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• 131. [Article] Origin, incidence, and survival of Salmonella in a rural watershed

  A rural watershed containing a protected forest area in the north and a small rural community in the south was monitored for numbers of fecal indicator bacteria as well as the incidence and origin of the enteric ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Origin, incidence, and survival of Salmonella in a rural watershed Author: Bolf, Ronald Bruce A rural watershed containing a protected forest area in the north and a small rural community in the south was monitored for numbers of fecal indicator bacteria as well as the incidence and origin of the enteric pathogen Salmonella. Isolation of Salmonella only occurred once in the protected watershed, while downstream the isolation rate by the elevated-temperature swab technique ranged from 75 to 100%. This increase paralleled increases in fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus counts. A sheep herd grazing adjacent to the creek had a carrier rate for S. arizonae of 38.6%. However, this S. arizonae serotype was only isolated from Oak Creek on one occasion. Salmonella give was the most common serotype found in the creek and in surface runoff ditches in and around the rural community which flow into the creek. Salmonella MPNs downstream from the community ranged from 0.3 to 14 Salmonella/liter. These pathogens showed no injury, and persisted longer in this environment than fecal coliforms during survival experiments using membrane diffusion chambers. The degree of persistence of Salmonella in diffusion chambers was inversely related to temperature. It was concluded from measurements of fecal indicator bacteria numbers and incidence and serotypes of salmonellae isolated that the bacteriological quality of this watershed was significantly affected by non-point runoff from the rural community. Domestic grazing animals in the area contributed only a nominal amount of salmonellae to the watershed. Title: Origin, incidence, and survival of Salmonella in a rural watershed Author: Bolf, Ronald Bruce A rural watershed containing a protected forest area in the north and a small rural community in the south was monitored for numbers of fecal indicator bacteria as well as the incidence and origin of the enteric pathogen Salmonella. Isolation of Salmonella only occurred once in the protected watershed, while downstream the isolation rate by the elevated-temperature swab technique ranged from 75 to 100%. This increase paralleled increases in fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus counts. A sheep herd grazing adjacent to the creek had a carrier rate for S. arizonae of 38.6%. However, this S. arizonae serotype was only isolated from Oak Creek on one occasion. Salmonella give was the most common serotype found in the creek and in surface runoff ditches in and around the rural community which flow into the creek. Salmonella MPNs downstream from the community ranged from 0.3 to 14 Salmonella/liter. These pathogens showed no injury, and persisted longer in this environment than fecal coliforms during survival experiments using membrane diffusion chambers. The degree of persistence of Salmonella in diffusion chambers was inversely related to temperature. It was concluded from measurements of fecal indicator bacteria numbers and incidence and serotypes of salmonellae isolated that the bacteriological quality of this watershed was significantly affected by non-point runoff from the rural community. Domestic grazing animals in the area contributed only a nominal amount of salmonellae to the watershed. Close

• 132. [Article] Indian Creek aquatic restoration project environmental assessment -- preliminary analysis

  64 pp. Tables, maps, references, glossary, and illus. Township 15 South, Ranges 10 West; and Township 16 South, Range 9 and 10 West. Captured February 15, 2007.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Indian Creek aquatic restoration project environmental assessment -- preliminary analysis Author: South Zone Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2005 64 pp. Tables, maps, references, glossary, and illus. Township 15 South, Ranges 10 West; and Township 16 South, Range 9 and 10 West. Captured February 15, 2007. Title: Indian Creek aquatic restoration project environmental assessment -- preliminary analysis Author: South Zone Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2005 64 pp. Tables, maps, references, glossary, and illus. Township 15 South, Ranges 10 West; and Township 16 South, Range 9 and 10 West. Captured February 15, 2007. Close

• 133. [Article] Indian Creek aquatic restoration project environmental assessment

  74 pp. Tables, maps, references, glossary, appendices, and illus. Township 15 South, Ranges 10 West; and Township 16 South, Range 9 and 10 West. Captured July 2, 2007.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Indian Creek aquatic restoration project environmental assessment Author: South Zone Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2005 74 pp. Tables, maps, references, glossary, appendices, and illus. Township 15 South, Ranges 10 West; and Township 16 South, Range 9 and 10 West. Captured July 2, 2007. Title: Indian Creek aquatic restoration project environmental assessment Author: South Zone Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2005 74 pp. Tables, maps, references, glossary, appendices, and illus. Township 15 South, Ranges 10 West; and Township 16 South, Range 9 and 10 West. Captured July 2, 2007. Close

• 134. [Article] Indian Creek aquatic restoration project decision notice and finding of no significant impact

  10 pp. Table. Township 15 South, Range 10 West; and Township 16 South, Ranges 9 and 10. Captured May 10, 2007.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Indian Creek aquatic restoration project decision notice and finding of no significant impact Author: South Zone Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2005 10 pp. Table. Township 15 South, Range 10 West; and Township 16 South, Ranges 9 and 10. Captured May 10, 2007. Title: Indian Creek aquatic restoration project decision notice and finding of no significant impact Author: South Zone Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2005 10 pp. Table. Township 15 South, Range 10 West; and Township 16 South, Ranges 9 and 10. Captured May 10, 2007. Close

• 135. [Article] Processes that influence the downstream propagation of heat in streams below clearcut harvest units : Hinkle Creek paired watershed study

  This research investigates the direct and downstream impacts of clearcut harvest units on stream temperature as a part of the Hinkle Creek Paired Watershed Study. The Hinkle Creek watershed is located ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Processes that influence the downstream propagation of heat in streams below clearcut harvest units : Hinkle Creek paired watershed study Author: Otis, Timothy Leonard This research investigates the direct and downstream impacts of clearcut harvest units on stream temperature as a part of the Hinkle Creek Paired Watershed Study. The Hinkle Creek watershed is located in the foothills of the Cascade Mountains about 30 kilometers northeast of Roseburg, Oregon, is privately owned, and supports a 60-year old, harvest-regenerated, Douglas-fir forest. The study watershed contains four treatment and two control sub-watersheds within the larger treatment and control watersheds, respectively. The first harvest entry, which took place during the winter 2005–2006, consisted of five clearcut harvest units located adjacent to perennial, non-fish-bearing streams. One year each of calibration and post-harvest data are analyzed. The experimental design for the study was a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design. Maximum daily stream temperatures (MDST) were analyzed for the four treatment streams for one year before and one year after harvest. A multiple linear regression model was used to compare the 2005 data with the 2006 data for each stream. Stream temperature data from Myers Creek (temperature probe C04) was the control. The model for this analysis was: yt = μ +α + βx + ε where yt is the temperature of the stream on a day t, μ is the overall mean value of y, αi is the effect of year, xt is the corresponding temperature of the control stream on a day t, β is the coefficient estimated by regression, and εt is the error term. This method is an analysis of variance of values that are adjusted for regression with an independent variable, in this case the maximum daily temperatures of the control stream. The impact of timber harvest on MDST is small when compared to the spatial (between-stream) variation in MDST and this impact decreased downstream. At 300 meters, nominally, downstream of the harvest units the impact of timber harvest on MDST was not statistically significant for two streams and only moderately statistically significant for the other two streams. Stream velocity, discharge, and groundwater advection in the streams downstream of the harvest units were quantified using dye tracer dilution techniques. The One-dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage (OTIS) model was used to quantify longitudinal dispersions, transient storage volumes, storage transfer rates, and hyporheic residence times in four 75 meter reaches in each of the four treatment streams. Stream velocities calculated with OTIS ranged from 0.24 to 0.40 m/sec for the four streams. Dispersions ranged from 0.18 and 0.84 m2/sec. The estimated crosssectional area of the ‘immobile’ zones of water storage divided by the stream cross-sectional area, As/A or the storage ratio, varied from near zero to 7.2. The residence times of water in hyporheic storage ranged from 2.3 hrs to 32 hrs. Water stored in a shaded reach of stream, in pools, and in hyporheic zones provides a volume of water that can be exchanged with the water in the active stream channel. This provides for physical mixing with cooler water and heat transfer to the stream bed. Latent heat, Sensible heat, Longwave Radiant heat and Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) were calculated for August 7-17, 2006 at the center of the 300 meter study reach in Russell Creek. The air temperature was lower than stream temperature during four of those nights and the stream cooled due to a net loss of longwave radiation and evaporative cooling. Title: Processes that influence the downstream propagation of heat in streams below clearcut harvest units : Hinkle Creek paired watershed study Author: Otis, Timothy Leonard This research investigates the direct and downstream impacts of clearcut harvest units on stream temperature as a part of the Hinkle Creek Paired Watershed Study. The Hinkle Creek watershed is located in the foothills of the Cascade Mountains about 30 kilometers northeast of Roseburg, Oregon, is privately owned, and supports a 60-year old, harvest-regenerated, Douglas-fir forest. The study watershed contains four treatment and two control sub-watersheds within the larger treatment and control watersheds, respectively. The first harvest entry, which took place during the winter 2005–2006, consisted of five clearcut harvest units located adjacent to perennial, non-fish-bearing streams. One year each of calibration and post-harvest data are analyzed. The experimental design for the study was a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design. Maximum daily stream temperatures (MDST) were analyzed for the four treatment streams for one year before and one year after harvest. A multiple linear regression model was used to compare the 2005 data with the 2006 data for each stream. Stream temperature data from Myers Creek (temperature probe C04) was the control. The model for this analysis was: yt = μ +α + βx + ε where yt is the temperature of the stream on a day t, μ is the overall mean value of y, αi is the effect of year, xt is the corresponding temperature of the control stream on a day t, β is the coefficient estimated by regression, and εt is the error term. This method is an analysis of variance of values that are adjusted for regression with an independent variable, in this case the maximum daily temperatures of the control stream. The impact of timber harvest on MDST is small when compared to the spatial (between-stream) variation in MDST and this impact decreased downstream. At 300 meters, nominally, downstream of the harvest units the impact of timber harvest on MDST was not statistically significant for two streams and only moderately statistically significant for the other two streams. Stream velocity, discharge, and groundwater advection in the streams downstream of the harvest units were quantified using dye tracer dilution techniques. The One-dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage (OTIS) model was used to quantify longitudinal dispersions, transient storage volumes, storage transfer rates, and hyporheic residence times in four 75 meter reaches in each of the four treatment streams. Stream velocities calculated with OTIS ranged from 0.24 to 0.40 m/sec for the four streams. Dispersions ranged from 0.18 and 0.84 m2/sec. The estimated crosssectional area of the ‘immobile’ zones of water storage divided by the stream cross-sectional area, As/A or the storage ratio, varied from near zero to 7.2. The residence times of water in hyporheic storage ranged from 2.3 hrs to 32 hrs. Water stored in a shaded reach of stream, in pools, and in hyporheic zones provides a volume of water that can be exchanged with the water in the active stream channel. This provides for physical mixing with cooler water and heat transfer to the stream bed. Latent heat, Sensible heat, Longwave Radiant heat and Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) were calculated for August 7-17, 2006 at the center of the 300 meter study reach in Russell Creek. The air temperature was lower than stream temperature during four of those nights and the stream cooled due to a net loss of longwave radiation and evaporative cooling. Close

• 136. [Article] Rock Creek Hatchery program management plan

  Began with 2016.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rock Creek Hatchery program management plan Year: 2016 Began with 2016. Title: Rock Creek Hatchery program management plan Year: 2016 Began with 2016. Close

• 137. [Article] Streamflow Analysis and a Comparison of Hydrologic Metrics in Urban Streams

  This study investigates the hydrologic effects of urbanization in two Portland, Oregon streams through a comparison of three hydrologic metrics. Hydrologic metrics used in this study are the mean annual ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Streamflow Analysis and a Comparison of Hydrologic Metrics in Urban Streams Author: Wood, Matthew Lawton Year: 2012 This study investigates the hydrologic effects of urbanization in two Portland, Oregon streams through a comparison of three hydrologic metrics. Hydrologic metrics used in this study are the mean annual runoff ratio (Qa), mean seasonal runoff ratio (Qw and Qd), and the fraction of time that streamflow exceeds the mean streamflow during the year (TQmean). Additionally, the relative change in streamflow in response to storm events was examined for two watersheds. For this investigation urban development is represented by two urbanization metrics: percent impervious and road density. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to evaluate the relationship between the hydrologic metrics and the amount of urban development in each watershed. The effect of watershed size was also investigated using nested watersheds, with watershed size ranging from 6 km2 to 138km 2. The results indicate that annual and seasonal runoff ratios have difficulty capturing the dynamic hydrologic behavior in urban watersheds. TQmean was useful at capturing the flashy behavior of the Upper Fanno watershed, however it did not perform as well in Kelley watershed possibly due to the influence of impermeable soils and steep slopes. Unexpected values for hydrologic metrics in Lower Johnson, Sycamore and Kelley watersheds could be the result water collection systems that appear to route surface water outside of their watersheds as well as permeable soils. Storm event analysis was effective at characterizing the behavior for the selected watersheds, indicating that shorter time scales may best capture the dynamic behavior of urban watersheds. Title: Streamflow Analysis and a Comparison of Hydrologic Metrics in Urban Streams Author: Wood, Matthew Lawton Year: 2012 This study investigates the hydrologic effects of urbanization in two Portland, Oregon streams through a comparison of three hydrologic metrics. Hydrologic metrics used in this study are the mean annual runoff ratio (Qa), mean seasonal runoff ratio (Qw and Qd), and the fraction of time that streamflow exceeds the mean streamflow during the year (TQmean). Additionally, the relative change in streamflow in response to storm events was examined for two watersheds. For this investigation urban development is represented by two urbanization metrics: percent impervious and road density. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to evaluate the relationship between the hydrologic metrics and the amount of urban development in each watershed. The effect of watershed size was also investigated using nested watersheds, with watershed size ranging from 6 km2 to 138km 2. The results indicate that annual and seasonal runoff ratios have difficulty capturing the dynamic hydrologic behavior in urban watersheds. TQmean was useful at capturing the flashy behavior of the Upper Fanno watershed, however it did not perform as well in Kelley watershed possibly due to the influence of impermeable soils and steep slopes. Unexpected values for hydrologic metrics in Lower Johnson, Sycamore and Kelley watersheds could be the result water collection systems that appear to route surface water outside of their watersheds as well as permeable soils. Storm event analysis was effective at characterizing the behavior for the selected watersheds, indicating that shorter time scales may best capture the dynamic behavior of urban watersheds. Close

• 138. [Article] Historical land use and its impact on Oak Creek, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical land use and its impact on Oak Creek, Oregon Author: Yamaguchi, Keiko, 1964- Title: Historical land use and its impact on Oak Creek, Oregon Author: Yamaguchi, Keiko, 1964- Close

• 139. [Image] Middle Fork watershed between Loon and Cougar Creeks

  	Looking downstream from high point in trail a short distance below Cougar Creek
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Middle Fork watershed between Loon and Cougar Creeks Year: 1941 Looking downstream from high point in trail a short distance below Cougar Creek Title: Middle Fork watershed between Loon and Cougar Creeks Year: 1941 Looking downstream from high point in trail a short distance below Cougar Creek Close

• 140. [Image] Leading horse across the river

  	Slim Hendrick on Smokey leading Blue back across the river after the latter horse had rolled down a 30' cliff
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Leading horse across the river Year: 1941 Slim Hendrick on Smokey leading Blue back across the river after the latter horse had rolled down a 30' cliff Title: Leading horse across the river Year: 1941 Slim Hendrick on Smokey leading Blue back across the river after the latter horse had rolled down a 30' cliff Close