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121. [Image] On the upper Amazon


	The Amazon River is the largest in the world; it is not the longest for the Missouri-Mississippi River is longer, but it contains more water than any other river in the world. The amount of fresh water ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: On the upper Amazon Year: 1900 The Amazon River is the largest in the world; it is not the longest for the Missouri-Mississippi River is longer, but it contains more water than any other river in the world. The amount of fresh water brought to the mouth of the river is so great that for more than 100 miles out to the sea the water is fresh. The Amazon is about 4,000 miles long, which is 600 miles more than the distance from New York to Liverpool. For 250 miles upstream from the mouth this river is 50 miles wide, so that it looks like a broad bay rather than a river. The main stream and the twenty-nine larger tributaries have 27,000 miles of navigable waters, which is more than any other river system in the world. If the Hudson River, which empties into the Atlantic at New York were a great stream flowing through our continent from the west so that we could enter it and sail clear across the land to Salt Lake City on a steamer, we should have about the same condition of transportation as prevails on the Amazon. Para, in the Amazon Valley, is the chief rubber port of the world. The rubber is made from the sap of the Siphonia elastica, a forest tree which grows wild in this region. Para is also noted for the quantity of cacao exported. About half a million dollars' worth of it is shipped every year, and the product all told amounts to thousands of tons. From the Amazon lowlands which are overgrown with tropical forests, mahogany, rosewood, ebony, drugs, and Brazil nuts are found. Title: On the upper Amazon Year: 1900 The Amazon River is the largest in the world; it is not the longest for the Missouri-Mississippi River is longer, but it contains more water than any other river in the world. The amount of fresh water brought to the mouth of the river is so great that for more than 100 miles out to the sea the water is fresh. The Amazon is about 4,000 miles long, which is 600 miles more than the distance from New York to Liverpool. For 250 miles upstream from the mouth this river is 50 miles wide, so that it looks like a broad bay rather than a river. The main stream and the twenty-nine larger tributaries have 27,000 miles of navigable waters, which is more than any other river system in the world. If the Hudson River, which empties into the Atlantic at New York were a great stream flowing through our continent from the west so that we could enter it and sail clear across the land to Salt Lake City on a steamer, we should have about the same condition of transportation as prevails on the Amazon. Para, in the Amazon Valley, is the chief rubber port of the world. The rubber is made from the sap of the Siphonia elastica, a forest tree which grows wild in this region. Para is also noted for the quantity of cacao exported. About half a million dollars' worth of it is shipped every year, and the product all told amounts to thousands of tons. From the Amazon lowlands which are overgrown with tropical forests, mahogany, rosewood, ebony, drugs, and Brazil nuts are found.

122. [Image] Native boat, Kongo River


	The Kongo, while not so long as the Nile, is greater in volume than any other river in Africa, is greater in volume than the Mississippi, and is second only to the Amazon. It drains a basin as large as ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native boat, Kongo River Year: 1900 The Kongo, while not so long as the Nile, is greater in volume than any other river in Africa, is greater in volume than the Mississippi, and is second only to the Amazon. It drains a basin as large as half of the United States proper. The river has many tributaries, and its navigable water ways, if stretched out in one line, would reach about halfway around the globe. From its mouth at Matadi, about one hundred miles inland, the Kongo is more like a long lake than a river. It is five or six miles wide, and in many places three hundred feet deep. From Matadi to Stanley Pool, about two hundred miles, there is a series of cataracts; but above that to Stanley Falles are more than one thousand miles of open river, upon which steamboats can travel as well as upon the Mississippi or the lower parts of the Hudson. On the south the head waters of its tributaries are not far from the watershed of the Zambezi; on the north the headwaters come very close to those of Lake ALbert, Lake Victoria and the other headwaters of the Nile. The Kongo River is the only road by which the products of this vast region can get out to the ocean; and some large European trading companies have established factories and warehouses upon its banks. The most valuable product which the Kongo now gives to the world is rubber, after which come palm nuts and palm oil and ivory in the shapre of elephant tusks. Other exports are peanuts and coffee and copal, a gum that is used to make varnish. Tobacco is grown in all the native villages, and it may become an important article of trade. Title: Native boat, Kongo River Year: 1900 The Kongo, while not so long as the Nile, is greater in volume than any other river in Africa, is greater in volume than the Mississippi, and is second only to the Amazon. It drains a basin as large as half of the United States proper. The river has many tributaries, and its navigable water ways, if stretched out in one line, would reach about halfway around the globe. From its mouth at Matadi, about one hundred miles inland, the Kongo is more like a long lake than a river. It is five or six miles wide, and in many places three hundred feet deep. From Matadi to Stanley Pool, about two hundred miles, there is a series of cataracts; but above that to Stanley Falles are more than one thousand miles of open river, upon which steamboats can travel as well as upon the Mississippi or the lower parts of the Hudson. On the south the head waters of its tributaries are not far from the watershed of the Zambezi; on the north the headwaters come very close to those of Lake ALbert, Lake Victoria and the other headwaters of the Nile. The Kongo River is the only road by which the products of this vast region can get out to the ocean; and some large European trading companies have established factories and warehouses upon its banks. The most valuable product which the Kongo now gives to the world is rubber, after which come palm nuts and palm oil and ivory in the shapre of elephant tusks. Other exports are peanuts and coffee and copal, a gum that is used to make varnish. Tobacco is grown in all the native villages, and it may become an important article of trade.

123. [Image] Bowling green


	Fort Amsterdam was erected on the site of the present Custom House facing Bowling Green. At this time the island ended there. The extreme lower edge, occupied now by streets to South Ferry and the Battery ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bowling green Year: 1900 Fort Amsterdam was erected on the site of the present Custom House facing Bowling Green. At this time the island ended there. The extreme lower edge, occupied now by streets to South Ferry and the Battery Park district, has been constructed in recent times. Space has also been made along the eastern and western edge of the island. At the beginning of the Dutch occupation the northern limit of the little settlement which looked out upon a wilderness was at Wall Street. Along this northern limit a wooden wall or palisade was built for protection against wild animals and Indians. This was first built by felling trees and piling their trunks out in a row along the path. A few years later Peter Stuyvesant who was governor general of the island ordered the inhabitants to build more substantial barrier. It was from this wooden wall that Wall Street gets its name. Now Wall Street is a narrow canyon bordered on either side by towering skyscrappers through which flows the wealth not only of this country but of the world. This old wall stood until about 1699 when it was torn down. Meanwhile, it had confined the growth of the settlement to a very small area and retarded the orderly development of streets and roads. This is why the lower part of Manhattan today is full of short, crooked and narrow streets. One of the last streets laid out in the old enclosure was called New Street, and today if you go from Broadway east down Wall Street the first street that you will pass on your right will be New Street. Many of these old streets still follow the old cow paths. Not a one of the original buildings in this oldest part of the city remains. All that is left to remind the visitor of the past is an occasional tablet placed on the site of the most interesting of these early incidents. Perhaps this but emphasizes a trait that is especially American--the placing of trade and commerce or money above sentiment. Some time we Americans will awake to the fact that after all there are some things of more worth than money. Here in the West I hope that the realization of this may not come too late--after we have destroyed our forests, killed our wild game, strewn newspapers, tobacco boxes and egg shells over our mountains and made our rivers dumping places for our sewers. You have probably cherished many sentimental pictures of the beautiful and picturesque Hudson River. It is still beautiful from a distance, but the cities built along its banks have had no respect for its beauty and have made it filthy with their dumpings. A close up view of it from a ferry is frequently a nauseating sight to a sensitive person. Can't we take a lesson from it in our treatment of our own beautiful rivers? In addition to the public buildings erected on this lower portion of the island for trade and business, there came to be beautiful homes of the most wealthy citizens. These were along State Street and in the vicinity of Broadway. Stephen Whitney, inventor of the cotton gin and others lived here. Stately houses they were for their day and yet entirely innocent of such present-day conveniences as running water, gas or steam heat. Open fireplaces furnished all the heat. During the Civil War troops were quartered at the Battery and from that time on the character of the place changed. Homes were built further up town and the lower sites came to be replaced with business structures. In this old residence section steamship companies found location for their offices. It seems to be a characteristic step in New York City's growth that as people are crowded from their homes by the encroaching of commerce and trade, business first appropriates these old homes and then gradually replaces them with modern business buildings. This is what has happened to the lower section of the city and what may still be seen happening in the up town districts. The steamship companies still have their offices in this early residence district, but there is a far cry from the residences of 200 years ago and the offices that one sees today, on what is comonly "Steamship Row". Title: Bowling green Year: 1900 Fort Amsterdam was erected on the site of the present Custom House facing Bowling Green. At this time the island ended there. The extreme lower edge, occupied now by streets to South Ferry and the Battery Park district, has been constructed in recent times. Space has also been made along the eastern and western edge of the island. At the beginning of the Dutch occupation the northern limit of the little settlement which looked out upon a wilderness was at Wall Street. Along this northern limit a wooden wall or palisade was built for protection against wild animals and Indians. This was first built by felling trees and piling their trunks out in a row along the path. A few years later Peter Stuyvesant who was governor general of the island ordered the inhabitants to build more substantial barrier. It was from this wooden wall that Wall Street gets its name. Now Wall Street is a narrow canyon bordered on either side by towering skyscrappers through which flows the wealth not only of this country but of the world. This old wall stood until about 1699 when it was torn down. Meanwhile, it had confined the growth of the settlement to a very small area and retarded the orderly development of streets and roads. This is why the lower part of Manhattan today is full of short, crooked and narrow streets. One of the last streets laid out in the old enclosure was called New Street, and today if you go from Broadway east down Wall Street the first street that you will pass on your right will be New Street. Many of these old streets still follow the old cow paths. Not a one of the original buildings in this oldest part of the city remains. All that is left to remind the visitor of the past is an occasional tablet placed on the site of the most interesting of these early incidents. Perhaps this but emphasizes a trait that is especially American--the placing of trade and commerce or money above sentiment. Some time we Americans will awake to the fact that after all there are some things of more worth than money. Here in the West I hope that the realization of this may not come too late--after we have destroyed our forests, killed our wild game, strewn newspapers, tobacco boxes and egg shells over our mountains and made our rivers dumping places for our sewers. You have probably cherished many sentimental pictures of the beautiful and picturesque Hudson River. It is still beautiful from a distance, but the cities built along its banks have had no respect for its beauty and have made it filthy with their dumpings. A close up view of it from a ferry is frequently a nauseating sight to a sensitive person. Can't we take a lesson from it in our treatment of our own beautiful rivers? In addition to the public buildings erected on this lower portion of the island for trade and business, there came to be beautiful homes of the most wealthy citizens. These were along State Street and in the vicinity of Broadway. Stephen Whitney, inventor of the cotton gin and others lived here. Stately houses they were for their day and yet entirely innocent of such present-day conveniences as running water, gas or steam heat. Open fireplaces furnished all the heat. During the Civil War troops were quartered at the Battery and from that time on the character of the place changed. Homes were built further up town and the lower sites came to be replaced with business structures. In this old residence section steamship companies found location for their offices. It seems to be a characteristic step in New York City's growth that as people are crowded from their homes by the encroaching of commerce and trade, business first appropriates these old homes and then gradually replaces them with modern business buildings. This is what has happened to the lower section of the city and what may still be seen happening in the up town districts. The steamship companies still have their offices in this early residence district, but there is a far cry from the residences of 200 years ago and the offices that one sees today, on what is comonly "Steamship Row".

124. [Image] Monument to Hudson


	On a high point of land in the northern part of the City, overlooking the Hudson River there stands a beautiful monument erected to the memory of Henry Hudson. It is a marble column in the Doric pattern, ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monument to Hudson Year: 1900 On a high point of land in the northern part of the City, overlooking the Hudson River there stands a beautiful monument erected to the memory of Henry Hudson. It is a marble column in the Doric pattern, rising to a height of 100 feet. Eventually it is to bear on its top a statue of Hudson himself. The monument was erected on Spuyten Duyvil hill in 1909 during the Hudson-Fulton celebration to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the voyage of the Half Moon up the Hudson and the 100th anniversary of the first voyage of Robert Fulton's steamer Clermont up the river in 1807, marking the beginning of steam navigation. The spot is said by some to mark the scene of a fight between Hudson's men and the Indians. However that may be, it is undoubtedly near an old Indian village, for there are still large heaps of shells, marking the scene of many a primitive Sherry, Churchill, or Delmonico feast. Spaces are left on the monument for explanatory tablets, but at present there is nothing to tell the visitor who happens upon it what it is. It stands out in a little open, park-like spot, surrounded by some of the most beautiful secluded homes of New York's millionaires. Of the man Hudson we know little. "We see him first on the deck of his little ninety-ton craft. He goes out of our view in a crazy boat manned by seven sick sailors, cast adrift in the Arctic seas to perish miserably, the victim of a cruel mutiny." He probably died feeling that his life had been a failure--that he had accomplished nothing; yet as direct results of his work we have the great Spitzenbergen whale fisheries, the Hudson Bay Trading Company, and he brought the Dutch to Manhattan Island. It was under the Dutch West India Company's charter that New York City was established. Manhattan Island, consisting of about 19 1/2 square miles was purchased from the Indians in 1626 for a handful of trinkets whose value was about $24.00. Now this same land at the lower end of the island is worth from $200 to $600 a square foot and office space rents at from $1 to $40 a square foot. The land value of the whole 19 square miles is $4,100,000,000 exclusive of the area occupied by streets, and the total value of the property as it stands with buildings and improvements is $6,250,000,000. The island has 2,276,778 inhabitants. It is about 2 miles wide at its widest part and 13 miles long. Title: Monument to Hudson Year: 1900 On a high point of land in the northern part of the City, overlooking the Hudson River there stands a beautiful monument erected to the memory of Henry Hudson. It is a marble column in the Doric pattern, rising to a height of 100 feet. Eventually it is to bear on its top a statue of Hudson himself. The monument was erected on Spuyten Duyvil hill in 1909 during the Hudson-Fulton celebration to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the voyage of the Half Moon up the Hudson and the 100th anniversary of the first voyage of Robert Fulton's steamer Clermont up the river in 1807, marking the beginning of steam navigation. The spot is said by some to mark the scene of a fight between Hudson's men and the Indians. However that may be, it is undoubtedly near an old Indian village, for there are still large heaps of shells, marking the scene of many a primitive Sherry, Churchill, or Delmonico feast. Spaces are left on the monument for explanatory tablets, but at present there is nothing to tell the visitor who happens upon it what it is. It stands out in a little open, park-like spot, surrounded by some of the most beautiful secluded homes of New York's millionaires. Of the man Hudson we know little. "We see him first on the deck of his little ninety-ton craft. He goes out of our view in a crazy boat manned by seven sick sailors, cast adrift in the Arctic seas to perish miserably, the victim of a cruel mutiny." He probably died feeling that his life had been a failure--that he had accomplished nothing; yet as direct results of his work we have the great Spitzenbergen whale fisheries, the Hudson Bay Trading Company, and he brought the Dutch to Manhattan Island. It was under the Dutch West India Company's charter that New York City was established. Manhattan Island, consisting of about 19 1/2 square miles was purchased from the Indians in 1626 for a handful of trinkets whose value was about $24.00. Now this same land at the lower end of the island is worth from $200 to $600 a square foot and office space rents at from $1 to $40 a square foot. The land value of the whole 19 square miles is $4,100,000,000 exclusive of the area occupied by streets, and the total value of the property as it stands with buildings and improvements is $6,250,000,000. The island has 2,276,778 inhabitants. It is about 2 miles wide at its widest part and 13 miles long.

125. [Image] New York City, Manhattan Island, Hudson River, Hoboken, and Jersey City


	Looking north, the docks, and Wall Street district are prominent. The fact that the earth's surface in the northeastern United States has lately subsided beneath sea-level accounts for New York City's ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: New York City, Manhattan Island, Hudson River, Hoboken, and Jersey City Looking north, the docks, and Wall Street district are prominent. The fact that the earth's surface in the northeastern United States has lately subsided beneath sea-level accounts for New York City's splendid harbor. Deep stream valleys were, in this way, "drowned"--thus forming navigable bays. Title: New York City, Manhattan Island, Hudson River, Hoboken, and Jersey City Looking north, the docks, and Wall Street district are prominent. The fact that the earth's surface in the northeastern United States has lately subsided beneath sea-level accounts for New York City's splendid harbor. Deep stream valleys were, in this way, "drowned"--thus forming navigable bays.

126. [Image] Mrs. Dye's home on the height, Oregon City


	Mrs. Dye's home is on the Heights, Oregon City, overlooking the Willamette River. "Not only pioneers but voyagers of the Hudson Bay era, Indians and Missionaries have made pilgrimages to this home and ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mrs. Dye's home on the height, Oregon City Year: 1936 Mrs. Dye's home is on the Heights, Oregon City, overlooking the Willamette River. "Not only pioneers but voyagers of the Hudson Bay era, Indians and Missionaries have made pilgrimages to this home and told again the tales of the other days." Title: Mrs. Dye's home on the height, Oregon City Year: 1936 Mrs. Dye's home is on the Heights, Oregon City, overlooking the Willamette River. "Not only pioneers but voyagers of the Hudson Bay era, Indians and Missionaries have made pilgrimages to this home and told again the tales of the other days."

127. [Image] Glimpse of Lake Manapouri


	Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "Almost entirely surrounded by mountains, studded with countless wooded islands, and indented with lovely little bays, Manapouri, or perhaps more correctly ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Glimpse of Lake Manapouri Year: 1915 Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "Almost entirely surrounded by mountains, studded with countless wooded islands, and indented with lovely little bays, Manapouri, or perhaps more correctly manawa-popore - the lake of the "throbbing heart" - is a dream of beauty, a joy forever. This is the deepest lake on South Island, having a depth of 1,460 feet, its bottom being 860 feet below the sea level. " Title: Glimpse of Lake Manapouri Year: 1915 Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "Almost entirely surrounded by mountains, studded with countless wooded islands, and indented with lovely little bays, Manapouri, or perhaps more correctly manawa-popore - the lake of the "throbbing heart" - is a dream of beauty, a joy forever. This is the deepest lake on South Island, having a depth of 1,460 feet, its bottom being 860 feet below the sea level. "

128. [Image] Skyscrapers of New York


	This picture shows the lower end of Manhattan Island. This is the business and financial center of New York city, and the office buildings are commonly known as skyscrapers because they are so high. The ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Skyscrapers of New York Year: 1920 This picture shows the lower end of Manhattan Island. This is the business and financial center of New York city, and the office buildings are commonly known as skyscrapers because they are so high. The waterfront here is lined with long piers which jut out into the river. Between them are the deep-water docks which receive the largest ocean lines. The city of New York has the largest population of all the cities in the world except Greater London and outranks all others in export and import trade. Its excellent harbor affords a port for the largest vessels. Raw materials may be brought from all parts of the world. This location on the seashore, therefore, is one of the most desirable places in the United States for a city. In addition, New York has the advantage of being at the mouth of an important river. Northward from New York is the busy highway of travel through the valley of the Hudson, and equally important is the valley of the Mohawk, leading westward from Albany. By the Hudson-Mohawk, route supplies of raw material for manufacture, and great quantities of food, are brought from the rich agricultural lands of the interior. During the French and Indian War and the American Revolution the valley of the Hudson was a center of great struggle, for its possession by an enemy meant the separation of the only two thickly settled districts of American and the isolation of New England. In addition to its commerical advantages, New York is but a short distance from a large supply of fuel. From the Appalachian fields coal and oil are quickly and easily brought to the city for the use in the large factories. The leading industries in New York are the manufacture of clothing and machinery, printing and book-making, meat-packing, and the refining of sugar. New York has become the leading financial center of the world. There are many banks and insurance companies with large capital, and most the great industrial houses of American have offices in the city. The borough of Brooklyn developed as a large independent city across the river from New York City, but it has now become a part of the metropolis. It is an important center for the refining of sugar and the roasting and grinding of coffee and spices. Eastward from Brooklyn and northward along the banks of the Hudson River are chains of suburban towns where many of the people live who work each day in the metropolis. To the west, across the Hudson River, are Hoboken, Jersey City, and Newark. These three cities are in New Jersey, but they have many of the same geographic advantages that New York City has. In addition to the busy industrial and commercial life of the city, New York is one of the leading educational and musical centers of this country, and it is fortunate in having wonderful collections of natural history and art. Title: Skyscrapers of New York Year: 1920 This picture shows the lower end of Manhattan Island. This is the business and financial center of New York city, and the office buildings are commonly known as skyscrapers because they are so high. The waterfront here is lined with long piers which jut out into the river. Between them are the deep-water docks which receive the largest ocean lines. The city of New York has the largest population of all the cities in the world except Greater London and outranks all others in export and import trade. Its excellent harbor affords a port for the largest vessels. Raw materials may be brought from all parts of the world. This location on the seashore, therefore, is one of the most desirable places in the United States for a city. In addition, New York has the advantage of being at the mouth of an important river. Northward from New York is the busy highway of travel through the valley of the Hudson, and equally important is the valley of the Mohawk, leading westward from Albany. By the Hudson-Mohawk, route supplies of raw material for manufacture, and great quantities of food, are brought from the rich agricultural lands of the interior. During the French and Indian War and the American Revolution the valley of the Hudson was a center of great struggle, for its possession by an enemy meant the separation of the only two thickly settled districts of American and the isolation of New England. In addition to its commerical advantages, New York is but a short distance from a large supply of fuel. From the Appalachian fields coal and oil are quickly and easily brought to the city for the use in the large factories. The leading industries in New York are the manufacture of clothing and machinery, printing and book-making, meat-packing, and the refining of sugar. New York has become the leading financial center of the world. There are many banks and insurance companies with large capital, and most the great industrial houses of American have offices in the city. The borough of Brooklyn developed as a large independent city across the river from New York City, but it has now become a part of the metropolis. It is an important center for the refining of sugar and the roasting and grinding of coffee and spices. Eastward from Brooklyn and northward along the banks of the Hudson River are chains of suburban towns where many of the people live who work each day in the metropolis. To the west, across the Hudson River, are Hoboken, Jersey City, and Newark. These three cities are in New Jersey, but they have many of the same geographic advantages that New York City has. In addition to the busy industrial and commercial life of the city, New York is one of the leading educational and musical centers of this country, and it is fortunate in having wonderful collections of natural history and art.

129. [Article] Operational Plan for Anadromous, Salmon Ranching Activities 1991

Abstract -- Statutes authorizing private salmon ranching were approved by the 1971 Oregon Legislature. Oregon Revised Statutes (ORS 508.700-508.745) authorize issue of permits for chum salmon ("Oncorhynchus ...

Citation