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• 1291. [Article] Factors influencing individual attitudes toward environmental health communications

  The likelihood of achieving an effective environmental health communications program increases with a knowledge of the target audience's attitudes toward their environmental health concerns, source credibility, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors influencing individual attitudes toward environmental health communications Author: Lenz, Holly Hanson The likelihood of achieving an effective environmental health communications program increases with a knowledge of the target audience's attitudes toward their environmental health concerns, source credibility, preferred channels of communication, and desire to participate in environmental issues. With this in mind, the purpose of this study was threefold: 1) to examine selected personal and social variables that influence attitudes towards environmental health communications; 2) to explore differences in those attitudes between groups that share a common environmental hazard within a defined geographic region; and, 3) to develop a communication needs assessment tool that other public health agencies might be able to use. A stratified random telephone sampling of 407 households was conducted in Idaho's Coeur d'Alene River Basin. Nonparametric statistical methods, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of ranks, were utilized for the data analysis. The results, showed significant differences in the environmental concerns between the residents of Couer d'Alene and residents of the Silver Valley. Respondents in Coeur d'Alene were more concerned with air pollution, while respondents in the Silver Valley were more concerned with the effects of mining. Secondly, the state government was less negatively received as a source of environmental information than were the local or federal governments. In addition, respondents earning between $50,000 and $75,000 a year have the highest amount of trust in information coming from the federal government. Both TV news and local newspaper were the preferred channels of communication for the majority of respondents in the region. Qualitative data revealed that media sources from Spokane, Washington were a dominant influence in the region. Respondents with a college degree were less likely than respondents from other educational levels to prefer TV news as a source of environmental information. They were, however, more likely to participate in a public meeting than were respondents from other educational levels. Finally, research findings suggest that women, and respondents earning less than $10,000 per year, feel less control over their environmental health than do men and respondents from higher income levels. They are also less likely than either men or respondents earning more than $10,000 per year to feel that a citizen's efforts to protect the environment are usually effective. Title: Factors influencing individual attitudes toward environmental health communications Author: Lenz, Holly Hanson The likelihood of achieving an effective environmental health communications program increases with a knowledge of the target audience's attitudes toward their environmental health concerns, source credibility, preferred channels of communication, and desire to participate in environmental issues. With this in mind, the purpose of this study was threefold: 1) to examine selected personal and social variables that influence attitudes towards environmental health communications; 2) to explore differences in those attitudes between groups that share a common environmental hazard within a defined geographic region; and, 3) to develop a communication needs assessment tool that other public health agencies might be able to use. A stratified random telephone sampling of 407 households was conducted in Idaho's Coeur d'Alene River Basin. Nonparametric statistical methods, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of ranks, were utilized for the data analysis. The results, showed significant differences in the environmental concerns between the residents of Couer d'Alene and residents of the Silver Valley. Respondents in Coeur d'Alene were more concerned with air pollution, while respondents in the Silver Valley were more concerned with the effects of mining. Secondly, the state government was less negatively received as a source of environmental information than were the local or federal governments. In addition, respondents earning between $50,000 and $75,000 a year have the highest amount of trust in information coming from the federal government. Both TV news and local newspaper were the preferred channels of communication for the majority of respondents in the region. Qualitative data revealed that media sources from Spokane, Washington were a dominant influence in the region. Respondents with a college degree were less likely than respondents from other educational levels to prefer TV news as a source of environmental information. They were, however, more likely to participate in a public meeting than were respondents from other educational levels. Finally, research findings suggest that women, and respondents earning less than $10,000 per year, feel less control over their environmental health than do men and respondents from higher income levels. They are also less likely than either men or respondents earning more than $10,000 per year to feel that a citizen's efforts to protect the environment are usually effective. Close

• 1292. [Article] Characteristics of the contemporary quilter : a case study of a western Oregon quilt guild

  Historically, women made quilts for utilitarian and for aesthetic purposes. Quilting was for many women one of the few outlets in which they could express themselves in a patriarchal society. Quiltmaking ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characteristics of the contemporary quilter : a case study of a western Oregon quilt guild Author: Gay, Catherine E. Historically, women made quilts for utilitarian and for aesthetic purposes. Quilting was for many women one of the few outlets in which they could express themselves in a patriarchal society. Quiltmaking in groups afforded women the opportunity to increase their personal and political empowerment and to legitimate social gatherings. Because quiltmaking has largely been a female experience, it is a valuable source of historical information for researchers in cultural studies and women's history. Much study has been undertaken to describe the historical quiltmakers, and there is a need for additional information describing contemporary quiltmakers. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of the contemporary quilter, where she learned her art/craft, how her guild membership benefited her, and why she chose to quilt. To investigate these questions, the researcher studied the Mary's River Quilt Guild (MRQG) in Benton County, Oregon. A survey with 34 closed-ended questions and 4 open-ended questions was implemented at the May 1995 MRQG monthly meeting for the purpose of collecting data specific to the four research questions. Seventy-four surveys were collected, and seventy-one were usable for this study. Frequencies were tabulated for the close-ended questions, and characteristics were compiled. The four open-ended questions were analyzed for content by two independent researchers for interrater reliability. In order to understand the MRQG membership better, findings from this study were compared to the general population of Benton County, Oregon. Because seventy-four percent of the MRQG study respondents resided in Benton County, Oregon, findings from the 1990 Benton County census data were compared to ascertain how representative the MRQG members were of the general surrounding population. Demographic data were analyzed to compile a profile of the MRQG respondents. The typical MRQG respondent was white, between the ages of 36-45, and married with two to three children. Eighty-six percent had at least attended college and 56% had college degrees. The majority of respondents worked full-time and reported household incomes in the $40-44,999 range and higher. The majority of respondents indicated that they first learned to quilt via quilt classes, books, or self-teaching. For those few respondents who learned from a relative, the relationship of the relative was either mother or grandmother. The respondents joined the guild for innovative ideas, support and encouragement, and female comraderie. Respondents quilted most frequently for creative expression, challenge, relaxation, love and friendship, and to commemorate an event. Quiltmaking is a social phenomenon predicted to have some longevity. Women, increasingly faced with the ambiguities of modern life and the definitions of female identities, may seek out affiliations with groups like quilt guilds that acknowledge women for their accomplishments. Title: Characteristics of the contemporary quilter : a case study of a western Oregon quilt guild Author: Gay, Catherine E. Historically, women made quilts for utilitarian and for aesthetic purposes. Quilting was for many women one of the few outlets in which they could express themselves in a patriarchal society. Quiltmaking in groups afforded women the opportunity to increase their personal and political empowerment and to legitimate social gatherings. Because quiltmaking has largely been a female experience, it is a valuable source of historical information for researchers in cultural studies and women's history. Much study has been undertaken to describe the historical quiltmakers, and there is a need for additional information describing contemporary quiltmakers. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of the contemporary quilter, where she learned her art/craft, how her guild membership benefited her, and why she chose to quilt. To investigate these questions, the researcher studied the Mary's River Quilt Guild (MRQG) in Benton County, Oregon. A survey with 34 closed-ended questions and 4 open-ended questions was implemented at the May 1995 MRQG monthly meeting for the purpose of collecting data specific to the four research questions. Seventy-four surveys were collected, and seventy-one were usable for this study. Frequencies were tabulated for the close-ended questions, and characteristics were compiled. The four open-ended questions were analyzed for content by two independent researchers for interrater reliability. In order to understand the MRQG membership better, findings from this study were compared to the general population of Benton County, Oregon. Because seventy-four percent of the MRQG study respondents resided in Benton County, Oregon, findings from the 1990 Benton County census data were compared to ascertain how representative the MRQG members were of the general surrounding population. Demographic data were analyzed to compile a profile of the MRQG respondents. The typical MRQG respondent was white, between the ages of 36-45, and married with two to three children. Eighty-six percent had at least attended college and 56% had college degrees. The majority of respondents worked full-time and reported household incomes in the $40-44,999 range and higher. The majority of respondents indicated that they first learned to quilt via quilt classes, books, or self-teaching. For those few respondents who learned from a relative, the relationship of the relative was either mother or grandmother. The respondents joined the guild for innovative ideas, support and encouragement, and female comraderie. Respondents quilted most frequently for creative expression, challenge, relaxation, love and friendship, and to commemorate an event. Quiltmaking is a social phenomenon predicted to have some longevity. Women, increasingly faced with the ambiguities of modern life and the definitions of female identities, may seek out affiliations with groups like quilt guilds that acknowledge women for their accomplishments. Close

• 1293. [Article] Hazard analysis and critical control point system for home prepared foods as a basis for adult education in urban Guayaquil, Ecuador

  The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system for studying the food preparation process was conducted in four households in an environmentally poor urban neighborhood of Guayaquil, Ecuador. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hazard analysis and critical control point system for home prepared foods as a basis for adult education in urban Guayaquil, Ecuador Author: Morales R., Maria F. The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system for studying the food preparation process was conducted in four households in an environmentally poor urban neighborhood of Guayaquil, Ecuador. The analysis consisted of observing all of the steps in the food preparation process, measuring food temperatures at each step, and collecting food and water samples. Food and water samples were tested for total aerobic microorganisms, molds and yeast, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms. Temperatures reached during the cooking process were high enough to kill vegetative forms of foodborne pathogens; however, heat-resistant spores could have survived. Leftover food was held at room temperature for long periods of time which allowed multiplication of vegetative forms from spores or from contaminated food utensils. Leftover food was eaten either cold or reheated to warm temperatures. Water samples were taken from water delivery trucks and from each family. Water was identified as one of the main hazards in food preparation. None of the water samples met the criteria of the Ecuadorean National Institute of Standards for human consumption. Fecal samples were taken from children in the families, and were analyzed for parasites. Parasites were found in all of the samples. After critical control points were identified, appropriate interventions were taken to improve safety at each step. Based on these HACCP observations, a food and water safety program was designed and taught to five mothers attending a Guayaquil Child Care Center. The program included a lesson on each of four topics: food and water safety, parasites, care during diarrhea with emphasis on oral rehydration therapy and the introduction of solid food, and nutrition. A control mother was identified for each group. Diarrhea occurred in children of both groups but none of the children was hospitalized. With the exception of nutrition concepts, the knowledge about food and water safety concepts, parasites and care during diarrhea were well understood by both groups. This was reflected in positive changes in families' behavior toward using improved food and water sanitation practices as observed during a visit to each family which followed the HACCP study and the educational program. Title: Hazard analysis and critical control point system for home prepared foods as a basis for adult education in urban Guayaquil, Ecuador Author: Morales R., Maria F. The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system for studying the food preparation process was conducted in four households in an environmentally poor urban neighborhood of Guayaquil, Ecuador. The analysis consisted of observing all of the steps in the food preparation process, measuring food temperatures at each step, and collecting food and water samples. Food and water samples were tested for total aerobic microorganisms, molds and yeast, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms. Temperatures reached during the cooking process were high enough to kill vegetative forms of foodborne pathogens; however, heat-resistant spores could have survived. Leftover food was held at room temperature for long periods of time which allowed multiplication of vegetative forms from spores or from contaminated food utensils. Leftover food was eaten either cold or reheated to warm temperatures. Water samples were taken from water delivery trucks and from each family. Water was identified as one of the main hazards in food preparation. None of the water samples met the criteria of the Ecuadorean National Institute of Standards for human consumption. Fecal samples were taken from children in the families, and were analyzed for parasites. Parasites were found in all of the samples. After critical control points were identified, appropriate interventions were taken to improve safety at each step. Based on these HACCP observations, a food and water safety program was designed and taught to five mothers attending a Guayaquil Child Care Center. The program included a lesson on each of four topics: food and water safety, parasites, care during diarrhea with emphasis on oral rehydration therapy and the introduction of solid food, and nutrition. A control mother was identified for each group. Diarrhea occurred in children of both groups but none of the children was hospitalized. With the exception of nutrition concepts, the knowledge about food and water safety concepts, parasites and care during diarrhea were well understood by both groups. This was reflected in positive changes in families' behavior toward using improved food and water sanitation practices as observed during a visit to each family which followed the HACCP study and the educational program. Close

• 1294. [Article] The relationship between specific mother-child interactions and selected aspects of language development in Head Start children

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between specific mother-child interactions and selected aspects of language development in "disadvantaged" children. The subjects were 19 preschool ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The relationship between specific mother-child interactions and selected aspects of language development in Head Start children Author: Owen, Martha-Ann The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between specific mother-child interactions and selected aspects of language development in "disadvantaged" children. The subjects were 19 preschool children in a summer Head Start program in Denver, Colorado. Their ages ranged from four years-nine months to five years-seven months. Eighteen were Spanish-American, and one was Anglo-American. Eighteen out of 19 subjects met the eligibility requirements for the Head Start program in terms of income level according to household size. Each of the subjects attended either a morning or an afternoon session in the same center, under the direction of two different teachers. Due to the teacher variable, the children in each session were matched according to age, sex, and previous Head Start experience and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental treatment consisted of having the mother spend approximately 15 minutes each day with her child in the home, looking at, reading, and talking about picture story books. Language development was recognized in its broadest sense and was measured by three instruments: the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, as a measure of receptive vocabulary; the Templin-Darley Screening Test of Articulation, as an indicator of good and poor articulation; and the Preschool Inventory, as a measure of its four factors: personal-social responsiveness, associative vocabulary, numerical and sensory concept activation. Pre and post tests were administered to the experimental and control groups. aid an analysis of variance was applied to the difference scores. Three null hypotheses were tested: Hypothesis I: Comparison of change scores for the experimental and control groups will yield no significant differences in receptive vocabulary; Hypothesis II: Comparison of change scores for the experimental and control groups will yield no significant differences in articulation; Hypothesis III: Comparison of change scores for the experimental and control groups will yield no significant differences in personal-social responsiveness, associative vocabulary, numerical and sensory concept activation. Results of the analysis of variance indicated that there were no significant differences between the experimental and control groups. Although there was one significant F-value associated with the interaction between treatment and sex in numerical concept activation, a great deal of importance could not be attached to it in view of the lack of other significant findings. Therefore, the null hypotheses could not be rejected. It was concluded that the experimental treatment of having the mothers read to their children was not related to the aspects of language development under consideration in this study. Supplementary analyses were directed toward a comparison of the morning and afternoon groups with respect to change scores. The student's t-test was applied for each of the seven comparisons and only one, the PSI total score, showed a significant difference at the .05 level. The possibility of tester bias having been operative during the post test sessions was discussed. A discussion of the findings, the limitations of the study, and suggestions for further research were included. In general, it was suggested that attempting to influence the mother-child interaction in the home in order to stimulate language development is a promising area which needs to be further explored. Title: The relationship between specific mother-child interactions and selected aspects of language development in Head Start children Author: Owen, Martha-Ann The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between specific mother-child interactions and selected aspects of language development in "disadvantaged" children. The subjects were 19 preschool children in a summer Head Start program in Denver, Colorado. Their ages ranged from four years-nine months to five years-seven months. Eighteen were Spanish-American, and one was Anglo-American. Eighteen out of 19 subjects met the eligibility requirements for the Head Start program in terms of income level according to household size. Each of the subjects attended either a morning or an afternoon session in the same center, under the direction of two different teachers. Due to the teacher variable, the children in each session were matched according to age, sex, and previous Head Start experience and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental treatment consisted of having the mother spend approximately 15 minutes each day with her child in the home, looking at, reading, and talking about picture story books. Language development was recognized in its broadest sense and was measured by three instruments: the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, as a measure of receptive vocabulary; the Templin-Darley Screening Test of Articulation, as an indicator of good and poor articulation; and the Preschool Inventory, as a measure of its four factors: personal-social responsiveness, associative vocabulary, numerical and sensory concept activation. Pre and post tests were administered to the experimental and control groups. aid an analysis of variance was applied to the difference scores. Three null hypotheses were tested: Hypothesis I: Comparison of change scores for the experimental and control groups will yield no significant differences in receptive vocabulary; Hypothesis II: Comparison of change scores for the experimental and control groups will yield no significant differences in articulation; Hypothesis III: Comparison of change scores for the experimental and control groups will yield no significant differences in personal-social responsiveness, associative vocabulary, numerical and sensory concept activation. Results of the analysis of variance indicated that there were no significant differences between the experimental and control groups. Although there was one significant F-value associated with the interaction between treatment and sex in numerical concept activation, a great deal of importance could not be attached to it in view of the lack of other significant findings. Therefore, the null hypotheses could not be rejected. It was concluded that the experimental treatment of having the mothers read to their children was not related to the aspects of language development under consideration in this study. Supplementary analyses were directed toward a comparison of the morning and afternoon groups with respect to change scores. The student's t-test was applied for each of the seven comparisons and only one, the PSI total score, showed a significant difference at the .05 level. The possibility of tester bias having been operative during the post test sessions was discussed. A discussion of the findings, the limitations of the study, and suggestions for further research were included. In general, it was suggested that attempting to influence the mother-child interaction in the home in order to stimulate language development is a promising area which needs to be further explored. Close

• 1295. [Article] Catastropic propagation of ductile cracks in metallic foils

  The sudden failure of metal structures under load, which has been a design problem for many years, is characterized by a crack propagation rate which approaches the speed of sound in the material. These ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Catastropic propagation of ductile cracks in metallic foils Author: Elliott, Leonard Thomas The sudden failure of metal structures under load, which has been a design problem for many years, is characterized by a crack propagation rate which approaches the speed of sound in the material. These failures, which are often known as catastrophic fractures, may be divided into two types which depend on the particular material in question. Fractures which cause a very small amount of plastic deformation associated with low energy absorption are known as brittle fractures, whereas high energy absorption during fracture, due to large amounts of plastic deformation, is associated with ductile fracture. The Griffith theory for spontaneous fracture in brittle materials states that the strain energy released during fracture must be greater than the energy needed to form the new crack surface area. This theory, which has been verified experimentally for brittle materials, is not applicable to ductile materials since the energy of plastic deformation during crack propagation must be taken into account. The revised and simplified theory for ductile materials states that the strain energy must exceed the energy needed to cause plastic deformation ahead of the crack. The steps in the fracture of ductile materials are initiation, slow crack growth, and rapid or catastrophic crack propagation, and the variable plastic deformation involved in these steps causes the process to be complex in behavior and analysis. However, an understanding of the causes of slow and rapid crack growth can be obtained by studying the effects of plastic deformation at the tip of a propagating crack. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the factors which affect the tendency for a ductile crack to propagate catastrophically. This was accomplished through the use of two types of investigations. In the first investigation an attempt was made to obtain catastrophic failure in 18 x 32 inch uniaxially stressed sheets of commercial household aluminum foil by introducing a crack in the center of the sheet in such a manner that the crack was elongated outwards in each direction. The catastrophic failure which was observed, however, was due to the addition of extra energy to the system boundaries which was not accounted for in the theory. Slow crack propagation was also observed and led to the second investigation. The plastic deformation at the crack tip was studied by visual of the was done observation using a metallograph and by actual measurement amount of deformation occurring during crack growth. This with a Tukon microhardness tester in which indentations were placed on the foil specimens, which were later given a small crack at the center, and which were mounted in a drill press vise on the tester. The crack was then propagated by turning the screw on the vise and measurements of the deformation between the indentations were made. The photographs and measurements of the plastic deformation at the crack tip showed that deformation existed throughout the entire specimen and was not localized in a given area at the crack tip as has been assured in some theories. The existance of elastic strain in the material was shown by the occurrence of elastic recovery in the strain relieved areas of the cracked material although no differentiation could be made between the area of elastic and plastic deformation. The existance of a stable configuration of iso-strain contours surrounding the tip of the crack was also shown. Calculations of the strain energy needed to satisfy the plastic deformation energy requirements showed that a crack length of about 49 inches would be needed to cause catastrophic failure. This is much larger than the specimen size used and would explain the lack of rapid crack growth in the tests run under near theoretical conditions. Title: Catastropic propagation of ductile cracks in metallic foils Author: Elliott, Leonard Thomas The sudden failure of metal structures under load, which has been a design problem for many years, is characterized by a crack propagation rate which approaches the speed of sound in the material. These failures, which are often known as catastrophic fractures, may be divided into two types which depend on the particular material in question. Fractures which cause a very small amount of plastic deformation associated with low energy absorption are known as brittle fractures, whereas high energy absorption during fracture, due to large amounts of plastic deformation, is associated with ductile fracture. The Griffith theory for spontaneous fracture in brittle materials states that the strain energy released during fracture must be greater than the energy needed to form the new crack surface area. This theory, which has been verified experimentally for brittle materials, is not applicable to ductile materials since the energy of plastic deformation during crack propagation must be taken into account. The revised and simplified theory for ductile materials states that the strain energy must exceed the energy needed to cause plastic deformation ahead of the crack. The steps in the fracture of ductile materials are initiation, slow crack growth, and rapid or catastrophic crack propagation, and the variable plastic deformation involved in these steps causes the process to be complex in behavior and analysis. However, an understanding of the causes of slow and rapid crack growth can be obtained by studying the effects of plastic deformation at the tip of a propagating crack. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the factors which affect the tendency for a ductile crack to propagate catastrophically. This was accomplished through the use of two types of investigations. In the first investigation an attempt was made to obtain catastrophic failure in 18 x 32 inch uniaxially stressed sheets of commercial household aluminum foil by introducing a crack in the center of the sheet in such a manner that the crack was elongated outwards in each direction. The catastrophic failure which was observed, however, was due to the addition of extra energy to the system boundaries which was not accounted for in the theory. Slow crack propagation was also observed and led to the second investigation. The plastic deformation at the crack tip was studied by visual of the was done observation using a metallograph and by actual measurement amount of deformation occurring during crack growth. This with a Tukon microhardness tester in which indentations were placed on the foil specimens, which were later given a small crack at the center, and which were mounted in a drill press vise on the tester. The crack was then propagated by turning the screw on the vise and measurements of the deformation between the indentations were made. The photographs and measurements of the plastic deformation at the crack tip showed that deformation existed throughout the entire specimen and was not localized in a given area at the crack tip as has been assured in some theories. The existance of elastic strain in the material was shown by the occurrence of elastic recovery in the strain relieved areas of the cracked material although no differentiation could be made between the area of elastic and plastic deformation. The existance of a stable configuration of iso-strain contours surrounding the tip of the crack was also shown. Calculations of the strain energy needed to satisfy the plastic deformation energy requirements showed that a crack length of about 49 inches would be needed to cause catastrophic failure. This is much larger than the specimen size used and would explain the lack of rapid crack growth in the tests run under near theoretical conditions. Close

• 1296. [Article] A regional computable general equilibrium model with applications for the Pacific Northwest

  Many important policy problems entail linkages among multiple economic sectors, and require the use of a general equilibrium economic modeling framework. This economic approach is appropriate when the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A regional computable general equilibrium model with applications for the Pacific Northwest Author: Zheng, Xiaojuan Many important policy problems entail linkages among multiple economic sectors, and require the use of a general equilibrium economic modeling framework. This economic approach is appropriate when the market for any one good or service is linked to numerous other goods and services, and back to fundamental inputs such as labor and capital. In this dissertation, a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for the Pacific Northwest region is developed. It describes all parts of Pacific Northwest economy simultaneously and how its industries, households, government institutions, and factors of production interact with each other. The model is used to address two policy issues in the Northwest: development of a new biofuels supply chain, and the impact of future events such as climate change on Pacific Northwest farmers. Before these applications are carried out, a major effort is made to estimate the parameters of the general equilibrium model, and to validate that the model is representative of the regional economy. Techniques from the literature on calibration of macro-economic models are employed, in conjunction with historical agricultural price and quantity data for the Northwest. These methods allow greater confidence to be placed in the analyses that follow. Once the model is parameterized and validated, the first application concerns the potential of an oilseed crop, camelina, to be used as a new biofuel for the aviation sector. The aim of this study is to identify conditions and policies under which a supply chain could be developed within the Northwest. Several policy options are examined within the model with regard to meeting stated targets by the aviation sector for using camelina as a biofuel. Model results indicate that a regional supply chain for biofuels is unlikely to develop unless subsidies are targeted to particular activities, including farming and processing. Particular estimates of these subsidies are derived. The second application of the model concerns how the Pacific Northwest wheat economy will be affected by long-run changes in climate, population growth, input costs, and other phenomena. A series of possible future scenarios, called Representative Agricultural Pathways (RAPs), are developed to describe trends in key drivers at the regional and global scales. These RAPs are quantified and integrated as simulations into the CGE model, the first time this has been done within the literature. In general the health of the Pacific Northwest wheat sector, as represented by wheat prices, exports quantities, and producer economic welfare, appears to be quite viable under a range of alternative future scenarios. Title: A regional computable general equilibrium model with applications for the Pacific Northwest Author: Zheng, Xiaojuan Many important policy problems entail linkages among multiple economic sectors, and require the use of a general equilibrium economic modeling framework. This economic approach is appropriate when the market for any one good or service is linked to numerous other goods and services, and back to fundamental inputs such as labor and capital. In this dissertation, a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for the Pacific Northwest region is developed. It describes all parts of Pacific Northwest economy simultaneously and how its industries, households, government institutions, and factors of production interact with each other. The model is used to address two policy issues in the Northwest: development of a new biofuels supply chain, and the impact of future events such as climate change on Pacific Northwest farmers. Before these applications are carried out, a major effort is made to estimate the parameters of the general equilibrium model, and to validate that the model is representative of the regional economy. Techniques from the literature on calibration of macro-economic models are employed, in conjunction with historical agricultural price and quantity data for the Northwest. These methods allow greater confidence to be placed in the analyses that follow. Once the model is parameterized and validated, the first application concerns the potential of an oilseed crop, camelina, to be used as a new biofuel for the aviation sector. The aim of this study is to identify conditions and policies under which a supply chain could be developed within the Northwest. Several policy options are examined within the model with regard to meeting stated targets by the aviation sector for using camelina as a biofuel. Model results indicate that a regional supply chain for biofuels is unlikely to develop unless subsidies are targeted to particular activities, including farming and processing. Particular estimates of these subsidies are derived. The second application of the model concerns how the Pacific Northwest wheat economy will be affected by long-run changes in climate, population growth, input costs, and other phenomena. A series of possible future scenarios, called Representative Agricultural Pathways (RAPs), are developed to describe trends in key drivers at the regional and global scales. These RAPs are quantified and integrated as simulations into the CGE model, the first time this has been done within the literature. In general the health of the Pacific Northwest wheat sector, as represented by wheat prices, exports quantities, and producer economic welfare, appears to be quite viable under a range of alternative future scenarios. Close

• 1297. [Article] Recycling knowledge, attitudes and behavior for on-campus and off-campus students in organized living groups at Oregon State University

  The purpose of this study was to examine Oregon State University students' self-reported knowledge, attitudes, and behavior about recycling. Students living in on-campus and off-campus organized living ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recycling knowledge, attitudes and behavior for on-campus and off-campus students in organized living groups at Oregon State University Author: Rainey, Rochelle C. The purpose of this study was to examine Oregon State University students' self-reported knowledge, attitudes, and behavior about recycling. Students living in on-campus and off-campus organized living groups were mailed a four-page survey with questions about their recycling activities, their attitudes about recycling, their opinions of the effectiveness of the campus recycling program, and their demographic information. The study population included all students living in OSU's residence halls, cooperatives, and fraternity and sorority houses. Three hundred fifteen surveys were mailed, and 237 were returned, for an overall response rate of 75%. The results showed that: 1) Based on the criteria used to distinguish between recyclers and non-recyclers, 95% of the sample were recyclers, with women reporting recycling behavior at a higher level than men. 2) There were no significant differences in attitudes about recycling between recyclers and non-recyclers. Recyclers, however, are more likely than non-recyclers to make purchases based on their concern for the environment. 3) Most OSU students who recycle spend less than 30 minutes per month recycling, and it appears to be a well-established pattern in their lives. More than 50% of the students recycle on a daily or a weekly basis. 4) OSU students recycle all materials except plastics at high rates, ranging from 76% for glass to 87% for paper. Plastics were recycled by 64% of the students who recycle. 5) Students recycle at residences and in classrooms and offices on the OSU campus, and report the least recycling activity at the Memorial Union. OSU students mainly use the curbside collection service for off-campus recycling. 6) OSU students receive information about recycling from a wide variety of sources, including school, home, and the media. One recommendation based on this study is that Campus Recycling provide education about materials re-processing and about the importance of purchasing products with recycled content to close the three-sided recycling loop, as well as to introduce the concept of source reduction. Another recommendation is that organized housing groups name a recycling coordinator who will educate and motivate the residents of the housing group to recycle. Eighty-one percent of the respondents reported television as a source of information about recycling. Additional research is needed to identify the time slots and programs watched by students if this media will be used for future educational interventions about recycling. Finally, because this survey dealt only with recycling of non-hazardous materials, additional research is needed to gather information on disposal of hazardous materials like batteries, automobile fluids, and household paint and cleaners. Title: Recycling knowledge, attitudes and behavior for on-campus and off-campus students in organized living groups at Oregon State University Author: Rainey, Rochelle C. The purpose of this study was to examine Oregon State University students' self-reported knowledge, attitudes, and behavior about recycling. Students living in on-campus and off-campus organized living groups were mailed a four-page survey with questions about their recycling activities, their attitudes about recycling, their opinions of the effectiveness of the campus recycling program, and their demographic information. The study population included all students living in OSU's residence halls, cooperatives, and fraternity and sorority houses. Three hundred fifteen surveys were mailed, and 237 were returned, for an overall response rate of 75%. The results showed that: 1) Based on the criteria used to distinguish between recyclers and non-recyclers, 95% of the sample were recyclers, with women reporting recycling behavior at a higher level than men. 2) There were no significant differences in attitudes about recycling between recyclers and non-recyclers. Recyclers, however, are more likely than non-recyclers to make purchases based on their concern for the environment. 3) Most OSU students who recycle spend less than 30 minutes per month recycling, and it appears to be a well-established pattern in their lives. More than 50% of the students recycle on a daily or a weekly basis. 4) OSU students recycle all materials except plastics at high rates, ranging from 76% for glass to 87% for paper. Plastics were recycled by 64% of the students who recycle. 5) Students recycle at residences and in classrooms and offices on the OSU campus, and report the least recycling activity at the Memorial Union. OSU students mainly use the curbside collection service for off-campus recycling. 6) OSU students receive information about recycling from a wide variety of sources, including school, home, and the media. One recommendation based on this study is that Campus Recycling provide education about materials re-processing and about the importance of purchasing products with recycled content to close the three-sided recycling loop, as well as to introduce the concept of source reduction. Another recommendation is that organized housing groups name a recycling coordinator who will educate and motivate the residents of the housing group to recycle. Eighty-one percent of the respondents reported television as a source of information about recycling. Additional research is needed to identify the time slots and programs watched by students if this media will be used for future educational interventions about recycling. Finally, because this survey dealt only with recycling of non-hazardous materials, additional research is needed to gather information on disposal of hazardous materials like batteries, automobile fluids, and household paint and cleaners. Close

• 1298. [Article] A conceptual framework for regional recreation planning : with an example from the Pacific Northwest

  The concept of large-scale natural resources planning and management is not new. The idea that resources and their human users occur as systems over large geographic areas has a long established tradition ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A conceptual framework for regional recreation planning : with an example from the Pacific Northwest Author: Hospodarsky, Denver The concept of large-scale natural resources planning and management is not new. The idea that resources and their human users occur as systems over large geographic areas has a long established tradition in forest, range, water, and air management sciences. Recent trends in this thinking concern the recognition of the inherently interdependent nature of many bio-social systems, where the interaction of people, culture and environment together influence regional conditions. Such thinking requires new concepts and strategies to understand and prescribe effective resource management actions. Included among these emergent concepts are those associated with regional recreation systems, which arise amidst growing evidence of declining recreation quality. This study presents experience-based recreation and the human ecology perspective based in systems theory as a useful framework for regional recreation planning. The framework takes a distinctly structural approach as it focuses on the social organizational attributes of resource management networks conducive to regional, interagency cooperative planning. Empirical evidence in support of the conceptual framework is provided by a case study of regional recreation planning in the Pacific Northwest and results of data analyses as evidence of regional recreation systems. Two separate state surveys of 5,205 sample households in Oregon and Washington were conducted over a 12-month period during 1987. Recreation activities, travel patterns, and natural resources used for recreation within and among the states were measured using telephone and mail instruments. Principal components analysis of travel patterns within Oregon and Washington was used to delineate functional recreation regions within the two-state area. As a result, five recreation regions were identified. The spatial and temporal characteristics of one recreation functional region in Oregon were described further using Lorenz Curve, directional bias and net flow, compactness and connectivity indices, and peaking index analyses. The final element of the study was to integrate the conceptual and empirical data in a simulation of institutional arrangements for regional recreation planning. The simulation was guided by a typology of organizational contexts relevant to recreation resource planning, both present and future. The applicability of the conceptual framework to regional resource management activities other than outdoor recreation was discussed. Title: A conceptual framework for regional recreation planning : with an example from the Pacific Northwest Author: Hospodarsky, Denver The concept of large-scale natural resources planning and management is not new. The idea that resources and their human users occur as systems over large geographic areas has a long established tradition in forest, range, water, and air management sciences. Recent trends in this thinking concern the recognition of the inherently interdependent nature of many bio-social systems, where the interaction of people, culture and environment together influence regional conditions. Such thinking requires new concepts and strategies to understand and prescribe effective resource management actions. Included among these emergent concepts are those associated with regional recreation systems, which arise amidst growing evidence of declining recreation quality. This study presents experience-based recreation and the human ecology perspective based in systems theory as a useful framework for regional recreation planning. The framework takes a distinctly structural approach as it focuses on the social organizational attributes of resource management networks conducive to regional, interagency cooperative planning. Empirical evidence in support of the conceptual framework is provided by a case study of regional recreation planning in the Pacific Northwest and results of data analyses as evidence of regional recreation systems. Two separate state surveys of 5,205 sample households in Oregon and Washington were conducted over a 12-month period during 1987. Recreation activities, travel patterns, and natural resources used for recreation within and among the states were measured using telephone and mail instruments. Principal components analysis of travel patterns within Oregon and Washington was used to delineate functional recreation regions within the two-state area. As a result, five recreation regions were identified. The spatial and temporal characteristics of one recreation functional region in Oregon were described further using Lorenz Curve, directional bias and net flow, compactness and connectivity indices, and peaking index analyses. The final element of the study was to integrate the conceptual and empirical data in a simulation of institutional arrangements for regional recreation planning. The simulation was guided by a typology of organizational contexts relevant to recreation resource planning, both present and future. The applicability of the conceptual framework to regional resource management activities other than outdoor recreation was discussed. Close

• 1299. [Article] To grow or to buy : food staples and cultural identity in the Southern Ecuadorian Andes

  In this era of free trade and globalization, food is traveling greater and greater distances to its consumers. This is causing small farms and small farmers all over the world to protest as their livelihood ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: To grow or to buy : food staples and cultural identity in the Southern Ecuadorian Andes Author: Karnes, Daniel A. In this era of free trade and globalization, food is traveling greater and greater distances to its consumers. This is causing small farms and small farmers all over the world to protest as their livelihood is being undercut by cheap agricultural commodities from outside their communities. In the Ecuadorian Andes, these protests are becoming well organized and are having an influence on the national government and its policies. This thesis seeks to answer questions about the role outside food staples play in the daily life of the Cañari of the Southern Ecuadorian Andes, the factors that are influencing the decisions made by households on what to eat, about how much control the community has over what is bought and sold in its local markets and about where this control comes from and how it is being used to improve the livelihood of the community. My research shows that food staples from outside of the indigenous communities that form TUCAYTA have become an important part of the diet of Cañari families that are not able to or choose not to meet their subsistence needs through what my Cañari informants consider their 'traditional methods.' The major causes for the lack of ability or desire to feed their families with crops cultivated on their own plots of land generally came from a lack of access to sufficient land to meet their families need, a lack of labor-power to cultivate the land they had access to and/or a perceived lack of need to grow their own food as remittances from family members overseas were enough to meet the food needs of their families. While in general, communities do not have much control over what is bought and sold in the local markets, the indigenous political movement pachacutik is attempting to change this. Pachacutik has been involved in protests that aim to put the demands of indigenous communities into the forefront of many political debates happening in the capital. These protests come in the form of blocking major transportation arteries to disrupt the flow of fresh foods from rural areas to the urban centers. In effect, the power of these protests comes from the control indigenous communities have over the domestic food supply. Title: To grow or to buy : food staples and cultural identity in the Southern Ecuadorian Andes Author: Karnes, Daniel A. In this era of free trade and globalization, food is traveling greater and greater distances to its consumers. This is causing small farms and small farmers all over the world to protest as their livelihood is being undercut by cheap agricultural commodities from outside their communities. In the Ecuadorian Andes, these protests are becoming well organized and are having an influence on the national government and its policies. This thesis seeks to answer questions about the role outside food staples play in the daily life of the Cañari of the Southern Ecuadorian Andes, the factors that are influencing the decisions made by households on what to eat, about how much control the community has over what is bought and sold in its local markets and about where this control comes from and how it is being used to improve the livelihood of the community. My research shows that food staples from outside of the indigenous communities that form TUCAYTA have become an important part of the diet of Cañari families that are not able to or choose not to meet their subsistence needs through what my Cañari informants consider their 'traditional methods.' The major causes for the lack of ability or desire to feed their families with crops cultivated on their own plots of land generally came from a lack of access to sufficient land to meet their families need, a lack of labor-power to cultivate the land they had access to and/or a perceived lack of need to grow their own food as remittances from family members overseas were enough to meet the food needs of their families. While in general, communities do not have much control over what is bought and sold in the local markets, the indigenous political movement pachacutik is attempting to change this. Pachacutik has been involved in protests that aim to put the demands of indigenous communities into the forefront of many political debates happening in the capital. These protests come in the form of blocking major transportation arteries to disrupt the flow of fresh foods from rural areas to the urban centers. In effect, the power of these protests comes from the control indigenous communities have over the domestic food supply. Close

• 1300. [Article] Housing for nuclear and single parent families : a comparison by two methods

  The vast majority of housing in the United States today has been created to conform to a family definition that does not match current demographic realities. The "traditional family" - a married couple ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Housing for nuclear and single parent families : a comparison by two methods Author: Asam, Susan Lynn The vast majority of housing in the United States today has been created to conform to a family definition that does not match current demographic realities. The "traditional family" - a married couple with an employed husband, a homemaker wife, and several children has been the model family that housing designers have strived to accommodate on a grand scale since at least the mid-1940's. This type of family, however, comprises only 10% of all American families; the remaining 90%, despite being a majority, have had their housing needs ignored. One family group often considered to be non-traditional and often left out of housing considerations is the single parent family. This family type is an established household form in the United States; currently nearly one third of all American families are single parent families, most of which are headed by women. During the past few years housing projects have begun to appear that are designed to house "non-traditional families" such as single parent families. It has been generally assumed that the spatial needs of single parent families are different from those of nuclear families or the "traditional family". This research will focus on the analysis of housing as designed for single parent families in comparison to housing as designed for the American nuclear family. Floor plans of the two housing types were obtained from the following cities: Denver, CO, Hayward, CA, Providence, RI, and Minneapolis, MN. The intent of this study is to examine what, if any, differences occur in the spatial orientation of housing designed for single parent families and housing designed for the nuclear family: the single family detached home. The study examined room layout in relation to use and commonly accepted social function. Two methods of analysis were employed: gamma analysis as developed by Hillier and Hanson and annotated analysis developed specifically for this research. The method of gamma analysis was used to determine if the housing as designed for the two family types is different in form and social function, while the annotated analysis was used to measure the "fit" of the housing for each of the family types. It was originally expected that the single parent family dwellings would exhibit a higher degree of integration than the single family detached homes based on predictions gleaned form the literature. However, the gamma analysis revealed a lower mean relative asymmetry value for the single family detached houses (0.308), indicating a higher degree of integration, than the mean relative asymmetry value for the single parent family dwellings (0.368). This difference was not found to be significant (p = 0.276). The annotated analysis results indicated single family detached houses scored a better fit to their intended family type (mean annotated analysis score = 0.638) than did the single parent family dwellings to their intended family type (mean annotated analysis score = 0.533). Again, this difference was not found to be significant (p = 0.385). The findings of this study provide a glimpse at the interior spatial arrangements of housing as designed for the two family types in question. While the results of the two analysis methods seems to indicate that the interior spatial arrangement of housing is not meeting the needs of either family type, more research should be conducted to further substantiate the findings. These findings will be of interest to designers of homes, housing developers, planners and policy makers, and researchers in the field of housing, all of whom can have an effect on the shape of the housing environment and can help make it more suitable for all family types. Title: Housing for nuclear and single parent families : a comparison by two methods Author: Asam, Susan Lynn The vast majority of housing in the United States today has been created to conform to a family definition that does not match current demographic realities. The "traditional family" - a married couple with an employed husband, a homemaker wife, and several children has been the model family that housing designers have strived to accommodate on a grand scale since at least the mid-1940's. This type of family, however, comprises only 10% of all American families; the remaining 90%, despite being a majority, have had their housing needs ignored. One family group often considered to be non-traditional and often left out of housing considerations is the single parent family. This family type is an established household form in the United States; currently nearly one third of all American families are single parent families, most of which are headed by women. During the past few years housing projects have begun to appear that are designed to house "non-traditional families" such as single parent families. It has been generally assumed that the spatial needs of single parent families are different from those of nuclear families or the "traditional family". This research will focus on the analysis of housing as designed for single parent families in comparison to housing as designed for the American nuclear family. Floor plans of the two housing types were obtained from the following cities: Denver, CO, Hayward, CA, Providence, RI, and Minneapolis, MN. The intent of this study is to examine what, if any, differences occur in the spatial orientation of housing designed for single parent families and housing designed for the nuclear family: the single family detached home. The study examined room layout in relation to use and commonly accepted social function. Two methods of analysis were employed: gamma analysis as developed by Hillier and Hanson and annotated analysis developed specifically for this research. The method of gamma analysis was used to determine if the housing as designed for the two family types is different in form and social function, while the annotated analysis was used to measure the "fit" of the housing for each of the family types. It was originally expected that the single parent family dwellings would exhibit a higher degree of integration than the single family detached homes based on predictions gleaned form the literature. However, the gamma analysis revealed a lower mean relative asymmetry value for the single family detached houses (0.308), indicating a higher degree of integration, than the mean relative asymmetry value for the single parent family dwellings (0.368). This difference was not found to be significant (p = 0.276). The annotated analysis results indicated single family detached houses scored a better fit to their intended family type (mean annotated analysis score = 0.638) than did the single parent family dwellings to their intended family type (mean annotated analysis score = 0.533). Again, this difference was not found to be significant (p = 0.385). The findings of this study provide a glimpse at the interior spatial arrangements of housing as designed for the two family types in question. While the results of the two analysis methods seems to indicate that the interior spatial arrangement of housing is not meeting the needs of either family type, more research should be conducted to further substantiate the findings. These findings will be of interest to designers of homes, housing developers, planners and policy makers, and researchers in the field of housing, all of whom can have an effect on the shape of the housing environment and can help make it more suitable for all family types. Close