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• 1471. [Article] Chronology and Ecology of Late Pleistocene Megafauna in the Northern Willamette Valley, Oregon

  This study is an investigation of the timing of extinction of late Pleistocene, large bodied mammalian herbivores (megafauna) and of the environment in which they lived. The demise of the megafauna near ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chronology and Ecology of Late Pleistocene Megafauna in the Northern Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Gilmour, Daniel McGowan Year: 2011 This study is an investigation of the timing of extinction of late Pleistocene, large bodied mammalian herbivores (megafauna) and of the environment in which they lived. The demise of the megafauna near the end of the Pleistocene remains unexplained. Owing to potential human involvement in the extinctions, archaeologists have been particularly concerned to understand the causes for faunal losses. Our current lack of understanding of the timing and the causes of the extinctions in North America may result from a deficiency in understanding the histories of each individual species of extinct animal on a local level. Detailed regional chronologies of fauna are necessary for comparison with paleoenvironmental and archaeological data to help sort out causes for extinction. The Willamette Valley of western Oregon has long been noted for finds of megafauna, though records have not been synthesized since the early 20th century and these materials have remained largely unstudied. In this thesis, I first create a catalog of extinct megafauna recovered from the Willamette Valley. Next, using material from the northern valley, I employ AMS radiocarbon dating, stable isotope δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N analyses, and gross inferences based on the dietary specializations and habitat preferences of taxa in order to reconstruct environments and to develop a local chronology of events that is then arrayed against archaeological and paleoenvironmental data. The results of this study indicate that megafaunal populations in the northern Willamette Valley were contemporaneous with the earliest known human populations of the Pacific Northwest, as well as later populations associated with the Clovis Paleoindian Horizon. Consistent with the overkill hypothesis, radiocarbon ages span the length of the Clovis window, but no ages are younger than Clovis. Moreover, all radiocarbon ages are older than or contemporaneous to the onset of the Younger Dryas Stadial. No age ranges fall exclusively within the Younger Dryas. Comparison of megafaunal ages and paleoenvironmental records support the view that climate change contributed to local animal population declines. Prior to ~13,000 cal BP, the Willamette Valley was an open environment; herbivores mainly consumed C₃ vegetation. The timing of the loss of megafauna coincides with increased forested conditions as indicated by regional paleoenvironmental reconstruction. As the timing of megafaunal decline correlates with Clovis, the onset of the Younger Dryas, and increased forested conditions, it is not possible with the data currently available to distinguish the cause of extinction in the Willamette Valley. The age ranges of the fauna coupled with taphonomic and geologic context indicate that the fauna are autochthonous to the Willamette Valley; they do not represent ice rafted carcasses or isolated skeletal elements transported from elsewhere during late Pleistocene glacial outburst floods. Title: Chronology and Ecology of Late Pleistocene Megafauna in the Northern Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Gilmour, Daniel McGowan Year: 2011 This study is an investigation of the timing of extinction of late Pleistocene, large bodied mammalian herbivores (megafauna) and of the environment in which they lived. The demise of the megafauna near the end of the Pleistocene remains unexplained. Owing to potential human involvement in the extinctions, archaeologists have been particularly concerned to understand the causes for faunal losses. Our current lack of understanding of the timing and the causes of the extinctions in North America may result from a deficiency in understanding the histories of each individual species of extinct animal on a local level. Detailed regional chronologies of fauna are necessary for comparison with paleoenvironmental and archaeological data to help sort out causes for extinction. The Willamette Valley of western Oregon has long been noted for finds of megafauna, though records have not been synthesized since the early 20th century and these materials have remained largely unstudied. In this thesis, I first create a catalog of extinct megafauna recovered from the Willamette Valley. Next, using material from the northern valley, I employ AMS radiocarbon dating, stable isotope δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N analyses, and gross inferences based on the dietary specializations and habitat preferences of taxa in order to reconstruct environments and to develop a local chronology of events that is then arrayed against archaeological and paleoenvironmental data. The results of this study indicate that megafaunal populations in the northern Willamette Valley were contemporaneous with the earliest known human populations of the Pacific Northwest, as well as later populations associated with the Clovis Paleoindian Horizon. Consistent with the overkill hypothesis, radiocarbon ages span the length of the Clovis window, but no ages are younger than Clovis. Moreover, all radiocarbon ages are older than or contemporaneous to the onset of the Younger Dryas Stadial. No age ranges fall exclusively within the Younger Dryas. Comparison of megafaunal ages and paleoenvironmental records support the view that climate change contributed to local animal population declines. Prior to ~13,000 cal BP, the Willamette Valley was an open environment; herbivores mainly consumed C₃ vegetation. The timing of the loss of megafauna coincides with increased forested conditions as indicated by regional paleoenvironmental reconstruction. As the timing of megafaunal decline correlates with Clovis, the onset of the Younger Dryas, and increased forested conditions, it is not possible with the data currently available to distinguish the cause of extinction in the Willamette Valley. The age ranges of the fauna coupled with taphonomic and geologic context indicate that the fauna are autochthonous to the Willamette Valley; they do not represent ice rafted carcasses or isolated skeletal elements transported from elsewhere during late Pleistocene glacial outburst floods. Close

• 1472. [Article] Transit Bus Fleet Age and Replacement Type Optimization

  Due to recent budget and fiscal constraints, it is ever more imperative for transit agencies to manage their fleets in an optimal way. Fleet data have consistently shown that bus operational and maintenance ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transit Bus Fleet Age and Replacement Type Optimization Author: Figliozzi, Miguel A., Feng, Wei, Boudart, Jesse Year: 2013 Due to recent budget and fiscal constraints, it is ever more imperative for transit agencies to manage their fleets in an optimal way. Fleet data have consistently shown that bus operational and maintenance (O&M) per-mile costs increase as buses age. From a purely economic perspective, there is a cost tradeoff between the lower O&M costs of newer fleets and their higher initial capital costs. This tradeoff has a significant impact on the optimal timing of purchase and replacement decisions. Utilizing realistic cost data and an optimization modeling framework, we analyze (a) the impact of purchase timing decisions on fleet per-mile costs and (b) the key factors and variables affecting the optimization of transit diesel and hybrid bus fleets. Given uncertain and hard-to-forecast market variables, multiple scenarios are examined and sensitivity analyses are performed to study the impacts of key variables on optimal replacement policies and costs. In terms of the impact of purchase timing decisions on fleet per-mile costs (a), results indicate that: 1) increases in diesel prices do not affect total bus fleet costs as much as increases in maintenance costs; 2) increases in maintenance costs and utilization per year reduce the optimal replacement age; 3) increases in utilization and fuel economy have a similar impact in terms of total fleet costs; and 4) bus purchase-price changes have a significant impact on the optimal replacement age. In terms of the key factors and variables affecting the optimization of transit diesel and hybrid bus fleets (b), results indicate that: 1) the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) purchase cost subsidy has the highest impact on the optimal replacement policies; 2) without the FTA subsidy, the optimal policy is to choose the diesel bus unless the purchase cost difference is larger than 10%; 3) with an 80% FTA purchase cost subsidy, the hybrid bus is always the best choice unless fuel economy difference between the hybrid and diesel buses is substantial; 4) maintenance costs affect the optimal replacement age but are unlikely to change the optimal bus type when comparing diesel and hybrid technologies; and 5) greenhouse gas emissions costs are not significant and affect neither bus type nor replacement age. Title: Transit Bus Fleet Age and Replacement Type Optimization Author: Figliozzi, Miguel A., Feng, Wei, Boudart, Jesse Year: 2013 Due to recent budget and fiscal constraints, it is ever more imperative for transit agencies to manage their fleets in an optimal way. Fleet data have consistently shown that bus operational and maintenance (O&M) per-mile costs increase as buses age. From a purely economic perspective, there is a cost tradeoff between the lower O&M costs of newer fleets and their higher initial capital costs. This tradeoff has a significant impact on the optimal timing of purchase and replacement decisions. Utilizing realistic cost data and an optimization modeling framework, we analyze (a) the impact of purchase timing decisions on fleet per-mile costs and (b) the key factors and variables affecting the optimization of transit diesel and hybrid bus fleets. Given uncertain and hard-to-forecast market variables, multiple scenarios are examined and sensitivity analyses are performed to study the impacts of key variables on optimal replacement policies and costs. In terms of the impact of purchase timing decisions on fleet per-mile costs (a), results indicate that: 1) increases in diesel prices do not affect total bus fleet costs as much as increases in maintenance costs; 2) increases in maintenance costs and utilization per year reduce the optimal replacement age; 3) increases in utilization and fuel economy have a similar impact in terms of total fleet costs; and 4) bus purchase-price changes have a significant impact on the optimal replacement age. In terms of the key factors and variables affecting the optimization of transit diesel and hybrid bus fleets (b), results indicate that: 1) the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) purchase cost subsidy has the highest impact on the optimal replacement policies; 2) without the FTA subsidy, the optimal policy is to choose the diesel bus unless the purchase cost difference is larger than 10%; 3) with an 80% FTA purchase cost subsidy, the hybrid bus is always the best choice unless fuel economy difference between the hybrid and diesel buses is substantial; 4) maintenance costs affect the optimal replacement age but are unlikely to change the optimal bus type when comparing diesel and hybrid technologies; and 5) greenhouse gas emissions costs are not significant and affect neither bus type nor replacement age. Close

• 1473. [Article] Understory Species Patterns and Diversity in Old-Growth and Managed Northern Hardwood Forests

  Forest management can significantly affect both the diversity and spatial patterning of understory vegetation. However, few studies have considered both diversity and spatial patterning at a stand scale. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Understory Species Patterns and Diversity in Old-Growth and Managed Northern Hardwood Forests Author: Scheller, Robert M., Mladenoff, David J. Year: 2002 Forest management can significantly affect both the diversity and spatial patterning of understory vegetation. However, few studies have considered both diversity and spatial patterning at a stand scale. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of forest management on understory plant communities in northern hardwood forests and assess the processes governing differences in species composition, diversity, and spatial patterns. We sampled understory vegetation (all speciestall) and percentage of light transmission levels in three forest types in 12 mesic northern hardwood stands in northern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA: old-growth, undisturbed forests; even-aged forests resulting from clearcut logging (65–85 yr old); and uneven-aged forests with recent selective logging. Estimated understory species richness per stand, mean species richness per quadrat, and mean percent cover per quadrat were lower in old-growth forest than in even-aged, second-growth forests and lower in even-aged than in uneven-aged, second-growth forests. Differences in species composition among the three forest types were related to available light and to coarse woody debris; however, differences between the cover of most plant groups were not significant. The mean patch size of species diversity and cover is highly variable and could not be related to forest stand type. However, understory communities in old-growth forests have significantly smaller community patch sizes and larger compositional heterogeneity. Community patch size is correlated with both coarse woody debris and light heterogeneity. Each forest stand type produces a characteristic combination of understory composition, diversity, and spatial patterning of communities. Although harvesting has negligible effects on understory alpha diversity in these mesic hardwood forests, spatial structure is slower to recover and has not recovered in the even- and uneven-aged northern hardwood forests studied. If management objectives include preserving or restoring the ecological character of the forest, harvesting may need to be altered or delayed predicated on the character of the understory. Title: Understory Species Patterns and Diversity in Old-Growth and Managed Northern Hardwood Forests Author: Scheller, Robert M., Mladenoff, David J. Year: 2002 Forest management can significantly affect both the diversity and spatial patterning of understory vegetation. However, few studies have considered both diversity and spatial patterning at a stand scale. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of forest management on understory plant communities in northern hardwood forests and assess the processes governing differences in species composition, diversity, and spatial patterns. We sampled understory vegetation (all speciestall) and percentage of light transmission levels in three forest types in 12 mesic northern hardwood stands in northern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA: old-growth, undisturbed forests; even-aged forests resulting from clearcut logging (65–85 yr old); and uneven-aged forests with recent selective logging. Estimated understory species richness per stand, mean species richness per quadrat, and mean percent cover per quadrat were lower in old-growth forest than in even-aged, second-growth forests and lower in even-aged than in uneven-aged, second-growth forests. Differences in species composition among the three forest types were related to available light and to coarse woody debris; however, differences between the cover of most plant groups were not significant. The mean patch size of species diversity and cover is highly variable and could not be related to forest stand type. However, understory communities in old-growth forests have significantly smaller community patch sizes and larger compositional heterogeneity. Community patch size is correlated with both coarse woody debris and light heterogeneity. Each forest stand type produces a characteristic combination of understory composition, diversity, and spatial patterning of communities. Although harvesting has negligible effects on understory alpha diversity in these mesic hardwood forests, spatial structure is slower to recover and has not recovered in the even- and uneven-aged northern hardwood forests studied. If management objectives include preserving or restoring the ecological character of the forest, harvesting may need to be altered or delayed predicated on the character of the understory. Close

• 1474. [Article] Response of the Irish Ice Sheet to abrupt climate change during the last deglaciation

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/quaternary-science-reviews/#description. To the best of our knowledge, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Response of the Irish Ice Sheet to abrupt climate change during the last deglaciation Author: Clark, Jorie, Bowen, David Q., Clark, Peter U., McCabe, A. Marshall This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/quaternary-science-reviews/#description. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Response of the Irish Ice Sheet to abrupt climate change during the last deglaciation Author: Clark, Jorie, Bowen, David Q., Clark, Peter U., McCabe, A. Marshall This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/quaternary-science-reviews/#description. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 1475. [Article] α-Tocopherol disappearance rates from plasma depend on lipid concentrations: studies using deuterium-labeled collard greens in younger and older adults

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: α-Tocopherol disappearance rates from plasma depend on lipid concentrations: studies using deuterium-labeled collard greens in younger and older adults Author: Traber, Maret G., Bobe, Gerd, Fu, Xueyan, Saltzman, Edward, Booth, Sarah L., Grusak, Michael A., Leonard, Scott W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Society for Nutrition and can be found at: http://ajcn.nutrition.org/. Title: α-Tocopherol disappearance rates from plasma depend on lipid concentrations: studies using deuterium-labeled collard greens in younger and older adults Author: Traber, Maret G., Bobe, Gerd, Fu, Xueyan, Saltzman, Edward, Booth, Sarah L., Grusak, Michael A., Leonard, Scott W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Society for Nutrition and can be found at: http://ajcn.nutrition.org/. Close

• 1476. [Article] Trees : timber resource economic estimation system

  Volume I: TREES (Timber Resource Economic Estimation System), a forest management and harvest scheduling model, is comprehensively described in the first of a four-volume series. Even- or uneven-aged forest ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trees : timber resource economic estimation system Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Tedder, Philip L., Gourley, Jonna, Schmidt, James S. Volume I: TREES (Timber Resource Economic Estimation System), a forest management and harvest scheduling model, is comprehensively described in the first of a four-volume series. Even- or uneven-aged forest inventories form basic resource units (BRUs), entered by age class or size and diameter classes; stocking level; and management intensity. Management assumptions for each grouped resource unit (GRU), a collection of BRUs, specify species type; site class; inventory shifts; changes in management intensity, land base, and utilization standard; and options for thinning, regeneration, cultural treatment, and growth. Harvest assumptions for each allowable cut unit (ACU), a collection of GRUs, comprise information on seven harvest scheduling methods, financial accounting options, and harvest-priority selection. Inventory, harvest, regeneration/cultural treatment, and total harvest/economic reports are available. Computer operating instructions for TREES are included. Volume II: The mathematical relations implicit in TREES (Timber Resource Economic Estimation System), a forest management and harvest scheduling model, are explained in this second of a four-volume series. Algorithm steps for applying fixed harvest scheduling methods (absolute amount, percent of inventory, and area control) are outlined and effects on harvest policy considered. Algorithms for the more complex variable methods (even-flow of volume, even-flow of a function of volume, present net benefit, and present net worth) are detailed; solution feasibility, optimality, and stability evaluated; and effects on harvest policy again considered. Growth options for even-aged stands (standard yield and approach-to-normal growth or volume) and uneven-aged stands (mortality, diameter growth, and ingrowth and upgrowth) are described. Appendices connect algorithms for the variable methods to their computer implementation and present supporting routines for performing quadratic interpolation and setting equation limits. Volume III:Understanding TREES (Timber Resource Economic Estimation System), a forest management and harvest scheduling model, is further aided by detailed examination of eight sample runs in the third of a four-volume series. In the first seven examples, each of seven harvest scheduling methods-three fixed (absolute amount, percent of inventory, and area control) and four variable (even-flow of volume, even-flow of a function of volume, present net benefit, and present net worth)-is applied to an even-aged inventory. The eighth example illustrates switching from a fixed (absolute amount) to a variable (even-flow of volume) harvest scheduling method for an uneven-aged inventory. Complete input specifications for all required files are provided. Portions of requested reports, including the optimization detail and allowable cut and cut-proportion tables, are illustrated via sample output for all eight examples. Inventory, harvest, regeneration/cultural treatment, and total harvest/economic reports are presented for the first and last examples. Volume IV:The FORTRAN code implementing TREES (Timber Resource Economic Estimation System), a forest management and harvest scheduling model, is annotated in this set of organized references, which forms the fourth of a four-volume series, for exploration by computer analysts or experienced users. System organization is depicted in a series of flowcharts, with accompanying discussion. Reference lists provide the location and description for each computer variable in COMMON, the interrelationships of subprograms and their use of COMMON variables and formal parameters, and the input and output operations performed. Special features of the Control Data Corporation CYBER 73 version of FORTRAN IV are briefly noted and miscellaneous features of TREES, including built-in limitations and diagnostic output requests, described. Title: Trees : timber resource economic estimation system Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Tedder, Philip L., Gourley, Jonna, Schmidt, James S. Volume I: TREES (Timber Resource Economic Estimation System), a forest management and harvest scheduling model, is comprehensively described in the first of a four-volume series. Even- or uneven-aged forest inventories form basic resource units (BRUs), entered by age class or size and diameter classes; stocking level; and management intensity. Management assumptions for each grouped resource unit (GRU), a collection of BRUs, specify species type; site class; inventory shifts; changes in management intensity, land base, and utilization standard; and options for thinning, regeneration, cultural treatment, and growth. Harvest assumptions for each allowable cut unit (ACU), a collection of GRUs, comprise information on seven harvest scheduling methods, financial accounting options, and harvest-priority selection. Inventory, harvest, regeneration/cultural treatment, and total harvest/economic reports are available. Computer operating instructions for TREES are included. Volume II: The mathematical relations implicit in TREES (Timber Resource Economic Estimation System), a forest management and harvest scheduling model, are explained in this second of a four-volume series. Algorithm steps for applying fixed harvest scheduling methods (absolute amount, percent of inventory, and area control) are outlined and effects on harvest policy considered. Algorithms for the more complex variable methods (even-flow of volume, even-flow of a function of volume, present net benefit, and present net worth) are detailed; solution feasibility, optimality, and stability evaluated; and effects on harvest policy again considered. Growth options for even-aged stands (standard yield and approach-to-normal growth or volume) and uneven-aged stands (mortality, diameter growth, and ingrowth and upgrowth) are described. Appendices connect algorithms for the variable methods to their computer implementation and present supporting routines for performing quadratic interpolation and setting equation limits. Volume III:Understanding TREES (Timber Resource Economic Estimation System), a forest management and harvest scheduling model, is further aided by detailed examination of eight sample runs in the third of a four-volume series. In the first seven examples, each of seven harvest scheduling methods-three fixed (absolute amount, percent of inventory, and area control) and four variable (even-flow of volume, even-flow of a function of volume, present net benefit, and present net worth)-is applied to an even-aged inventory. The eighth example illustrates switching from a fixed (absolute amount) to a variable (even-flow of volume) harvest scheduling method for an uneven-aged inventory. Complete input specifications for all required files are provided. Portions of requested reports, including the optimization detail and allowable cut and cut-proportion tables, are illustrated via sample output for all eight examples. Inventory, harvest, regeneration/cultural treatment, and total harvest/economic reports are presented for the first and last examples. Volume IV:The FORTRAN code implementing TREES (Timber Resource Economic Estimation System), a forest management and harvest scheduling model, is annotated in this set of organized references, which forms the fourth of a four-volume series, for exploration by computer analysts or experienced users. System organization is depicted in a series of flowcharts, with accompanying discussion. Reference lists provide the location and description for each computer variable in COMMON, the interrelationships of subprograms and their use of COMMON variables and formal parameters, and the input and output operations performed. Special features of the Control Data Corporation CYBER 73 version of FORTRAN IV are briefly noted and miscellaneous features of TREES, including built-in limitations and diagnostic output requests, described. Close

• 1477. [Article] Coordinated Population Forecast for Wheeler County, its Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB), and Area Outside UGBs 2016-2066

  Different growth patterns occur in different parts of the County and these local trends within the UGBs and the area outside UGBs collectively influence population growth rates for the county as a whole. Wheeler ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coordinated Population Forecast for Wheeler County, its Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB), and Area Outside UGBs 2016-2066 Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Ruan, Xiaomin, Proehl, Risa, Jurjevich, Jason R., Rancik, Kevin, Kessi, Janai, Tetrick, David, Michel, Julia Year: 2016 Different growth patterns occur in different parts of the County and these local trends within the UGBs and the area outside UGBs collectively influence population growth rates for the county as a whole. Wheeler County’s total population has declined slowly since 2000, with average annual growth rates of just above negative one percent between 2000 and 2010 (Figure 1); however, some of its sub-areas experienced some population growth during the 2000s. Fossil, the most populous UGB, experienced small growth and Spray posted the highest average annual growth rate at 0.1 and 1.1 percent, respectively, during the 2000 to 2010 period. Wheeler County’s population decline in the 2000s was the direct result of an aging population. The aging population not only led to an increase in deaths, but also resulted in a smaller proportion of women in their childbearing years. This, along with more women choosing to have fewer children and have them at older ages, has led to fewer births in recent years. The larger number of deaths relative to births caused a natural decrease (more deaths than births) in every year from 2000 to 2015 (Figure 12). While net in-migration and natural decrease compounded to create a substantial population decrease during the early and middle years of the last decade, migration into the county increased in the later part of the decade and helped to offset the natural decrease. Net out-migration was still substantial for populations between the ages of 20 and 29 years from 2000 to 2010, but there has been net in-migration for a slightly older population from 30 to 39 years of age. In more recent years (2010 to 2015) net in-migration has increased, bringing with it some slight population growth. Total population in Wheeler County as a whole as well as within its sub-areas will likely decline at a slightly slower pace in the near-term (2016 to 2035) compared to the long-term (Figure 1). The declining of growth rates is largely driven by an aging population—a demographic trend which is expected to contribute to a steady natural decrease (more deaths than births). As natural decrease occurs, population growth will become increasingly reliant on net in-migration. Wheeler County’s total population is forecast to decrease by more than 90 over the next 19 years (2016- 2035) and by more than 300 over the entire 50-year forecast period (2016-2066). All sub-areas are expected to experience similar rates of population decline during the forecast period. Title: Coordinated Population Forecast for Wheeler County, its Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB), and Area Outside UGBs 2016-2066 Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Ruan, Xiaomin, Proehl, Risa, Jurjevich, Jason R., Rancik, Kevin, Kessi, Janai, Tetrick, David, Michel, Julia Year: 2016 Different growth patterns occur in different parts of the County and these local trends within the UGBs and the area outside UGBs collectively influence population growth rates for the county as a whole. Wheeler County’s total population has declined slowly since 2000, with average annual growth rates of just above negative one percent between 2000 and 2010 (Figure 1); however, some of its sub-areas experienced some population growth during the 2000s. Fossil, the most populous UGB, experienced small growth and Spray posted the highest average annual growth rate at 0.1 and 1.1 percent, respectively, during the 2000 to 2010 period. Wheeler County’s population decline in the 2000s was the direct result of an aging population. The aging population not only led to an increase in deaths, but also resulted in a smaller proportion of women in their childbearing years. This, along with more women choosing to have fewer children and have them at older ages, has led to fewer births in recent years. The larger number of deaths relative to births caused a natural decrease (more deaths than births) in every year from 2000 to 2015 (Figure 12). While net in-migration and natural decrease compounded to create a substantial population decrease during the early and middle years of the last decade, migration into the county increased in the later part of the decade and helped to offset the natural decrease. Net out-migration was still substantial for populations between the ages of 20 and 29 years from 2000 to 2010, but there has been net in-migration for a slightly older population from 30 to 39 years of age. In more recent years (2010 to 2015) net in-migration has increased, bringing with it some slight population growth. Total population in Wheeler County as a whole as well as within its sub-areas will likely decline at a slightly slower pace in the near-term (2016 to 2035) compared to the long-term (Figure 1). The declining of growth rates is largely driven by an aging population—a demographic trend which is expected to contribute to a steady natural decrease (more deaths than births). As natural decrease occurs, population growth will become increasingly reliant on net in-migration. Wheeler County’s total population is forecast to decrease by more than 90 over the next 19 years (2016- 2035) and by more than 300 over the entire 50-year forecast period (2016-2066). All sub-areas are expected to experience similar rates of population decline during the forecast period. Close

• 1478. [Article] Nutrient intake of selected non-reservation native Americans residing in southwest Oregon

  A study of nutrient intakes was conducted on the Southwest Oregon non-reservation Indian population during June and July of 1980. Participating households were selected by random methods from a Southwest ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nutrient intake of selected non-reservation native Americans residing in southwest Oregon Author: Dustrude, Ann Marie A study of nutrient intakes was conducted on the Southwest Oregon non-reservation Indian population during June and July of 1980. Participating households were selected by random methods from a Southwest Oregon Indian Health Project listing of Indian households in the six-county area. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were obtained by interview method from 504 individuals, representing 226 Indian households; a food frequency questionnaire served as a cross-check. Ages of the participants ranged from 1 to 81 years. The dietary intakes, excluding supplements, of calories, protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and ascorbic acid were computer analyzed for 13 age-sex groupings. Mean and median nutrient intakes were compared to the 1980 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and discussed as meeting 33.3 percent or less of the RDA, meeting 33.4 to 66.6 percent of the RDA, meeting 66.7 to 99.9 percent of the RDA, or meeting the RDA fully. Iron was the nutrient found to be low most often, with children ages 1 to 3 years and females 11 to 50 years having mean intakes from 61 to 87 percent of the 1980 RDA. Calcium intakes were low for all female groups age 11 years and beyond; females 51 years and over had the lowest intakes compared to the 1980 RDA. Mean and median dietary intakes of protein, riboflavin, and niacin were close to or in excess of the appropriate RDA for all age-sex groups. Ascorbic acid and vitamin A were consumed in adequate mean amounts, but there were large numbers of low intakes in some age-sex groups. Data concerning shopping habits, sources of food, food aid, tribal affiliation(s), cooking and refrigeration adequacy, consumption of "traditional" Indian foods, and income were obtained by means of a household questionnaire. A comparison was made between selected demographic factors and Household Diet Scores, which were based on individual nutrient intakes compared to the 1980 RDA. Households which obtained food from a home garden and households which canned or froze food for later use had significantly higher (p [less than or equal to] .05) mean Household Diet Scores than did households which did not have these characteristics. Income levels and the practice of obtaining meat from hunting or from fishing lacked a significant relationship to Household Diet Scores at p [less than or equal to] 0.05. The percentage contributions of carbohydrate, fat, and protein to caloric intakes were: 45 percent from carbohydrate, 39 percent from fat, and 16 percent from protein. In general, the diets of the Southwest Oregon Native American population were found to approximate the diets of the general United States population as reported in the 1977-78 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey in relation to nutrient intakes and caloric sources. Title: Nutrient intake of selected non-reservation native Americans residing in southwest Oregon Author: Dustrude, Ann Marie A study of nutrient intakes was conducted on the Southwest Oregon non-reservation Indian population during June and July of 1980. Participating households were selected by random methods from a Southwest Oregon Indian Health Project listing of Indian households in the six-county area. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were obtained by interview method from 504 individuals, representing 226 Indian households; a food frequency questionnaire served as a cross-check. Ages of the participants ranged from 1 to 81 years. The dietary intakes, excluding supplements, of calories, protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and ascorbic acid were computer analyzed for 13 age-sex groupings. Mean and median nutrient intakes were compared to the 1980 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and discussed as meeting 33.3 percent or less of the RDA, meeting 33.4 to 66.6 percent of the RDA, meeting 66.7 to 99.9 percent of the RDA, or meeting the RDA fully. Iron was the nutrient found to be low most often, with children ages 1 to 3 years and females 11 to 50 years having mean intakes from 61 to 87 percent of the 1980 RDA. Calcium intakes were low for all female groups age 11 years and beyond; females 51 years and over had the lowest intakes compared to the 1980 RDA. Mean and median dietary intakes of protein, riboflavin, and niacin were close to or in excess of the appropriate RDA for all age-sex groups. Ascorbic acid and vitamin A were consumed in adequate mean amounts, but there were large numbers of low intakes in some age-sex groups. Data concerning shopping habits, sources of food, food aid, tribal affiliation(s), cooking and refrigeration adequacy, consumption of "traditional" Indian foods, and income were obtained by means of a household questionnaire. A comparison was made between selected demographic factors and Household Diet Scores, which were based on individual nutrient intakes compared to the 1980 RDA. Households which obtained food from a home garden and households which canned or froze food for later use had significantly higher (p [less than or equal to] .05) mean Household Diet Scores than did households which did not have these characteristics. Income levels and the practice of obtaining meat from hunting or from fishing lacked a significant relationship to Household Diet Scores at p [less than or equal to] 0.05. The percentage contributions of carbohydrate, fat, and protein to caloric intakes were: 45 percent from carbohydrate, 39 percent from fat, and 16 percent from protein. In general, the diets of the Southwest Oregon Native American population were found to approximate the diets of the general United States population as reported in the 1977-78 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey in relation to nutrient intakes and caloric sources. Close

• 1479. [Article] The Effect of Intracellular Zinc Concentration on Immune Activation and Proinflammatory Response in THP-1 Monocytes

  Presentation entitled: The Effect of Intracellular Zinc Concentration on Immune Activation and Proinflammatory Response in THP-1 Monocytes/ by Nicole Rinaldi, Carmen Wong and Emily Ho

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effect of Intracellular Zinc Concentration on Immune Activation and Proinflammatory Response in THP-1 Monocytes Author: Rinaldi, Nicole A. Presentation entitled: The Effect of Intracellular Zinc Concentration on Immune Activation and Proinflammatory Response in THP-1 Monocytes/ by Nicole Rinaldi, Carmen Wong and Emily Ho Title: The Effect of Intracellular Zinc Concentration on Immune Activation and Proinflammatory Response in THP-1 Monocytes Author: Rinaldi, Nicole A. Presentation entitled: The Effect of Intracellular Zinc Concentration on Immune Activation and Proinflammatory Response in THP-1 Monocytes/ by Nicole Rinaldi, Carmen Wong and Emily Ho Close

• 1480. [Article] Giving voice : a mixed methods study of gifted students' and their parents' perceptions of their reading experiences

  There is little current research in reading instruction for gifted learners. Children who are identified as gifted in reading are often left to their own devices or provided inadequate reading/literacy ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Giving voice : a mixed methods study of gifted students' and their parents' perceptions of their reading experiences Author: Austin, Kathy D. There is little current research in reading instruction for gifted learners. Children who are identified as gifted in reading are often left to their own devices or provided inadequate reading/literacy instruction (Ries et al., 2004). The purpose of this project was to determine how parents of gifted children and gifted students perceived the children's learning-to-read process, their early school reading experiences, their current school reading experiences, and changes parents and children would like to made to current reading instruction methods. Participants were recruited from various programs including summer enrichment programs for gifted youth ages 8 to 14 years old. Two hundred twenty-two parent-child dyads responded to a mixed-methods internet survey. Results from the quantitative data showed that the children in this study were exhibiting pre-reading and reading skills much younger than previously reported in the literature. In this study, the mean age at which children were able to associate letter sound with letter shape was 23.8 months of age. This skill is not typically achieved until children are between 36 and 48 months of age. Additionally, although 63% of participants responded their child was reading picture books independently between 24 and 60 months of age, 21.9 % of participants responded their child was reading picture books independently before the child was 24 months old and 7.8% of participants responded their child was reading picture books independently before the child's first birthday, a skill typical of late kindergarten or early first grade, between the ages of 66 and 72 months. Qualitative results revealed that many parent participants did not feel their children were getting challenged enough in reading at school. Some parents chose to remove their children from the formal school setting and home school as a result. Parents also advocated for their children, trying to ensure appropriate reading instruction, but not always successfully. Student participants indicated they prefer to be in classes with like-ability peers, choose their own books and projects, and have more time in school for reading books they select. Implications for future research indicate a need to examine university teacher preparation courses in reading methods, how to change current reading curriculum delivery to gifted learners, and improvement in parent/teacher relationships to create more collaborative partnerships in educating gifted learners. Title: Giving voice : a mixed methods study of gifted students' and their parents' perceptions of their reading experiences Author: Austin, Kathy D. There is little current research in reading instruction for gifted learners. Children who are identified as gifted in reading are often left to their own devices or provided inadequate reading/literacy instruction (Ries et al., 2004). The purpose of this project was to determine how parents of gifted children and gifted students perceived the children's learning-to-read process, their early school reading experiences, their current school reading experiences, and changes parents and children would like to made to current reading instruction methods. Participants were recruited from various programs including summer enrichment programs for gifted youth ages 8 to 14 years old. Two hundred twenty-two parent-child dyads responded to a mixed-methods internet survey. Results from the quantitative data showed that the children in this study were exhibiting pre-reading and reading skills much younger than previously reported in the literature. In this study, the mean age at which children were able to associate letter sound with letter shape was 23.8 months of age. This skill is not typically achieved until children are between 36 and 48 months of age. Additionally, although 63% of participants responded their child was reading picture books independently between 24 and 60 months of age, 21.9 % of participants responded their child was reading picture books independently before the child was 24 months old and 7.8% of participants responded their child was reading picture books independently before the child's first birthday, a skill typical of late kindergarten or early first grade, between the ages of 66 and 72 months. Qualitative results revealed that many parent participants did not feel their children were getting challenged enough in reading at school. Some parents chose to remove their children from the formal school setting and home school as a result. Parents also advocated for their children, trying to ensure appropriate reading instruction, but not always successfully. Student participants indicated they prefer to be in classes with like-ability peers, choose their own books and projects, and have more time in school for reading books they select. Implications for future research indicate a need to examine university teacher preparation courses in reading methods, how to change current reading curriculum delivery to gifted learners, and improvement in parent/teacher relationships to create more collaborative partnerships in educating gifted learners. Close