Search

Search Results

• 1331. [Article] Homeownership : still the American Dream? Perceptions of homeownership in the post crisis era

  "The American Dream" is an expression familiar to all Americans and the realization of the American Dream is tied closely to homeownership (Clinton, 1995). The recent financial crisis, with the housing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Homeownership : still the American Dream? Perceptions of homeownership in the post crisis era Author: Micek, Thomas P. "The American Dream" is an expression familiar to all Americans and the realization of the American Dream is tied closely to homeownership (Clinton, 1995). The recent financial crisis, with the housing and financial markets at levels not seen since the Great Depression, has resulted in widespread unemployment, continually dropping home prices, escalating home foreclosures, and tightened lending standards. Significant changes in the home buying behavior of Americans since the start of the crisis are clear but it is not clear if overall perceptions of homeownership have become more negative in the wake of this catastrophe (Joint Center for Housing Studies [JCHS], 2011). Might the marriage of homeownership and the American Dream be a thing of the past? The echo-boomer generation (defined as those born after 1980) comprises the largest group of Americans ever to reach their twenties—peak household formation years. They will play a critical role in the face of American housing in the years to come (JCHS, 2011). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether homeownership remains a goal for members of the echo-boomer generation. The population of interest for this study was college students in the United States who are members of the echo-boomer generation. A chain-referral sampling technique resulted in a non-random sample of 256 participants, ranging in age from 18 to 21. Participants were predominantly white non-Hispanic, single females who rented their residences. Most were undergraduate students representing 35 majors. An on-line questionnaire was used that included both closed and open-ended questions grouped around four primary research questions. (1) Do members of this population view homeownership as a safe investment? Simply put, yes. When asked directly, most participants responded "very safe" or "somewhat safe." Stepwise logistic regression was used to explore the predictor variables for this response. Predictor variables with p<.05 included participants’ expectation of the future direction of housing prices and of the economy, their preferred housing tenure, and whether homeownership was part of their own definition of the American Dream. (2) What is the preferred housing tenure form amongst members of this population? A large majority of participants indicated that they preferred homeownership to renting. Logistic regression analysis suggested strong association between preferred housing tenure and whether the participants viewed homeownership as a safe investment, as well as their belief about which housing tenure form made the most sense for them, and the adequacy of their income. (3) Is Homeownership in the Future Plans of College Student Echo-Boomers? The answer to this question was an emphatic yes. Ninety-three percent of current renters claim future plans to own their homes and 58% of current owners say that they will never rent. Logistic regression (p<.05) found that respondents' current tenure form and tenure preference, as well as their belief in the safety of investment in homeownership were predictors of future housing tenure intentions. (4) Do members of this population view homeownership as part of the "American Dream?" When asked explicitly whether owning a home is part of their own personal American Dream, a large majority of of respondents said yes. Logistic regression analysis found that predictors of this view (p<.05) included expectations of rent prices, age, preferred tenure form, and whether participants saw homeownership as a safe investment. This study was grounded in a social constructionist theoretical framework. Among the social constructions of housing is a deep-seated preference for homeownership as the ideal tenure form. Everyday discourse serves to accentuate the positive aspects of homeownership along with the negative aspects of renting (Gurney,1999). In spite of a deep financial crisis and the heightened role of housing in it, homeownership seems to continue as the preferred housing tenure form among the echo-boom generation. Importantly, homeownership as the embodiment of the American Dream seems to have been unaffected by the crisis. Title: Homeownership : still the American Dream? Perceptions of homeownership in the post crisis era Author: Micek, Thomas P. "The American Dream" is an expression familiar to all Americans and the realization of the American Dream is tied closely to homeownership (Clinton, 1995). The recent financial crisis, with the housing and financial markets at levels not seen since the Great Depression, has resulted in widespread unemployment, continually dropping home prices, escalating home foreclosures, and tightened lending standards. Significant changes in the home buying behavior of Americans since the start of the crisis are clear but it is not clear if overall perceptions of homeownership have become more negative in the wake of this catastrophe (Joint Center for Housing Studies [JCHS], 2011). Might the marriage of homeownership and the American Dream be a thing of the past? The echo-boomer generation (defined as those born after 1980) comprises the largest group of Americans ever to reach their twenties—peak household formation years. They will play a critical role in the face of American housing in the years to come (JCHS, 2011). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether homeownership remains a goal for members of the echo-boomer generation. The population of interest for this study was college students in the United States who are members of the echo-boomer generation. A chain-referral sampling technique resulted in a non-random sample of 256 participants, ranging in age from 18 to 21. Participants were predominantly white non-Hispanic, single females who rented their residences. Most were undergraduate students representing 35 majors. An on-line questionnaire was used that included both closed and open-ended questions grouped around four primary research questions. (1) Do members of this population view homeownership as a safe investment? Simply put, yes. When asked directly, most participants responded "very safe" or "somewhat safe." Stepwise logistic regression was used to explore the predictor variables for this response. Predictor variables with p<.05 included participants’ expectation of the future direction of housing prices and of the economy, their preferred housing tenure, and whether homeownership was part of their own definition of the American Dream. (2) What is the preferred housing tenure form amongst members of this population? A large majority of participants indicated that they preferred homeownership to renting. Logistic regression analysis suggested strong association between preferred housing tenure and whether the participants viewed homeownership as a safe investment, as well as their belief about which housing tenure form made the most sense for them, and the adequacy of their income. (3) Is Homeownership in the Future Plans of College Student Echo-Boomers? The answer to this question was an emphatic yes. Ninety-three percent of current renters claim future plans to own their homes and 58% of current owners say that they will never rent. Logistic regression (p<.05) found that respondents' current tenure form and tenure preference, as well as their belief in the safety of investment in homeownership were predictors of future housing tenure intentions. (4) Do members of this population view homeownership as part of the "American Dream?" When asked explicitly whether owning a home is part of their own personal American Dream, a large majority of of respondents said yes. Logistic regression analysis found that predictors of this view (p<.05) included expectations of rent prices, age, preferred tenure form, and whether participants saw homeownership as a safe investment. This study was grounded in a social constructionist theoretical framework. Among the social constructions of housing is a deep-seated preference for homeownership as the ideal tenure form. Everyday discourse serves to accentuate the positive aspects of homeownership along with the negative aspects of renting (Gurney,1999). In spite of a deep financial crisis and the heightened role of housing in it, homeownership seems to continue as the preferred housing tenure form among the echo-boom generation. Importantly, homeownership as the embodiment of the American Dream seems to have been unaffected by the crisis. Close

• 1332. [Article] Marketing strategies of home-based custom clothiers who were members of the Professional Association of Custom Clothiers, Oregon Chapter

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the marketing strategies of custom clothing home-based business owners by identifying selected demographic characteristics, general business information, marketing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Marketing strategies of home-based custom clothiers who were members of the Professional Association of Custom Clothiers, Oregon Chapter Author: Frisbie, ZoeDel E. The purpose of this study was to investigate the marketing strategies of custom clothing home-based business owners by identifying selected demographic characteristics, general business information, marketing strategies, and current and potential future marketing support from members who were custom clothier home-based business owners affiliated with the Professional Association of Custom Clothiers in the Oregon Chapter. The PACC is an organization developed to assist custom clothier home-based businesses and commercial businesses that are in fields associated with the sewing industry. There is limited research developed exploring areas focused on the marketing of custom clothier home-based businesses. The custom clothier home-based business owner acts as the research and development manager, production manager, and accountant as well as the marketer of the business Therefore, as concluded in previous studies the examination of the marketing strategies used by custom clothiers and any marketing support offered by professional organizations that assist home-based businesses, required further investigation. A self-administered mail survey questionnaire was mailed to all members of the PACC organization in order to collect data for this study. Only members who owned a custom clothier home-based business were asked to participate. The data from 45 of the returned questionnaires were identified as useable and analyzed using a Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 7. Percents and frequencies were used to analyze the demographic characteristics, marketing strategies, and current and potential future marketing support from the PACC organization. Eighty percent of the respondents had been members of the PACC organization for three years or more. The greatest percentage of the respondents (13.33%) had owned their custom clothier business for 12 years. The majority of the respondents contribute fifty percent or less of the total household income. The respondents in the survey confirmed that word-of-mouth communication was the most effective method of promotion for the custom clothier home-based business owner. Networking was the most beneficial item of marketing support the respondents derive from membership in the PACC organization. A Likert Scale with the endpoints of "Very Beneficial and Not Very Beneficial" identified that the respondents also perceive product/service development at meetings as a very beneficial source of marketing support from the PACC organization. Future ideas for possible potential marketing support for the PACC organization included: 1) using the PACC referral service, 2) more publicity for the PACC organization, and 3) more exposure at the national level. Fisher's Exact Test was used to analyze data. Four separate two-by-two tables were developed to compare the respondents as two groups of 1) those respondents who had marketing experience and/or education to 2) those respondents who did not have marketing experience and/or education. Therefore, the column factor in the columns of the two-by-two tables was marketing experience and/or education and was indicated by the respondents on the questionnaire with a "yes" or "no" response. The row factors in each of the four separate two-by-two tables were: 1) geographic range of the clientele. 2) number of competitors in the local area. 3) requests for new fabrics, embellishments, or interfacings, and 4) satisfaction with the level of profits from the business. This investigation revealed that the proportion of the respondents who had marketing experience and/or education were inclined to have clientele outside the designated local area of a 50-mile radius within the location of the home-based business. The two-by-two table that compared the column factor of marketing experience and/or education and the row factor of satisfaction with the level of profits from the business revealed no significant differences between the two groups of respondents. Satisfaction of the business was not associated with either having marketing experience and/or education or not having marketing experience and/or education. Research investigating the marketing strategies of custom clothier home-based business owner is an important topic. The marketing of the custom clothier home-based business is often a complex process and is difficult to master and implement. Title: Marketing strategies of home-based custom clothiers who were members of the Professional Association of Custom Clothiers, Oregon Chapter Author: Frisbie, ZoeDel E. The purpose of this study was to investigate the marketing strategies of custom clothing home-based business owners by identifying selected demographic characteristics, general business information, marketing strategies, and current and potential future marketing support from members who were custom clothier home-based business owners affiliated with the Professional Association of Custom Clothiers in the Oregon Chapter. The PACC is an organization developed to assist custom clothier home-based businesses and commercial businesses that are in fields associated with the sewing industry. There is limited research developed exploring areas focused on the marketing of custom clothier home-based businesses. The custom clothier home-based business owner acts as the research and development manager, production manager, and accountant as well as the marketer of the business Therefore, as concluded in previous studies the examination of the marketing strategies used by custom clothiers and any marketing support offered by professional organizations that assist home-based businesses, required further investigation. A self-administered mail survey questionnaire was mailed to all members of the PACC organization in order to collect data for this study. Only members who owned a custom clothier home-based business were asked to participate. The data from 45 of the returned questionnaires were identified as useable and analyzed using a Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 7. Percents and frequencies were used to analyze the demographic characteristics, marketing strategies, and current and potential future marketing support from the PACC organization. Eighty percent of the respondents had been members of the PACC organization for three years or more. The greatest percentage of the respondents (13.33%) had owned their custom clothier business for 12 years. The majority of the respondents contribute fifty percent or less of the total household income. The respondents in the survey confirmed that word-of-mouth communication was the most effective method of promotion for the custom clothier home-based business owner. Networking was the most beneficial item of marketing support the respondents derive from membership in the PACC organization. A Likert Scale with the endpoints of "Very Beneficial and Not Very Beneficial" identified that the respondents also perceive product/service development at meetings as a very beneficial source of marketing support from the PACC organization. Future ideas for possible potential marketing support for the PACC organization included: 1) using the PACC referral service, 2) more publicity for the PACC organization, and 3) more exposure at the national level. Fisher's Exact Test was used to analyze data. Four separate two-by-two tables were developed to compare the respondents as two groups of 1) those respondents who had marketing experience and/or education to 2) those respondents who did not have marketing experience and/or education. Therefore, the column factor in the columns of the two-by-two tables was marketing experience and/or education and was indicated by the respondents on the questionnaire with a "yes" or "no" response. The row factors in each of the four separate two-by-two tables were: 1) geographic range of the clientele. 2) number of competitors in the local area. 3) requests for new fabrics, embellishments, or interfacings, and 4) satisfaction with the level of profits from the business. This investigation revealed that the proportion of the respondents who had marketing experience and/or education were inclined to have clientele outside the designated local area of a 50-mile radius within the location of the home-based business. The two-by-two table that compared the column factor of marketing experience and/or education and the row factor of satisfaction with the level of profits from the business revealed no significant differences between the two groups of respondents. Satisfaction of the business was not associated with either having marketing experience and/or education or not having marketing experience and/or education. Research investigating the marketing strategies of custom clothier home-based business owner is an important topic. The marketing of the custom clothier home-based business is often a complex process and is difficult to master and implement. Close

• 1333. [Article] Identification of young homemakers' management problems related to resource limitations

  This study was designed to identify young homemakers' management problems and to see if limitations of selected resources caused problems. Sources used for current homemaking information were also explored. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Identification of young homemakers' management problems related to resource limitations Author: Koza, Mary Speckhart This study was designed to identify young homemakers' management problems and to see if limitations of selected resources caused problems. Sources used for current homemaking information were also explored. The sample was composed of 50 married homemakers, age 30 or under, who were living with their husbands. Homemakers were randomly selected from a newsletter mailing list. Thirty of the homemakers were classified as full-time homemakers. Twelve were employed full-time and six on a part-time basis. Only two were currently enrolled as students taking credit courses. Their average age was 26 years and they had completed a mean of 14 years of education. All but seven had families ranging from one to four children. The family mean income was $10,500. All 17 tasks studied were carried out most often on a regular or sometimes basis by the homemakers. Tasks included: meal preparation, dishwashing, packing lunches, special food preparation, food preservation, regular house care, special house care, upkeep of the home, washing, ironing, sewing and mending, physical care of adults, physical care of children, financial planning, record keeping, marketing for food and marketing for clothing. Homemakers rated tasks on a scale ranging from very simple to very complex. Upkeep of the home was listed as most complex while dishwashing was named the least complex task. Hypothesis 1. Hypothesis 1, management problems of young homemakers will not differ with respect to: length of marriage, age, type of housing, place of residence, homemakers' education, homemakers' occupation, composition of family and income, was accepted since there was no indication of relationship at the 0.10 level of signficance between management problems expressed and the demographic variables. If tasks were complex, homemakers were asked if one or more of six resource limitations including: money, time, knowledge, equipment, energy or space caused the complexity. Chi-square tests indicated that resources were unevenly distributed among the tasks. Limitations causing the most difficulty were time followed by money and knowledge. Resource limitations were unevenly distributed for special food preparation, financial planning, record keeping, marketing for food, marketing for clothing and special house care at the 0.005 significance level. Limitations were unevenly distributed at the 0.01 signficance level for ironing, the 0.05 significance level for food preservation and 0.10 significance level for upkeep of the home. Hypothesis Z. Hypothesis 2, there will be no relationship between the expressed problem areas and the limitations of resources of time, money, knowledge, equipment, energy or space, was rejected for the tasks mentioned above due to the uneven distribution at the stated signficance levels. The task enjoyed most by homemakers was physical care of children even though it took the most time. Dishwashing was least enjoyed, while ironing and packing lunches were least time consuming. The most energy was spent on special house care while washing took the least amount. Sixty-two percent of the homemakers followed daily routines while three-fourths of the homemakers made spending plans regularly. Sixty-eight percent had monetary resources to cover expenditures on a regular basis. Appliances available to all homemakers included a refrigerator or refrigerator-freezer, range and vacuum cleaner. Two-thirds of the families owned or were buying their homes. Twenty-eight felt they could use additional living space. Of these 28, 17 specified the need for at least one additional bedroom. All homemakers received current homemaking information from the Oregon State University Cooperative Extension Service Young Homemaker Newsletter. They requested additional information on community resources, use of personal energy, time, money, household space and equipment via, the newsletter. The majority of homemakers were managing the tasks and resources discussed in this study effectively in terms of the homemakers' satisfactions. The homemakers appeared to place a high value on their dual roles as wife and mother and were willing to try new ideas to enhance their roles. Title: Identification of young homemakers' management problems related to resource limitations Author: Koza, Mary Speckhart This study was designed to identify young homemakers' management problems and to see if limitations of selected resources caused problems. Sources used for current homemaking information were also explored. The sample was composed of 50 married homemakers, age 30 or under, who were living with their husbands. Homemakers were randomly selected from a newsletter mailing list. Thirty of the homemakers were classified as full-time homemakers. Twelve were employed full-time and six on a part-time basis. Only two were currently enrolled as students taking credit courses. Their average age was 26 years and they had completed a mean of 14 years of education. All but seven had families ranging from one to four children. The family mean income was $10,500. All 17 tasks studied were carried out most often on a regular or sometimes basis by the homemakers. Tasks included: meal preparation, dishwashing, packing lunches, special food preparation, food preservation, regular house care, special house care, upkeep of the home, washing, ironing, sewing and mending, physical care of adults, physical care of children, financial planning, record keeping, marketing for food and marketing for clothing. Homemakers rated tasks on a scale ranging from very simple to very complex. Upkeep of the home was listed as most complex while dishwashing was named the least complex task. Hypothesis 1. Hypothesis 1, management problems of young homemakers will not differ with respect to: length of marriage, age, type of housing, place of residence, homemakers' education, homemakers' occupation, composition of family and income, was accepted since there was no indication of relationship at the 0.10 level of signficance between management problems expressed and the demographic variables. If tasks were complex, homemakers were asked if one or more of six resource limitations including: money, time, knowledge, equipment, energy or space caused the complexity. Chi-square tests indicated that resources were unevenly distributed among the tasks. Limitations causing the most difficulty were time followed by money and knowledge. Resource limitations were unevenly distributed for special food preparation, financial planning, record keeping, marketing for food, marketing for clothing and special house care at the 0.005 significance level. Limitations were unevenly distributed at the 0.01 signficance level for ironing, the 0.05 significance level for food preservation and 0.10 significance level for upkeep of the home. Hypothesis Z. Hypothesis 2, there will be no relationship between the expressed problem areas and the limitations of resources of time, money, knowledge, equipment, energy or space, was rejected for the tasks mentioned above due to the uneven distribution at the stated signficance levels. The task enjoyed most by homemakers was physical care of children even though it took the most time. Dishwashing was least enjoyed, while ironing and packing lunches were least time consuming. The most energy was spent on special house care while washing took the least amount. Sixty-two percent of the homemakers followed daily routines while three-fourths of the homemakers made spending plans regularly. Sixty-eight percent had monetary resources to cover expenditures on a regular basis. Appliances available to all homemakers included a refrigerator or refrigerator-freezer, range and vacuum cleaner. Two-thirds of the families owned or were buying their homes. Twenty-eight felt they could use additional living space. Of these 28, 17 specified the need for at least one additional bedroom. All homemakers received current homemaking information from the Oregon State University Cooperative Extension Service Young Homemaker Newsletter. They requested additional information on community resources, use of personal energy, time, money, household space and equipment via, the newsletter. The majority of homemakers were managing the tasks and resources discussed in this study effectively in terms of the homemakers' satisfactions. The homemakers appeared to place a high value on their dual roles as wife and mother and were willing to try new ideas to enhance their roles. Close

• 1334. [Article] Does Disability Severity Matter? The Daily Lives of Parent Caregivers of Children with Developmental Disabilities

  Individuals with disabilities and their parents, even within specific disability diagnoses, have diverse life experiences and trajectories. The current study focuses on parents of individuals with developmental ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Does Disability Severity Matter? The Daily Lives of Parent Caregivers of Children with Developmental Disabilities Author: Fenn, Meghann L. Individuals with disabilities and their parents, even within specific disability diagnoses, have diverse life experiences and trajectories. The current study focuses on parents of individuals with developmental disabilities. Developmental disabilities (DD) are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions evident at birth or acquired during childhood that affect major life activities such as language, mobility, learning, self-help, and independent living; and include conditions such as Down syndrome, attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders, and general developmental delays. This study builds on previous literature concerning stress, caregiving, and disability by examining the daily lives, experiences, and wellbeing of parents of children with DD. The majority of health and wellbeing research being done in this area focuses on overall or global wellbeing. Comparatively little research has examined the daily lives, experiences, and wellbeing of these parents, who exist within extremely fluid contexts that change daily. Furthermore, this study also aims to build on previous research by considering the severity of the child’s disability, in order to further contextualize and understand the complex levels of influence within these parents’ daily lives. Using data from the second wave of the National Study of Daily Experiences (NSDE), the daily diary project of the National Survey of Midlife in the United States (MIDUS), this study examined these topics further by answering three specific research questions; First, to what extent does the association between daily stressors and same-day positive and negative affect differ for parents of children with and without DD? Second, to what extent does the association between daily positive events and same-day positive and negative affect differ for parents of children with and without DD? And lastly, are these associations further moderated by the severity of the child’s disability? A total of 82 participants (Mean Age = 57.4; 59% female, 96% non-Hispanic White, 79% married, Mean Education = 14 years) were identified as parents of children with DD. A sample of 82 individuals who were parents of typically developing children were identified and matched as a comparison group based on: parent gender, parent age, number of children in the household, child age, whether the target child lives with the parent, parent marital status, and parent educational attainment. Participants completed 8 nightly telephone interviews, which included assessments of their daily stressors and positive events, as well as positive and negative affect. Results from the current study found that the daily lives of individuals with disabilities and their parents are diverse and complex. Compared to their matched counterparts, parents of children with DD experienced significantly greater increases in negative affect associated with the experience of daily stressors. In contract, parents of children with DD exhibited comparable increases in daily positive affect associated with the daily positive experiences. With respect to severity of disability, the longevity of the child’s disability diagnosis, the number of comorbid disability diagnoses, and the number of comorbid mental health diagnoses, did selectively moderate daily experience-wellbeing associations, but not in a symmetric fashion across indicators. Taken together, the daily experiences and daily wellbeing of parents caring for a child with a disability cannot be understood and defined merely by knowing their child’s disability status. Parents of children with DD may be vulnerable because of the chronic stress context of caring for a child with a disability, and they show more reactive patterns of daily wellbeing when experiencing daily stressors, however, they also show resiliency in their daily wellbeing when experiencing daily positive events. The current study attempted to better contextualize and understand the daily lives of caregiving parents by moving beyond a binary definition of disability (yes/no a disability is present), and findings suggest that severity of disability is a complex phenomenon in need of continued empirical investigation. Title: Does Disability Severity Matter? The Daily Lives of Parent Caregivers of Children with Developmental Disabilities Author: Fenn, Meghann L. Individuals with disabilities and their parents, even within specific disability diagnoses, have diverse life experiences and trajectories. The current study focuses on parents of individuals with developmental disabilities. Developmental disabilities (DD) are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions evident at birth or acquired during childhood that affect major life activities such as language, mobility, learning, self-help, and independent living; and include conditions such as Down syndrome, attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders, and general developmental delays. This study builds on previous literature concerning stress, caregiving, and disability by examining the daily lives, experiences, and wellbeing of parents of children with DD. The majority of health and wellbeing research being done in this area focuses on overall or global wellbeing. Comparatively little research has examined the daily lives, experiences, and wellbeing of these parents, who exist within extremely fluid contexts that change daily. Furthermore, this study also aims to build on previous research by considering the severity of the child’s disability, in order to further contextualize and understand the complex levels of influence within these parents’ daily lives. Using data from the second wave of the National Study of Daily Experiences (NSDE), the daily diary project of the National Survey of Midlife in the United States (MIDUS), this study examined these topics further by answering three specific research questions; First, to what extent does the association between daily stressors and same-day positive and negative affect differ for parents of children with and without DD? Second, to what extent does the association between daily positive events and same-day positive and negative affect differ for parents of children with and without DD? And lastly, are these associations further moderated by the severity of the child’s disability? A total of 82 participants (Mean Age = 57.4; 59% female, 96% non-Hispanic White, 79% married, Mean Education = 14 years) were identified as parents of children with DD. A sample of 82 individuals who were parents of typically developing children were identified and matched as a comparison group based on: parent gender, parent age, number of children in the household, child age, whether the target child lives with the parent, parent marital status, and parent educational attainment. Participants completed 8 nightly telephone interviews, which included assessments of their daily stressors and positive events, as well as positive and negative affect. Results from the current study found that the daily lives of individuals with disabilities and their parents are diverse and complex. Compared to their matched counterparts, parents of children with DD experienced significantly greater increases in negative affect associated with the experience of daily stressors. In contract, parents of children with DD exhibited comparable increases in daily positive affect associated with the daily positive experiences. With respect to severity of disability, the longevity of the child’s disability diagnosis, the number of comorbid disability diagnoses, and the number of comorbid mental health diagnoses, did selectively moderate daily experience-wellbeing associations, but not in a symmetric fashion across indicators. Taken together, the daily experiences and daily wellbeing of parents caring for a child with a disability cannot be understood and defined merely by knowing their child’s disability status. Parents of children with DD may be vulnerable because of the chronic stress context of caring for a child with a disability, and they show more reactive patterns of daily wellbeing when experiencing daily stressors, however, they also show resiliency in their daily wellbeing when experiencing daily positive events. The current study attempted to better contextualize and understand the daily lives of caregiving parents by moving beyond a binary definition of disability (yes/no a disability is present), and findings suggest that severity of disability is a complex phenomenon in need of continued empirical investigation. Close

• 1335. [Article] A literary discourse on the evolution of gender & sexuality in the first & second waves of feminism : Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" deconstructs established gender roles as Willa Cather's "Paul's Case" reconstructs them

  The two literary touchstones of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Willa Cather examined in this thesis anchored a larger discussion of the discourse about gender and sexuality during the First and Second Waves ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A literary discourse on the evolution of gender & sexuality in the first & second waves of feminism : Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" deconstructs established gender roles as Willa Cather's "Paul's Case" reconstructs them Author: Hotard, Tami The two literary touchstones of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Willa Cather examined in this thesis anchored a larger discussion of the discourse about gender and sexuality during the First and Second Waves of feminism in America. "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Gilman deconstructed the notion of "femininity" manifested at the turn of the century in America, while Cather's "Paul's Case" reconstructed the notion of "masculinity." Both Cather and Gilman wrote their short stories at the turn of the century in America during the First Wave of Feminism yet they resurfaced in discussions about gender and sexuality in the Second Wave of Feminism. Readings of both Cather and Gilman's writings have evolved with the First and Second Waves because their protagonists defied and undercut the established social norms enabling them to be re-examined much after their publication date. Although their writing styles are different, Gilman and Cather share a complex understanding of gender and sexuality that earmark the social position of women in America which can be interpreted by the most contemporary critics of present date. During the First Wave of Feminism, women discussed how their ability to reproduce contributed to unbalanced gender relations, caused middle and upper class women to remain confined to the household, and economically dependent upon their husbands. This devaluation of women's participation in valued economic work sickened many women and left them reliant on their physician's care as well. Challenging this social structure, Gilman recorded her experience after being diagnosed with neurasthenia by Dr. Mitchell, ordered to remain in bed for months while consuming fatty foods and with no support from friends. Meanwhile, Cather expressed her discontent with the social construction of gender in America by asserting a male character that reconsidered the established norms for men and women of Victorian America. When the Second Wave of Feminism emerged in America, the discussions about gender and sexuality reread these touchstone texts of Gilman and Cather as flexible visions of reality but in different discursive contexts depending on the social time frame in which they reviewed them. In the 1960s, the Women's Rights Movement and the Women's Liberation Movement generated most theoretical discussions on the condition of women themselves, the issues pertaining to women's confinement like establishing a political voice and the "problem with no name." While in the 1970s, discussions about gender and sexuality concluded that the "sex/gender system," also known as patriarchy, defeated their purpose toward complete liberation because of its economic structure aimed at benefiting men. Although they appreciated the notion of a collective voice for all women, the development of individual voices among women played a more significant role in the 1970's discourses about gender and sexuality. Because men have predominantly controlled the medical field, women in the 1970s, who wrote about gender and sexuality then, also attacked physicians like Dr. Mitchell who diagnosed women with strange treatments and also worked for the prohibition of the practice of mid-wifery in America at the turn of the century. Other critics of the 1970s decided that Cather's life reflected that of a lesbian, so that by the 1980s, literary discourses involving gender and sexuality began asking questions about the purpose of Cather and Gilman's writings. If female authors like Cather and Gilman lived such politically conscious lives, then why did they not create narratives that reflected their political agendas? After questioning their narratives, some critics decided that Cather and Gilman carried a "duplicitous nature" or a twofold message in their short yet complex stories. This duplicitous style of writing explained how that by the 1990s discussions about gender and sexuality had evolved into the "crafting of characters" that resulted in "gender performances," and one acting out one's gender. While First and Second Wavers fought for the elimination of binary gender divisions and a balance in gender relations that supported the economic development of all women in America, Cather and Gilman's writings facilitated discussions during both Waves that contributed to the reasons why the social construction of gender and sexuality did not result in equal human treatment, and should therefore be reconstructed. The literature concerning women during the First and Second Waves of Feminism can be summarized as a tactfully-formulated, continuing rumination on the question of the nature and genesis of women's oppression and social subordination, and how to change its effects on the future of the human race. What started off as strictly constructed and enforced gender roles in Victorian America evolved into gender performativity in the latter part of this century. This socio-sexuo evolution lies within the protagonists' discontent and total rebellion in Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" and Cather's "Paul's Case," whose stories both surfaced at the turn of the 20th century in America, when socially-conscious citizens inspected these rigid Victorian ideals, and whose stories later resurfaced again during the Second Wave of Feminism at the middle to end of the 20th century, when individuals re-enacted these same socially constructed gender roles, and deconstructed them. Lather's "Paul's Case" functions as a touchstone of her short fiction that even Cather agreed valued notice, since she only allowed it to be reprinted of all her other stories. With consideration toward conducting future research, a more thorough examination of say The Professor's House and A Lost Lady as well as My Antonia to explore more glimpses of Cather confirming this fluctuating, non-conforming, even elusive authorial approach toward gender and sexuality that has made her reputation outlast herself, should reveal even a deeper sense of her literary complexities. Gilman's utopian novels, Moving the Mountain, Herland, and With Her in Ourland, that came after "The Yellow Wallpaper" deserve a closer look in the same respect as she struggled to portray the possibilities and barriers facing a woman who attempted to combine love and work. The movement in Gilman's writing progressively develops the possibilities and highlights the key barriers for a woman: female resistance to social change and male incomprehension concerning the necessity for love and work in a woman's life. She visualized the transition from the present to the future as one of internal conversion to an egalitarian society. This is a dual process of women awakening to their own interior power and men renouncing oppressive power structures as individuals and as a society. Perhaps too this is why Gilman, like Cather, switched to a male narrator in order to express her utopian vision. Title: A literary discourse on the evolution of gender & sexuality in the first & second waves of feminism : Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" deconstructs established gender roles as Willa Cather's "Paul's Case" reconstructs them Author: Hotard, Tami The two literary touchstones of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Willa Cather examined in this thesis anchored a larger discussion of the discourse about gender and sexuality during the First and Second Waves of feminism in America. "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Gilman deconstructed the notion of "femininity" manifested at the turn of the century in America, while Cather's "Paul's Case" reconstructed the notion of "masculinity." Both Cather and Gilman wrote their short stories at the turn of the century in America during the First Wave of Feminism yet they resurfaced in discussions about gender and sexuality in the Second Wave of Feminism. Readings of both Cather and Gilman's writings have evolved with the First and Second Waves because their protagonists defied and undercut the established social norms enabling them to be re-examined much after their publication date. Although their writing styles are different, Gilman and Cather share a complex understanding of gender and sexuality that earmark the social position of women in America which can be interpreted by the most contemporary critics of present date. During the First Wave of Feminism, women discussed how their ability to reproduce contributed to unbalanced gender relations, caused middle and upper class women to remain confined to the household, and economically dependent upon their husbands. This devaluation of women's participation in valued economic work sickened many women and left them reliant on their physician's care as well. Challenging this social structure, Gilman recorded her experience after being diagnosed with neurasthenia by Dr. Mitchell, ordered to remain in bed for months while consuming fatty foods and with no support from friends. Meanwhile, Cather expressed her discontent with the social construction of gender in America by asserting a male character that reconsidered the established norms for men and women of Victorian America. When the Second Wave of Feminism emerged in America, the discussions about gender and sexuality reread these touchstone texts of Gilman and Cather as flexible visions of reality but in different discursive contexts depending on the social time frame in which they reviewed them. In the 1960s, the Women's Rights Movement and the Women's Liberation Movement generated most theoretical discussions on the condition of women themselves, the issues pertaining to women's confinement like establishing a political voice and the "problem with no name." While in the 1970s, discussions about gender and sexuality concluded that the "sex/gender system," also known as patriarchy, defeated their purpose toward complete liberation because of its economic structure aimed at benefiting men. Although they appreciated the notion of a collective voice for all women, the development of individual voices among women played a more significant role in the 1970's discourses about gender and sexuality. Because men have predominantly controlled the medical field, women in the 1970s, who wrote about gender and sexuality then, also attacked physicians like Dr. Mitchell who diagnosed women with strange treatments and also worked for the prohibition of the practice of mid-wifery in America at the turn of the century. Other critics of the 1970s decided that Cather's life reflected that of a lesbian, so that by the 1980s, literary discourses involving gender and sexuality began asking questions about the purpose of Cather and Gilman's writings. If female authors like Cather and Gilman lived such politically conscious lives, then why did they not create narratives that reflected their political agendas? After questioning their narratives, some critics decided that Cather and Gilman carried a "duplicitous nature" or a twofold message in their short yet complex stories. This duplicitous style of writing explained how that by the 1990s discussions about gender and sexuality had evolved into the "crafting of characters" that resulted in "gender performances," and one acting out one's gender. While First and Second Wavers fought for the elimination of binary gender divisions and a balance in gender relations that supported the economic development of all women in America, Cather and Gilman's writings facilitated discussions during both Waves that contributed to the reasons why the social construction of gender and sexuality did not result in equal human treatment, and should therefore be reconstructed. The literature concerning women during the First and Second Waves of Feminism can be summarized as a tactfully-formulated, continuing rumination on the question of the nature and genesis of women's oppression and social subordination, and how to change its effects on the future of the human race. What started off as strictly constructed and enforced gender roles in Victorian America evolved into gender performativity in the latter part of this century. This socio-sexuo evolution lies within the protagonists' discontent and total rebellion in Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" and Cather's "Paul's Case," whose stories both surfaced at the turn of the 20th century in America, when socially-conscious citizens inspected these rigid Victorian ideals, and whose stories later resurfaced again during the Second Wave of Feminism at the middle to end of the 20th century, when individuals re-enacted these same socially constructed gender roles, and deconstructed them. Lather's "Paul's Case" functions as a touchstone of her short fiction that even Cather agreed valued notice, since she only allowed it to be reprinted of all her other stories. With consideration toward conducting future research, a more thorough examination of say The Professor's House and A Lost Lady as well as My Antonia to explore more glimpses of Cather confirming this fluctuating, non-conforming, even elusive authorial approach toward gender and sexuality that has made her reputation outlast herself, should reveal even a deeper sense of her literary complexities. Gilman's utopian novels, Moving the Mountain, Herland, and With Her in Ourland, that came after "The Yellow Wallpaper" deserve a closer look in the same respect as she struggled to portray the possibilities and barriers facing a woman who attempted to combine love and work. The movement in Gilman's writing progressively develops the possibilities and highlights the key barriers for a woman: female resistance to social change and male incomprehension concerning the necessity for love and work in a woman's life. She visualized the transition from the present to the future as one of internal conversion to an egalitarian society. This is a dual process of women awakening to their own interior power and men renouncing oppressive power structures as individuals and as a society. Perhaps too this is why Gilman, like Cather, switched to a male narrator in order to express her utopian vision. Close

• 1336. [Image] Martha

  	Maria Schwalb, too, had many an opportunity during the long summer, to show her housewife accomplishments. Nor was she unassisted by her humbler sister in these duties. The arrangements for entertaining ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Martha Maria Schwalb, too, had many an opportunity during the long summer, to show her housewife accomplishments. Nor was she unassisted by her humbler sister in these duties. The arrangements for entertaining the crowds that came were in the hands of the central committee. This committee assigned travellers to the different hotels and homes. Lodgings cost from $1.00 to $2.50 per day according to location. The meals cost as much more. Here let one (Mrs. Elizabeth Hayhurst of Portland) who witnessed the portrayal of this great play in 1922 tell us some of her observations and experiences. "We left Munich Saturday afternoon on one of the many special trains for Oberammergau which is about a two hour journey by fast train. We went through a picturesque country, whose fir-clad hills reminded us very strongly of Oregon, while the numerous blue lakes and chalet-like houses partook of the characteristics of Switzerland. Soon we were in sight of the lovely Bavarian Alps, and entering the valley of the Ammer, beheld Oberammergau - a small village nestled at the foot of Kofel, a high mountain peak with precipitous sides whose crest is surmounted with a cross. Upon our arrival, we were put in the care of a porter, who was dressed in the quaint garb of the Bavarian peasant - short leather breeches, embroidered velvet jacket, and a peaked leather hat adorned with a feather of a wild fowl. We followed him to the home of our host - Hans Mayr, who had the role of "Pilate" in the play. Frau Mayr greeted us cordially, as she domiciled forty of us Americans seemingly without any effort whatsoever, and made us feel quite like we were her personal guests instead of playing ones. A walk about the village later brought forth many "Ohs and Ahs". Most of the houses are painted a soft green, gray or white, and on the outside walls of many are painted religious scenes, and on one house there was a canopy of ivy growing about a painted shrine to the Virgin. Everywhere there were shrines and on the banks of the clean, clear Ammer river was a splendid monument of the Crucifixion. After our simple but wholesome evening meal, many of us purchased copies of the play, and knowing no German, which is the original text, I obtained an English version, to familiarize myself with the lines I had journeyed so far to see and hear interpreted. The characters are selected by a committee that is elected by the whole community, and the villagers wait with breathless anticipation the announcement of the bestowal of the assignment, as often a near-tragedy is witnessed when one is deemed too old to continue in a famous role. Anton Lang has been the Christus for three consecutive decades but he will not be able to continue in the role, as the crucifixion scene where he is suspended on the cross for twenty minutes is a great physical strain. Frau Lang has never witnessed the crucifixion scene as given by her husband. On the day of the performance, Anton Lang remains at the auditorium all day - simple food being brought to him during the noon intermission when he rests. By profession, he is a potter. He is profound student of the life of Christ, and has made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in order to portray the role. The bestowal of the role of the Christus is considered the highest honor within the power of the community as there is the character requisite as well as the acting one. That interest in the Play is lifelong can best be revealed by the interest of Johann Zwinck who was first a boy in the play, twice enacted the part of the disciple, Joh, and for three decades interpreted the role of Judas - said to be among the greatest of the Judases and in 1922 was the venerable Simon of Bethany, as well as understudy to the Judas. It is told of him that while he wished nothing to happen to Guida Mayr - the Judans of 1922, but Oh! how much he should like to just once again play the part of Judas, and when he was told that it would be difficult for him to make himself heard with so many of his teeth gone, he replied, "well, if I were sure of the chance, I would try in some way to gather together enough money to buy teeth". George Lang, the director of the play, is a young man of about thirty years. He was wounded in the late war and one hand is atrophied. He is their teacher in the wood carving school. Wood carving is the principal industry of the village and to that fact may be ascribed the artistic success of the play. The Villagers day by day experience the joy of creating beautiful objects. The robes have all been designed and made in the village from wonderful materials gotten mostly from the Orient. No make-up whatsoever is used, not even a wig is worn, another secret of the lovely hair one sees there everywhere. No married woman is given a speaking role, but an exception was made to the understudy of the Virgin Mary of 1922, who was the Virgin Mary of 1910, but who in the meantime has been wooed, wed, and widowed. Nine hundred five people have a part in the production of the play; there are 124 speaking roles; 50 musicians in the orchestra and 45 singers in the well-trained chorus. Seven hundred persons from mere tots of four to men and women of venerable years appear in the mob scene; 75 men are needed to collect the tickets and serve as doorkeepers and ushers, and remember at the same time thousands are being entertained in the homes of the villagers, as the few small hotels cannot begin to provide for the large number who come from all parts of the world to see the Marvelous Play of all time. The prices were established early in the year of 1922, and although the value of the mark declined many times in value before the season had hardly begun, there was no deviation from the established price of either the seats or the accomodations. Thus it was that eleven of the villagers journeyed to American to try to retrieve some of the deficit. Each summer a religious play is given which enables the selecting committee to know who is best adapted to the various roles, and each family hopes it may be represented in the famous characters and shapes its daily life to that end. We were awakened early Sunday morning by such peaceful sounds as the crowing of the cocks, lowing of the calves, tinkling of the bells of the cows as they were being driven through the village streets to the pasture, and the pealing of the chimes from the village's one church. Upon arising, we were greeted with frosted roofs and fences, which was a most welcome sight, as it foretold a clear day. We breakfasted at six-thirty, after which we were given our tickets to the open-air auditorium, as experience has shown that it simplifies matters to retain the tickets as long as possible to avoid all the useless mislayings and losings. The seats are distributed according to the household, the better homes secure the better seats for their guests. Our hostess very thoughtfully suggested our securing robes and cushions, which were provided for a small fee and made our stay in the open-air auditorium much more comfortable. As we went to the Play through the village streets, it seemed as though the whole world had come to Oberammergau. There were monks and nuns of the various orders, Hindoos from India, Syrians from the Near East, a Japanese and Chinese from the Far East, and very, very black people from Africa. We were requested to be in our seats at 7:45, and there we were, 4200 sitting, hundreds standing and scores kneeling, when at precisely eight o'clock the Chorus dressed in rich colorful robes advanced from the colonnades on either side of the stage and sang the opening number which is a prayer of thanks for their deliverance from the awful scourge in ages past and an appeal from the blessing of the presence of the Saviour always. Then the prologist in full, rich voice gave the following beautiful greeting which sounds the keynote of the whole play. "Welcome, welcome, to all, whom here the tender love Of the Saviour unites, mourning, to follow Him On His journey of suffering To the last resting place. Who from far and from near, all here have come today They all feel themselves now joined in brotherly love As disciples of one Lord Who has suffered death for all. Who gave Himself for us, with compassion and love Even to bitter death. To Him let us lift up Our gaze and our hearts too, With love unfeigned and gratitude. Up to Him let us lift all our thoughts and our souls, Pray with us - yea - with us pray, as the hour comes, When the dept of our sacred vow We pray to the supreme GOD". There are twenty-four tableaux and the function of the tableaux is to connect the incidents of the old testament that relate to the incidents of the last seven days of Christ. The dialogue begins with Christ's entry into Jerusalem, and our very souls were quickened as we beheld the face of Him who has beem so familiar to us through the very best of painting and sculpture. As the sad story unfolded, there were lovely pictures of indelible impress left upon our minds. The bleating of the sheep as they were freed from the pens and the flying of the doves over the audience, all added to the realism of the Temple scene. Then the beauty and the humility of Mary Magdalene as she wiped the feet of the Christus with her lovely long hair; the pathos and the tenderness of the leave-taking of the Christus of His mother in Bethany, and the Last Supper which is an animated counterpart of the Da Vinci painting. The play has progressed until the betrayal of the Christus by Judas in the Garden of Gethsamane when the Noon intermission is announced which is the first intermission of the morning. We were all enthralled as we wended our way quietly to our various place of abode for luncheon, which in many instances, is served by those appearing in the performance. At 1:15 we were again in our seats in eager anticipation of the continuance of the wonderful story of the Ages, as the shortening of days of September made it necessary to resume the Play at 1:30 in order to finish before nightfall. The lines of the Play have Judas reveal where the Christus is spending the night rather than an actual betrayal, and when Judas realized all to late what his telling has brought to the Christus, he is so filled with compassion that he receives our pity instead of our scorn. Scene after scene is portrayed until we are confronted with the realistic "Way of the Cross", and the Chorus, now dressed in black, sing a dirge-like refrain all through the Crucifixion Scene, which was too real and too sad for most of us. As the body was removed from the cross we thought at once of another famous painting "Rubens' Descent From the Cross" and during the rites of the last unction, another work of art came to our mind, Michael Angelo's marble masterpiece "Pieta" as Mary, the Mother, folded in her arms the beautiful body of the Christus. The Christ appeared for a moment to Mary Magdalene after the resurrection, and in a final tableau, we had a glimpse of the Ascension. The last chorus was sung--a glad, halleluiah one-- and the somber robes of mourning have been replaced by the first, bright, colorful ones, and the final curtain is drawn about five-thirty upon the marvelous Passion Play. It has filled our very souls with reverence and a prayer that the Great Sacrifice of Reconcilliation upon Golgotha may contribute to a world peace and a better understanding among the nations and within the nations until the whole world is imbued with the same unity and co-operation that makes possible the perfect rendering of this marvellous Play by the villagers of Oberammergau. Title: Martha Maria Schwalb, too, had many an opportunity during the long summer, to show her housewife accomplishments. Nor was she unassisted by her humbler sister in these duties. The arrangements for entertaining the crowds that came were in the hands of the central committee. This committee assigned travellers to the different hotels and homes. Lodgings cost from $1.00 to $2.50 per day according to location. The meals cost as much more. Here let one (Mrs. Elizabeth Hayhurst of Portland) who witnessed the portrayal of this great play in 1922 tell us some of her observations and experiences. "We left Munich Saturday afternoon on one of the many special trains for Oberammergau which is about a two hour journey by fast train. We went through a picturesque country, whose fir-clad hills reminded us very strongly of Oregon, while the numerous blue lakes and chalet-like houses partook of the characteristics of Switzerland. Soon we were in sight of the lovely Bavarian Alps, and entering the valley of the Ammer, beheld Oberammergau - a small village nestled at the foot of Kofel, a high mountain peak with precipitous sides whose crest is surmounted with a cross. Upon our arrival, we were put in the care of a porter, who was dressed in the quaint garb of the Bavarian peasant - short leather breeches, embroidered velvet jacket, and a peaked leather hat adorned with a feather of a wild fowl. We followed him to the home of our host - Hans Mayr, who had the role of "Pilate" in the play. Frau Mayr greeted us cordially, as she domiciled forty of us Americans seemingly without any effort whatsoever, and made us feel quite like we were her personal guests instead of playing ones. A walk about the village later brought forth many "Ohs and Ahs". Most of the houses are painted a soft green, gray or white, and on the outside walls of many are painted religious scenes, and on one house there was a canopy of ivy growing about a painted shrine to the Virgin. Everywhere there were shrines and on the banks of the clean, clear Ammer river was a splendid monument of the Crucifixion. After our simple but wholesome evening meal, many of us purchased copies of the play, and knowing no German, which is the original text, I obtained an English version, to familiarize myself with the lines I had journeyed so far to see and hear interpreted. The characters are selected by a committee that is elected by the whole community, and the villagers wait with breathless anticipation the announcement of the bestowal of the assignment, as often a near-tragedy is witnessed when one is deemed too old to continue in a famous role. Anton Lang has been the Christus for three consecutive decades but he will not be able to continue in the role, as the crucifixion scene where he is suspended on the cross for twenty minutes is a great physical strain. Frau Lang has never witnessed the crucifixion scene as given by her husband. On the day of the performance, Anton Lang remains at the auditorium all day - simple food being brought to him during the noon intermission when he rests. By profession, he is a potter. He is profound student of the life of Christ, and has made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in order to portray the role. The bestowal of the role of the Christus is considered the highest honor within the power of the community as there is the character requisite as well as the acting one. That interest in the Play is lifelong can best be revealed by the interest of Johann Zwinck who was first a boy in the play, twice enacted the part of the disciple, Joh, and for three decades interpreted the role of Judas - said to be among the greatest of the Judases and in 1922 was the venerable Simon of Bethany, as well as understudy to the Judas. It is told of him that while he wished nothing to happen to Guida Mayr - the Judans of 1922, but Oh! how much he should like to just once again play the part of Judas, and when he was told that it would be difficult for him to make himself heard with so many of his teeth gone, he replied, "well, if I were sure of the chance, I would try in some way to gather together enough money to buy teeth". George Lang, the director of the play, is a young man of about thirty years. He was wounded in the late war and one hand is atrophied. He is their teacher in the wood carving school. Wood carving is the principal industry of the village and to that fact may be ascribed the artistic success of the play. The Villagers day by day experience the joy of creating beautiful objects. The robes have all been designed and made in the village from wonderful materials gotten mostly from the Orient. No make-up whatsoever is used, not even a wig is worn, another secret of the lovely hair one sees there everywhere. No married woman is given a speaking role, but an exception was made to the understudy of the Virgin Mary of 1922, who was the Virgin Mary of 1910, but who in the meantime has been wooed, wed, and widowed. Nine hundred five people have a part in the production of the play; there are 124 speaking roles; 50 musicians in the orchestra and 45 singers in the well-trained chorus. Seven hundred persons from mere tots of four to men and women of venerable years appear in the mob scene; 75 men are needed to collect the tickets and serve as doorkeepers and ushers, and remember at the same time thousands are being entertained in the homes of the villagers, as the few small hotels cannot begin to provide for the large number who come from all parts of the world to see the Marvelous Play of all time. The prices were established early in the year of 1922, and although the value of the mark declined many times in value before the season had hardly begun, there was no deviation from the established price of either the seats or the accomodations. Thus it was that eleven of the villagers journeyed to American to try to retrieve some of the deficit. Each summer a religious play is given which enables the selecting committee to know who is best adapted to the various roles, and each family hopes it may be represented in the famous characters and shapes its daily life to that end. We were awakened early Sunday morning by such peaceful sounds as the crowing of the cocks, lowing of the calves, tinkling of the bells of the cows as they were being driven through the village streets to the pasture, and the pealing of the chimes from the village's one church. Upon arising, we were greeted with frosted roofs and fences, which was a most welcome sight, as it foretold a clear day. We breakfasted at six-thirty, after which we were given our tickets to the open-air auditorium, as experience has shown that it simplifies matters to retain the tickets as long as possible to avoid all the useless mislayings and losings. The seats are distributed according to the household, the better homes secure the better seats for their guests. Our hostess very thoughtfully suggested our securing robes and cushions, which were provided for a small fee and made our stay in the open-air auditorium much more comfortable. As we went to the Play through the village streets, it seemed as though the whole world had come to Oberammergau. There were monks and nuns of the various orders, Hindoos from India, Syrians from the Near East, a Japanese and Chinese from the Far East, and very, very black people from Africa. We were requested to be in our seats at 7:45, and there we were, 4200 sitting, hundreds standing and scores kneeling, when at precisely eight o'clock the Chorus dressed in rich colorful robes advanced from the colonnades on either side of the stage and sang the opening number which is a prayer of thanks for their deliverance from the awful scourge in ages past and an appeal from the blessing of the presence of the Saviour always. Then the prologist in full, rich voice gave the following beautiful greeting which sounds the keynote of the whole play. "Welcome, welcome, to all, whom here the tender love Of the Saviour unites, mourning, to follow Him On His journey of suffering To the last resting place. Who from far and from near, all here have come today They all feel themselves now joined in brotherly love As disciples of one Lord Who has suffered death for all. Who gave Himself for us, with compassion and love Even to bitter death. To Him let us lift up Our gaze and our hearts too, With love unfeigned and gratitude. Up to Him let us lift all our thoughts and our souls, Pray with us - yea - with us pray, as the hour comes, When the dept of our sacred vow We pray to the supreme GOD". There are twenty-four tableaux and the function of the tableaux is to connect the incidents of the old testament that relate to the incidents of the last seven days of Christ. The dialogue begins with Christ's entry into Jerusalem, and our very souls were quickened as we beheld the face of Him who has beem so familiar to us through the very best of painting and sculpture. As the sad story unfolded, there were lovely pictures of indelible impress left upon our minds. The bleating of the sheep as they were freed from the pens and the flying of the doves over the audience, all added to the realism of the Temple scene. Then the beauty and the humility of Mary Magdalene as she wiped the feet of the Christus with her lovely long hair; the pathos and the tenderness of the leave-taking of the Christus of His mother in Bethany, and the Last Supper which is an animated counterpart of the Da Vinci painting. The play has progressed until the betrayal of the Christus by Judas in the Garden of Gethsamane when the Noon intermission is announced which is the first intermission of the morning. We were all enthralled as we wended our way quietly to our various place of abode for luncheon, which in many instances, is served by those appearing in the performance. At 1:15 we were again in our seats in eager anticipation of the continuance of the wonderful story of the Ages, as the shortening of days of September made it necessary to resume the Play at 1:30 in order to finish before nightfall. The lines of the Play have Judas reveal where the Christus is spending the night rather than an actual betrayal, and when Judas realized all to late what his telling has brought to the Christus, he is so filled with compassion that he receives our pity instead of our scorn. Scene after scene is portrayed until we are confronted with the realistic "Way of the Cross", and the Chorus, now dressed in black, sing a dirge-like refrain all through the Crucifixion Scene, which was too real and too sad for most of us. As the body was removed from the cross we thought at once of another famous painting "Rubens' Descent From the Cross" and during the rites of the last unction, another work of art came to our mind, Michael Angelo's marble masterpiece "Pieta" as Mary, the Mother, folded in her arms the beautiful body of the Christus. The Christ appeared for a moment to Mary Magdalene after the resurrection, and in a final tableau, we had a glimpse of the Ascension. The last chorus was sung--a glad, halleluiah one-- and the somber robes of mourning have been replaced by the first, bright, colorful ones, and the final curtain is drawn about five-thirty upon the marvelous Passion Play. It has filled our very souls with reverence and a prayer that the Great Sacrifice of Reconcilliation upon Golgotha may contribute to a world peace and a better understanding among the nations and within the nations until the whole world is imbued with the same unity and co-operation that makes possible the perfect rendering of this marvellous Play by the villagers of Oberammergau. Close

• 1337. [Image] A framework for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins

  	Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T.; Quigley, Thomas M., tech. eds. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the Interior Columbia Basin including portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A framework for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Year: 1996, 2005 Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T.; Quigley, Thomas M., tech. eds. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the Interior Columbia Basin including portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-374. Portland, OR; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 66 p. A framework for ecosystem management is proposed. This framework assumes the purpose of ecosystem management is to maintain the integrity of ecosystems over time and space. It is based on four ecosystem principles: ecosystems are dynamic, can be viewed as hierarchies with temporal and spatial dimensions, have limits, and are relatively unpredictable. This approach recognizes that people are part of ecosystems and that stewardship must be able to resolve tough challenges including how to meet multiple demands with finite resources. The framework describes a general planning model for ecosystem management that has four iterative steps: monitoring, assessment, decision-making, and implementation. Since ecosystems cross jurisdictional lines, the implementation of the framework depends on partnerships among land managers, the scientific community, and stakeholders. It proposes that decision-making be based on information provided by the best available science and the most appropriate technologies for land management. Keywords: Ecosystem assessment, ecosystem principles, ecosystem management, planning models, management goals, risk analysis. Title: A framework for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Year: 1996, 2005 Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T.; Quigley, Thomas M., tech. eds. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the Interior Columbia Basin including portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-374. Portland, OR; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 66 p. A framework for ecosystem management is proposed. This framework assumes the purpose of ecosystem management is to maintain the integrity of ecosystems over time and space. It is based on four ecosystem principles: ecosystems are dynamic, can be viewed as hierarchies with temporal and spatial dimensions, have limits, and are relatively unpredictable. This approach recognizes that people are part of ecosystems and that stewardship must be able to resolve tough challenges including how to meet multiple demands with finite resources. The framework describes a general planning model for ecosystem management that has four iterative steps: monitoring, assessment, decision-making, and implementation. Since ecosystems cross jurisdictional lines, the implementation of the framework depends on partnerships among land managers, the scientific community, and stakeholders. It proposes that decision-making be based on information provided by the best available science and the most appropriate technologies for land management. Keywords: Ecosystem assessment, ecosystem principles, ecosystem management, planning models, management goals, risk analysis. Close

• 1338. [Image] Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins

  	Abstract Quigley, Thomas M.; Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T., tech. eds. 1996. Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Year: 1996, 2005, 2000 Abstract Quigley, Thomas M.; Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T., tech. eds. 1996. Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-382. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 303 p. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed. The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment.) The Integrated Scientific Assessment for Ecosystem Management for the Interior Columbia Basin links landscape, aquatic, terrestrial, social, and economic characterizations to describe biophysical and social systems. Integration was achieved through a framework built around six goals for ecosystem management and three different views of the future. These goals are: maintain evolutionary and ecological processes; manage for multiple ecological domains and evolutionary timeframes; maintain viable populations of native and desired non-native species; encourage social and economic resiliency; manage for places with definable values; and, manage to maintain a variety of ecosystem goods, services, and conditions that society wants. Ratings of relative ecological integrity and socioeconomic resiliency were used to make broad statements about ecosystem conditions in the Basin. Currently in the Basin high integrity and resiliency are found on 16 and 20 percent of the area, respectively. Low integrity and resiliency are found on 60 and 68 percent of the area. Different approaches to management can alter the risks to the assets of people living in the Basin and to the ecosystem itself. Continuation of current management leads to increasing risks while management approaches focusing on reserves or restoration result in trends that mostly stabilize or reduce risks. Even where ecological integrity is projected to improve with the application of active management, population increases and the pressures of expanding demands on resources may cause increasing trends in risk. Keywords: Ecosystem assessment, management and goals; ecological integrity; socio-economic resiliency; risk management Title: Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Year: 1996, 2005, 2000 Abstract Quigley, Thomas M.; Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T., tech. eds. 1996. Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-382. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 303 p. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed. The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment.) The Integrated Scientific Assessment for Ecosystem Management for the Interior Columbia Basin links landscape, aquatic, terrestrial, social, and economic characterizations to describe biophysical and social systems. Integration was achieved through a framework built around six goals for ecosystem management and three different views of the future. These goals are: maintain evolutionary and ecological processes; manage for multiple ecological domains and evolutionary timeframes; maintain viable populations of native and desired non-native species; encourage social and economic resiliency; manage for places with definable values; and, manage to maintain a variety of ecosystem goods, services, and conditions that society wants. Ratings of relative ecological integrity and socioeconomic resiliency were used to make broad statements about ecosystem conditions in the Basin. Currently in the Basin high integrity and resiliency are found on 16 and 20 percent of the area, respectively. Low integrity and resiliency are found on 60 and 68 percent of the area. Different approaches to management can alter the risks to the assets of people living in the Basin and to the ecosystem itself. Continuation of current management leads to increasing risks while management approaches focusing on reserves or restoration result in trends that mostly stabilize or reduce risks. Even where ecological integrity is projected to improve with the application of active management, population increases and the pressures of expanding demands on resources may cause increasing trends in risk. Keywords: Ecosystem assessment, management and goals; ecological integrity; socio-economic resiliency; risk management Close

• 1339. [Image] Crater Lake market assessment

  	ill., maps; "Final report"--Cover; "January 1992."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake market assessment Author: University of Oregon; Department of Planning, Public Policy, and Management; Community Planning Workshop Year: 1922, 2010 ill., maps; "Final report"--Cover; "January 1992." Title: Crater Lake market assessment Author: University of Oregon; Department of Planning, Public Policy, and Management; Community Planning Workshop Year: 1922, 2010 ill., maps; "Final report"--Cover; "January 1992." Close

• 1340. [Image] Narrative history report of the Klamath Project land opening under Public Notice No. 47, 1948

  	Public Notice No. 47 of August 27, 1948, was prepared in conformity with recommendations for a standardized procedure made at the Salt Lake conference in March 1948; it opened to public entry 86 farm units ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Narrative history report of the Klamath Project land opening under Public Notice No. 47, 1948 Author: United State. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1948, 2004 Public Notice No. 47 of August 27, 1948, was prepared in conformity with recommendations for a standardized procedure made at the Salt Lake conference in March 1948; it opened to public entry 86 farm units embracing 8,283 acres of irrigable land. Of nearly 24,000 application blanks sent out, 5,072 were returned during the simultaneous filing period. A five-man examining board placed 4,911 in the first priority group, 69 in the second priority group and rejected 91. The Regional Director reversed the action of the examining board in two instances making a total of 4,913 participating in the drawing. Applications were received from 39 states, the District of Columbia and the Territory of Alaska. California supplied 50% of all applications considered in the first priority group; Oregon supplied 27%; Utah supplied 6%; and the rest of the states supplied the remaining 17% The examining board interviewed 94 persons of 104 who were notified to appear for personal interviews after the drawing. Of those appearing for interviews, five refused to accept units in area "A" and three were rejectees whose appeals were later denied by the Regional Director. Of the ten who failed to appear for interview, five relinquished their award in writing; four were relegated to the end of their priority list, and one was the victim of an airplane accident. As the result of the drawing and subsequent interviews, 1.4% of the applicants from California 2.5% of the applicants from Oregon and 1.3% of the remaining applicants from other states were awarded farm units. Ten of the 39 states, from which applications were received, were represented in the settlement of the 86 farm units. Of the 23 who selected units in area "A", only two availed themselves of options to lease additional land in the Tulelake sump area* Apparently, because of high rental fees, the majority of the area "A" settlers could not afford to lease lands supplemental to their homestead. Therefore, since the development of area "A" lands will be a costly procedure, it is possible that in the future there may be cases of relin-quishment of units due to the homesteaders' inability to meet expenses. First unit was awarded on March 9, 1949; the last unit was awarded on June 20, 1949. Title: Narrative history report of the Klamath Project land opening under Public Notice No. 47, 1948 Author: United State. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1948, 2004 Public Notice No. 47 of August 27, 1948, was prepared in conformity with recommendations for a standardized procedure made at the Salt Lake conference in March 1948; it opened to public entry 86 farm units embracing 8,283 acres of irrigable land. Of nearly 24,000 application blanks sent out, 5,072 were returned during the simultaneous filing period. A five-man examining board placed 4,911 in the first priority group, 69 in the second priority group and rejected 91. The Regional Director reversed the action of the examining board in two instances making a total of 4,913 participating in the drawing. Applications were received from 39 states, the District of Columbia and the Territory of Alaska. California supplied 50% of all applications considered in the first priority group; Oregon supplied 27%; Utah supplied 6%; and the rest of the states supplied the remaining 17% The examining board interviewed 94 persons of 104 who were notified to appear for personal interviews after the drawing. Of those appearing for interviews, five refused to accept units in area "A" and three were rejectees whose appeals were later denied by the Regional Director. Of the ten who failed to appear for interview, five relinquished their award in writing; four were relegated to the end of their priority list, and one was the victim of an airplane accident. As the result of the drawing and subsequent interviews, 1.4% of the applicants from California 2.5% of the applicants from Oregon and 1.3% of the remaining applicants from other states were awarded farm units. Ten of the 39 states, from which applications were received, were represented in the settlement of the 86 farm units. Of the 23 who selected units in area "A", only two availed themselves of options to lease additional land in the Tulelake sump area* Apparently, because of high rental fees, the majority of the area "A" settlers could not afford to lease lands supplemental to their homestead. Therefore, since the development of area "A" lands will be a costly procedure, it is possible that in the future there may be cases of relin-quishment of units due to the homesteaders' inability to meet expenses. First unit was awarded on March 9, 1949; the last unit was awarded on June 20, 1949. Close