dissertation contains two manuscripts focused on the age-specific features of generalized anxiety disorder in older adults. The first is a literature review. Major topics that emerged from the reviewed articles included: (a) older adults are often misdiagnosed with physical, medical or other mental illnesses when GAD is present but unrecognized, (b) frequently the presentation and experience of GAD in older adults has somatic origins, (c) frequently older adults demonstrate debilitating GAD symptoms with significant risk factors yet these symptoms fall short of the DSM-IV criteria for GAD and (d) older adults have a wider and different array of worry topics. The second manuscript is a research study. The research question was, "Can a unidimensional measure of counselor knowledge on the age-specific features of anxiety in older adults be developed?" The development of the measure was based upon content areas drawn from (a) the research literature, (b) the American Counseling Association gerontology competencies, and (c) feedback from an expert panel and mental health clinicians in the area of older adult anxiety. Reliability and factor analysis methods were employed to determine internal consistency of the measure and to determine the dimensional factor structure. Counselors from the U.S. Northwest (n = 100) were administered the measure to establish the reliability and factor structure information. Results indicated the measure had .74 internal consistency and possessed at least a bidimensional factor structure. This finding does not support the hypothesis that the factor structure of the COAAI is unidimensional. The findings of this study could be applied to further develop, validate and strengthen the ability to assess counselor knowledge on the age-specific features of older adult anxiety. Close

• 1485. [Article] Effects of wildfire on growth and demographics of coastal cutthroat trout in headwater streams

  Wildfire is a largely terrestrial perturbation broadly recognized as an agent of disturbance and ecological change in forested biomes. Effects of post-fire conditions on biotic components of aquatic systems ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of wildfire on growth and demographics of coastal cutthroat trout in headwater streams Author: Heck, Michael P. Wildfire is a largely terrestrial perturbation broadly recognized as an agent of disturbance and ecological change in forested biomes. Effects of post-fire conditions on biotic components of aquatic systems have been less well-documented, although hypothetically, the two are strongly connected. In fact, the influence of wildfire may be most profound in headwater streams because of the tight linkage between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. We sought to understand the influence of post-fire conditions on fish in headwater streams by observing growth and demographics of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) following wildfire. During the summer of 2002, wildfire burned portions of three headwater watersheds in the North Umpqua basin of western Oregon. Burn severities ranged from moderate to severe. A reference stream was selected from a nearby fourth watershed. All fish-bearing portions of the stream network in the four watersheds were surveyed for 3 years following the wildfire, and 1,295 scale samples were collected from coastal cutthroat trout for age and growth analysis. Stream temperatures in the burned watersheds changed significantly following the wildfire (p < 0.016), with increases of up to 23% in the most severely burned watershed. During summer electrofishing surveys in the burned watersheds, both young-of-the-year and fish ≥ age 1 were captured; in the unburned watershed, the vast majority of fish captured were ≥ age 1. Age-frequency analyses revealed that fish in older age classes (age ≥ 3) were more prevalent in the unburned watershed than in the burned watersheds. Relative growth rates and length at last annulus formation of coastal cutthroat trout were positively related to the number of degree days during the growing season, and Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.60 (p < 0.07) to 0.90 (p < 0.01). Growth rates and size of fish were not significantly correlated with relative density of fish (p ≥ 0.14). Contrary to the commonly held assumption that wildfire is detrimental to biota in aquatic systems, these results suggest that in the short term (≤ 3 years), fish in the study streams adjusted to environmental change caused by wildfire. Title: Effects of wildfire on growth and demographics of coastal cutthroat trout in headwater streams Author: Heck, Michael P. Wildfire is a largely terrestrial perturbation broadly recognized as an agent of disturbance and ecological change in forested biomes. Effects of post-fire conditions on biotic components of aquatic systems have been less well-documented, although hypothetically, the two are strongly connected. In fact, the influence of wildfire may be most profound in headwater streams because of the tight linkage between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. We sought to understand the influence of post-fire conditions on fish in headwater streams by observing growth and demographics of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) following wildfire. During the summer of 2002, wildfire burned portions of three headwater watersheds in the North Umpqua basin of western Oregon. Burn severities ranged from moderate to severe. A reference stream was selected from a nearby fourth watershed. All fish-bearing portions of the stream network in the four watersheds were surveyed for 3 years following the wildfire, and 1,295 scale samples were collected from coastal cutthroat trout for age and growth analysis. Stream temperatures in the burned watersheds changed significantly following the wildfire (p < 0.016), with increases of up to 23% in the most severely burned watershed. During summer electrofishing surveys in the burned watersheds, both young-of-the-year and fish ≥ age 1 were captured; in the unburned watershed, the vast majority of fish captured were ≥ age 1. Age-frequency analyses revealed that fish in older age classes (age ≥ 3) were more prevalent in the unburned watershed than in the burned watersheds. Relative growth rates and length at last annulus formation of coastal cutthroat trout were positively related to the number of degree days during the growing season, and Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.60 (p < 0.07) to 0.90 (p < 0.01). Growth rates and size of fish were not significantly correlated with relative density of fish (p ≥ 0.14). Contrary to the commonly held assumption that wildfire is detrimental to biota in aquatic systems, these results suggest that in the short term (≤ 3 years), fish in the study streams adjusted to environmental change caused by wildfire. Close

• 1486. [Article] Hypertension and low HDL cholesterol were associated with reduced kidney function across the age spectrum: a collaborative study

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hypertension and low HDL cholesterol were associated with reduced kidney function across the age spectrum: a collaborative study Author: Fried, Linda F., Shlipak, Michael G., Siscovick, David, Katz, Ronit, Satterfield, Suzanne, Gansevoort, Ron T., Newman, Anne B., Bakker, Stephan J.L., Harris, Tamara B., Odden, Michelle C., Sarnak, Mark J., Tager, Ira B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Title: Hypertension and low HDL cholesterol were associated with reduced kidney function across the age spectrum: a collaborative study Author: Fried, Linda F., Shlipak, Michael G., Siscovick, David, Katz, Ronit, Satterfield, Suzanne, Gansevoort, Ron T., Newman, Anne B., Bakker, Stephan J.L., Harris, Tamara B., Odden, Michelle C., Sarnak, Mark J., Tager, Ira B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Close

• 1487. [Article] Knowledge, information-seeking behavior, and health beliefs about prostate cancer and breast cancer among men 18-40 years of age : a pilot study and comparative analysis

  Prostate cancer is responsible for a substantial loss of life and burden of suffering among adult males. Evidence suggests that the risk of morbidity and mortality from prostate cancer can be reduced through ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Knowledge, information-seeking behavior, and health beliefs about prostate cancer and breast cancer among men 18-40 years of age : a pilot study and comparative analysis Author: Johnson, Brian Keith Prostate cancer is responsible for a substantial loss of life and burden of suffering among adult males. Evidence suggests that the risk of morbidity and mortality from prostate cancer can be reduced through specific screening and dietary practices (MCI, 2002; Ries et al., 2002). Further evidence suggests that screening can be encouraged by promoting health enhancing behaviors (e.g. regular preventative exams and discussing cancer with others) in the early adult years; yet nearly all studies of prostate cancer have focused on men over the age of forty. As a result, little is known about men's health-seeking behaviors related to prostate cancer including information-seeking behavior and intentions to screen or what men know of prostate cancer. Some evidence suggests that men may know as much (or more) about breast cancer in women as they know about prostate cancer (Chamot & Perneger, 2002). This pilot study sought to expand the current foundational research on men 18 to 40 years of age. The study was designed to a) describe young men's information-seeking behavior for prostate cancer; b) describe young men's knowledge of prostate cancer; c) contrast young men's information-seeking behavior and knowledge of prostate cancer with information-seeking behavior and knowledge for breast cancer; d) examine the correlation among constructs of the Health Belief Model (perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, knowledge, cues to action) and intention to talk with others (family, friends, and physicians) about prostate cancer; and e) examine the correlation among constructs of the Health Belief Model and intention to seek a regular age-appropriate preventative physical examination. This cross-sectional study utilized a 46-question, multiple page, Internet-based survey. The survey was administered to 513 men between the ages of 18 and 40 years of age at Oregon State University. One hundred and five male students responded and completed the survey. Correlated groups t-tests, and Wilcoxan-signed rank tests were applied to examine differences in scores for prostate and breast cancer for various information-seeking behaviors. Hierarchical multiple correlation was applied to evaluate the relationship among constructs of the Health Belief Model. Lastly, one-way analysis of variance, and the Mann-Whitney Test were applied to analyze the independent relationships between various modifying factors of the Health Belief Model (educational attainment, income level, health status, and race) and intention. The findings of the study indicate that men talk with few others about prostate cancer, and generally are exposed to less information about prostate cancer than breast cancer. The study also demonstrated low knowledge among young adult males regarding both prostate and breast cancer, and indicated that substantial progress can be made to better inform males about these cancers. Lastly, results suggest that constructs of the Health Belief Model are correlated with intention to seek a regular preventative examination and intention to discuss prostate cancer with others. Together, the findings of this study highlight the need to improve knowledge of prostate cancer among men, increase early health-seeking behaviors, and encourage dialogue among men about prostate cancer and breast cancer. Title: Knowledge, information-seeking behavior, and health beliefs about prostate cancer and breast cancer among men 18-40 years of age : a pilot study and comparative analysis Author: Johnson, Brian Keith Prostate cancer is responsible for a substantial loss of life and burden of suffering among adult males. Evidence suggests that the risk of morbidity and mortality from prostate cancer can be reduced through specific screening and dietary practices (MCI, 2002; Ries et al., 2002). Further evidence suggests that screening can be encouraged by promoting health enhancing behaviors (e.g. regular preventative exams and discussing cancer with others) in the early adult years; yet nearly all studies of prostate cancer have focused on men over the age of forty. As a result, little is known about men's health-seeking behaviors related to prostate cancer including information-seeking behavior and intentions to screen or what men know of prostate cancer. Some evidence suggests that men may know as much (or more) about breast cancer in women as they know about prostate cancer (Chamot & Perneger, 2002). This pilot study sought to expand the current foundational research on men 18 to 40 years of age. The study was designed to a) describe young men's information-seeking behavior for prostate cancer; b) describe young men's knowledge of prostate cancer; c) contrast young men's information-seeking behavior and knowledge of prostate cancer with information-seeking behavior and knowledge for breast cancer; d) examine the correlation among constructs of the Health Belief Model (perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, knowledge, cues to action) and intention to talk with others (family, friends, and physicians) about prostate cancer; and e) examine the correlation among constructs of the Health Belief Model and intention to seek a regular age-appropriate preventative physical examination. This cross-sectional study utilized a 46-question, multiple page, Internet-based survey. The survey was administered to 513 men between the ages of 18 and 40 years of age at Oregon State University. One hundred and five male students responded and completed the survey. Correlated groups t-tests, and Wilcoxan-signed rank tests were applied to examine differences in scores for prostate and breast cancer for various information-seeking behaviors. Hierarchical multiple correlation was applied to evaluate the relationship among constructs of the Health Belief Model. Lastly, one-way analysis of variance, and the Mann-Whitney Test were applied to analyze the independent relationships between various modifying factors of the Health Belief Model (educational attainment, income level, health status, and race) and intention. The findings of the study indicate that men talk with few others about prostate cancer, and generally are exposed to less information about prostate cancer than breast cancer. The study also demonstrated low knowledge among young adult males regarding both prostate and breast cancer, and indicated that substantial progress can be made to better inform males about these cancers. Lastly, results suggest that constructs of the Health Belief Model are correlated with intention to seek a regular preventative examination and intention to discuss prostate cancer with others. Together, the findings of this study highlight the need to improve knowledge of prostate cancer among men, increase early health-seeking behaviors, and encourage dialogue among men about prostate cancer and breast cancer. Close

• 1488. [Article] Biology of the blue and tui chubs in East and Paulina Lakes, Oregon

  This research was conducted on the life history of the blue chub, Gila (Gila) coerulea (Girard), inhabiting Paulina Lake, Oregon, and the tui chub, Gila (Siphateles) bicolor (Girard), East Lake, Oregon. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biology of the blue and tui chubs in East and Paulina Lakes, Oregon Author: Bird, Franklin Howard This research was conducted on the life history of the blue chub, Gila (Gila) coerulea (Girard), inhabiting Paulina Lake, Oregon, and the tui chub, Gila (Siphateles) bicolor (Girard), East Lake, Oregon. The results are applied to the fisheries management of these lakes. Both species are endemic to the Klamath River System. Blue chub eggs had an incubation period of 7 to 9 days at 58.1°F to 69.3°F. Blue chub larvae first appeared in shallow water within spawning areas, remained there until August and then dispersed into all shallow areas of the lake. The juveniles remained dependent on the shallow water until maturity as age III fish. Spawning occurred from early July to mid-August in less than one meter of water and never in direct sunlight. Spawning took place directly adjacent to the shoreline in areas of clean gravel or large rock. The body weightfecundity relationship (R2 = 0.935) provides the most useful means of predicting fecundity. The oldest, and largest, blue chub was an age X female (234 mm). Growth rate was greatest in juveniles, decreasing markedly at maturity and gradually diminishing further throughout the remaining life span. The least squares regression of length on weight for 895 blue chub (R2 = 0.96) was, Log body weight 7= -L7129 + 3.1069 (-Log 25.4 + Log body length in mm). The blue chub diet consisted mainly of diptera larvae, cladocerans, gastropods, and amphipods, of which diptera larvae, cladocerans, and amphipods were the most preferred food items of Paulina Lake rainbow trout. Blue chub were vitually free of parasites. The osprey and a large dragonfly nymph were the only observed predators on the blue chub, but other possible predators were the rainbow trout, mink and marten. Tui chub eggs incubated in 7 to 8 days at 5 8.3oF to 71.5°F. Tui chub larvae first appeared within heavily vegetated areas within East Lake, areas which were the most probable spawning sites. They remained there until dispersal in August. Juveniles remained dependent on the vegetation and shallow beach areas until maturing as either age II or age III fish. Spawning most probably occurred in the heavily vegetated areas during mid-June to late July, with deposition of the adhesive eggs on to the vegetation. The ovary weight-fecundity relationship (R2 = 0.87 8) provides the most useful means of predicting fecundity. The oldest tui chub was an age IX fema,le (226 mm), The longest (FL) was an age VIII female (249 mm). Growth rate was greatest in juveniles, decreasing significantly at maturity and gradually diminishing further throughout the remaining life span. The least squares regression of length on weight for 940 tui chub (R2 =0.97) was, Log body weight = -1.0518 + 2.8807 (-Log 25.4 + Log body length in mm). The tui chub diet consisted mainly of amphipods, diptera larvae, gastropods and cladocerans, of which amphipods, diptera larvae and cladocerans were the most preferred food items of East Lake rainbow trout and brook trout. Tui chub were virtually free of parasites. The osprey and a large dragonfly nymph were the only observed predators on the tui chub, but other possible predators were the rainbow trout, :brown trout, brook trout, mink and marten. Title: Biology of the blue and tui chubs in East and Paulina Lakes, Oregon Author: Bird, Franklin Howard This research was conducted on the life history of the blue chub, Gila (Gila) coerulea (Girard), inhabiting Paulina Lake, Oregon, and the tui chub, Gila (Siphateles) bicolor (Girard), East Lake, Oregon. The results are applied to the fisheries management of these lakes. Both species are endemic to the Klamath River System. Blue chub eggs had an incubation period of 7 to 9 days at 58.1°F to 69.3°F. Blue chub larvae first appeared in shallow water within spawning areas, remained there until August and then dispersed into all shallow areas of the lake. The juveniles remained dependent on the shallow water until maturity as age III fish. Spawning occurred from early July to mid-August in less than one meter of water and never in direct sunlight. Spawning took place directly adjacent to the shoreline in areas of clean gravel or large rock. The body weightfecundity relationship (R2 = 0.935) provides the most useful means of predicting fecundity. The oldest, and largest, blue chub was an age X female (234 mm). Growth rate was greatest in juveniles, decreasing markedly at maturity and gradually diminishing further throughout the remaining life span. The least squares regression of length on weight for 895 blue chub (R2 = 0.96) was, Log body weight 7= -L7129 + 3.1069 (-Log 25.4 + Log body length in mm). The blue chub diet consisted mainly of diptera larvae, cladocerans, gastropods, and amphipods, of which diptera larvae, cladocerans, and amphipods were the most preferred food items of Paulina Lake rainbow trout. Blue chub were vitually free of parasites. The osprey and a large dragonfly nymph were the only observed predators on the blue chub, but other possible predators were the rainbow trout, mink and marten. Tui chub eggs incubated in 7 to 8 days at 5 8.3oF to 71.5°F. Tui chub larvae first appeared within heavily vegetated areas within East Lake, areas which were the most probable spawning sites. They remained there until dispersal in August. Juveniles remained dependent on the vegetation and shallow beach areas until maturing as either age II or age III fish. Spawning most probably occurred in the heavily vegetated areas during mid-June to late July, with deposition of the adhesive eggs on to the vegetation. The ovary weight-fecundity relationship (R2 = 0.87 8) provides the most useful means of predicting fecundity. The oldest tui chub was an age IX fema,le (226 mm), The longest (FL) was an age VIII female (249 mm). Growth rate was greatest in juveniles, decreasing significantly at maturity and gradually diminishing further throughout the remaining life span. The least squares regression of length on weight for 940 tui chub (R2 =0.97) was, Log body weight = -1.0518 + 2.8807 (-Log 25.4 + Log body length in mm). The tui chub diet consisted mainly of amphipods, diptera larvae, gastropods and cladocerans, of which amphipods, diptera larvae and cladocerans were the most preferred food items of East Lake rainbow trout and brook trout. Tui chub were virtually free of parasites. The osprey and a large dragonfly nymph were the only observed predators on the tui chub, but other possible predators were the rainbow trout, :brown trout, brook trout, mink and marten. Close

• 1489. [Article] The Dynamics of Global States in Executive Control

  In the present work, we examine how the cognitive system responds to complex environments. It has been proposed that executive control, which is responsible for orchestrating high-level behavior in such ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Dynamics of Global States in Executive Control Author: Hubbard, Jason Year: 2017 In the present work, we examine how the cognitive system responds to complex environments. It has been proposed that executive control, which is responsible for orchestrating high-level behavior in such environments, operates according to different broad processing modes, one geared towards stability and focus (“maintenance”), and the other that’s open to environmental influence (“updating”). Aging work has proposed that this latter mode is over-represented in older age, leading to deficits in many, but not all cognitive domains. Across three studies, we sought to identify the dynamics of the updating state in particular, and how those dynamics are shifted in older age. In Chapter 2, we used a paradigm designed specifically to enforce maintenance and updating states with an age-comparative sample, and found that older adults show increased behavioral costs (reaction times) and distractibility (distractor fixations) consistent with being “chronic updaters”. In Chapter 3 we probed the updating state by examining spontaneous fixations towards irrelevant cues, allowing us to identify how it occurs both in response to the task context, and independently from it. We found that older adults were more sensitive to global changes in the task context (single versus mixed-task blocks), but also showed a stronger tendency to update independently from the task. Younger adults, by contrast, were more prone to update in response to transient task events. In Chapter 4, we lay the groundwork to address these questions with neuroimaging, using machine learning to extract information regarding the task context (task set, targets, distractors, response-selection) in a task-switching paradigm on a trial-by-trial and moment-by-moment level. This opens the door for more directly measuring neural signatures of updating and gives a more high-fidelity measure to examine the dynamics of how and when it occurs. Together, this work provides some insight into the dynamics and age-differences involved in global processing states, which heretofore have been under-investigated in the literature. Additionally, we provide important analytic and methodological advancements for extending this work in the future. Title: The Dynamics of Global States in Executive Control Author: Hubbard, Jason Year: 2017 In the present work, we examine how the cognitive system responds to complex environments. It has been proposed that executive control, which is responsible for orchestrating high-level behavior in such environments, operates according to different broad processing modes, one geared towards stability and focus (“maintenance”), and the other that’s open to environmental influence (“updating”). Aging work has proposed that this latter mode is over-represented in older age, leading to deficits in many, but not all cognitive domains. Across three studies, we sought to identify the dynamics of the updating state in particular, and how those dynamics are shifted in older age. In Chapter 2, we used a paradigm designed specifically to enforce maintenance and updating states with an age-comparative sample, and found that older adults show increased behavioral costs (reaction times) and distractibility (distractor fixations) consistent with being “chronic updaters”. In Chapter 3 we probed the updating state by examining spontaneous fixations towards irrelevant cues, allowing us to identify how it occurs both in response to the task context, and independently from it. We found that older adults were more sensitive to global changes in the task context (single versus mixed-task blocks), but also showed a stronger tendency to update independently from the task. Younger adults, by contrast, were more prone to update in response to transient task events. In Chapter 4, we lay the groundwork to address these questions with neuroimaging, using machine learning to extract information regarding the task context (task set, targets, distractors, response-selection) in a task-switching paradigm on a trial-by-trial and moment-by-moment level. This opens the door for more directly measuring neural signatures of updating and gives a more high-fidelity measure to examine the dynamics of how and when it occurs. Together, this work provides some insight into the dynamics and age-differences involved in global processing states, which heretofore have been under-investigated in the literature. Additionally, we provide important analytic and methodological advancements for extending this work in the future. Close

• 1490. [Article] THE EFFECT OF ADULT AGING ON THE VESTIBULAR CONTROL OF STANDING BALANCE UNDER INCREASED COGNITIVE DEMAND

  50 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Human Physiology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: THE EFFECT OF ADULT AGING ON THE VESTIBULAR CONTROL OF STANDING BALANCE UNDER INCREASED COGNITIVE DEMAND Author: Peters, Wendy Year: 2016 50 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Human Physiology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science, Spring 2016. Title: THE EFFECT OF ADULT AGING ON THE VESTIBULAR CONTROL OF STANDING BALANCE UNDER INCREASED COGNITIVE DEMAND Author: Peters, Wendy Year: 2016 50 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Human Physiology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science, Spring 2016. Close