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1201. [Article] The relationship of child temperament and maternal behavior to the child's self-esteem
High levels of self-esteem (the individual's assessment of self-worth) have been associated with a variety of positive child outcomes, while low levels of self-esteem have been related to problems in child growth ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- The relationship of child temperament and maternal behavior to the child's self-esteem
- Author:
- Sorte, Joanne Godard
High levels of self-esteem (the individual's assessment of self-worth) have been associated with a variety of positive child outcomes, while low levels of self-esteem have been related to problems in child growth and development. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between specific child temperament and parenting behaviors to the child's selfesteem. More specifically it determined the relationship between child quality of mood, child adaptability, maternal responsiveness, maternal reasoning guidance, child gender, and family socioeconomic status with the child's perceived competence and social acceptance. The interactive effects of child quality of mood x maternal responsiveness and child adaptability x maternal reasoning guidance were also explored. The sample for this study consisted of 45 preschool children and their mothers. The children were enrolled in the O.S.U. Child Development Center and the L.B.C.C. Family Resource Center. Mothers completed a questionnaire consisting of an adaptation of the Parent Temperament Questionnaire for Children (Thomas, Chess, & Korn, 1977), an adaptation of the Iowa Parent Behavior Inventory (Crase, Clark, & Pease, 1979), and descriptive information. Children were assessed for self-esteem using Harter and Pike's Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children (1984). The analyses consisted of the following: descriptive statistics of all variables, a correlation matrix using all variables, univariate and hierarchical regressions between the independent variables and perceived competence and social acceptance, and regression analyses to test for interactive effects of the selected independent variables against perceived competence and social acceptance. Results revealed these significant findings: maternal responsiveness positively correlated with social acceptance; child adaptability negatively correlated with social acceptance; positive interaction effects were demonstrated between child quality of mood x maternal responsiveness and child adaptability against social acceptance; negative interaction effects were revealed between child adaptability x maternal reasoning guidance against social acceptance; also, child adaptability x maternal reasoning guidance with maternal responsiveness significantly predicted greater social acceptance. No significant relationships were found with perceived competence. This study supported the expectation that specific child temperament characteristics interacted with particular parenting behaviors to affect the development of positive child self-esteem.
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1202. [Article] Intraethnic diversity : an exploratory study of ethnic identity of Chinese American adolescents
The purpose of the study was to explore the ethnic identity of Chinese American adolescents through the investigation of relationships between ethnic identity and selected demographic, sociocultural, and ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Intraethnic diversity : an exploratory study of ethnic identity of Chinese American adolescents
- Author:
- Lee, Phyllis S.
The purpose of the study was to explore the ethnic identity of Chinese American adolescents through the investigation of relationships between ethnic identity and selected demographic, sociocultural, and psychological characteristics. Data were obtained from 106 Chinese American youth between the ages of 14 and 21 through the use of two instruments designed for the study. Three dimensions of ethnic identity were measured by subscales of the Sinoethnic Identity Scale. Demographic, sociocultural, and psychological data were obtained from the Background Information Survey. The strongest ethnic identities were found in the traditional, or core, dimension which was comprised of fundamental values, customs, and traditions. Weaker ethnic identities were exhibited in the intermediate, or familial, dimension which was responsible for the transmission of the ethnic culture as well as the preparations for interfacing the larger society. It was suspected that this dimension held the greatest potential for intercultural and intragenerational conflicts for Chinese American adolescents. The neutral stance taken in the societal dimension suggested two divergent interpretations: students may be exhibiting ambivalent feelings toward their ethnic identities within the scheme of life, or students may have come to terms with the notion of bicultural identities. Step-wise multiple regression was used to analyze the data. School achievement emerged as the most significant variable in the traditional dimension, suggesting that a Chinese heritage may not ensure school success, but school success contributed to the definition of being Chinese. In the familial dimension it was found that the gender of the subject was the most important variable. Subjects appeared to be highly socialized into ethnically appropriate sex roles, although there were indications of disagreement with the actual practice of these roles. Church attendance was identified as the most significant variable of the societal dimension. Those who attended church exhibited stronger agreement with ethnically appropriate social behaviors and expressed preferences for social activities and relationships within the ethnic community. The findings indicated that ethnic identity was a multidimensional aspect in the lives of Chinese American youth. The three dimensions that comprised Chinese ethnic identity appeared to be differentially affected by demographic, sociocultural, and psychological phenomena. It was also speculated that there was a relationship between the acknowledgement and expression of ethnic identity and historical and contemporary social , economic, and political conditions of society. The range of intraethnic diversity expressed by Chinese American adolescents suggested the need for reexamination of assumptions and expectations currently held by educational personnel. Recommendations for future research which might lead to the provision of educational policies and practices appropriate to Chinese American youth, a more informed understanding of the Chinese experience in the United States, and a greater understanding of the impact of ethnic identity in the lives of minority youth were presented.
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Identifying factors related to adolescent sexual activity is an important issue for health care, education, and public policy. This research explores the idea that sexual identity relates to adolescent ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Sexual identity and familial factors discriminating sexual behaviors in adolescents
- Author:
- Greaves, Kathleen M.
Identifying factors related to adolescent sexual activity is an important issue for health care, education, and public policy. This research explores the idea that sexual identity relates to adolescent sexual activity and the riskiness of the behavior. Sexual identity is composed of many factors, including self-esteem, sexual self-efficacy, body image, and social isolation. As well, the development of sexual identity is related to age and familial relations. From a symbolic interaction perspective, the formation of sexual identity occurs through the creation of highly subjective symbols or meanings assigned to sexuality. Riskier sexual behaviors seem to occur predominantly in adolescence, and understanding the meanings associated with sexual identity may help to explain why. It was hypothesized that adolescent sexual identity would be related to whether or not adolescents had participated in sexual activity and if they had, whether such activity was safer or riskier. The data, collected from 2,373 7th through 12th graders, were part of a community-based program in a rural northwest community. Participants were divided into three groups based upon their sexual activity status of abstaining behavior, safer behavior, or riskier behavior. Group membership was determined utilizing measures of birth control use, sexually transmitted disease history, and pregnancy experience. Discriminating variables included self-esteem, sexual self-efficacy, body image, social isolation, parental monitoring, and age. Analysis revealed significant sex differences on all six discriminating variables. Stepwise discriminant function analysis found age, parental monitoring, and sexual self-efficacy to be significant contributors to the model for both sexes. The discriminant function classification, utilizing all six variables, correctly classified 93% of both females and males, illuminating the significance of sexual identity in discriminating among the groups. Older adolescents with an increased sense of sexual identity and parents who monitor their behavior, may be more inclined to participate in safer sexual behaviors. The development of sexual identity is a culmination of cognitive, affective, and behavioral processes that together help the individual see her/himself as a sexual person. The research presented here provides insight into the sexual identity of adolescents. Such knowledge may be beneficial in designing sexuality education programs designed to facilitate positive, well-developed sexual identity.
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1204. [Article] Understanding and supporting end-user debugging strategies
End users' programs are fraught with errors, costing companies millions of dollars. One reason may be that researchers and tool designers have not yet focused on end-user debugging strategies. To investigate ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Understanding and supporting end-user debugging strategies
- Author:
- Grigoreanu, Valentina I.
End users' programs are fraught with errors, costing companies millions of dollars. One reason may be that researchers and tool designers have not yet focused on end-user debugging strategies. To investigate this possibility, this dissertation presents eight empirical studies and a new strategy-based end-user debugging tool for Excel, called StratCel. These studies revealed insights about males' and females' end-user debugging strategies at four levels of abstraction (moves, tactics, stratagems, and strategies), leading to specific implications for the design of tools. Particular results include a set of ten debugging stratagems, which generalized across three environments: the research spreadsheet environment Forms/3, commercial Windows PowerShell, and commercial Microsoft Excel. There was also evidence of the stratagems' generalization to a fourth set of environments: interactive application design environments, such as Dreamweaver, Flash, and Blend. Males and females statistically preferred and were effective with different stratagems, and females' stratagems were less well-supported by environments than males' were. In addition to what stratagems our participants used, we also investigated how these stratagems were used to find bugs, fix bugs, and evaluate fixes. Furthermore, a Sensemaking approach revealed end-user debugging strategies and the advantages and disadvantages of each. We then built StratCel, which demonstrates a strategy-centric approach to tool design by explicitly supporting several of the implications from our studies. StratCel's evaluation revealed significant benefits of a strategy-centric approach to tool design: participants using the tool found twice as many bugs as participants using standard Excel and fixed four times as many bugs (including two bugs which had not been purposefully inserted by researchers and had gone unnoticed in previous studies). Further, StratCel participants did so much faster than participants using standard Excel. For example, participants using StratCel found the first bug 90% faster and fixed it 80% faster than participants without the tool. Finally, this strategy-based approach helped the participants who needed it the most: boosting novices' debugging performance near experienced participants' improved levels. The fact that this approach helped everyone -- males and females, novices and experts —- demonstrates the significant advantage of strategy-centric approaches over feature-centric approaches to designing tools that aim to support end-user debugging.
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1205. [Article] The effect of parent and adolescent self concept upon adolescent's perceived communication with parents
Purpose The major purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of self concept upon parent-adolescent communication patterns. Parental self concepts and the self concepts of their adolescent along with ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- The effect of parent and adolescent self concept upon adolescent's perceived communication with parents
- Author:
- Flora, Rosalind Reed
Purpose The major purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of self concept upon parent-adolescent communication patterns. Parental self concepts and the self concepts of their adolescent along with the adolescent's perceived quality of communication with their parents were examined to determine if (1) the parents' self concepts have a significant effect upon the adolescent's perceived communication with his parents, (2) the adolescent's self concept has a significant effect upon his perceived communication with his parents, (3) gender has a significant effect upon perceived communication patterns, and (4) the self concepts of the parents have a significant effect upon the self concept of the adolescent. Procedure The population consisted of 18 year old male and female university freshmen from two-parent, middle socioeconomic class families. A random sample of these students were assumed to be present in the lower division personal health classes at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. A total of 152 adolescents and their respective parents comprised the sample for the study. Names, addresses, and demographic data were obtained from an information questionnaire. The adolescents were given The Tennessee Self Concept Scale and The Parent-Adolescent Communication Inventory to obtain measurements of self concept and perceived communication with parents respectively. Parents were mailed a Letter of Explanation and The Tennessee Self Concept Scale. Sample return comprised 89.4 percent. The Total Positive Scores from the TSCS were categorized into quartiles labeled high, medium-high, medium-low, and low self concept. The data were subjected to two and three-way analysis of variance factoral designs. The factors were fixed and the cell sizes were unequal. Findings 1. Combined parental self concept seems to have had no effect upon the adolescent's perceived communication with parents. 2.The adolescent's self concept appears to have had a significant effect upon his perceived communication with parents at the .01 level. Those adolescents who had low self concept perceived communication with their parents as significantly more nonconstructive than those adolescents who had higher self concepts. 3. There was no significant difference between adolescent males and females in their perceived communication with their parents. 4. The mother's self concept appeared to significantly influence her daughter's perceived communication with her parents at the .05 level. Medium-low self concept mothers had daughters who perceived communication with their parents as significantly more non-constructive than daughters of high and medium-high self concept mothers. 5. The father's self concept did not appear to affect his daughter's perceived communication with parents. 6. Neither the mother's nor the father's self concept seemed to have any effect upon the son's perceived communication with parents. 7. Even when controlled for sex, the self concepts of the parents had no measurable effect upon their adolescent's self concept. Discussion of the findings included suggestions for study replication with design variations including controls for mother's educational level and specific changes in procedure and instruments. Consideration was given to the possibility of sex role influences upon communication patterns. Implications for education, especially in the areas of human sexuality and family living as well as for family counselors in experimental and applied areas, were presented.
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1206. [Article] Defining the gap : a case study of the on campus residential options at Oregon State University
The decision to attend a university creates many important decisions for a young adult, with one of the most important being the choice of where to live while they make the transition into independent ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Defining the gap : a case study of the on campus residential options at Oregon State University
- Author:
- Nelson, Rachel C.
The decision to attend a university creates many important decisions for a young adult, with one of the most important being the choice of where to live while they make the transition into independent adults. Many choose to live on campus during this critical time. The differences that exist, and the impacts on the students as a result of this choice, are crucial to the experience the students have during their time spent at the university and the impact on the students during their liminal time. This study was conducted with the purpose of providing a better understanding of the influential factors within the three different on campus residential programs at Oregon State University (OSU), focusing on the community and relationships built between the student residents, the beginning of the liminal transition students embark on, and the impacts their residential environment have on that transition; gender differences and issues the students perceive in their residential environment; and the impacts of the role of the RA, both on the student residents, the university, and on the RAs themselves. In total, 17 students were interviewed for this study, with 5 respondents being RA’s. One of the greatest factors that can influence the experiences of the residents in the buildings and residential options discovered through this research is the gap that exists between the students and the university. The RAs, and the importance and difficulties of the role they hold within the programs, is also another one of the major findings of this research. The students also go through an important transitory time during the first couple of years at the university, another significant factor learned through this research. These factors are integral to the experience that each student has and as such the university may find value in implementing some of the recommendations that arose from the findings: ? Implement programs and events whereby the university’s idea of what the freshman experience contains is explained to the freshmen and an infrastructure is created whereby the students can anonymously take their concerns and find help. The freshman experience is a very real and important time for the students during their liminal time. ? Increase the level and amount of communication and interaction with the RAs on campus. The RAs are the link between the university and the students, and as such the gap that exists between the university, the RAs, and the students is dependant on the RA’s role. ? Increase the differences between the themes of the buildings in an effort to provide a differentiation between them.
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1207. [Article] Smallholder farmers’ decision making in farm tree growing in the highlands of Ethiopia
Past afforestation programs launched to promote private and community woodlots in rural Ethiopia have not been based on clear understanding of the incentives and constraints of smallholder farmers. This ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Smallholder farmers’ decision making in farm tree growing in the highlands of Ethiopia
- Author:
- Ayele, Zeleke Ewnetu
Past afforestation programs launched to promote private and community woodlots in rural Ethiopia have not been based on clear understanding of the incentives and constraints of smallholder farmers. This study investigated the characteristic differences between tree-growing and non-tree-growing farm households and identified factors influencing farmers’ tree-growing decisions from a farming systems perspective in two highland regions of the country. The analysis was based on a survey of 150 household heads in each of the mixed cereal-livestock and the cereal-enset-coffee-livestock farming systems of Basona Werena and Sodo Zuriya woredas, respectively. A logistic regression model was employed to analyze the determinants of the farmers’ initial decisions of growing trees. Using the tree-growing household data, a linear regression model was employed to identify determinants of the extent of tree growing once the farmer has decided to grow trees. Results indicated significant differences between tree-growing and non-tree-growing households. Relative to non-tree-growing households, tree-growing households were found to have higher human capital, more physical assets and income. Our study identified that gender of the household head, farmers’ training, size and productivity of landholding, household income, proximity to a road, and tenure security were strong determinants of farmers’ tree-growing decisions. We found that femaleheaded households were less likely to grow trees than male-headed households. Femaleheaded households also owned fewer trees per household than male-headed households and the difference was significant in the cereal-enset-coffee-livestock farming system of Sodo Zuriya. The impact of landholding size was consistently positive on farmers’ initial tree growing decisions as well as on the number of trees grown in both sites. A positive perception of land tenure security was also positively and significantly associated with the number of trees planted. The results suggest the need for appropriate policies and extension programs that are aimed at addressing the specificity of female farmers, improving the productivity and reducing the fragmentation of land, and strengthening the security of tenure in order to encourage tree growing by smallholder farmers.
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The purpose of this study was to describe middle school students' mathematical dispositions in a problem-based learning [PBL] classroom. Eight volunteer students from one 6th grade mathematics classroom ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Middle school students' mathematical dispositions in a problem-based classroom
- Author:
- Katwibun, Duanghathai
The purpose of this study was to describe middle school students' mathematical dispositions in a problem-based learning [PBL] classroom. Eight volunteer students from one 6th grade mathematics classroom participated in this study. The curriculum used was the Connected Mathematics Project [CMP]. The main sources for data collection were classroom observations, the Attitudes and Beliefs questionnaire, teacher interviews, and student interviews. The CMP class routine consisted of four phases: Warm-up, Launch, Explore, and Summarize. The teacher in this study had her students investigate mathematics problems within cooperative small groups and share their ideas in large group discussions. The teacher acted as a facilitator and encouraged her students to try new ideas without fear of making mistakes. The findings revealed that almost all of the students in this study demonstrated positive mathematical dispositions. They volunteered and shared their ideas, both in small cooperative group investigations and in large group discussions. They believed mathematics was about "learning new ideas" and mathematics was "life" because it was everywhere in their lives. They also mentioned the usefulness of numbers, measurement, and geometry in their daily lives. All eight participants liked hands-on activities and working on a mathematics project. Most of them agreed that they liked mathematics because it was fun and interactive. Most also saw themselves as good at mathematics. All of them agreed that mathematics was useful, and that one's mathematics ability could be increased by effort. They also believed that there were no gender differences in mathematics, even though in their class, they realized that boys outperformed girls. Most of the students agreed that they could solve time-consuming mathematics problems and that it was important to understand mathematical concepts. None of them had negative feelings about group work; they learned from each other. Finally, an analysis of the participants' mathematical dispositions was discussed. Based on the Taxonomy of Educational Objects: Affective Domains by Krathwohl, Bloom, and Masia (1964), the participants were categorized into three disposition levels: Level 1: "receiving;" Level 2: "responding;" and Level 3: "valuing." Half of the participants demonstrated dispositions at the high level (Level 3: "valuing") because of their willingness to pursue and/or seek to do mathematics outside the classroom. Three of them were in mathematics disposition Level 2.3: "satisfaction in response" because they usually participated in the class activities. They were satisfied and enjoyed doing mathematics. One of them demonstrated mathematical disposition Level 1.2: "willingness to receive" because she listened to the whole class and group discussions without sharing any ideas or asking for help when she needed it.
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1209. [Article] Effects of disability awareness activities on acceptance and knowledge of secondary level students
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a disability awareness unit implemented into secondary level physical education curricula, on acceptance and knowledge of students without disabilities. ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Effects of disability awareness activities on acceptance and knowledge of secondary level students
- Author:
- Frese, Erin
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a disability awareness unit implemented into secondary level physical education curricula, on acceptance and knowledge of students without disabilities. One hundred twelve students in the 7th and 8th grades participated in this study. Predetermined classes of students were randomly assigned to either experimental group one, experimental group two, or a control group. Group one participated in a week long disability sport awareness unit in physical education, while group two participated in a week long disability sport plus stigma sensitivity awareness unit in physical education. The control groups participated regularly in their schools’ physical education curricular units. General acceptance increased significantly from pre to post-test scores for both experimental groups one and two. Control group male post-test scores differed significantly from experimental group one male scores. Acceptance of inclusive physical education showed no statistical significance from pre to post-test scores for any group. Knowledge increased significantly from pre to post-test scores for both experimental groups one and two, and within male and female students for both groups. Experimental groups one and two were both statistically different than the control group for knowledge; however, no difference was found between experimental groups one and two or between genders. Retention tests were also given to measure student retention of general acceptance and knowledge three weeks after the disability awareness units were completed. In terms of general acceptance, the disability sport group and the disability sport plus stigma sensitivity group both showed no significant differences from post-test scores to retention test scores, with groups not significantly different between one another. When looking at knowledge retention, the disability sport unit and the disability sport plus stigma sensitivity unit both showed significant decreases from post-test scores to retention test scores. The present study contributes information about the positive impact disability awareness can have on students without disabilities, as well as the long-term implications of awareness and knowledge retention. Future disability awareness units should be infused within multiple academic areas, including physical education. Disability awareness should also be revisited and taught throughout the school year, to have continued impact on students without disabilities.
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1210. [Article] The Eighteenth-Century Georgic as Didactic Epic
This dissertation examines the eighteenth-century English georgic in the broader context of the didactic epic. Reading "georgics" through the schema of didactic epic, I provide an alternative trajectory ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- The Eighteenth-Century Georgic as Didactic Epic
- Author:
- Rosenblatt, Kelly Jane
- Year:
- 2015
This dissertation examines the eighteenth-century English georgic in the broader context of the didactic epic. Reading "georgics" through the schema of didactic epic, I provide an alternative trajectory for understanding developments in and experiments with genre during the long eighteenth century. More than swapping parallel terminology my use of didactic epic imports the scholarship of Classical and neo-Latin scholars to reinvigorate a genre hampered by defining the "georgic" as poems about farming, derived exclusively from Virgil's Georgics. Within the framework of didactic epic, I reinterpret peripheral works such as John Gay's Trivia, Eliza Haywood's Anti-Pamela, and James Grainger's The Sugar Cane claiming these queer, fascinating texts represent critical experimentation with literary form in the eighteenth century. I contend that the incorporation of didactic epic elements into these texts demonstrates the plasticity and persistence of the genre thereby making the study of these foundational English texts and their Classical and neo-Latin sources an integral part of English literary studies. I argue the essays, poems, and novels of Joseph Addison, John Philips, John Gay, Eliza Haywood, and James Grainger dialogue with Classical and neo-Latin poems in addition to Virgil's Georgics such as Manilius's Astronomica, Fracastoro's Syphilis, and more-canonical Classical didactic epics from the Ars Poetica of Horace to Lucretius's De Rerum Natura. Because the separation of didactic and narrative epic derived from reliance on "georgic" has promoted a too-easy separation between the natural world (georgic) and the human world (epic), scholarship has approached English didactic epics as poems that have little bearing on humans and culture. However, analyzing the formal modulations I describe how eighteenth-century texts showcase radical experimentation with narrative persona and polyphonic registers thereby magnifying the presence of human beings in the natural world as organizers and consumers of the landscape and useable land. In the experimentations evident in eighteenth-century English texts, I locate innovations and modulations of the didactic epic that demonstrate the authors variously dissecting and critiquing ideologies of labor and imperialism and offering new paradigms of gender and labor that anticipate modern approaches to literary forms and modern concerns with the interrelation of humans and nature.
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1211. [Article] Origin Stories: Narrative, Identity, and the Comics Form
My dissertation argues that comics’ unique formal properties are particularly suited toward exploring and representing the complex nature of identity. Just as the comics form is broadly defined by a peculiar ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Origin Stories: Narrative, Identity, and the Comics Form
- Author:
- Gilroy, Andrea
- Year:
- 2015
My dissertation argues that comics’ unique formal properties are particularly suited toward exploring and representing the complex nature of identity. Just as the comics form is broadly defined by a peculiar tension between word and image, so identity can be conceived as a constant negotiation between abstract (“unrepresentable”) concepts that define identity and an individual’s attempts to represent that identity. Due to its formal negotiation of word and image, the comics form is thus uniquely suited to address the problems of identity and its representation. I begin this project by examining the relationship between word and image in comics. Some comics scholars have argued verbal and visual signification are hybridized, while others go so far as to claim the distinction between word and image is unsustainable. Still others reject these claims, arguing comics’ hybridity necessitates a strict separation of word from image. I argue that words and images in comics function on a spectrum in which the line between word and image must be able to be hybridized and distinct at the same time. This definition of the word/image relationship can describe the most straightforward, illustrative comics as well as the most experimental comics texts; it also provides the methodological framework for my project. In this dissertation, I examine the representation of gendered identity in Gilbert Hernandez's Love and Rockets stories and Junot Díaz's novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, arguing both authors’ injunction that the reader look at the mothers in their works is evidence of their demand that we understand the women as whole, ambivalent subjects. I explore the way the Gene Yang and Sonny Liew’s graphic novel The Shadow Hero addresses the repressive and racist history of superhero comics. In doing so, Yang and Liew’s text reveals the ways superhero texts constantly negotiate the genre’s conservative instinct to protect the status quo and its revolutionary vision for a better world. Finally, I contend Greg Rucka and J. H. Williams III's Batwoman: Elegy reveals at least one intrinsically progressive theme in superhero genre: its performative and inherently queer conception of identity.
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My dissertation examines the unacknowledged role of negative female models from traditional literature in constructing the modern woman in China. It draws upon literary and historical sources to examine ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Grafted Identities: Shrews and the New Woman Narrative in China (1910s-1960s)
- Author:
- Yang, Shu
- Year:
- 2016
My dissertation examines the unacknowledged role of negative female models from traditional literature in constructing the modern woman in China. It draws upon literary and historical sources to examine how modern cultural figures resuscitated and even redeemed qualities associated with traditional shrews in their perceptions and constructions of the new woman across the first half of the twentieth century. By linking the literary trope of the shrew, associated with imperial China, with the twentieth-century figure of the new woman, my work bridges the transition from the late-imperial to the modern era and foregrounds the late-imperial roots of Chinese modernization. The scope of my dissertation includes depictions of shrews/new women in literary texts, the press, theater, and public discourses from the Republican to the Socialist period. Although there exists a rich body of work on both traditional shrew literature and the new woman narrative, no one has addressed the confluence of the two in Chinese modernity. Scholars of late imperial Chinese literature have claimed that shrew literature disappeared when China entered the modern age. Studies on the new woman focus on specific social and cultural contexts during the different periods of modernizing China; few scholars have traced the effects that previous female types had on the new woman. My research reveals the importance of the traditional shrew in contributing to the construction and reception of the new woman, despite the radically changing ideologies of the twentieth century. As I argue, the feisty, rebellious modern women in her many guises as suffragette, sexual independent, and gender radical are female types grafted onto the violent, sexualized, and transgressive typologies of the traditional shrew. My research contributes to the studies of Chinese modernity and the representations of Chinese women. First, it bridges the artificial divide between modern and traditional studies of China and expands the debates about the nature of Chinese modernity. Second, it brings to light the underexamined constructions of the new woman as an empowered social actor through her genealogical connections to the traditional shrew. Third, it provides a methodology for rethinking the contested depiction of women in Chinese modernity.
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1213. [Article] Cultural Representations of the One-child Policy in Chinese Literature and Film since 1978
This dissertation focuses on the cultural representations of the one-child policy ever since 1978. The artistic discourses about the one-child policy provide a fantastic space to explore China’s post-socialist ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Cultural Representations of the One-child Policy in Chinese Literature and Film since 1978
- Author:
- Wang, Li
- Year:
- 2016
This dissertation focuses on the cultural representations of the one-child policy ever since 1978. The artistic discourses about the one-child policy provide a fantastic space to explore China’s post-socialist society and contending ideologies. It also sheds light on the intricate relation between aesthetics and politics and these among the state, family and individual. Moreover, as discourses, artistic narratives and images also participate in the redefining of reproduction/one-child policy. Therefore, inquiries into the interaction between aesthetics and politics enrich our understanding of how reproductive ideals are constructed, negotiated and transformed. This dissertation can be divided into five parts. In the introduction part, I introduce issues related to the one-child policy, materials which I use and my main approaches to interpret them. Chapter Two explores how post-1978 family planning films and novel envision the ideal reproductive lives of peasants through the construction of ideal reproductive subjects, especially ideal female models. These artistic works also show changed representations of the ideal role models. Chapter Three looks into the patriarchal reproductive subject in Mo Yan’s Frog which centers on the conflict between state power and traditional male-centric reproductive culture. Although there are ambiguities, the novel demonstrates that the state has failed to transform peasants’ traditional reproductive ideas. Chapter Four deals with women’s exploration of reproduction from the 1980s on. The writings of some female authors demonstrate a consciousness of independent female reproductive desire. In some works, we can even see the emergence of a new kind of female reproductive privacy. In these works, reproduction becomes the female protagonists’ personal, private matter and women’s subjectivity is seen in their ability to make reproductive decisions according to their own interests. In the Coda, I talk about my future research plans. Overall, in this dissertation, I trace the political, economic, cultural, and technical factors that contribute to the gradual emergence of pluralism in reproductive ideas and practices. My dissertation demonstrates the dynamic interaction among different forces affecting reproduction, one of the most strictly controlled realms in Chinese life. Although reproduction is still mainly dictated by the state current two-child policy, a push towards greater individual autonomy is starting to gain momentum.
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1214. [Article] The Prevalence, Correlates, and Academic Consequences of Food Insecurity among University of Oregon Students
82 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Planning, Public Policy and Management and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- The Prevalence, Correlates, and Academic Consequences of Food Insecurity among University of Oregon Students
- Author:
- Kashuba, Kiara Elle
- Year:
- 2017
82 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Planning, Public Policy and Management and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2017
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1215. [Article] Water Urbanism: Building More Coherent Cities
A more water-coherent approach is postulated as a primary pathway through which biophilic urbanism contributes to livability and climate change adaptation. Previous studies have shown that upstream water ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Water Urbanism: Building More Coherent Cities
- Author:
- Rising, Hope
- Year:
- 2015
A more water-coherent approach is postulated as a primary pathway through which biophilic urbanism contributes to livability and climate change adaptation. Previous studies have shown that upstream water retention is more cost-effective than downstream for mitigating flood risks downstream. This dissertation proposes a research design for generating an iconography of water urbanism to make upstream cities more coherent. I tested a hypothesis of aquaphilic urbanism as a water-based sense of place that evokes water-based place attachment to help adapt cities and individuals to water-coherent urbanism. Cognitive mapping, photovoice, and emotional recall protocols were conducted during semi‐structured interviews with 60 residents and visitors sampled from eight water-centric cities in the Netherlands, Germany, and Belgium. The participants provided 55 sketch maps. I performed content analyses, regression analyses, path analyses, and mediation analyses to study the relationships of 1) pictorial aquaphilia (intrinsic attachment to safe and clean water scenes) and waterscape imageability, 2) waterscape imageability and the coherence of city image, 3) egocentric aquaphilia (attachment to water-based spatial anchors) and allocentric aquaphilia (attachment to water-centric cities), and 4) the coherence of city image, allocentric aquaphilia, and openness towards water-coherent urbanism. Content analyses show that waterscape imageability and pictorial aquaphilia were the two most common reasons why participants mentioned the five waterscape types, including water landmarks, canals, lakes, rivers, and harbors, during the three recall protocols. Regression analyses indicate that water is a sixth element of imageability and that the imageable structure of canals and rivers and the identifiability of water landmarks significantly influenced the aesthetic coherence of city image. Path analyses suggest that allocentric aquaphilia can be attributed to water-based familiarity, water-based place identity (or identifiability), water-based comfort, and water-based place dependence (or orientation) evoked by water-based spatial anchors. Mediation analyses reveal that water-based goal affordance (as a construct of water-based comfort and water-based place dependence) aided environmental adaptation, while water-based imageability (as a construct of water-based familiarity and water-based place identity) helped adapt cities and individuals to water-coherent urbanism. Canal mappability mediated the effects of gender and of visitor versus resident on the coherence of city image to facilitate environmental adaptation.
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1216. [Article] Gubernamentalidad y Construcción de Sentidos de Ciudadanía y Criminalidad en la Narcoliteratura
In this dissertation, I argue against the idea that literary works that portray drug-trafficking, or “narconovelas,” are mere apologias for drug-trafficking and governing failures unique to Colombia and ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Gubernamentalidad y Construcción de Sentidos de Ciudadanía y Criminalidad en la Narcoliteratura
- Author:
- Romero Montano, Luz
- Year:
- 2016
In this dissertation, I argue against the idea that literary works that portray drug-trafficking, or “narconovelas,” are mere apologias for drug-trafficking and governing failures unique to Colombia and Mexico. In order to problematize that statement, it is necessary to understand how drug-trafficking and its policies started, changed over time, and came to shape our contemporary practices of citizenship and our sense of justice. Drawing on Foucault’s concept of “governmentality”, I argue that a political reading of narconovelas will help us to rethink categories of governmentality such as governed subjectivities, governed bodies and inhabited spaces. In narconovelas, these categories reveal the construction of a criminal otherness, which is portrayed as antagonistic to an ideal middle-class model of citizen. In other words, readers of “narconovelas” do not learn about “narcoculture” or drug-trafficking but paradoxically about the markers of a middle-class citizen: “well spoken,” educated, able to control his/her own pleasures, conservatively dressed, and responsive to the disciplining of security dispositifs. In the first part of this dissertation, I explain how the opium policies and wars in China during the 19th century as well as the colonialist efforts of the United States established a precedent for the governing of drugs on a global level. Colombian and Mexican governing of drugs is linked not only to that precedent but also to the neoliberal ways of the governing of drugs. The second part of this work contains the literary analysis. I found that feminine subjectivities are constructed by highlighting the differences between a middle-class woman and a subaltern woman, and the body of the criminal is constructed based on distinctions of social class; in addition, the micro-politics for the representation of bodies derive from the colonial assumption that bodies can be owned, abused and disposed. I also found that narconovelas reverse our understanding of the center and the periphery; some novels even depict a transforming sense of citizenship by reimaging the inhabited spaces. With this work, I demonstrate that cultural production and in particular the narconovelas reinforce, challenge or remain ambiguous to the various biases that shape contemporary categories of governmentality such as gender, body and space. This dissertation is written in Spanish.
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1217. [Article] The Axiology of Necrologies: Using Natural Language Processing to Examine Values in Obituaries
This dissertation is centrally concerned with exploring obituaries as repositories of values. Obituaries are a publicly-available natural language source that are variably written for members of communities ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- The Axiology of Necrologies: Using Natural Language Processing to Examine Values in Obituaries
- Author:
- Levernier, Jacob
- Year:
- 2017
This dissertation is centrally concerned with exploring obituaries as repositories of values. Obituaries are a publicly-available natural language source that are variably written for members of communities that are wide (nation-level) and narrow (city-level, or at the level of specific groups therein). Because they are explicitly summative, limited in size, and written for consumption by a public audience, obituaries may be expected to express concisely the aspects of their subjects' lives that the authors (often family members living in the same communities) found most salient or worthy of featuring. 140,599 obituaries nested in 832 newspapers from across the USA were scraped with permission from *Legacy.com,* an obituaries publisher. Obituaries were coded for the age at death and gender (female/male) of the deceased using automated algorithms. For each publishing newspaper, county-level median income, educational achievement (operationalized as percent of the population with a Bachelor's degree or higher), and race and ethnicity were averaged across counties, weighting by population size. A Neo4J graph database was constructed using WordNet and the University of South Florida Free Association Norms datasets. Each word in each obituary in the corpus was lemmatized. The shortest path through the WordNet graph from each lemma to 30 Schwartz value prototype words published by Bardi, Calogero, and Mullen (2008) was then recorded. From these path lengths, a new measure, "word-by-hop," was calculated for each Schwartz value to reflect the relative lexical distance between each obituary and that Schwartz value. Of the Schwartz values, Power, Conformity, and Security were most indicated in the corpus, while Universalism, Hedonism, and Stimulation were least indicated. A series of nine two-level regression models suggested that, across Schwartz values, newspaper community accounted for the greatest amount of word-by-hop variability in the corpus. The best-fitting model indicated a small, negative effect of female status across Schwartz values. Unexpectedly, Hedonism and Conformity, which had conceptually opposite prototype words, were highly correlated, possibly indicating that obituary authors "compensate" for describing the deceased in a hedonistic way by concurrently emphasizing restraint. Future research could usefully further expand word-by-hop and incorporate individual-level covariates that match the newspaper-level covariates used here.
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1218. [Article] InHERitance : the transmission of women's inalienable possessions, personal narrative and the mother-daughter bond
Two companion pieces, a video documentary and written analysis, provide the text for this exploration of how women's life stories and the mother-daughter narrative are preserved through the transmission ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- InHERitance : the transmission of women's inalienable possessions, personal narrative and the mother-daughter bond
- Author:
- Ashley, Jessica
Two companion pieces, a video documentary and written analysis, provide the text for this exploration of how women's life stories and the mother-daughter narrative are preserved through the transmission of inherited objects. The video documentary reveals the lives of six diverse women who each discuss the politics of receiving and passing on family heirlooms, and inevitably share the stories their artifacts represent, recalling details of their own lives and of their female ancestors. The written analysis, focused in the three key areas of Stories, Objects and Inheritance, is inclusive of research in reminiscence, oral history, storytelling by women of color, the mother-daughter bond, consumer behavior and exchange, ethnography, anthropology of gift-giving, and personal narrative by and about women. This project is informed from a feminist worldview, drawing on socialist feminism's connection of capitalism and material access to patriarchal domination of women. The research reflects the power of the stories. Women's personal narratives mirror the realities of their daily lives and exhibit a rich diversity of experience and culture. Further, as women's reminiscence and storytelling become and active part of a more inclusive historical archive, women of color's narrative and interpretive voices are also validated. The power of objects is revealed as they are passed through generational channel, gaining invaluable status and acting as an emblem of the spiritual nature of a kin group. Finally, the power of inheriting an inalienable possession is divulged, not just for one woman but also for her entire family system. When a woman inherits an object, she embodies a symbolic status ascribed to her simply by being a woman: keeper of the kin, guardian of the artifact, and guide in preserving and passing on the rituals and stories of women who came before. Inalienable possessions are bundled with personal biographies. Holding the artifact and ensuring the "rules" of transmission (such as passing it along gender lines or passing it on during a particular celebration or life transition) becomes more critical than preventing the object from breaking or landing in the wrong hands. Inheritance of an object is one sacred step in the family journey. The stories recounted by six women in this research are not the stories of all women, but speak to the politics and privileges of holding inalienable possessions that have been present for women for generations. Their stories and the supporting research move this niche of women's experiences from cupboards, basements, cedar chests and journals to the archives of a truer American history.
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Located on the central Oregon coast, the Umpqua Eden site (35D083) yielded an artifact assemblage which is one of the five largest assemblages from the Oregon coast. The first aspect of the site that I ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- The Umpqua Eden site : the people, their smoking pipes and tobacco cultivation
- Author:
- Nelson, Nancy J. (Nancy Jo)
Located on the central Oregon coast, the Umpqua Eden site (35D083) yielded an artifact assemblage which is one of the five largest assemblages from the Oregon coast. The first aspect of the site that I looked at is the people who lived at the site, the ancestors of the Confederated Tribes of the Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw. In turn, I consulted with Patty Whereat, the Cultural Resources Director for the tribes, which resulted in a more holistic view of the site. Additionally, I attempted to uncover possible women's and men's activity areas of the Umpqua Eden site. A wealth of information on the native peoples of the Oregon coast was discovered, revealing that the sexual division of labor was not extremely rigid before Euro-American contact and the social category of "female" was expanded to more than two genders with consideration given to the two-spirited individual. I also attempted to engender the archaeological record by looking at the processes involved in the manufacture of smoking pipes and the cultivation of tobacco. During the ethnographic period, women were not smoking pipes; however, they were probably cultivating the tobacco and possibly gathering the clay for smoking pipes. I suggest that there was an agricultural element to the hunter-gatherer native populations of the central Oregon coast and challenge Western assumptions of individualism in precontact groups of the Oregon coast. I also provide a comparative analysis of clay, schist and steatite pipes of the Oregon coast. The smoking pipes are all straight and tubular (9% are shouldered) and the Umpqua Eden site pipes have the most artistic motifs. My analysis shows that the sandstone pipe dates to approximately 2,000 years ago and the clay smoking pipe may have replaced the sandstone pipe. Schist and steatite pipes were also used by the people of the Oregon coast and may have possibly been traded into the site from southern groups. Microscopic analysis of the pipes provided evidence that people were firing their clay pipes in a low temperature reducing atmosphere and using sand temper. In addition, I found a wide range of pipes being used on the Oregon coast given its relatively small geographic location. All of the this archaeological inquiry has helped in understanding the Umpqua Eden site and helped to give us a clearer picture of pre-contact Lower Umpqua life.
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1220. [Article] The effect of youth participatory evaluation and youth community action training on positive youth development
The bi-directional relationships within the personal and contextual environments of adolescents are critical to the development of adolescents and their transition into adulthood. Opportunities for youth ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- The effect of youth participatory evaluation and youth community action training on positive youth development
- Author:
- White, David J. (David Joseph)
The bi-directional relationships within the personal and contextual environments of adolescents are critical to the development of adolescents and their transition into adulthood. Opportunities for youth to participate in and provide leadership in meaningful programs, gain life skills, and interact with adults in sustained relationships are key features leading to positive youth development(PYD). Youth engagement in research and evaluation is described as an engaging pathway to PYD. The purpose of this study was to measure changes in levels of PYD through adolescent participation in youth participatory evaluation and youth community action training (YPE/YCAT). Seventy-four conveniently sampled senior 4-H members from eight Oregon County 4-H programs participated in a longitudinal study over the course of six months. Each county was represented by a treatment and comparison group. County teams in the treatment group were trained in youth participatory evaluation and youth community action (YPE/YCA). The county teams within the treatment group were expected to return to their respective counties and conduct youth participatory evaluation (YPE) projects using community issues forums. Significantly and consistently higher levels of the PYD indicators of competence, confidence, connection, character, caring, and contribution (six Cs) were predicted for the treatment group participating in YPE/YCAT relative to the comparison group not participating in YPE/YCAT. A multi-dimensional survey comprised of the Generalized Self- Efficacy Scale(competence), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (confidence), and Connection, Character, Caring and Contribution Scales was emailed monthly over the course of six months, via Survey Monkey, to the 74 subjects in the eight counties. Twenty-three subjects (31%) completed the survey at all six time points: 14 subjects in the treatment group and nine in the comparison group. Given the small sample size, age, gender, and ethnicity were not considered in the analysis. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests were used to analyze the data. The dependent variables included competence, confidence, connection, character, caring, and contribution as indicators of PYD. The independent variable consisted of YPE/YCAT administered to the treatment group. The one-tailed Mann-Whitney U Test found no significant and consistent differences (p > .05) in mean scores between the treatment and comparison groups relative to the six Cs following the training of the treatment group in YPE/YCA. The one-tailed Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test found no significant and consistent differences (p > .05) in scores within the treatment group relative to the six Cs following the training of subjects in YPE/YCA. The treatment group's participation in YPE/YCAT did not significantly and consistently affect the levels of competence, confidence, connection, character, caring, and contribution as indicators of PYD.
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1221. [Article] Bridging differences : Saudi Arabian students reflect on their educational experiences and share success strategies
This study examines the U.S. educational experiences of Saudi Arabian students. Using qualitative case study and photo-elicitation research methods, this study conducted multiple interviews with 25 Saudi ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Bridging differences : Saudi Arabian students reflect on their educational experiences and share success strategies
- Author:
- Shaw, Donna L. (Donna Laible)
This study examines the U.S. educational experiences of Saudi Arabian students. Using qualitative case study and photo-elicitation research methods, this study conducted multiple interviews with 25 Saudi students and explored their perceptions of their American learning environment, how it differed from Saudi Arabia, and the strategies they developed to successfully reach their academic goals. A sizeable sub-group of international students, Saudis are under-represented in the literature. This study is unique because it focuses on success rather than problems, and Saudi voices are rarely heard in studies about international students. Research has been conducted to understand the challenges and needs of international students in general, and studies exist that determine how to support international students, yet there is little that focuses on Saudi Arabian students and success strategies. This study fills that gap. In this study, the Saudi participants reported that classroom practices and cultures were different. They discussed the absence of negotiation and sometimes found American instructors to be arbitrary. Other dissimilarities described were the gender differences of instructors and classmates, the presence of technology in the university, Oregon's climate and natural environment, and the availability of the library and other resources. Success strategies the Saudi participants developed included goal setting, time management, study skills, study groups, taking advantage of campus resources, hard work, and persistence. Two major contributors to their success were the natural environment, which they found to be relaxing and stress relieving, and feeling a member of the campus community. Based on the interviews, two themes arose: the successful Saudi students who participated in this research are resilient, and they have developed intercultural competence. Resilience and intercultural competence are foundational qualities that enabled the participants to bridge the gap between Saudi Arabia and the United States, settle comfortably in a new environment, adjust to rapid-fire changes and challenges, and develop the strategies to successfully work on reaching their academic goals. The author recommends supporting resilience and intercultural competence by helping Saudi students develop and enhance their coping skills and offering assistance that enhances intercultural competence.
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1222. [Article] Assessing the impact of various experiences on students' levels of global citizenship
The purpose of this quantitative study was to identify factors that contribute to students' levels of global citizenship. Factors considered in this research include (a) race/ethnicity, (b) gender, (c), ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Assessing the impact of various experiences on students' levels of global citizenship
- Author:
- Lang, Julia S.
The purpose of this quantitative study was to identify factors that contribute to students' levels of global citizenship. Factors considered in this research include (a) race/ethnicity, (b) gender, (c), year in school, (d) age, (e), length of time abroad, (f) host family experience, (g), community service abroad, (h) more than 40 hours of community service abroad, and (i) current perception of active citizenship. This paper provides an overview of service-learning, international experiential learning and global citizenship research, and it describes a research study to address the question: To what extent do international service-learning experiences significantly impact students' levels of global citizenship? The literature review culminates with a discussion of the Global Citizenship Scale, which was used as the quantitative instrument to measure students' levels of global citizenship. The population of students used for this research was comprised of a variety of students from different schools around the country, recruited via informal means such as email blasts and social media, as well as more targeted outreach to study abroad organizations with a service component, as these are rare and harder to find in the general population. The 318 participants in this study were separated into three distinct groups: (a) students that did not study abroad, (b) students that studied abroad in a traditional program (living in dormitories and attending classes), and (c), students that studied abroad and completed community service projects during their programs. Findings from this study indicate clear gains in measures of global citizenship for students with a host family experience, for those who engaged in service, and especially for those who engaged in over 40 hours of service while abroad. Study abroad experience alone was not statistically significant, suggesting that merely going abroad does not have a significant impact on one's level of global citizenship. The findings from this research can contribute to international programming, education, and pre-, during-, and post- orientations. In order to enhance students' levels of global citizenship during an international experience, findings from this research suggest that students must engage in a high impact cultural experience and/or become directly involved in the community via meaningful service activities.
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1223. [Article] Estranged eating
The “fat-hunger paradox” is a relatively recent phenomenon in the United States in which people of low socioeconomic status are disproportionately overweight or obese, and yet frequently lack access to ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Estranged eating
- Author:
- Lacy, Amber D.
The “fat-hunger paradox” is a relatively recent phenomenon in the United States in which people of low socioeconomic status are disproportionately overweight or obese, and yet frequently lack access to adequate food and nutrition. Research indicates additional disparities in the prevalence of overweight and obesity amongst most racial and ethnic minorities, women, and female Food Stamp Program participants in the U.S. when compared to other low-income demographics. Although the body of literature investigating the fat-hunger paradox has increased over the past several years, efforts to offer insight into this problem remain hypothetical, nonetheless, and many questions are left unanswered. I argue that the Marxist concept of “estrangement” can help explain both the fat-hunger paradox and its disproportional effects on various low-income populations. Marx contends that the proletariat, analogous to the working poor today, experiences estrangement which leads one to seek temporary solace in base human functions, such as eating, drinking, sleeping, procreation, and passive forms of entertainment. I expand upon Marx’s theory using the work of critical social theorists, multicultural theorists, and Socialist Feminist theorists to demonstrate that, in addition to class, welfare, race/ethnicity, and gender are bases of estrangement in the United States. Among the means through which Marx proposes temporary solace may be sought and obtained, I argue that eating is the most readily available and socially acceptable source of such comfort for low-income people. Moreover, the types of foods that low-income people can afford and which are associated with comfort are typically the very sort that promote obesity but provide little in terms of nutritional value. My thesis about “Estranged Eating” is not intended to supplant other hypotheses or analyses. Rather, I contend that my theory adds significantly to our collective understanding of the fat-hunger paradox in general, and its disparate manifestations observed within low socioeconomic demographics in particular.
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1224. [Article] Parental care of peregrine falcons in interior Alaska and the effects of low-altitude jet overflights
To assess the impact of low-altitude jet overflights on parental care, we examined nest attendance, time-activity budgets, and provisioning rates of 21 Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) pairs breeding ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Parental care of peregrine falcons in interior Alaska and the effects of low-altitude jet overflights
- Author:
- Palmer, Angela G.
To assess the impact of low-altitude jet overflights on parental care, we examined nest attendance, time-activity budgets, and provisioning rates of 21 Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) pairs breeding along the Tanana River, Alaska in 1995 and 1996. Several intrinsic and extrinsic factors influenced attributes of nesting behavior. Female nest attendance declined substantially with progression of the nesting cycle, while male attendance patterns were consistent throughout the nesting cycle. Further, although females typically performed most of the incubating, male attendance at the nest area varied considerably among breeding pairs. Both prey item delivery rates and estimated prey mass delivery rates increased with brood size. Prey item delivery rates per nestling, however, decreased with increasing brood size; yet estimated prey mass delivery rates per nestling did not vary with brood size. Peregrine Falcons apparently maintained constant provisioning rates per nestling as brood size increased by increasing average prey size. We found evidence that nest attendance and time-activity budgets of Peregrine Falcons differed during periods of overflights compared with reference nests, but differences depended on stage of the nesting cycle and gender. Males had lower nest ledge attendance during periods when overflights occurred than males from reference nests when data from the incubation and early nestling-rearing stages of the nesting cycle were combined. Females apparently compensated for lower male ledge attendance by attending the ledge more during overflown periods compared to females from reference nests, although this trend was not significant. During late nestling-rearing, however, females perched in the nest area less during periods when overflights occurred than females from reference nests. We did not see a relationship between nest attendance and the number of overflights, the cumulative number of exposures experienced by each nesting pair, or the average sound exposure level of overflights. Nor did we find evidence that nestling provisioning rates were affected by overflights. Low altitude jet overflights did not markedly affect nest attendance, time-activity budgets, or nestling provisioning rates of breeding Peregrine Falcons.
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1225. [Article] A comparison of alcohol-related morbidity, mortality, and seatbelt use before and after Oregon's adoption of primary seatbelt legislation
Reducing the number of intoxicated motorists and increasing seatbelt use are two strategies that have effectively reduced morbidity and mortality. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- A comparison of alcohol-related morbidity, mortality, and seatbelt use before and after Oregon's adoption of primary seatbelt legislation
- Author:
- Rathsam, Michael
Reducing the number of intoxicated motorists and increasing seatbelt use are two strategies that have effectively reduced morbidity and mortality. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), however, suggests that reductions in alcohol-related fatalities and injuries are the result of implementing strategies associated with enforcement and judicial processing of driving while intoxicated (DWI) laws. Accepting this suggestion makes it easy to overlook any contribution made by seatbelts. No studies could be found that examined how seatbelt use, as well as morbidity and mortality, changed among intoxicated motorists after enactment of primary seatbelt laws. Mortality data was obtained from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). Morbidity data was obtained from the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT), Traffic Safety Section. The factors of gender, age, alcohol involvement, and seatbelt use were used to compare 3,110 major injuries and 1,390 deaths that occurred between 1988-90 prior to Oregon's adoption of primary seatbelt legislation with 2,304 major injuries and 1,124 deaths that occurred between 1991-93. Males and females involved in fatal alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes were found to have had the greatest reduction in mortality after enactment of primary seatbelt legislation. The likelihood of males (involved in fatal, alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes) wearing their seatbelts after adoption of the law was 4.08 times greater than before adoption of the law (OR=4.08, 95% CI=2.68, 6.23 p<10⁻⁶). The likelihood of females (involved in fatal, alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes) wearing their seatbelts after adoption of the law was 4.56 times greater than before adoption of the law (OR=4.56, 95% CI=2.47, 8.49 p<10⁻⁶). Following adoption of seatbelt legislation, there was also a decrease in alcohol-related injuries for both males and females. The likelihood of males (involved in alcohol-related major injury crashes) wearing their seatbelts after adoption of the seatbelt law was 2.68 times greater than before adoption of the law (OR=2.68, 95% CI=1.73, 4.15 p<10⁻⁵). The likelihood of females (involved in alcohol-related major injury crashes) wearing their seatbelt after adoption of the seatbelt law was 3.8 times greater than before adoption of the law (OR=3.80, 95% CI=2.00, 7.27 p<10⁻⁵). Reductions in morbidity and mortality appear to be more likely the result of increased seatbelt use rather than reduced alcohol involvement because the percent of alcohol-related mortality decreased only three percent (3%) and alcohol-related morbidity decreased only two percent (2%).
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In 1986, researchers from Oregon State University, led by Dr. David Brauner, came to the small Catholic community of St. Paul, Oregon as part of ongoing research on the French-Canadian inhabitants of the ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Women of valor : the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur, St. Paul, Oregon, 1844-1852
- Author:
- Poet, Rebecca McClelland
In 1986, researchers from Oregon State University, led by Dr. David Brauner, came to the small Catholic community of St. Paul, Oregon as part of ongoing research on the French-Canadian inhabitants of the Willamette Valley between 1829 and the mid-1860s. They were searching for the remains of the first Catholic Mission in the Pacific Northwest. What they found was a cellar belonging to nuns who ran a boarding school for the daughters of the French-Canadians between 1844 and 1852. These women were upper-middle class Belgians belonging to the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur order. The purpose of this research was to examine the archaeological data recovered from this project to see whether this novel situation was recognizable in the archaeological record. Secondly the objective was to intensively review the written record to determine details regarding the daily lives of these women. The final objective was to see what the combination of literature and archaeology can reveal about the texture of their lives. The research was divided into three phases: field archaeology, literature search, and artifact analysis. Field archaeology was accomplished over two field seasons and included pedestrian survey and surface collection and test pit and block excavation. Artifact analysis was loosely structured on a functional classification developed by Roderick Sprague. Artifacts were broken into three study units: block excavation, surface collection, and test pit excavation. Six Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur set foot on the shores of the Oregon Territory on August 1, 1844. They were the first Catholic nuns to come to the Pacific Northwest. Coming at the invitation of Father Francis Norbert Blanchet, they set up a boarding school for the daughters of the retired French-Canadian fur trappers who had settled in the Willamette Valley. Their school was in the small Catholic community of St. Paul. During their short stay in St. Paul they taught school while learning to survive. They developed skills such as bread-making, clothes washing, carpentry, livestock husbandry, and gardening. They left the Willamette Valley in 1852 and moved to San Jose in California where they established a college. The written record shows that the site where the Sisters lived served a dual function as a religious and educational facility and as a homestead. Archaeological evidence exists for the educational facility and homestead, but the religious aspect of the site was not apparent. The historical record shows that the inhabitants of the site were unique individuals within the location of French Prairie. The archaeology supports this, but does not definitively indicate gender, class, or ethnicity.
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1227. [Article] The Relationship between Retirement Timing and Mortality : A Population-Based Longitudinal Study among Older Adults in the United States
Retirement is one of the most important transitional events in later life. Despite a large body of research examining the impacts of retirement on health, questions still remain regarding the relationship ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- The Relationship between Retirement Timing and Mortality : A Population-Based Longitudinal Study among Older Adults in the United States
- Author:
- Wu, Chenkai
Retirement is one of the most important transitional events in later life. Despite a large body of research examining the impacts of retirement on health, questions still remain regarding the relationship between retirement timing and subsequent health and survival. Previous research examining the existence, direction, and magnitude of the relationship between retirement timing and health has produced mixed results and is limited by a number of issues including inconsistency in the definition and measurement of retirement and retirement timing, lack of large-scale nationally representative data, and insufficient adjustment for the healthy worker survivor bias and other confounding factors. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a population-based longitudinal study comprising a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults aged 50 years and over, this study aimed to examine the distribution and predictors of retirement timing and to gain an in-depth understanding of its impacts on longevity. The average age at retirement for healthy retirees, individuals who did not consider health was an important reason to retire, was 64.9 years (SD = 3.8 years), with younger generation and individuals with more wealth resources retiring earlier. Unhealthy retirees, individuals who reported health was an important reason to retire, on average, retired approximately half year earlier than healthy retirees (64.3 vs. 64.9). Among healthy retirees, retirement timing was strongly related to survival, with a one-year increase in age at retirement associated with an 11% lower risk of all-cause mortality (95% CI: 8%, 15%). Relationship between retirement timing and mortality was not conditional on socio-demographics including birth cohort, gender, race/ethnicity, education, wealth, occupation, and marital status. Results were similar for unhealthy retirees. Together, these findings provide insight to the relationship between retirement timing and subsequent health outcomes in older adults. In addition, these results indicate the need for future research that aims to develop a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the relationship between retirement timing and longevity. Furthermore, such research could elucidate important criteria for evaluating the labor market policies that aim to increase retirement age to promote extended working life.
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1228. [Article] A comparison of instructor-led and interactive video training for the personal computer application WordPerfect
This research compared the effectiveness of an interactive video training program with an instructor-led program for teaching working adults the personal computer (PC) application WordPerfect. The objectives ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- A comparison of instructor-led and interactive video training for the personal computer application WordPerfect
- Author:
- Carter, William D. (William David), 1950-
This research compared the effectiveness of an interactive video training program with an instructor-led program for teaching working adults the personal computer (PC) application WordPerfect. The objectives of the study were to develop a research methodology and instrumentation in order to determine whether instructor-led training resulted in significantly different reaction, performance, and post-training use than interactive video instruction and to utilize the findings to suggest strategies for teaching working adults PC applications. The study was based on the need to comparatively evaluate various instructional approaches for teaching PC applications to working adults. There is also an underlying need in computer training is for easily administered, yet comprehensive evaluation methodologies. There were 111 individuals in the original sample. Half were randomly assigned to a interactive video group and half to an instructor-led group. After initial dropouts there were 53 individuals in the instructor-led group and 47 in the interactive video group. Instructional objectives, content and topic sequence were the same for both groups. A pilot study was conducted to confirm the reliability and validity of the instruments and methodology. A demographic questionnaire was completed at the beginning of an initial training session. At the end of the first training session a performance test and a reaction questionnaire were completed. After two to three weeks a use survey, a knowledge test, and a performance test were completed. Descriptive and analytic statistics were prepared for the dependent variables (reaction, performance, and post-training use) and covariates (age, gender, occupation, organization, education, and prior use). Null hypotheses of no difference were rejected when the significance was less than .05. Results indicated no significant differences in performance between the groups after either the first training session or after two to three weeks. However, results indicated significant differences (p = .0004) in reaction with the instructor-led group rating the training better overall. The instructor-led group also indicated that the clarity and usefulness of the course materials was better (p = .035). Significant differences were also found in post-training use (p = .036).
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1229. [Article] Learned helplessness and the satisfaction-paradox : a test of concepts and relationships
The satisfaction-paradox, defined as the state of being satisfied with objectively unsatisfactory living conditions, represents a dysfunctional state of the poor for both the government and individuals ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Learned helplessness and the satisfaction-paradox : a test of concepts and relationships
- Author:
- Schober, Brigitte I.
The satisfaction-paradox, defined as the state of being satisfied with objectively unsatisfactory living conditions, represents a dysfunctional state of the poor for both the government and individuals by creating long-term poverty. Traditional rationales classify the reasons for this phenomenon as conscious decisions of individuals or shiftlessness and thereby results in material and social costs associated with this phenomenenon for both the individual and the government. This study undertakes a first step to provide empirical evidence for a constructive explanation of the satisfaction-paradox employing the theory of learned helplessness. A secondary analysis of the Hunger Factors Assessment data set in Oregon (1986, 1988) was performed. The study uses a newly developed theoretical model that incorporates both the quality of life model, from which the satisfaction-paradox evolves, as well as the learned helplessness model, offered as one explanation of the paradox. Criteria from the model were then defined by measures in the data set to identify the group of "learned helpless and satisfied poor". Approximately 10 percent of the Oregon Emergency Food Users have been identified as "learned helpless and satisfied poor". The investigation of their socio-demographic characteristics, in comparison to "not learned helpless and dissatisfied poor", has described them as rather more likely to be female, single, older, employed, home owners or renters, living with others, and long-term residents of Oregon. In these ways they seem to be more settled then the poverty stereotype and more closely resemble typical Oregon residents. However, like others in poverty, they lack income and information (or resource) networks. Discriminant analysis was utilized to make a first step towards early identification of the poor "at risk" of learning helplessness by assessing their socio-demographic characteristics. The resulting function includes these variables: age of respondents, their employment status, their gender, the fact that they receive welfare income, their household equipment, their educational level, the number of income sources, the length of residency, their health status, household size, their homeownership, the fact that they have health insurance and finally, the labor potential of their households. It explains, in total, 48.3 percent of the difference between the two groups at a p-level of 0.01 or less, a Chi-Square of 71.13 (dF = 14) and a Wilk's Lambda of 0.76. Its predictive assignment of learned helpless and satisfied poor was 12 percent higher than a random assignment and 15 percent in the case of the not learned helpless and dissatisfied poor. The model, therefore, seems to be useful in understanding a certain segment of the poor, but needs more development research. A longitudinal, primary data set, including psychological variables and refined operationalization of the learned helplessness concept would bring more detailed insight and practical implications. However, it could be shown that an individual attributing "failure" internally, and having opportunity to experience failure and uncontrollability, can enter the process of learning helplessness regardless of former achievements and value dispositions. Causality models to explain poverty should hence acknowledge both micro- and macro-level effects and thus result in more complex explanations and solutions than current models.
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This study investigated the opinions of bicyclists/pedestrians regarding how safe from a bicycle traffic injury they felt while on campus. Most earlier studies had been concerned with the taxonomy of bicycle/pedestrian ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Identification of opinions that university bicyclists and pedestrians possess regarding their safety from a bicycle traffic-related injury on campus
- Author:
- Tuyls, Gary W.
This study investigated the opinions of bicyclists/pedestrians regarding how safe from a bicycle traffic injury they felt while on campus. Most earlier studies had been concerned with the taxonomy of bicycle/pedestrian accidents. Because of the paucity of research on attitudes of bicyclists and pedestrians, this research was undertaken. The survey instrument was developed in accordance with recommendations from the Oregon State University Survey & Research Center. It consisted of 19 Likert type, degree of variation statements, and ten biographical questions. The sample consisted of 214 students registered for the winter term of 1986 at Oregon State University. Participants completed the Traffic Safety Attitude Survey and then were placed in the following categories: male, female, bicyclists, and pedestrians. The Survey instrument was designed to test four null hypotheses and to define other broadly held opinions regarding traffic safety on campus. Hypotheses One through Three tested interaction between bicyclists/pedestrians. The fourth hypothesis tested the difference between male bicyclists and male pedestrians and female bicyclists and female pedestrians. The Chi Square Test and a two-way analysis of variance were employed to test the hypotheses. Two significant findings emerged from hypothesis testing: 1) bicyclists and pedestrians differed on the opinion that as much as possible is being done to provide campus bicycle traffic safety, and 2) pedestrians endorsed stricter adherence to bicycle traffic regulations than bicyclists. There was no difference between bicyclists and pedestrians regarding feelings of safety from a bicycle traffic-related injury. Finally, gender had no effect on perceptions of campus bicycle traffic safety. Analysis of the results of this research provided the following conclusions: 1. Male bicyclists felt the least at risk of injury from a bicycle traffic-related injury on campus. 2. Female pedestrians felt the most risk of injury from a bicycle traffic accident on campus. 3. Female bicyclists, female pedestrians, and male pedestrians shared similar opinions regarding risk of exposure to a bicycle traffic accident on campus. 4. Approximately 30% of all subjects felt there is a problem with interaction between bicyclists and pedestrians on the OSU campus. 5. Approximately 46% of the pedestrians and 25% of the bicyclists felt risk of sustaining a bicycle traffic-related injury on campus. 6. Approximately 38% of the pedestrians and 25% of the bicyclists support some form of bicycle traffic restriction. 7. Pedestrians endorse stricter adherance to bicycle traffic regulations that bicyclists do. 8: Pedestrians felt less is being done to ensure bicycle traffic safety on campus than bicyclists did.
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The purposes of this study were to assess mental health counselors' knowledge of AIDS and to determine the effect of various independent variables upon knowledge. The variables used were gender, professional ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- A study to assess the knowledge about AIDS held by mental health counselors
- Author:
- Turner, Micki
The purposes of this study were to assess mental health counselors' knowledge of AIDS and to determine the effect of various independent variables upon knowledge. The variables used were gender, professional contact with PWAs, personal contact with PWAs, age, sexual preference, AIDS training, and personal acquaintance with a person who is homosexual. A sample of 358 mental health counselors was chosen randomly from the current membership of the American Mental Health Counseling Association which is a division of the American Association for Counseling and Development. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire which included a 32-item true-false knowledge test on the transmission, epidemiology, and treatment of AIDS as well as general information about AIDS. Chi-square, t-tests and multiple regression analyses were used at the .05 level of significance to determine the relationship between the variables and degree of knowledge. Mental health counselors scored quite high on most of the knowledge questions with a mean percentage score of 93% had a higher knowledge score on epidemiology than females, yet, when the total knowledge score was examined, there was not a significant difference. Respondents who had provided professional services to persons with AIDS within the past year had higher scores for both the sub-section on transmission and total knowledge. Subjects who had been personally acquainted with someone who had been diagnosed with AIDS showed a higher degre of knowledge, whereas acquaintance with someone who is homosexual seemed to have no direct relationship. Although age did not have an effect on knowledge, homosexual mental health counselors had a greater degree of knowledge about AIDS than heterosexuals, and mental health counselors who have had AIDS training have more knowledge of AIDS then those who have not. Results indicated that there were no significant differences in means between knowledge of AIDS and such factors as religion, work setting, professional degree and geographic area of residence. However, there was a significant relationship between knowledge of community resources and level of knowledge of AIDS. The study results were reviewed in light of the literature on AIDS and knowledge of AIDS among various professional and non-professional groups. Implications and recommendations for counselor education and clinical practice as a result of this study are presented.
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1232. [Article] The effects of 3-months of foot orthotic wear on measures of postural stability in persons with chronic injury and normal lower limb function
Under researched somatosensory contributions to postural stability, in addition to high incident rates of foot injury in the physically active population, lead to two investigative studies. An initial ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- The effects of 3-months of foot orthotic wear on measures of postural stability in persons with chronic injury and normal lower limb function
- Author:
- Hornyik, Maria L.
Under researched somatosensory contributions to postural stability, in addition to high incident rates of foot injury in the physically active population, lead to two investigative studies. An initial research study compared variables of two postural stability assessment devices to determine reliability of outcome measures and commonality of outcome measures to dynamic postural control. A second study assessed which measures of postural stability were effective in differentiating between injured persons using foot orthotics and non-injured persons, and also compared effects of 3-month foot orthotic usage on measures of postural stability among three groups. In the first study, 23 healthy subjects tested on two separate occasions one-week apart, counterbalancing the testing order. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Pearson product moment correlations were calculated and analyzed. In the second study, 15 patients diagnosed with plantar fasciitis or medial arch sprain were given custom orthotics and matched with 15 non-injured subjects given custom orthotics, and 15 healthy control subjects on gender, age, height, and body mass index. All 45 subjects were assessed on five postural stability tests (12 dependent variables) on seven occasions over a four-month period. Repeated measures MANOVA was employed to evaluate group, time and interaction effects for the outcome variables (α=0.05). Test-retest reliability, in the first study, ranged from moderate to high (ICC[subscript 2,1]=0.71 to 0.92) for all outcome measures. Pearson correlations revealed four statistically significant relationships (p< .05) between outcome measures (r=0.43 to -0.72). In the second study, nine variables were entered into repeated measures MANOVA demonstrating significant main and interaction effects. Post hoc univariate analyses demonstrated six variables with group main effects and three variables with time main effects. Interaction effects in post hoc analysis were non-significant. The moderate to high test-retest reliability observed for outcome measures in the first study is encouraging. Correlations between device outcome measures, while statistically significant, were low enough to suggest that each device provided unique information regarding postural stability. Results from the second study provide strong evidence that foot orthotic wear affects postural stability over time. The nature of test protocols suggests that functional postural stability testing aids in assessing effectiveness of foot orthotics.
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1233. [Article] The ontogeny and mediation of sexual size dimorphism in the red-spotted garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus
A wide range of environmental and physiological factors influence the type and extent of sexual dimorphism found in animals. Influential factors include variable climate, competition for resources and ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- The ontogeny and mediation of sexual size dimorphism in the red-spotted garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus
- Author:
- Lerner, Darren T.
A wide range of environmental and physiological factors influence the type and extent of sexual dimorphism found in animals. Influential factors include variable climate, competition for resources and mates, mate choice, and parental investment. In addition, some investigators attribute differences in body size to physiological factors influenced by genetic and environmental variation. Since Darwin's time researchers studying the evolution of animal life-history have discussed the interactions that exist between this wide array of influences on sexual dimorphism in the context of natural selection. Much attention has been paid to the interrelationships of parental size, offspring size and number of offspring per reproductive bout. Spatial and temporal variation among these parameters have been investigated. However, these relationships have not been adequately examined while accounting for differences in offspring gender. In order to characterize the nature and extent of sexual size dimorphism found in adult red-spotted garter snakes, 108 adult females producing 782 female offspring and 790 male offspring were utilized to examine the relationships of the number and size of offspring, clutch mass and maternal size. The second facet of our investigation involved the hormonal manipulation of growth over the first year of post-natal life. To gain an understanding of which endogenous hormones may influence growth in this species we constructed a hormone profile of estradiol and testosterone from birth to 15 weeks of age. We experimentally tested the effects of exogenous hormone as well as the removal of endogenous hormone on growth with the use of estrogen and androgen antagonists. We have found that the extent of sexual size dimorphism observed in adult red-spotted garter snakes is not present at birth. The relative number of males or females born varies differentially with maternal size and age such that larger, older females produce predominately more male offspring. There are no differences in endogenous levels of testosterone and estradiol from birth though 15 weeks and at 36 weeks of age between the sexes. However, these sex steroids do differentially affect the growth of males and females. Finally, we suggest that while all of these factors contribute to sexual size dimorphism in this species, embryonic and environmental influences need to be explored.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the primary factors affecting colony size, reproductive success, and foraging patterns of Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus) nesting ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Factors affecting colony size, reproductive success, and foraging patterns of double-crested cormorants nesting on East Sand Island in the Columbia River Estuary
- Author:
- Anderson, Cynthia D.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the primary factors affecting colony size, reproductive success, and foraging patterns of Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus) nesting at East Sand Island in the Columbia River estuary, the largest colony of this species on the Pacific Coast of North America. This colony grew dramatically over the past 13 years and appears to represent a substantial proportion (>40%) of the West Coast population. Due to increasing concern over avian predation on juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River estuary, there was a need to understand the factors limiting the size and productivity of this large and growing cormorant colony and how breeding adults exploit the available forage fish resources in the estuary. The East Sand Island colony recently fragmented into separate sub-colonies that differed in reproductive success; clutch size, hatching success, brood size at fledging, nesting success, and overall productivity were all higher at a recently-formed satellite sub-colony compared to the main colony. Depredation of cormorant nest contents by Glaucous-winged/ Western Gulls (Larus glaucescens X L. occidentalis) following disturbances caused by Bald Eagles (Haliaetus leucocephalus) appeared to be the primary factor limiting reproductive success. During my study, nesting habitat and food supply did not appear to be limiting colony size or reproductive success. I predict that the colony will continue to expand unless forage fish stocks decline and/or eagle disturbances increase. I used radio-telemetry to investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of foraging male and female Double-crested Cormorants. Nesting adults tended to commute over 5 km from the colony to forage in either the estuarine-mixing zone or the freshwater zone of the estuary, where forage fishes were presumably more available than in the marine zone near the colony. The sexes exhibited striking differences in foraging distribution. Males commuted longer distances to forage in the freshwater zone compared to females, which tended to forage in the estuarine-mixing zone; however, females took longer foraging trips than males on average. Gender differences in foraging patterns may enhance the foraging efficiency of pairs nesting at a large colony such as East Sand Island. The cormorant breeding colony on East Sand Island seems to be avoiding density-dependent constraints of food supply by foraging over a wide area of the estuary on a diversity of marine forage fishes whose stocks are currently high. I predict that in years when stocks of marine forage fish within the estuary are low (e.g., due to poor ocean conditions), Double-crested Cormorants may become more reliant on the more predictable fish resources of the estuary, such as out-migrating salmonid smolts.
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Under the auspices of a United Stated Department of Education National Workplace Literacy Program grant, the Columbia-Willamette Skill Builders, a community college consortium, developed a prototype workplace ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- The design of a workplace educator training program : an investigative study
- Author:
- Werbel, Wayne S.
Under the auspices of a United Stated Department of Education National Workplace Literacy Program grant, the Columbia-Willamette Skill Builders, a community college consortium, developed a prototype workplace educator training program in 1994. The Skill Builders workplace educator training program was 9 months long and offered 90 hours of instruction, including a 20 to 40 hour workplace field experience. Twenty-six people completed the prototype program. This investigative study posed two research questions: 1. What can we learn by identifying and evaluating the critical elements in a prototype workplace educator training program? 2. What can be gleaned through this investigation that can be utilized to design a workplace educator training program? Workplace educator is a new term emerging from the field of workplace literacy. A workplace educator facilitates basic learning involving language and computation, as well as communication, teamwork, problem-solving, and decision-making. An examination of the pertinent literature identified five fields that impact on workplace education: workplace basics; training and development; workplace literacy and the contextual teaching approaches; current management theory with an emphasis on the high performance work organization; and workplace learning. The critical elements involved in the prototype program were identified through extensive inquiry using questionnaires, survey evaluation instruments, personal interviews, reports, journal review of the participants, and a focus group of Portland, Oregon, area employer representatives managing workplace education. The identified critical elements include an understanding of: (a) education in the workplace; (b) the characteristics of workplace educators; (c) workplace culture and organizational practices; (d) business/ education relationships; (e) the educational environment; (f) needs assessment/evaluation and assessment procedures; (g) workplace program design; (h) how to facilitate learning; (i) the development of communication skills for the workplace educator; (j) culture, class, and gender diversity in the workplace; and (k) appropriate uses of instructional technology. In addition, the data were examined through an evaluation research framework using the Stufflebeam (1983) CIPP (context, input, process, and products) model. The analysis showed that the program was highly satisfactory to the participants. The most important finding in this study is the need for workplace educators to fully understand the workplace.
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The purpose of the investigation was to develop a profile of characteristics, perceptions and expectations of high school students involved in the Washington Tech Prep in Agriculture Statewide Articulation ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- An investigation into the characteristics, perceptions, and expectations of high school students involved in a pilot statewide tech prep in agriculture program in Washington state
- Author:
- Willis, James Franklin
The purpose of the investigation was to develop a profile of characteristics, perceptions and expectations of high school students involved in the Washington Tech Prep in Agriculture Statewide Articulation Program (TPAG). The investigation involved nine individual interviews, the responses of 165 students to a forced response survey instrument, and a concluding group interview of a group of students who had previously responded to the survey instrument. The criterion for inclusion in the study was involvement with the Tech Prep in Agriculture Articulation program. Thus, participation was purposeful. The subject students, who were involved in a career cluster-specific program, displayed a rich range of career aspirations and educational characteristics. Career aspirations were not limited to the agricultural career cluster and ranged from accountant to x-ray technician. The subject students came from all four quartiles of the high school population and their future educational aspirations included apprenticeship, community/technical college, four year college, and post-graduate programs. Most students aspired to post-secondary education at a community, technical, or four year college. Of those aspiring to a post-secondary education, most aspired to a community/technical college education. Surveyed students rated the importance of 24 skills. Workplace skills such as working with others, communications, and the ability to learn rated highest. Foundation skills such as basic mathematics, creativity, and computer usage rated well. Skills related to specific careers fell lower on the composite ratings. Rated lowest were the appreciation of art, music, literature, plays, movies, and TV. Students rated parents, high school teachers, and young people working in the student's area of career interest the highest as providers of information on education and careers. Individuals such as media journalists and politicians whom society might consider good advisors were not trusted by nearly one of three studied students. The investigation led to almost immediate improvements in the TPAG Program, including modification of a core course to better reflect student career interests, publication of program literature in Spanish, and gender balancing of images used in brochures. Recommendations for further research into student characteristics, the dynamics of student career selection, and high school career cluster educational models were presented.
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1237. [Article] Essays on the Recreational Value of Avian Biodiversity
This dissertation uses a convenience sample of members of eBird, a large citizen science project maintained by the Cornell University's Laboratory of Ornithology, to explore the value of avian biodiversity ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Essays on the Recreational Value of Avian Biodiversity
- Author:
- Kolstoe, Sonja
- Year:
- 2016
This dissertation uses a convenience sample of members of eBird, a large citizen science project maintained by the Cornell University's Laboratory of Ornithology, to explore the value of avian biodiversity to bird watchers. Panel data (i.e. longitudinal data) are highly desirable for preference estimation. Fortuitously, the diaries of birding excursions by eBird members provide a rich source of spatial data on trips taken, over time by the same individuals, to a variety of birding destinations. Origin and destination data can be combined with exogenous species prevalence information. These combined data sources permit estimation of utility-theoretic choice models that allow derivation of the marginal utilities of avian biodiversity measures as well as the marginal utility of net income (i.e. consumption of other goods and services). Ratios of these marginal utilities yield marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) estimates for numbers of bird species (or numbers of species of different types, in richer specifications). MWTP for levels of other attributes of birding destinations are also derived (e.g. ecosystem type, management regime, seasonal variations, a time trend).\\ The chapters are organized as follows: Chapter 2 is a stand-alone paper that demonstrates the feasibility of a travel-cost based random utility model with the eBird data. This chapter focuses on measuring the total number of bird species at each birding hotspot in Washington and Oregon states. This chapter does not differentiate among types of birders beyond using their recent birding activities in an analysis of habit formation or variety-seeking behavior. For this model, beyond past behavior, a representative consumer is postulated. Chapter 3 starts from the basic specifications identified in Chapter 2 and explores heterogeneous preferences among consumers as well as their preferences for species richness and for different categories of birds. This chapter explores whether different types of birds are relatively more attractive to different types of birders (for example, by gender or by age or by neighborhood characteristics and educational attainment). Chapter 4 is an extension of the work in Chapter 3 to explore how changing site attributes in the face of climate change effects birder welfare. This dissertation includes previously unpublished co-authored material.
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1238. [Article] PERFORMING WORK: INTERNATIONALISM AND THEATRE OF FACT BETWEEN THE U.S.A. AND THE U.S.S.R.
Title: Performing Work: Internationalism and Theatre of Fact between the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. Theatre’s public, and yet intimate emotional ability to demarcate extraordinary occurrences and provoke ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- PERFORMING WORK: INTERNATIONALISM AND THEATRE OF FACT BETWEEN THE U.S.A. AND THE U.S.S.R.
- Author:
- Tougas, Ramona
- Year:
- 2016
Title: Performing Work: Internationalism and Theatre of Fact between the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. Theatre’s public, and yet intimate emotional ability to demarcate extraordinary occurrences and provoke communal escalation make it useful for internationalist organizing. “Performing Work: Internationalism and Theatre of Fact between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.,” traces 1920s and 1930s leftist theatre through transnational circuits of political and aesthetic dialogue. I argue that these plays form a shared lexicon in response to regional economic and political challenges. Sergei Tretiakov’s Rychi, Kitai/Roar, China! (1926); Hallie Flanagan and Margaret Ellen Clifford’s Can You Hear Their Voices? (1931); Langston Hughes’s Scottsboro Limited (1931); and Hughes, Ella Winter, and Ann Hawkins’s Harvest (1933-34) constitute the dissertation’s primary texts. “Performing Work” begins by reading the Soviet play Roar, China! as a work of theatre of fact which performs conflicted internationalisms in plot, and in its politicized production history. The middle chapters track revisions to Soviet factography and internationalism by three American plays in light of the Depression, racism, feminism, and labor disputes. The study considers the reception of Russian and English translations, as well as figurative translations across cultural contexts. Performance theory and literary history support this analysis of dramatic forms—embodied, temporal, and textual. I narrow my study to four plays from the United States and Soviet Union to argue for the tangible impact of ephemeral contact and performance in order to resist polarizing simplification of relationships between these two countries. The three central figures of this study, Sergei Mikhailovich Tretiakov (1892-1937), Hallie Flanagan (1890-1969), and Langston Hughes (1909-1967) each had either direct or indirect contact with one another and with each other’s theatrical work. This study is primarily concerned with the transnational circulation of politically significant dramatic form and only secondarily occupied with verifying direct influence from one author to another. The four plays participate in transnational dialogue on working conditions, cultural imperialism, racist legal systems, and gender inequality. This dissertation includes previously published material.
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1239. [Article] Embarrassment, Theory of Mind, and Emotion Regulation in Adolescents' with Asperger's Syndrome and High Functioning Autism
The purpose of the present study was to increase our understanding of the relations among embarrassment, Theory of Mind (ToM), and emotion dysregulation in adolescents with Asperger's Syndrome and High ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Embarrassment, Theory of Mind, and Emotion Regulation in Adolescents' with Asperger's Syndrome and High Functioning Autism
- Author:
- Winter-Messiers, Mary Ann
- Year:
- 2014
The purpose of the present study was to increase our understanding of the relations among embarrassment, Theory of Mind (ToM), and emotion dysregulation in adolescents with Asperger's Syndrome and High Functioning Autism (AS/HFA), topics that have not previously been the foci of research in this population. The research sample consisted of 42 participants, split equally between adolescents with AS/HFA and typically developing (TD) adolescents. Participants with AS/HFA were matched with TD participants for chronological age and gender. Parents of all participants, typically mothers, were also required to complete measures. Participants were presented with vignettes of embarrassing or anger inducing scenarios, following which they were asked to provide ratings indicating the degree to which they would be embarrassed or angry in the protagonists' positions. Next they were asked to justify those ratings. Results indicated that the AS/HFA group experienced greater difficulty than the TD group with measures requiring ToM abilities. This was particularly true of embarrassment/social faux pas situations. In contrast, both groups performed similarly on measures involving anger-inducing situations that require less ToM. The significant difficulty of the AS/HFA group in understanding ToM in embarrassment measures was corroborated by their poor performance on an independent ToM measure. In addition to having significant difficulty in understanding embarrassment, the AS/HFA group was significantly less able than the TD group to recount personally embarrassing experiences. Regarding emotion regulation, participants with AS/HFA were significantly less able than their TD peers to regulate their emotions through reappraisal. Similarly, parents of the AS/HFA participants reported a significantly higher level of emotion dysregulation in their children than did the parents of the TD participants. Further, participants with AS/HFA had a significantly higher utilization frequency of negative strategies than their TD peers when embarrassed, which aligned with parent report. Negative strategies included internal, verbal, and physical self-injurious behaviors, as well as destructive interpersonal behaviors, e.g., falsely accusing, yelling at, or hitting others. These findings emphasize the critical and potentially harmful impact of embarrassing experiences in the daily lives of adolescents with AS/HFA.
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1240. [Image] OSU Women's Center Group Oral History Interview
Amelia Allee grew up in Denver, but calls Portland, Oregon her home. Allee is 20 years old, and self-identifies as French, English, and Huron (a Native American Tribe). This is her first year at Oregon ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- OSU Women's Center Group Oral History Interview
- Year:
- 2015
Amelia Allee grew up in Denver, but calls Portland, Oregon her home. Allee is 20 years old, and self-identifies as French, English, and Huron (a Native American Tribe). This is her first year at Oregon State University as a transfer student from Portland Community College. As a junior, she is majoring in public health with a focus in health management and policy. Allee is also working towards her certificate of food and culture and social justice. Previously a student advocate at PCC's women's center, Allee began working at OSU's women's center in 2014. She is currently a peer facilitator, but will soon become the leadership liaison. Shelby Baisden recognizes Gresham, Oregon as her hometown, but calls Portland and Corvallis her home. Baisden is 22, self-identifies as white, and is a senior at Oregon State University. She is studying human development and family sciences in the school of public health and human sciences. This is her first year working for the women's center, although she had previously collaborated with the center. She serves as the communications representative. Soreth Dahri's hometown is Karachi, Pakistan. She self-identifies as Muslim and Pakistani. She is 21 and in her second year at Oregon State University. She is majoring in finance in the college of business. Dahri is currently a peer facilitator at the women's center, and this is her first year working for the center. While Nicthé Verdugo lives in Corvallis, Oregon, her hometown is Chandler, Arizona. Verdugo is 22, self-identifies as Chicana, and is a senior at Oregon State University. She is majoring in ethnic studies with a minor in women, gender, and sexuality studies within the college of liberal arts. This is Verdugo's second year working at the women's center. During her first year, she served as the program coordinator, creating and organizing events. Currently she is the leadership liaison. One of her duties is to serve as a mentor for the staff of the women's center. The interview begins by introducing four staff members of Oregon State University's women's center–Amelia Allee, Shelby Baisden, Soreth Dahri, and Nicthé Verdugo. After discussing their backgrounds, majors, and positions at the women's center, they discuss the challenges of their jobs. These challenges include white privilege and misunderstandings of feminism. They recommend sexual assault awareness and expanded definitions of feminism for future event topics. The interview then chronicles their ideas and advice for the future of the women's center. For this, the interviewees recognize open mindedness, good and purposeful intentions, non-generalizations, and challenging barriers. On a more personal level, they describe several experiences in which their identities have caused them to have both negative and positive interactions. The interview ends with an acknowledgement of the family-like environment of the staff and of the center.
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1241. [Article] A Feminist Political Ecology of Livelihoods and Intervention in the Miombo Woodlands of Zambézia, Mozambique
Three recent global economic trends are shifting forest livelihoods and ‘development’ intervention in Mozambique. These trends are China’s growing influence in Africa, large–scale land grabbing and climate ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- A Feminist Political Ecology of Livelihoods and Intervention in the Miombo Woodlands of Zambézia, Mozambique
- Author:
- Nelson, Ingrid
- Year:
- 2012, 2014
Three recent global economic trends are shifting forest livelihoods and ‘development’ intervention in Mozambique. These trends are China’s growing influence in Africa, large–scale land grabbing and climate change politics. Based on eighteen months of mixed–methods research between 2009 and 2011, this dissertation examines the interactions of these global trends with day–to–day social, political and ecological processes in two rural communities in Zambézia Province (central Mozambique)—one in the miombo woodlands of Maganja da Costa district and the other near expanding timber plantations in Gurué district. The community in Maganja da Costa is at the center of clashes between conservation groups and illegal loggers selling precious hardwoods to China. The community in Gurué is responding to a Presidential mandate for every local leader to establish ‘forests’ (predominantly exotic monocultures) that represent a dispersed form of land grabbing. Drawing on recent agendas within the field of feminist political ecology, the author highlights key encounters or ‘place–events’ (following Doreen Massey) that explain the complex historical, political and ecological dynamics shaping contemporary forest transformation in Zambézia. These place–events can only be understood through attention to bodies and identity performance, key sites where assemblages of power and meaning are enacted and negotiated. This approach provides insight into less visible dimensions of landscape change by moving beyond commodity chain analysis and local/national/global hierarchies of causality. Examples of place–events examined include: girls becoming women through scarification with battery acid in a forest grove; men singing about their boss’ wife as they haul timber; NGO staff distributing pesticide spray information pamphlets in an anti–malaria campaign and elite women beating their husbands for planting ‘government’ trees. Attention to bodily performances that fundamentally constitute these place–events demonstrates how interventions in the name of sustainable development play out and often fail. It also elucidates how some loggers are able to extract valuable timber more than others. In fact, local community members see all of these outsiders—despite their distinct ideologies—as equally foreign based on similar ‘outsider’ bodily comportment. Such embodied dynamics are political and cultural, and they should be a key concern for anyone involved in shaping the future of Mozambique’s forests.
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The aim of the current study was to bring greater clarity to our understanding of the relation between theory of mind (ToM) and executive function (EF), specifically working memory (WM) and inhibitory ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Relations Among Theory of Mind and Executive Function Abilities in Typically Developing Adolescents and Adolescents with Asperger's Syndrome and High Functioning Autism
- Author:
- Oswald, Tasha
- Year:
- 2012
The aim of the current study was to bring greater clarity to our understanding of the relation between theory of mind (ToM) and executive function (EF), specifically working memory (WM) and inhibitory control (IC), during typical adolescent development and of the specific nature of impairments in ToM and EF in the cognitive profile of individuals with Asperger's Syndrome and High Functioning Autism (AS/HFA). In total, 80 participants, half typically developing (TD) and half with AS/HFA, participated in the study. TD participants were matched to the participants with AS/HFA on chronological age and gender. Participants were tested across two test sessions, approximately one year apart. For Session 1, the TD participants ranged in age from 10.1 to 17.9 years (M = 14.68, SD = 2.05), and the participants with AS/HFA ranged in age from 10.2 to 17.9 years (M = 14.64, SD = 2.19). I tested the participants on a ToM battery, consisting of an emotional perspective taking measure, the Mind in the Eyes Test, and two cognitive perspective taking measures, the Advanced ToM Vignettes, designed by the researcher, and Happé's Strange Stories. In addition, an EF battery was administered, containing a Reading Span Task, Change Detection Task, and Flanker Task, which assessed verbal WM, visual WM, and IC, respectively. Firstly, I found that older children and adolescents with AS/HFA, especially the girls with AS/HFA, performed worse on ToM measures tapping cognitive perspective taking relative to TD peers. Secondly, I observed that ToM and EF continue to develop during later childhood and adolescence as part of both typical and atypical development. Thirdly, I found that verbal WM and IC were more strongly associated with ToM in the AS/HFA group, indicating that individuals with AS/HFA may require more executive resources for ToM reasoning. Based on my results, I suggest that ToM and EF are still developing during later childhood and adolescence in both TD individuals and individuals with AS/HFA, indicating that the brain regions supporting ToM and EF processing are still plastic and can therefore be targeted for intervention.
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The primary purpose of this study was to utilize an ecological-transactional theoretical framework and an existing longitudinal data set to examine the relationships among neighborhood context, family ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- A Longitudinal Examination of the Relationships among Disadvantaged Neighborhoods, Supervision, Peer Associations, and Patterns of Ethnic Minority Adolescent Substance Use
- Author:
- Burt, Michelle
- Year:
- 2012, 2014
The primary purpose of this study was to utilize an ecological-transactional theoretical framework and an existing longitudinal data set to examine the relationships among neighborhood context, family supervision, association with deviant peers, and patterns of substance use during adolescence. Participants included 821 youth from the Longitudinal Cohort Study of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) data set. Data include primary caregiver and youth self-report measures of adult supervision, peer associations, and substance use. Data also include community survey and systematic social observation measures of neighborhood social processes such as collective efficacy, social disorder and social capital, neighborhood disadvantage, policing, and perceived danger collected from 1994-2001 in the city of Chicago. Latent growth curve modeling analyses were used to answer the research questions. Study results were significant associations between neighborhood social processes and substance use. Contrary to previous findings, more positive neighborhood social processes were related to higher levels of substance use for females. For both the African American/Black and Hispanic/Latino groups, deviant peer associations were related to higher levels of substance use at age 12. For the Hispanic/Latino group, higher neighborhood socioeconomic status was related to greater increases in substance use over time. Study results suggest the continued importance of research to discover sex and ethnic variation in associations among contextual influences and adolescent substance use. The current study makes a significant contribution to extant literature by examining the influence of neighborhood social processes, deviant peer associations, and supervision on substance use trajectories. Including peers, parental, and neighborhood factors&mdashin one model&mdashprovided a more comprehensive examination of how contextual influences impact the development of adolescent substance use. In addition, using a multilevel analysis with a diverse, longitudinal data set provided further insights into understanding ethnic and gender variation in the development of adolescents' substance use. Supplemental files include description of PHDCN scale items, HOME measure, Deviance of Peers measure, and items from the Substance Use Interview.
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1245. [Article] Measurement of Teachers' Social-Emotional Competence: Development of the Social-Emotional Competence Teacher Rating Scale
The significant role that teacher social-emotional competence (SEC) may play in the classroom environment through classroom management, forming positive teacher-student relationships, and implementation ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Measurement of Teachers' Social-Emotional Competence: Development of the Social-Emotional Competence Teacher Rating Scale
- Author:
- Tom, Karalyn
- Year:
- 2012
The significant role that teacher social-emotional competence (SEC) may play in the classroom environment through classroom management, forming positive teacher-student relationships, and implementation of social-emotional learning (SEL) curricula, as well as the influence SEC may have on teachers' overall well-being, requires an assessment that is able to reliably measure this construct in a manner that is valid for research and applied purposes. This study investigated the development of a scale measuring teacher SEC, the Social-Emotional Competence Teacher Rating Scale (SECTRS). The SECTRS was created and evaluated by an expert panel. Following the content validation process and follow-up revisions, the scale was administered to a sample of teachers (N = 302) and the scale's factor structure was explored, along with basic elements of the scale's reliability and validity. Finally, demographic characteristics were assessed to determine if relationships to SEC scores existed across these characteristics. Results of the factor analysis revealed a four-factor solution that explained 37.93% of the variance. The four factors identified measured aspects of teacher-student relationships, emotion regulation, social-awareness, and interpersonal-relationships. Internal consistency reliability estimates ranged from .69 to .88. Convergent validity results revealed that the SECTRS factor and total scores had significant, positive correlations (.44 to .65) with a scale measuring emotional intelligence and low, negative correlations with a scale measuring teacher burnout (.01 to -.34). Teacher ratings on the SECTRS did not demonstrate differences across gender, ethnicity, and community setting. Teacher ratings on the SECTRS differed based upon years of teaching experience, age, teacher setting, and grade-level. Finally, the SECTRS was found to have significant, positive correlations with perceptions of teacher-student relationships (.40 to .64), controlling behavior management styles (.17 to .22), as well as positive school climate. The SECTRS had significant, negative correlations with authoritative instructional styles (-.31 to -.55). Overall, results suggest that the SECTRS has adequate psychometric properties and provides an initial version of a scale that measures teacher SEC; however, the results of the factor analysis are far from conclusive and additional research is required to refine and validate the SECTRS tool before it is used in research and practice.
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1246. [Article] Executive function deficits in traumatic brain injury
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1247. [Article] Corporate heroines and utopian individualism: A study of the romance novel in global capitalism
x, 195 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Citation Citation
- Title:
- Corporate heroines and utopian individualism: A study of the romance novel in global capitalism
- Author:
- Young, Erin S.
- Year:
- 2011, 2010
x, 195 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
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1248. [Article] Constructing sustainable agriculture at a Northwest farmer's market: Understanding the performance of sustainability
xiii, 205 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Citation Citation
- Title:
- Constructing sustainable agriculture at a Northwest farmer's market: Understanding the performance of sustainability
- Author:
- Pilgeram, Ryanne S.
- Year:
- 2011, 2010
xiii, 205 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
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1249. [Article] An examination of the influence of primed characteristics of identity on motivation to learn conflict resolution skills
xiii, 105 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Citation Citation
- Title:
- An examination of the influence of primed characteristics of identity on motivation to learn conflict resolution skills
- Author:
- Walters, Karrie Patrice, 1973-
- Year:
- 2011, 2010
xiii, 105 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
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1250. [Article] Citizenship, refugees, and the state: Bosnians, Southern Sudanese, and social service organizations in Fargo, North Dakota
xvi, 360 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Citation Citation
- Title:
- Citizenship, refugees, and the state: Bosnians, Southern Sudanese, and social service organizations in Fargo, North Dakota
- Author:
- Erickson, Jennifer Lynn, 1974-
- Year:
- 2011, 2010
xvi, 360 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
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x, 197 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
Citation -
1253. [Article] The politics of the marked body: An examination of female genital cutting and breast implantation
xiv, 246 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Citation Citation
- Title:
- The politics of the marked body: An examination of female genital cutting and breast implantation
- Author:
- Smith, Courtney Paige, 1979-
- Year:
- 2010, 2009
xiv, 246 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
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1254. [Article] The ecological other: Indians, invalids, and immigrants in U.S. environmental thought and literature
xi, 233 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Citation Citation
- Title:
- The ecological other: Indians, invalids, and immigrants in U.S. environmental thought and literature
- Author:
- Ray, Sarah Jaquette, 1976-
- Year:
- 2010, 2009
xi, 233 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
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1255. [Article] Laughing lesbians: Camp, spectatorship, and citizenship
xi, 158 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Citation -
1256. [Article] Measuring faculty attitudes and perceptions toward disability at a four-year university: A validity study
xi, 114 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Citation Citation
- Title:
- Measuring faculty attitudes and perceptions toward disability at a four-year university: A validity study
- Author:
- Lombardi, Allison, 1977-
- Year:
- 2010
xi, 114 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
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1257. [Article] Functional movement screen as a predictor of injury in high school basketball athletes
xiii, 89 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Citation Citation
- Title:
- Functional movement screen as a predictor of injury in high school basketball athletes
- Author:
- Sorenson, Eric A., 1980-
- Year:
- 2010, 2009
xiii, 89 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
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1258. [Article] Functional movement screen as a predictor of injury in high school basketball athletes
xiii, 89 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Citation Citation
- Title:
- Functional movement screen as a predictor of injury in high school basketball athletes
- Author:
- Sorenson, Eric A., 1980-
- Year:
- 2010, 2009
xiii, 89 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
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1259. [Article] Sounding Silence: American Women's Experimental Poetics
Traditional feminist readings have valued women's writing that voices silenced experiences. In contrast, other twentieth-century theoretical formulations regard absences, refusals, and silences as constitutive ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Sounding Silence: American Women's Experimental Poetics
- Author:
- Evans, Meagan
- Year:
- 2013
Traditional feminist readings have valued women's writing that voices silenced experiences. In contrast, other twentieth-century theoretical formulations regard absences, refusals, and silences as constitutive of aesthetic practice rather than as imposed upon it. This dissertation attends carefully to how U.S. women writers approach the nonlinguistic, accounting for how they have been silenced as well as for the kinds of silencing that women poets themselves perform. It argues that U.S. women's experimental poetry is driven by contradictory relationships to language and silence: in one strain, gendered cultural repression spurs American women poets to push language into new territory, often figured as speaking out. But in another mode, female identification with the nonrational or nonlinguistic, whether externally enforced or strategically inhabited, impels women to develop poetic silences in order to resist the impositions of language on a feminized other. Meeting these simultaneous and opposed goals--creating poetic forms capable of greater expressive range while signaling the inadequacy of linguistic expression--necessitates formal experimentation. My primary claim that an unresolved ambivalence toward the nonlinguistic drives innovation dictates an emphasis on formal technique, including syntax, rhyme and meter, sentence and stanza structure, and figuration. This attention to poetic particulars grounds my contextualization of the work of each poet I consider--Emily Dickinson, Lorine Niedecker, and Gwendolyn Brooks--in relation to her own life, to broader literary and cultural histories, and to poststructuralist theories of language. The first chapter of my dissertation explores the role that early American, particularly Puritan and Transcendental, attitudes toward wilderness shape poetic motivations both to extend and limit the reach of language throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In subsequent chapters, I evaluate how those motivations change in the context of Dickinson's nineteenth-century spirituality, Niedecker's modernist and postmodernist anxieties about the role of the poet, and Brooks's engagement with the politics and aesthetics of black nationalism. Reading U.S. women's poetic innovation as simultaneously breaking and cultivating silences opens a dialogue among historically feminist understandings of silence as oppressive, theories that put silence at the heart of poetic impulse, and avant-garde theoretical conceptions of linguistic experimentation as a feminist project.
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1260. [Article] Ancient archetypes in modern media: A comparative analysis of "Golden Girls", "Living Single", and "Sex and the City"
xii, 214 p. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Citation Citation
- Title:
- Ancient archetypes in modern media: A comparative analysis of "Golden Girls", "Living Single", and "Sex and the City"
- Author:
- Macey, Deborah Ann, 1970-
- Year:
- 2009, 2008
xii, 214 p. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
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ix, 318 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
Citation -
x, 196 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Locating the butt of ridicule: Humor and social class in early American literature
- Author:
- Coronado, Teresa Marie Freeman, 1975-
- Year:
- 2009, 2008
x, 196 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
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1263. [Article] Cooking up modernity: Culinary reformers and the making of consumer culture, 1876--1916
vii, 237 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Citation Citation
- Title:
- Cooking up modernity: Culinary reformers and the making of consumer culture, 1876--1916
- Author:
- Shintani, Kiyoshi
- Year:
- 2009, 2008
vii, 237 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
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1264. [Article] Divine heresy: Women's revisions of sacred texts
ix, 226 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Citation -
1266. [Article] Factors that influence career choice and development for gay male school teachers : a qualitative investigation
This study investigated factors that influence career choice and development for gay male school teachers. Ten gay educators participated in the investigation. Data collection methods involved two semi-structured ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Factors that influence career choice and development for gay male school teachers : a qualitative investigation
- Author:
- Terndrup, Anthony I.
This study investigated factors that influence career choice and development for gay male school teachers. Ten gay educators participated in the investigation. Data collection methods involved two semi-structured personal interviews and one structured telephone interview for a total of 30 sampling units. Data analysis procedures included reviewing audiotapes, reading transcriptions, browsing documents, coding text units, consulting with mentors and peers, comparing coding categories with previous literature and research, and reflecting on emerging relationships among the data. Major findings relate to identity development, social and family attitudes, secrecy and disclosure, and career motivation. All of the participants described experiences of (a) forming a vocational identity as a school teacher and a sexual identity as a gay man, and (b) blending or merging these primary self-concepts through occupational expressions of advocacy and activism, gender role flexibility, or both. The data further indicate that (a) social bias against public education has a negative influence on career maintenance and performance, (b) family respect for school teachers has a positive influence on career choice, and (c) special case strategies help gay men circumvent the negative influence of social bias against them to enter the teaching profession. Most of the participating teachers revealed their primary reliance on "implicitly out" identity management strategies (Griffin, 1992) to alleviate fears of discrimination, public accusation, job loss, and impaired credibility. Additional qualitative evidence suggests that the need for gay self-disclosure varies with the potential for vocational self-expression in the teaching profession. In the course of their teaching careers, all of the participants reported either (a) compensating for some developmental lag or deficit experienced during childhood or adolescence, or (b) partially satisfying their developmental need to father children. Hypothetical associations among these major findings form the trilateral foundation of an emerging theory that more specifically explains factors that influence the career choice and development of gay male school teachers. This three-part framework reflects the interacting influences of identity integration, self-expression, and self-actualization and reciprocal effects of and on the teaching profession. The theory emerging from this investigation has practical applications for counselor and teacher education, as well as for career counseling.
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1267. [Article] Community satisfaction and life course factors influencing the likelihood of moving for 50 to 70 year olds
The purpose of this study was to determine what levels of community satisfaction and personal and household characteristics would result in a model of retirees and pre-retirees and their propensity to ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Community satisfaction and life course factors influencing the likelihood of moving for 50 to 70 year olds
- Author:
- Fox, Linda Kirk
The purpose of this study was to determine what levels of community satisfaction and personal and household characteristics would result in a model of retirees and pre-retirees and their propensity to move. This study assessed the relationship between certain socio-demographic variables and feelings of overall satisfaction as well as satisfaction with specific aspects of their current community. Community size and tenure, preferred community size, and the preference of staying or moving were also explored. Satisfaction was measured by both a global question of satisfaction and through the construction of a Community Satisfaction Scale (CSS) and three subscales. A hypothesized model was tested using logistic regression. Age, gender, duration in community, agreement between current and preferred community size (metropolitan or nonmetropolitan), overall satisfaction, and satisfaction with quality of life factors in the community and environmental quality were statistically significant in the prediction of likelihood of moving at retirement. Variables, some of which were significantly related to the dependent variable in preliminary analyses (chi-square and t-tests), that were not found to be significant in the logistic regression model of the propensity to move were: education, marital status, employment, household size, health, previous moving experiences, and the subscale community safety. Three measures of personal and household economic resources were also not found to be significant. According to final model in this study, in the sample of 50 to 70 years in Idaho, Nevada, and Wyoming, those who were younger, had lived in the community fewer years, were living in a community size not in agreement with the stated size of community they preferred, and were male were more likely to response a preference to move. The results indicate small-urban and semi-rural communities are the most preferred places to move. The open areas outside the incorporated towns and cities were most favored locations. A benefit of elderly migration research in the past, discussed at length in the review of the literature, is that retirees bring with them to the community the benefits described as the "mail box economy." Understanding the levels of satisfaction of current residents ages 50 to 70 may be as important as policies to attract new inmigrants.
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1268. [Article] In and Out of Touch : Fabricated Histories in Nella Larsen's Passing and James VanDerZee's Studio Portraiture
Author Nella Larsen and photographer James VanDerZee are two of the most canonical figures of Harlem Renaissance studies, whose respective novels and portraits have been explored extensively, if separately, ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- In and Out of Touch : Fabricated Histories in Nella Larsen's Passing and James VanDerZee's Studio Portraiture
- Author:
- Trowbridge, A. Hayley
Author Nella Larsen and photographer James VanDerZee are two of the most canonical figures of Harlem Renaissance studies, whose respective novels and portraits have been explored extensively, if separately, by scholars. Both Larsen's 1929 novel Passing and VanDerZee's studio portraiture of the 1920s and 1930s have been read in terms of black middle class values and the visuality of race, and Passing in particular has spurred illuminating discussions on the intersections between race, visuality and sexuality embedded in its narrative. Yet these modes of reading, however attentive to detail, tend to translate close readings into major critical conversations of race, gender, sexuality and class. This project offers an alternative methodology that foregrounds the surprising formalistic textures in Larsen's and VanDerZee's works. These inconsistencies are integral to the texts and the histories they reference, but are at risk of being smoothed over by both uplift values that mine a static notion of the past to project a single vision of the future, as well as critical readings that try to uncover "meaning" rather than attune to the dynamism of the text's composition. Through an unlikely pairing of bourgeois narratives with a queer theoretical genealogy, I trace what Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick calls "middle ranges of agency"--moving moments rather than momentous movements--to recognize the ways that these texts are both products of the Harlem Renaissance and invested in more personal relationships that might exist alongside and in collision with well-intended but singular notions of progress and prosperity. Specifically, I close read traces of Larsen's and VanDerZee's craft--including but not limited to physical correspondence, corporeal language and photo processing manipulations--to illuminate how touch operates through different forms to rearrange normative notions of progress, and how contact manifests physically, emotionally and temporally to produce moments where curiosity, uncertainty or imagination interrupt naturalized ideologies that shape collective histories.
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1269. [Article] Consumer interest by Oregon State University students in nutrition information on food labels
This exploratory study examined the degree of involvement of Oregon State University students in nutrition information. Specific objectives were to: (1) determine the relationship between, a) use of nutrition ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Consumer interest by Oregon State University students in nutrition information on food labels
- Author:
- Schoechle, Sabine
This exploratory study examined the degree of involvement of Oregon State University students in nutrition information. Specific objectives were to: (1) determine the relationship between, a) use of nutrition information, b) interest in nutrient information, c) satisfaction with the amount of information required by law, d) kinds of foods to be labeled, and e) advocacy of nutrition information (overall involvement), with each of 18 independent variables (students' characteristics); (2) determine the comparative importance of specific nutrition information items on food labels; (3) calculate an importance rank order for all nutrients; and (4) determine sources of nutrition information which students use and prefer. Four-hundred-forty Oregon State University students completed a 27 question survey, conducted during February 1986. The statistical techniques used varied depending upon the type of variables being analyzed. Six null hyoptheses with sub-parts were tested at the p. < .05 level of significance. Age, gender, class rank, college major, major classified as hard or social science, participation in nutrition classes, health problems, special diets and intake of vitamins and minerals are significantly related to student involvement in nutrition information. The majority of students reported using nutrition label information. They rated some of the nutrients which are not mandated in the current labeling law (sugar, cholesterol, saturated fats, sodium, fiber and starch) higher in importance than other nutrients which are required. Almost 60 percent of the students wanted more information than is currently given on the labels and approximately 88 percent of the students wanted more foods labeled than are presently required by law. Price and health (i.e. care labeling, open date, nutrition information, and ingredient list) were rated more important than other information provided on food labels. Preferred sources of nutrition information were different in importance compared to current information sources. Nutrition educators, policy makers, food producers and retailers need to understand the nutrition information needs and desires of students as future consumers. These findings could contribute to the development of effective nutrition information labels for food products. Replication of the research with additional audiences would contribute to a broader understanding of consumer demands for nutrition and food label information and lead to better nutrition education programs.
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1270. [Article] Contribution of physical education to the overall physical activity behavior of children
The benefits of physical activity (PA) are well established (USDDHS, 2008). Concern over the high rate of childhood obesity, however, has highlighted the emphasis of PA. Yet, children and adolescents are ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Contribution of physical education to the overall physical activity behavior of children
- Author:
- Wilson, Wesley J.
The benefits of physical activity (PA) are well established (USDDHS, 2008). Concern over the high rate of childhood obesity, however, has highlighted the emphasis of PA. Yet, children and adolescents are not obtaining the recommended amount of PA (CDC, 2011). Physical education (PE) has been recognized as an important source in increasing PA for youth (CDC, 2007). However, research has struggled to establish clear understanding about PE's contribution to the overall activity pattern of its students (Morgan, Beighle, & Pangrazi, 2007) as there has been a number of methodological problems with prior research. The purpose of this study was to examine PE's contribution on overall PA behavior of 34 third and fourth grade elementary students (mean age: 9.2; girls n=15) while addressing the limitations of prior studies through employing an accelerometer-based, multi-site research design. In accomplishing this purpose, Aim 1 examined PE's overall percentage contribution to overall PA while Aim 2 focused on investigating whether students compensate for missed PA opportunities on days in which they do not have PE. PA levels of 34 third and fourth graders from two schools were measured by accelerometers over three data collection periods lasting five days each. At least two weeks separated each collection period. Accelerometers captured PA outcome variables of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), counts, and counts per minute (CPM) on PE days, non-PE days and weekend days. In answering Aim 1, descriptive statistics revealed that the average time spent daily in MVPA was 46.15 minutes (SD= 17.28) while PE accounted for 22.7% (SD= 8.5) of overall MVPA. PE also accounted for 15.12% (SD= 3.46) of overall average counts PA. In answering Aim 2, a one-way repeated measures MANCOVA revealed significant differences between type of day (PE, non-PE, and weekend) and PA levels (Wilks' λ=.64, p<.05; partial η² =.37), with gender and class set as covariates. However, follow-up univariate tests only indicated significant differences between MVPA and types of days, F(2, 62) = 3.56, p<.05, partial η² =.10. On average, the participants received 12 and 23 more minutes of MVPA on PE days than on non-PE days and weekend days, respectively (p<.01), suggesting that the students did not compensate for missed PA opportunities on days in which they did not have PE. Overall, PE was a major contributor of overall MVPA and PA (22.7% and 15%.12, respectively) which is substantial given the 30 minute length of PE classes. In addition, children did not make up MVPA on non-PE days or weekends further bolstering PE’s importance in contributing to overall MVPA behavior. Cumulatively, these findings suggest that more PE classes should be added in order to increase overall PA levels instead of being systematically reduced. However, even with PE, students still did not obtain the recommended amount of MVPA, indicating that PE teachers need to do more to promote out of class PA.
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1271. [Article] Recharge@Work : a theory-based intervention to reduce sedentary behavior in desk-dependent office workers
Over the past few decades, a primary focus has been on the negative health effects of not participating in regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MPVA). Only recently has sedentary behavior been ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Recharge@Work : a theory-based intervention to reduce sedentary behavior in desk-dependent office workers
- Author:
- Lafrenz, Andrew Jon, 1980-
Over the past few decades, a primary focus has been on the negative health effects of not participating in regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MPVA). Only recently has sedentary behavior been studied as a distinct and independent risk factor for adverse health outcomes. This dissertation sought to provide new insights into sedentary behavior in desk-dependent office workers. The purpose of the first study was to assess correlates of sedentary behavior in office workers. Cross-sectional analysis of data from the Recharge@Work Study was used to assess behavioral, social, and organizational correlates of objectively measured sedentary time in desk-dependent office workers at two hospitals located in the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan area. Respondents were recruited from desk-dependent administration hospital workers. Analysis included 70 adults (~49.2 years old), with three behavioral, three social and one organizational variable assessed by, computerized questionnaires. Sedentary activity assessed by accelerometry and expressed as prolonged sedentary bouts (60 minute blocks ≤ 150 counts per minute [cpm]). No significant associations were found between age, gender, BMI, outcome expectancy, or self-efficacy and sedentary behavior. In individuals with low perceived senior management support, direct supervisor support and enjoyment were strongly associated with prolonged sedentary behavior (OR=13.6, OR=16.3 respectively). Individuals with high perceived senior management support showed no association between enjoyment and management support and sedentary behavior. In individuals with low direct supervisor support, enjoyment was significantly associated with prolonged sedentary behavior (OR=12.2), but not associated with individuals with high direct supervisor support. The results from this study suggest manager support and enjoyment may be important targets for developing effective intervention strategies to reduce sedentary behavior in office workers. The purpose of the second study was to assess the efficacy of a theory-based behavior intervention to incorporate active breaks into the workday of office workers. Desk-dependent office workers exhibit high levels of prolonged sedentary behavior, and theory-based interventions to break up sedentary time within this population are needed. The study examined the effectiveness of Recharge@Work: a 12-week, theory-based intervention to decrease overall sedentary time and prolonged (>60min) sedentary time during the workday in desk-dependent hospital administrative staff. Two hospitals were matched with one serving as the comparison site (N=26) and the other serving as the intervention site (N=39). The intervention consisted of personalized feedback on sedentary behavior and individual toolkits. Toolkits included items to improve self-regulation in taking short 2-3 minute active breaks every 60 minutes (timers, activity log, activity examples). Data were collected at baseline, mid-intervention (6wk) and end-intervention (12wk). Relative to the comparison group, the intervention group significantly reduced the percent of workday spent in sedentary time (p<.001; partial eta-square=.09) and the percent of workday spent in prolonged (>60min) sedentary bouts (p<.001; partial-eta square=.12). No changes in mediating variables were observed between the two groups. This study provides support for the short-term effectiveness of a multicomponent intervention to support active breaks in desk-dependent office workers.
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1272. [Article] Students as pro-social bystanders : opportunities, past behaviors, and intentions to intervene in sexual assault risk situations
Sexual assault is a major public health concern in the U.S, and college students are particularly vulnerable to victimization. A health issue that affects nearly one in four women (Fisher, Cullen, & Turner, ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Students as pro-social bystanders : opportunities, past behaviors, and intentions to intervene in sexual assault risk situations
- Author:
- Hoxmeier, Jill C.
Sexual assault is a major public health concern in the U.S, and college students are particularly vulnerable to victimization. A health issue that affects nearly one in four women (Fisher, Cullen, & Turner, 2000; Karjane, Cullen, & Turner, 2005) and that is associated with severe negative health outcomes, including depression substance abuse, suicide ideation, and risky sexual behaviors (CDC, 2012), warrants effective prevention programs. Moving away from traditional prevention efforts, which target females as potential victims in risk reduction programs and males as potential perpetrators in attitudinal-shifting programs, bystander engagement programs have become increasingly more widespread. These programs aim to engage all students on the college campus as potential bystanders who can intervene to prevent a sexual assault or reduce the harm of an assault that has already occurred (Banyard, Moynihan & Plante, 2007). Burn (2009) investigated potential barriers to pro-social bystander intervention using the Situational Model of Bystander Intervention, a model based on the original research of bystander behavior of Latanè and Darley (1970). The model outlines five barriers that influence students' intent to intervene as witnesses to sexual assault: failure to notice the situation, failure to identify the situation as high risk, failure to take intervention responsibility, failure to intervene due to skills deficit, and failure to intervene due to audience inhibition (Burn, 2009). She found that students' perception of barriers negatively correlated with intervention behaviors as bystanders to sexual assault (Burn, 2009). Although bystander engagement programs have shown initial promise in increasing students' intent to intervene, more needs to be known about the opportunities students have to intervene, their past intervention actions, and their intent to intervene in the future across the wide range of situations that encompass sexual assault risk. In addition, to develop effective programs that aim to increase pro-social behavior, understanding the salient influences of students' intent is critical. This study uses the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB; Ajzen & Fishbein, 1991) to examine the influences of students’ intent to perform 12 different pro-social bystander behaviors. The TPB asserts that individuals' behavior is most proximally influenced by their behavioral intentions, and intentions are influences by their perceived behavioral control to perform the behavior, subjective norms that support performing the behavior, and attitudes toward the behavior (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1991). The four primary aims of this study were: 1) to examine the demographic correlates of students' opportunities, past intervention actions, and reported intent to intervene; 2) to examine any differences in students' intent to intervene based on the level of intervention (pre-, mid-, and post-assault) and type of intervention (with the potential or actual victim compared to the potential or actual perpetrator); 3) to examine the influences of perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and attitudes on students' intent to intervene as bystanders; and 4) to compare the TPB-based model to the Situational Model of Bystander Intervention (Burn, 2009) in its ability to explain students' intent to intervene as bystanders. In the Fall of 2014, a sample of 815 undergraduate students at Oregon State University completed the Sexual Assault Bystander Behavior Questionnaire (SABB-Q), a tool comprised of items to measure students' opportunities, past behaviors, and future intent, in addition to measures assessing the influences of students' intent in line with the Theory of Planned Behavior and Burn's (2009) Situational Model of Bystander Intervention. Students who participate in Greek communities (fraternities and sororities) reported significantly greater odds of having the opportunity to perform four of the 12 intervention behaviors compared to non-Greek students, while student-athletes reported significantly greater odds of having the opportunity to perform two of the 12 intervention behaviors. Females reported significantly more past pro-social intervention behaviors (x̄ = 0.87) compared to males (x̄ = 0.79; p = 0.007). Regarding intent to intervene in the future, females reported significantly greater intent to intervene compared to males (x̄ = 6.07 vs. 5.68; p = 0.007). Students with friends who have been victims of sexual assault reported greater intent to intervene compared those without friends who have been victims (x̄ = 6.04 vs. 5.89; p = 0.02). Students with a personal history of victimization reported significantly greater intent compared to those without a personal history (x̄ =6.13 vs 5.93; p = 0.03). Students reported significantly greater intent to intervene with the potential or actual victim compared to the potential or actual perpetrator (x̄ = 6.19 vs. 5.74, p < 0.001). Females reported significantly greater intent to intervene with both the potential or actual victims and perpetrators (x̄ = 6.31 and 5.84, respectively) compared to males (x̄ = 5.88 and 5.49, respectively). Both males and females reported the greatest intent to perform post-assault intervention behavior (x̄ = 6.23), followed by pre-assault (x̄ = 6.08) and mid-assault behaviors (x̄ = 5.57). Females reported significantly greater intent to perform nine of the 12 pro-social intervention behaviors compared to males. A multiple regression analysis revealed that perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and attitudes explained a significant proportion of the variance in intent to intervene (R² = 0.55, F(3, 771) = 315.68, p < 0.000). Perceived behavioral control was highly significant (β = 0.48, p < 0.001), as were subjective norms (β = 0.15, p < 0.001) and attitudes (β = 0.30, p < 0.001). Gender differences were also observed. For females, perceived behavioral control was highly significant (β = 0.49, p < 0.001), as were subjective norms (β = 0.15, p < 0.001) and attitudes (β = 0.29, p < 0.001). For males, perceived behavioral control was highly significant (β = 0.49, p < 0.001), as were attitudes (β = 0.29, p < 0.001). However, males' subjective norms were not significantly related (β = 0.07, p = 0.199) to their intent to intervene. Further analysis revealed a significant interaction between gender and subjective norms (β = -0.28; p = 0.039). The TPB-based model including this moderation effect explained a significant proportion of the variance in students' intent to intervene (R² = 0.57, F(6, 766) = 168.46, p < 0.000). Interveners reported significantly greater perceived behavioral control than non-interveners for seven of the 12 intervention behaviors; more supportive subjective norms than non-interveners for six of the 12 intervention behaviors; more positive attitudes than non-interveners for only one of the 12 intervention behaviors; and greater intent to intervene in the future for six of the 12 intervention behaviors. However, differences in the three TPB variables between interveners and non-interveners were not consistent for the 12 intervention behaviors. Regarding Burn's (2009) Situational Model of Bystander Intervention, a multiple regression analysis revealed two of the five barriers were significantly related to students’ intent to intervene: the failure to take intervention responsibility barrier (β = -0.29, p < 0.001) and the failure to intervene due to audience inhibition barrier (β = -0.22, p < 0.001). The model in whole explained a large proportion of the variance (R2 = 0.25, F(5, 768) = 50.14, p < 0.000). Gender differences were also observed. For females, failure to take intervention responsibility (β = -0.23; p < 0.000) and failure to intervene due to audience inhibition (β = -0.23; p < 0.001) both had a significant, negative influence on their intent to intervene. For males, failure to take intervention responsibility (β = -0.21; p < 0.014) had a significant, negative influence on intent to intervene. Additional analysis revealed no significant interactions between gender and any of the five barriers. The TPB-based model explained a greater proportion of the variance (R2 = 0.55) compared to Situational Model of Bystander Intervention (R² = 0.25) in the multiple regression analysis using all 12 intervention behaviors. All three variables in the TPB-based model were significantly related to students’ intent, whereas only two of the five barriers were significantly related. A final multiple regression analysis was conducted using all three significant TPB variables and the two significant barriers to explain students' intent to intervene. The combined model explained a significant proportion of variance in students' intent (R² = 0.58 F(5, 756) = 206.19, p < 0.000) and significantly improved upon the TPB-based model (Δ R² = 0.03; p < 0.000). The results of this study have several implications for future research and public health practice. First, it is important to ask students about their opportunities to intervene in addition to their actual intervention behaviors because this information helps paint a clearer picture of bystander engagement. This assessment could also help identify high-risk groups: students who have greater opportunities to intervene as bystanders and/or report fewer intervention behaviors compared to their reported opportunities. Second, students may conceptualize intervention behaviors differently depending on the phase of the assault and with whom the intervention behavior requires intervening. Accordingly, programs aimed at encouraging students to intervene should take these differences into consideration. Third, the Theory of Planned Behavior, used to explain and change other health-related behaviors, can effectively be applied to help uncover determinants of pro-social bystander behaviors. Perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and attitudes appear to be salient influences in students' intent to intervene. Therefore, bystander engagement programs should incorporate activities to heighten students' skills to intervene, change social norms that support bystander intervention, and shift attitudes toward the benefits of intervening. This study demonstrates the importance of using an established, evidenced-based theoretical framework to explain behavioral influences and strengthens the argument for continued use of theory to identify, and potentially change, salient influences in behavioral performance. Students as pro-social bystanders have the potential to make a positive impact on the reduction of sexual assault on the college campus. Although the responsibility for sexual assault rests on those who perpetrate such acts, and primary prevention strategies aimed at those demonstrating a risk for perpetration are imperative, sexual assault is a public health issue that warrants a multi-pronged approach to reduce its incidence and migrate its associated harms. Programs that engage students as pro-social bystanders have the potential to make a positive impact on the reduction of sexual assault incidence in the absence of effective primary prevention strategies. The findings of this study make a contribution to the literature examining influences of students' pro-social bystander intervention to sexual assault situations and provide suggestions for strategies to increase bystander engagement.
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Higher education is faced with ever-increasing challenges, which require fundamental changes in order to ensure its relevance in the future. Business leaders and academic scholars urge organizations to ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Faculty perceptions of organizational climate for innovation at community colleges
- Author:
- Batazhan, Tatyana
Higher education is faced with ever-increasing challenges, which require fundamental changes in order to ensure its relevance in the future. Business leaders and academic scholars urge organizations to continuously reshape and renew through learning and innovation to assure viability and sustainability. Organizational climate serves as a foundation that can promote or hinder innovation. Consequently, an organizational climate that encourages innovation is paramount to get community colleges through challenging times and ensure their relevance and value in meeting the needs of the 21st century complex society. The purpose of the study was to assess perceptions of full-time faculty members about organizational climate for innovation in community colleges in Oregon and to determine if there is any difference in perceptions based on individual demographic factors or organizational characteristics. The secondary purpose was to gather feedback related to enhancements that community colleges can pursue to improve organizational climate for innovation. A web-based questionnaire was developed using items from other instruments that measured organizational climate for innovation with the constructs of leadership, support for creativity, norms for diversity and risk-taking, continuous development, ownership, and resources. There are 17 community colleges in Oregon; of these, 13 community colleges participated in the study. A total of 219 full-time community college faculty members participated in the study, which was (16%) of the total population of full-time community college faculty in Oregon Quantitative analysis included general description of respondent characteristics and descriptive findings; Cronbach's coefficient alpha to test instrumentation constructs and reliability; confirmatory factor analysis of the instrument confirmed the constructs. Investigation of assumptions related to the inferential analyses and factorial ANOVA was used to test the hypotheses. Qualitative research method was used to analyze qualitative data related to enhancement of an organizational climate for innovation. The study findings revealed that the organizational climate for innovation based on faculty members' perceptions was average and below average on the measurement along six selected constructs. There were no significant differences in responses of faculty based on the demographic factors (age, gender, educational level, area of teaching, experience in the profession, experience at community colleges, and experience at current community college) and an organizational size. Faculty members provided several recommendations on how to enhance an organizational climate for innovation, which were in line with the six constructs, the existing scholarly literature, and best business practices. While the body of research pertinent to organizational climate perceptions, culture, and innovation is growing, limited research is available on the topic of an organizational climate for innovation in post-secondary education. This study encompassed a broader approach of an assessment and information gathering from most of the colleges in one state, the state of Oregon. Therefore, this research is significant as it added to and enriched the existing and growing body of constructed scholarly knowledge. Most importantly, the results of this research provided Oregon community college leaders in administrative positions with an assessment of current organizational climate for innovation based on faculty members' perceptions. Therefore, community college leaders are armed with pivotal information that can assist them in shaping organizations’ future directions and set up their colleges for innovation.
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Cognitive self-regulation and the behavioral manifestations of cognitive self-regulation are important aspects of school readiness, yet less is known about the variation in measurement modalities within ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Profiles of Children’s Cognitive Self-Regulation Around the Transition to School
- Author:
- Miao, Alicia J.
Cognitive self-regulation and the behavioral manifestations of cognitive self-regulation are important aspects of school readiness, yet less is known about the variation in measurement modalities within children. In this dissertation, two studies examined the makeup, antecedents, and consequents of constellations of cognitive self-regulation (CSR) measures around the transition to formal schooling. Study 1 explored how distinct profiles of multiple measurement modalities (direct assessments, maternal reports, and observer ratings) of CSR were associated with earlier individual child and familial factors. Person-centered analyses uncovered four multi-method CSR profiles in preschool at 54-months: (1) excellent regulators, with consistently high CSR across all measures; (2) good regulators, with slightly lower – but still good – CSR across all measures; (3) struggling regulators, with low CSR across all measures; and (4) inconsistent regulators, paralleling the struggling regulators profile in all measures except observer ratings. This last profile showed high CSR for both observer rating indicators. Three profiles capturing child CSR in 1st grade largely replicated preschool results with one exception: the excellent and good regulator profiles were not analytically distinguishable from one another, resulting in, (1) good regulator, (2) struggling regulator, and (3) inconsistent regulator profiles. Additionally, some child (cognitive functioning, gender) and familial (maternal vocabulary) factors were related to child CSR profiles at both time points. Further, mother-child attachment and better early home quality were related to more well-regulated CSR profiles prior to school entry only, whereas child minority status was significant only for 1st grade. Study 2 examined how children’s preschool and 1st grade CSR profiles were longitudinally related to academic and socioemotional outcomes in middle childhood and adolescence. Results indicated that a gradient of child CSR was associated with subsequent functioning in academic and socioemotional domains. Additionally, findings suggested that members of the inconsistent regulator profiles showed some lower internalizing behavior problems, as well as higher externalizing and lower academic performance in some comparisons. Some differences in preschool and 1st grade CSR profiles associations with middle childhood and adolescent outcomes were also found. Together, these studies provide a “proof of concept” that utilizing person-centered approaches to explore multiple measurement modalities of child CSR is feasible, and reveal a unique subgroup of children previously unexamined through variable-centered approaches alone.
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Nearly 23,000 youth age out of the foster care system between the ages of 18 and 21 each year in a transition fraught with challenges and barriers. These young people often lack developmentally appropriate ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Assessing the Impact of Restrictiveness and Placement Type on Transition-Related Outcomes for Youth With and Without Disabilities Aging Out of Foster Care
- Author:
- Schmidt, Jessica Danielle
- Year:
- 2015
Nearly 23,000 youth age out of the foster care system between the ages of 18 and 21 each year in a transition fraught with challenges and barriers. These young people often lack developmentally appropriate experiences and exposure to necessary knowledge, role modeling, skill building, and long-term social support to promote positive transitions to adulthood while in foster care. As a result, young people who exit care face an array of poor adult outcomes. Nearly 60% of transition-aged foster youth experience a disability, and as such, face compounded challenges exiting foster care. While the examination of young adult outcomes for youth with disabilities has been largely missing from the literature, available research documents that young adults with disabilities who had exited foster care were significantly behind their peers without disabilities in several key areas. Literature examining the experiences of transition-aged youth with disabilities in the general population also highlights gaps in young adult outcomes for young people with disabilities compared to their peers. Compounding the issue for youth in foster care, those who experience disabilities often reside in restrictive placement settings such as developmental disability (DD) certified homes, group homes, or residential treatment centers. Though limited, there is some evidence to suggest that these types of placements negatively impact young adult outcomes for those aging out of foster care. The rules and regulations in place to promote safety in these types of placements could further restrict youth from engaging in meaningful transition preparation engagement while in foster care. Therefore, youth with disabilities, whose needs necessitate a higher level of support towards transition preparation engagement, may actually receive fewer opportunities than their peers in non-relative foster care and kinship care as they prepare to exit care into adulthood. The work in this dissertation provides knowledge to address gaps in the literature around transition preparation engagement during foster care for youth with disabilities, youth residing in restrictive foster care placements, and youth who report high levels of perceived restrictiveness as they prepare to enter into adulthood. This dissertation is a secondary analysis of transition preparation engagement data collected at baseline for 294 transition-aged youth in foster care who participated in an evaluation of an intervention to promote self-determination and enhance young adult outcomes, called My Life. Transition preparation engagement in this study was represented by eight domains: youth perceptions of preparedness for adult life, post-secondary education preparation engagement, career preparation engagement, employment, daily life preparation engagement, Independent Living Program (ILP) participation, transition planning engagement, and self-determination. Transition preparation engagement domains were examined using hierarchical multiple regression analysis to explore differences by disability status, placement setting, and youth self-report of perceptions of restrictiveness. In alignment with the literature, 58.8% of youth in this sample experienced a disability. Additional key demographics, including age, gender, and race, and foster care experiences, including length of time in care and placement instability, were entered into the regression models as covariates. Results indicated significantly less transition preparation engagement for 1) youth with disabilities compared to youth without disabilities, 2) youth residing in restrictive placements compared to youth in non-relative foster care and kinship care, and 3) youth who reported higher levels of perceived restrictiveness compared to youth who reported lower levels of perceived restrictiveness. Program, policy, and research recommendations are discussed that highlight the need to promote transition preparation engagement for this particularly vulnerable group of young people in foster care who experience disabilities, are residing in restrictive placement settings and who report high levels of perceived restrictiveness.
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This thesis was an endeavor to find the drama available for the elementary children of Portland, Oregon. In deciding what drama was for children two different forms were first researched. Children’s theatre ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Children's drama available for the elementary school children of Portland, Oregon
- Author:
- Gender, Margaret Othus
- Year:
- 1967
This thesis was an endeavor to find the drama available for the elementary children of Portland, Oregon. In deciding what drama was for children two different forms were first researched. Children’s theatre done by adults such as in community services, educational programs and professional and commercial theatres were studied. Drama by children, referred to as the less formalized drama, creative dramatics was also investigated. To further examine the background of children’s theatre in the United States, various children’s theatres around the country were studied including the University Children’s Theatre at Northwestern under the direction of Winifred Ward and Goodman Memorial Children’s Theatre in Chicago under the direction of Charlotte Chorpenning. With the advent of the educational field into children’s theatre culminating with the Children’s Theatre Conference the movement became wide spread throughout the United States. A great deal has been done to spark children’s drama not only in the viewing of children’s plays in production but affording children actual participation in creative drama workshops and children’s productions. More and more community theatres, commercial groups and universities are doing children’s drama throughout the nation. In an effort to find what was being offered to the Portland children in drama, the Portland Public Grade Schools were first approached. With the help of the Language Arts Supervisor five areas of drama for children were researched through reading and interviews. Although the Portland Public Grade Schools have no drama courses instructed by specific drama teachers they do encourage drama to be correlated into the classroom program and taught in “in service” courses for their teachers. The “model school program” has drama as a definite course and the Portland schools offer a summer school which has a creative drama course available to the elementary school children. The University of Portland, a Catholic university in Portland, has achieved the most definite progress in the Portland area in children’s theatre. They not only produce children’s plays during the school year but offer creative drama and playwriting in their course of study. Under the instruction and production of Mrs. Catherine Roberts for the last six years they are striving to bring children’s theatre to the Portland children and their teachers. Portland does offer some excellent theatre for children in the community. The Portland Junior League, a service group, has nationally been involved throughout the years with their children’s play productions by their groups for the school children of their communities. Now, after turning their productions over to Portland University they still maintain a very worthwhile program of puppetry for the school children of Portland. Portland Junior Civic Theatre, one of the oldest children’s theatre groups in Portland, not only produces children’s productions by children but conducts a children’s drama school throughout the year. The Portland Park Bureau also takes an active part particularly during the summer in children’s drama and training. The newest to Portland is the Playmaker’s Group, relatively young but eager in its endeavor for the children of the area. Their efforts include both productions and schooling on a creative drama promise, with improvisational plays by the adult Playmaker casts. Children’s theatre in Portland is developing but has faced many problems and has many more to surmount. The progress of the active workers in this movement show hope for the future for the children of Portland. The appendix of the thesis is devoted to several programs involved with the teaching of drama. First is a course in creative drama offered to college students in the colleges and universities having such courses in their curriculum. A creative drama course correlated with the regular classroom subjects in the Portland Grade School Curriculum is also included. Last, a summer school plan for community theatre is shown. All the arts combine in the theatre, decor, the dance, impersonation, effective speech, the song, pantomime, the projection of personality, the art of suppressing self and even ill will, for the unity of effort. Hundreds of other arts could be listed including the art of living together and the art of creative imagination. That is why the play can never be omitted from child education.
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1277. [Article] Research on Voter Turnout & Voter ID Laws at the County Level
The idea for this research projected stemmed from research I conducted during my Economics 439: Public Policy course. This research project examines the idea of Voter Identification Laws and Regulations ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Research on Voter Turnout & Voter ID Laws at the County Level
- Author:
- Bannan, Breanna
The idea for this research projected stemmed from research I conducted during my Economics 439: Public Policy course. This research project examines the idea of Voter Identification Laws and Regulations and their effect on voter turnout and participation in the United States of America. I previously found that economists studied this topic, yet found that Voter Identification Laws and Regulations do not have a significant effect on voter turnout at the state level in the United States. Voter Identification Laws and Regulations have been a major issue of public policy during the recent years. Additionally, the United States has very low voter turnout when compared to that majority of countries in the world. Policy makers want to ensure voters are who they say they are, preventing voter fraud; however, they also want to increase voter participation. It is important that people practice their civic duty to vote and that they are involved in the public policy process. This ensures that we have a government that represents all people. The idea that Voter Identification Laws and Regulations harm voter participation rates drives this study. People are concerned that the Voter Identification Laws and Regulations harm minority and low income voters the most compared to any other population of people. Previous studies find no effect of Voter Identification Laws and Regulations at the state level concerning total participation. This lead to the research question: Do Voter ID Laws have a significant effect on voter turnout at the county level? For my study, I collected data at the county level for fourteen states on their voter turnout for the past four presidential election cycles: 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012. I also collected demographic information on each of the counties used in the study from the US Census. The demographic information included the gender populations in each county, the rural populations in each county, and finally the minority populations in each county. The next step was to collected data on Voter Identification Laws and Regulations. This data changed over the four years in question and gave the study variation over the years. This allows us to see how if a state implements a Voter Identification Law or Regulation how it affects the voter turnout in the various counties. The Voter Identification Laws and Regulations are additionally different in every state and so to control for the differences, I coded the laws on a 0-4 scale based on the strength on the law. A zero would represent no law in the state and a four represents a state with the strictest Voter Identification Law or Regulation. This allows us to see differences across laws as well. From the data collected, the model became: Percent_Turnout[cst subscript]= α + βvoter_id[cst subscript] + γdemographics[cst subscript] + λyear[cst subscript] + Θcounty[cst subscript] + ε[cst subscript] This model includes all of the Voter Identification Laws and Regulations for each of the states. I used a computer system called STATA, which is widely used by economists to analyze data. I added my data into the system and ran regressions to test the effect of Voter Identification Laws and Regulations on voter turnout rates at the county level. What this study finds is that if a state has a Voter Identification law then the voter turnout at the county level will decrease voter turnout anywhere from eleven to fourteen percentage points. When interacting the Voter Identification laws with specific demographics in the model, I actually find less of an effect on minority populations and low-income populations. These results provide very useful and interesting information. The first piece of intriguing information is that what this study finds is different from what other economists find in their studies. Economists before found that there is little or no effect of Voter Identification Laws and Regulations on voter turnout at the state level. However, this study finds that there is a large, detrimental effect of the laws on turnout at the county level. Additionally the study finds that the effect is not specifically linked to minority populations or low-income population like many policy makers fear. The study is not clear as to whom else is effected by these laws, and that is what I hope to continue studying in the near future. To conclude this research I presented to the students and faculty of the Economics Department on May 21, 2015 at 5 pm in Ballard Extension Hall in the third floor conference room. The presentation lasted around thirty-five minutes and included questions from the audience.
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1278. [Article] The influence of pollinators on the maintenance of mixed mating in a population of the blue columbine, Aquilegia coerulea (Ranunculaceae)
Pollination ecology may play an important role in the maintenance of selfing in populations of self-compatible hermaphroditic plants where both selfing and outcrossing occur (mixed mating). Behavior and ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- The influence of pollinators on the maintenance of mixed mating in a population of the blue columbine, Aquilegia coerulea (Ranunculaceae)
- Author:
- Sweet, Heather R.
Pollination ecology may play an important role in the maintenance of selfing in populations of self-compatible hermaphroditic plants where both selfing and outcrossing occur (mixed mating). Behavior and abundance of pollinators can influence the two major modes of selfing; autogamy (selfing within a flower) and geitonogamy (selfing between flowers on the same plant). Autogamy may be selected for as a method of reproductive assurance during times of reduced or inefficient pollinator service. In contrast, geitonogamy is a negative and non-adaptive consequence of pollinators visiting multiple flowers per plant. Pollinator behavior and abundance, which can both influence levels of selfing, varies among pollinator types. Evidence suggests that of the two major pollinators of the blue columbine, Aquilegia coerulea, hawkmoths may decrease levels of selfing compared to bumblebees. The goals of this study are to 1) quantify the contribution of autogamy and geitonogamy to the overall selfing rate, 2) determine whether hawkmoths decrease levels of selfing compared to bumblebees and other floral visitors, and 3) examine how pollinator behavior influences levels of selfing in a Colorado population of A. coerulea. First, we estimated levels of selfing from groups of emasculated and control flowers using allozyme data to measure the genetic contribution of geitonogamy and autogamy to the population selfing rate. Second, contribution of autogamy to seed set was quantified as the difference in seed set between control and emasculated flowers. Third, we compared the realized levels of autogamy measured from allozyme data to the potential for autogamy, measured as seed set in absence of pollinators. Fourth, we compared the realized levels of geitonogamy measured from allozyme data to the potential for geitonogamy, calculated from the flowering phenology. Fifth, we conducted pollinator observations to document the number of different pollinators, their behavior, and their variation in abundance over three years of study. Finally, we determined if there was a relationship between yearly abundance of each pollinator type and yearly selfing rate. The allozyme data showed that geitonogamy was the primary contributor to the intermediate levels of selfing found in this population, suggesting that selfing is due to the negative consequence of pollinators visiting multiple flowers per plant and has no adaptive explanation. The realized level of geitonogamy was greater than the potential for geitonogamy, and resulted from pollinator preferences for a floral gender. In contrast, the realized level of autogamy was negligible, which suggested that reproductive assurance was not being selected for in this population. However, seed set from control flowers were significantly greater than that of emasculated flowers, indicating that autogamy contributed to an increase in seed set. The discrepancy between genetic and seed set data could be explained by bumblebee preference for control relative to emasculated flowers. Although the realized level of autogamy was minimal, plants in the population retained a high potential for autogamy, which may be selected for as a mechanism of reproductive assurance during years of low pollinator abundance. Pollinators in this population of A. coerulea included bumblebees, hawkmoths, solitary bees, wasps and flies. The abundance of all pollinators varied significantly among years except for solitary bees and wasps. In addition, we documented a significant variation in selfing rate (0.23-0.59) over the three years of study. A relationship was noted between years with increased hawkmoth abundance and a decrease in selfing rate. No relationships were observed between yearly selfing rate and abundance of the other pollinator types. The behavior most likely responsible for the decrease in selfing is that, unlike other pollinators, hawkmoths prefer female-phase flowers, which reduces levels of geitonogamy. Thus, the abundance and behavior of distinct pollinator types can differentially influence levels of selfing.
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1279. [Article] Evaluation of a social-emotional and character development program : methods and outcomes
Schools are increasingly expected to prevent and decrease violence, substance use, and other problem behaviors linked to academics and prepare students to be contributing members of society. One approach ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Evaluation of a social-emotional and character development program : methods and outcomes
- Author:
- Lewis, Kendra M.
Schools are increasingly expected to prevent and decrease violence, substance use, and other problem behaviors linked to academics and prepare students to be contributing members of society. One approach with proven success in promoting positive outcomes related to a broad range of student behaviors and personal characteristics is social-emotional learning, also known as positive youth development or social-emotional and character development (SECD) programs. Currently, little is known about the relationship between SECD and these outcomes in low-income, urban, minority populations. The present studies (a) examine key methodological design issues in conducting a cluster-randomized trial with such populations, and (b) assess whether an intervention designed to promote SECD was effective in improving the SECD developmental status of children from this population. Data for this study come from the Chicago cluster-randomized controlled trial (CRCT) of Positive Action (PA). The trial was longitudinal at the school level with a place-focused intent-to-treat design at the student level. This CRCT collected data on children in grades 3 through 8, for a total of 6 years and 8 data collection points. Manuscript #1 focuses on the design, sample, planned analyses, and a latent class analysis (LCA) of mobility patterns. Specifically, the setting and recruitment of schools is described, as well as the process by which schools were matched into pairs and randomized into PA or control, including the list of criteria for school eligibility and variables used for matching. Additionally, this paper thoroughly describes the primary analyses to test for program effects using three-level growth curve models (time nested within students nested within schools), as well as several sensitivity analyses that will also be conducted when evaluating this program. Further, this manuscript discusses secondary tests of meditation and moderation, which will assist in the understanding of how the program works (mediation) and for whom (moderation). Finally, this paper also provides several descriptive statistics and characteristics of the students and teachers in this sample. In terms of baseline equivalency, PA and control schools did not significantly differ on matching variables before or during the trial. Minimal differences were found on baseline reports from students, teachers, and parents; half of these differences favored PA students and half favored control students. Manuscript #2 focuses on the intervention effects on the student-, teacher-, and parent-reported social-emotional outcomes assessed during the Chicago CRCT, following the analytic procedures outlined in the first paper and focusing on the effectiveness of PA on social-emotional outcomes. Results indicate that PA had a significant effect on student self-reports of prosocial interactions, honesty, self-development, self-control, respect for parents and teachers, empathy, altruism, positive actions/feelings, negative moral center, and aggressive problem solving. Additionally, it was found that PA had marginal effects on teacher-reported responsibility. Minimal differences by gender were found; no differences by mobility status were found. Together, these two papers involved a sample of students in a high-risk setting; generating improvements can be particularly difficult in urban areas. The empirical evidence of effectiveness of a SECD program in a high-risk population, as demonstrated in the present study, should serve as a call to action for policymakers and school officials who are increasingly challenged to positively impact not only academic achievement, but also behavior and character development.
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1280. [Article] Spatial and Temporal Effects of Large Truck-Involved Crash Injury Severities : A Mixed Logit Analysis
Large truck-involved crashes have a significant impact on both the economy and society. They are associated with high injury severities, high crash costs and contribute to congestion in urban areas. Past ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Spatial and Temporal Effects of Large Truck-Involved Crash Injury Severities : A Mixed Logit Analysis
- Author:
- Pahukula, Jasmine
Large truck-involved crashes have a significant impact on both the economy and society. They are associated with high injury severities, high crash costs and contribute to congestion in urban areas. Past studies have investigated the contributing factors of large truck-involved crashes, however a study isolating the spatial and temporal effects is lacking. This thesis aims to bridge that gap as well as provide practical applications to improve safety from a large truck perspective through two new frameworks. This thesis contains two standalone documents, each detailing the spatial and temporal transferability framework, separately. These frameworks provide additional information that can be utilized in the development of planning tools to ultimately improve safety. Random parameters logit models (i.e. mixed logit models) were utilized to help identify the contributing factors of large truck-involved crashes. One advantage of the mixed logit model is that it can account for the unobserved heterogeneity in the model which relaxes the independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) property. A series of log likelihood ratio tests were utilized to determine if transferability, spatial or temporal, was warranted. The first document details the spatial transferability framework which is demonstrated through a case study on large truck-involved crashes in urban areas in Oregon and Texas. Strict regulations imposed on the trucking industry limits the variability of heavy-vehicle configurations and enhance the standards for truck drivers (as opposed to passenger vehicle drivers). Encouraging consistency between large trucks is one way to improve safety and has also lead to the investigation of commonalities between large truck-involved crashes in two spatially distributed regions. The results of the log-likelihood ratio tests indicate that spatial transferability is not warranted between Oregon and Texas. Key differences were non-driver or 'uncontrollable' characteristics (e.g. weather, light conditions and time of day) while driver related characteristics (e.g. gender, age and restraint use) had similar impacts. Since the major differences include non-driver characteristics, perhaps a regional model with similar 'uncontrollable' characteristics is warranted. The second document illustrates the temporal transferability framework which is applied to large truck-involved crashes in urban areas in Texas. Traffic patterns, light conditions and driver behavior vary throughout the day and consequently can have a varied impact on large truck-involved crashes. The results of the log likelihood ratio tests indicate that temporal transferability is warranted and the database was divided into five time periods to be analyzed separately. Traffic flow, light conditions, surface conditions, month and percentage of trucks on the road were among the significant differences between the crash factors of each time period. The two proposed transferability frameworks, spatial and temporal, provide new information that can be integrated into safety planning tools and more sharply guide decision-makers. For example, the results of this thesis can help to pinpoint temporal or spatial-related countermeasures. In addition the results of this thesis can help in the allocation of limited resources (i.e. help prioritize projects), minimize economic loss and help decision makers improve safety from a large truck perspective (e.g. modify trucking regulations). Finally, this thesis provides a foundation for future research. As indicated in Chapter 2, a future study to evaluate the feasibility of a regional large truck-involved crash model between neighboring regions and the development of a national crash data reporting standard are potential ideas for future research. Chapter 3 stressed the importance of time of day on large truck-involved crashes which can serve as the basis to study the safety and economic impacts of time of day shifts of truck freight movements to off-peak periods. In summary, this thesis involves original research that expands the literature and provides a new foundation to analyze large truck-involved crashes.
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The overarching premise of this dissertation is to understand how different college and university physical activity education policies affect college and university students. Fundamentally, some American ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Differences in University Students' Self-Determined Motivation, Perceived Competence, and Physical Activity Behavior at Institutions with Either a Required or an Elective Physical Activity Education Policy
- Author:
- Kim, MooSong
The overarching premise of this dissertation is to understand how different college and university physical activity education policies affect college and university students. Fundamentally, some American colleges and universities require their students to complete a physical activity education requirement whereas others do not. Given the different policy arrangements of college and university physical activity education programs in the American higher education system, it is important to understand how these different physical activity education policies (i.e., required to earn a baccalaureate degree vs. not required to earn a baccalaureate degree) influence students' motivation, competence, reasons for enrolling in physical activity education courses, and weekly exercise METs. The first manuscript reviewed the characteristics of physical activity education policies in the American higher education system. The tension between organizational policy and individual autonomy was most apparent. Specifically, having a required physical activity education course policy generally enhanced student accessibility to physical activity education courses and helped to form students' positive physical activity behaviors during the college and university years and post-graduation, whereas having an elective physical activity course policy was most respectful of student autonomy. The second manuscript empirically examined the differences of students' physical activity motivation, competence, and weekly exercise METs between an institution with a required physical activity education graduation requirement and one without such a requirement, but which offered an elective physical activity education program to its students. The findings revealed that having a required physical activity education policy allowed for more students with lower self-determined forms of motivation (i.e., amotivation) to access physical activity education courses in comparison to the elective physical activity education policy. This finding was also supported in a second empirical study (see below, "The third manuscript…"), which found that female students enrolling in physical activity education courses under an elective physical education policy were already engaging in physical activity. These findings suggest that having a physical activity education policy might create equal physical activity opportunities for all college and university students. The third manuscript explored students' reasons for enrolling in physical activity education courses and how students' different types of motivation, competence, and weekly exercise METs predicted their reasons for enrolling in physical activity education courses. The findings suggested that the students' main reasons for enrolling in physical activity education courses were to improve their fitness levels and to exercise regularly. There were differences in students' reasons for enrolling on the basis of their self-reported gender and the physical activity education policy arrangement of the institution they were enrolled at. Female’s reasons for enrolling (i.e., intrinsic motivation, weekly exercise METs, and amotivation) verses male's reasons for enrolling (i.e., intrinsic motivation) for were more varied. The female students also had different predictors in terms of their reasons for enrollment according which physical activity education policy they were following. These findings suggest that motivation is multifaceted and influenced by policy, context, and personal factors. On the basis of two empirical studies, it was concluded that having a required physical activity education policy creates equal opportunities for all college and university students to engage in physical activity education courses. More importantly, understandings students' reasons for enrolling in physical activity education courses can add greater depth to creating effective, inclusive, positive, and safe college and university physical activity education courses for all.
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1282. [Article] Distribution of bats in Southeast Alaska and selection of day-roosts in trees by Keen’s myotis on Prince of Wales Island, Southeast Alaska
We conducted capture and acoustic surveys for bats in six areas along a latitudinal gradient in Southeast Alaska from mid-May to September in 2005 and we continued surveys on Prince of Wales Island from ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Distribution of bats in Southeast Alaska and selection of day-roosts in trees by Keen’s myotis on Prince of Wales Island, Southeast Alaska
- Author:
- Boland, Julia L.
We conducted capture and acoustic surveys for bats in six areas along a latitudinal gradient in Southeast Alaska from mid-May to September in 2005 and we continued surveys on Prince of Wales Island from mid-May to September in 2006. We determined the level of effort required to catch each species and documented ranges in morphology and periods of reproduction. We captured little brown myotis, Myotis lucifugus; California myotis, M. californicus; long-legged myotis, M. volans; and Keen’s myotis, M. keenii, and we acoustically detected and sighted the silver-haired bat, Lasionycteris noctivagans. Capture success varied by species, year, and type of capture site. Our surveys support prior research suggesting that the little brown myotis is the most abundant species in the region, although densities appear to be low relative to other parts of its range. California myotis and Keen’s myotis were captured as far north as Juneau. The long-legged myotis was captured on Wrangell and Prince of Wales Islands and the silver-haired bat was detected on Prince of Wales Island. Prince of Wales Island is the southernmost area we sampled and was the only area where all species were detected. Given low rates of detection, all species appear to occur in low densities in Southeast Alaska. Better understanding of population status and trends and examination of habitat ecology and response to forest management in the region is needed to prioritize conservation strategies. The Keen’s myotis is rare and has one of the most limited distributions of any bat species in North America. Understanding gender-specific roosting ecologies of bats at relevant spatial scales is necessary to effectively evaluate the impact of habitat alteration and prioritize conservation efforts for bats in temperate forests. We examined selection of day-roosts in trees by Keen’s myotis from mid-May to September, 2006 on Prince of Wales Island, Southeast Alaska. Our objectives were to 1) examine relationships between and determine relative importance of habitat characteristics on selection of day-roosts at three spatial scales and 2) determine if habitat associations for males and females differed at each scale. We tracked 13 females to 62 roosts in trees and 6 males to 24 roosts in trees. Features at each spatial scale appeared to influence selection of day-roosts by female Keen’s myotis, but associations were strongest at the tree scale and trees used as roosts were primarily large in diameter with structural defects and located in old-growth forests. Trees in plots around roosts of females had large mean diameters and these plots had a high abundance of roost-like trees. Roosts were generally located near to roads and streams and surrounded by landscapes with a high abundance of old-growth and riparian habitat. Associations were evident for male Keen’s myotis at each spatial scale, but associations at the landscape scale were strongest. Male Keen’s myotis exhibited flexibility with the types of roosts they chose, but tree roosts were primarily snags in early to intermediate decay surrounded by a high relative abundance of roost-like trees that were closer to roads and further from riparian habitat. Habitat associations differed between males and females at each spatial scale and differences are likely a reflection of higher energetic constraints associated with reproduction for females. Energetic benefits gained from optimal roosting habitat may be critical for successful reproduction by females. Females primarily roosted in old-growth habitat and we suggest that maintaining structural components characteristic of old growth will promote conservation of Keen’s myotis in Southeast Alaska.
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1283. [Article] First impressions of the interiors of hotel lobbies as influences on perceptions of hotels
The purpose of this study was to examine whether participants can form impressions and make inferences about a hotel based only on the physical environment or design of the hotel lobby. The study investigated ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- First impressions of the interiors of hotel lobbies as influences on perceptions of hotels
- Author:
- Fidzani, Lily Clara
The purpose of this study was to examine whether participants can form impressions and make inferences about a hotel based only on the physical environment or design of the hotel lobby. The study investigated how the interior arrangement, furnishings and other aspects of hotel lobbies influenced participants' first impressions and their inferences about the hotel as a whole. The lobby was selected because this is the first area inside the hotel that consumers see and therefore it is important for creating impressions. The specific objectives of this study were: to determine if the physical environment of the hotel lobbies could influence participants' overall perception of the hotels, to investigate what holistic perception participants reported about the hotels based on the design of their lobbies, and to investigate whether the physical environment of hotel lobbies is important in impression formation and in communicating the image of the hotels. In the present study, impression formation theory provided a theoretical framework for understanding how impressions were formed and how extended inferences were made. The theory provided the basis of understanding how people use physical environment cues to form impressions and make inferences about their environment. The participants of the study consisted of eight (8) males and 43 female undergraduate students enrolled during Spring Term, 2002, at Oregon State University. Instead of experiencing the real situation, participants were shown four (4) pictures of actual hotel lobbies and asked to form their impressions and make their extended inferences about the whole hotels based on the lobbies. The pictures selected showed variation in the interior space and components of the hotel lobbies, such as lighting, ceiling, floor, walls, architectural style, and furniture arrangement. The participants were shown one picture at a time projected on a screen in the front of the room. The order in which the participants saw the pictures was varied with each group to account for order effect. The pictures were shown in the following order; ABCD, DCBA, CADB and BDAC, one group at a time. Each picture was shown for approximately three minutes. After explaining the procedure to the participants, the researcher asked them to record their first impressions and make extended inferences about the hotel by responding to open-ended questions. They wrote statements about the first things that came to their minds when seeing the pictures of the hotel lobbies. Data collection took about 10-15 minutes for each session. The responses from the open-ended questionnaire were content analyzed according to themes that emerged from the responses for each slide. The emergent themes were reported and discussed based on the objectives of the study. Most of the impressions formed were shared by the participants regardless of their class standing, number of times they had stayed in a hotel recently, and their current major. Even though gender comparison was not made due to few male participants, the researcher observed that the males' impressions were more physical, whereas female's impressions were more emotional. That is, the males looked more at the design, available amenities and facilities, whereas females also commented on the friendliness, warmth and coziness of the hotel. When asked to, participants were able to form impressions about the entire hotels based on ambient factors in the lobbies such as lighting and cleanliness, and on design factors such as style and layout, space, color, architecture and other factors. Impressions were also made with regard to social factors, such as clientele and service personnel. Responses about the characteristics of the clientele ranged from families to business people, rich people and others. Participants were able to make inferences about the general atmosphere, cleanliness, type of customer service, available amenities and facilities, price of hotel rooms, possible location of the hotel, clientele, the size and decor of the guest rooms, and comfort and spaciousness, based only on their impressions of the hotel lobbies when prompted. They were also able to attach emotional, economic and physical feelings to their impressions. The findings of the study indicated that the environment of the hotel lobby might be rich in cues that are important in communicating image and suggesting impressions of the hotel. The study concluded that the design of the lobby might very well determine the approach or avoidance behavior of guests and potential guests. The quality of the environmental cues may also be important in communicating the quality and nature of service the hotel offers and the image it intends to portray. Therefore, in order to increase business, the environments of hotel lobbies should be designed to elicit approach behavior from guests or potential guests.
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1284. [Article] Lead toxicity at various dosages in Naeemi lambs in Kuwait
Environmental contamination along roadways with lead from processed petroleum and automotive residues has been reported. Toxicity to the herbivores grazing these areas has not been well studied. Comparison ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Lead toxicity at various dosages in Naeemi lambs in Kuwait
- Author:
- AL Sabbagh, Tariq Ashour
Environmental contamination along roadways with lead from processed petroleum and automotive residues has been reported. Toxicity to the herbivores grazing these areas has not been well studied. Comparison of lead concentrations adjacent to roads in Kuwait and in Oregon, USA was studied. Soil samples were taken from three sites at three different distances from the highway (0, 3 and 10 meters) adjacent to King Fahad Highway in Kuwait and Interstate 5 (I-5), Highway 34 (H-34) and Highway 20 (H-20) in Oregon. Soil was analyzed for lead concentrations. The mean lead concentrations in soil samples along King Fahad Highway were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those along 1-5, H-34 and 14-20 in Oregon [4943.6 ppm (mg/kg) vs 129 ppm, 94.9 and 81.67 ppm respectively]. In a field trial animal toxicity studies were conducted on sheep grazing near roadway in Kuwait and also in a controlled barn studies. Fifty lambs ranging in age from 4 to 9 months and grazing on Kuwait pasture adjacent to the King Fahad Highway were tested for blood lead. Levels were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). Blood lead levels of these lambs ranged from 0.05-1.00 ppm. Only 12% of the tested population exceeded the blood lead above 0.1 ppm (the high normal value). None demonstrated any clinical signs of lead toxicosis. In addition, a controlled feeding trial was conducted with sheep ingesting similar concentrations of lead as were found along the roadways. These sheep were observed for clinical, gross and histopathological changes. Using the intensive lamb production system common in Kuwait, twenty five lambs ranging in age from 2-10 months were orally fed 0, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg lead acetate/kg body weight/day in a controlled study. Blood lead levels were tested in these lambs at time zero, week two, and then at monthly intervals until the 14th week. All lambs were slaughtered and necropsied with select tissues analyzed for lead concentrations. Levels of lead in the blood were directly related to the daily administrated lead acetate (P<0.05). Neither gender, age nor breed of the sire had any affect on blood lead levels except for the 14th week where blood lead levels of the young lambs significantly exceeded (P<0.05) those in the older lambs with mean values of 0.54 and 0.34 ppm respectively. In general, lead levels in all the tested tissues were directly related to the amount of the daily oral administration of lead acetate. Differences between the tissue levels of lead in the experimental and control lambs (N=25) were statistically significant (P<0.05) in liver, bone and kidney but were not significant in trachea, testis, brain, diaphragm, ovary, lung, muscle, rumen, aorta, spleen, tongue, eye, intestine, heart and esophagus. Lead accumulation was the highest in bone at the lower ingested lead concentrations, but was the highest in the kidney at higher lead dosages. Lead values were significantly greater (P<0.05) in the livers of female lambs compared to those of the male. Bone, liver and kidney of the young lambs had significantly higher (P<0.05) levels of lead than older lambs with means of 19.24, 7.31 and 54.54 compared to 6.34, 3.59 and 21.31 ppm respectively. Gross lesions were not found in any of the 25 necropsied lambs. Histopathological changes of intranuclear inclusion bodies were found in 100% of the kidneys in lambs administered 8 mg/Kg/day and above and in 50% of the livers of the lambs administered the same dosages. Thirty three per cent of lambs administered 2 and 4 mg/kg/day had intranuclear inclusion bodies in their kidney but not in the liver. The controls had no inclusion bodies in any of these matching tissues. No clinical signs of lead toxicosis were observed in any lambs during the 14 weeks of the experiment. The same lamb population was used to compare blood lead levels and the growth performance of lambs (feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion) in relation to different dosages of lead acetate. Although there was a tendency for lambs ingesting the two higher lead doses to eat less feed, gain less weight; and have a lower feed conversion ratio, these differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The conclusion of these studies reveal some concern. Levels of lead as found near the highways of Kuwait were high enough to cause elevated tissue lead concentrations, particularly in liver and kidney, of lambs grazing adjacent to these highways. These levels cause tissue abnormalities in lambs and could be hazardous to human health eating the internal organs of these lambs.
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Every year many marine mammals become stranded on the coast of the Pacific Northwest. The deaths of these animals are investigated and recorded by the North West Marine Mammal Stranding Network. Animals ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Retrospective Analyses of Marine Mammal Strandings on the Oregon Coast
- Author:
- Rice, Jim, Lohr, Christiane, Engelhard, Jennifer, Duffield, Debbie
Every year many marine mammals become stranded on the coast of the Pacific Northwest. The deaths of these animals are investigated and recorded by the North West Marine Mammal Stranding Network. Animals or tissues from animals, that are considered fresh enough for histopathology are brought for evaluation to the Veterinary Diagnostics Laboratory at Oregon State University. The diagnostic records detail the condition of the animal, disease status and cause of death. In this study, data will be collated from the diagnostic records at the Veterinary Diagnostics Laboratory (VisuaLab database) into an access database, incorporating information from the Marine Mammal Stranding Network as appropriate. Over the last six years, a total of 183 cases have been accessioned into the Veterinary Diagnostics Laboratory database, involving sea lions, seals, porpoises, dolphins and whales. This data is accessible only via VisuaLab software, which provides limited support for data queries and is scheduled for retirement later this year, making subsequent access even more difficult. Converting this database into an access database will allow future synthesis with the Marine Mammal Stranding Network database and will ensure continued availability of all the data and provide an increased sample size for any future research. Statistical analysis will be undertaken to ascertain the types, frequency, and distribution (e.g. species, age, gender, geography) of diseases and to look for trends in the cause of death marine mammals of the Pacific Northwest The desired outcomes of this project are to obtain an increased knowledge and understanding of what research entails and how it is conducted, to contribute information regarding the health of marine mammal populations of the Pacific Northwest, and to create an accessible, user friendly database for other researchers in this field. Secondary desired outcomes of this project are to assist in marine mammal conservation efforts and to form the basis of future research projects allowing for in depth investigations of specific diseases and trends.
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1286. [Article] Knowledge and attitudes about genital herpes and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome among future teachers
This study measured knowledge and attitudes about genital herpes and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in a sample of future teachers from the College of Education ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Knowledge and attitudes about genital herpes and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome among future teachers
- Author:
- Mix, Katherine A.
This study measured knowledge and attitudes about genital herpes and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in a sample of future teachers from the College of Education at Oregon State University. The objectives of the study were 1) to determine if students possess accurate knowledge about the two diseases; 2) to measure attitudes toward people with the two diseases; 3) to assess the relationship, if any, between knowledge and attitudes; 4) to compare knowledge and attitudes about genital herpes with knowledge and attitudes about HIV/AIDS; and 5) to compare knowledge and attitudes about genital herpes in 1990 to data from a similar study conducted in 1984. A convenience sample of 150 students was obtained from undergraduate classes in the College of Education during Spring Term 1990. Subjects completed self-administered questionnaires about either genital herpes or HIV/AIDS during class time. Data were gathered using four instruments: A knowledge test, two attitude measures, and a demographic data questionnaire. Statistical tests used for data analysis were chi square, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Student's t-test, two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and repeated measures ANOVA. The significance level was .05. Knowledge scores on the HIV/AIDS test were quite high (mean score 88% correct), while the mean genital herpes knowledge score was relatively low (62% correct). Attitudes toward people with both genital herpes and HIV/AIDS were relatively accepting, but subjects were significantly more accepting toward people with genital herpes. The least accepting responses toward people with either disease occurred in regard to potentially sexual situations (e.g. dating, marriage). There was no gender difference in attitudes toward people with either disease. Attitudes were more positive in response to a vignette of a college student followed by a questionnaire, compared to responses made to a questionnaire only. Correlations were found between more knowledge and more accepting attitudes about both diseases. Finally, genital herpes knowledge scores were higher (mean score 62% correct) than scores from a similar study of genital herpes conducted in 1984 (mean score 57% correct). Attitudes toward people with genital herpes were more accepting in the 1990 sample than were attitudes in the 1984 sample. All findings reported here are statistically significant. Recommendations for future research and education among future teachers concerning sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) include 1) development of methods to transmit accurate information about STD's by personalizing these diseases and relating them to college students' experiences; 2) a research focus upon attitudes and perceptions about STD's among future teachers, including the issue of homophobia, and how these relate to behavior; and 3) thorough teacher preparation about STD's, focusing on accurate knowledge and impartial attitudes that allow this topic to be addressed effectively in the classroom. Future research among the general college student population should address 1) the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and behavior concerning STD's; 2) potential differences in responses made to a vignette followed by a questionnaire, compared to a questionnaire only; 3) students' source(s) of information about STD's, and level of trust in "scientific authority"; 4) possible interactions between religious influence and attitudes about STD's; 5) the existence of a stereotype of HIV/AIDS as a gay, male disease, and how this might affect attitudes and perceptions; 6) differences between males and females in terms of attitudes, especially with regard to homophobia; 7) the effectiveness of personalizing STD education to increase knowledge about and perceived susceptibility to STD's; 8) the interaction between societal values and personal values, and their effect on attitudes about STD's and sexual behavior.
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1287. [Article] Effect of sensory properties and health information on consumer acceptance and purchase of colorful fresh market potatoes
Potato varieties characterized by non-conventional skin and flesh colors (purple, red, yellow) have the potential to revitalize consumer demand for fresh market potatoes because of their unique appearance ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Effect of sensory properties and health information on consumer acceptance and purchase of colorful fresh market potatoes
- Author:
- Wechsler, Linda J.
Potato varieties characterized by non-conventional skin and flesh colors (purple, red, yellow) have the potential to revitalize consumer demand for fresh market potatoes because of their unique appearance and health benefits. Red and purple potatoes contain anthocyanins, which are flavonoids responsible for red, blue, and purple pigments in plants. Yellow potatoes contain carotenoids, which are xanthophylls responsible for orange and yellow pigments in plants. Both anthocyanins and carotenoids are antioxidants that benefit human health. The objective of this thesis research was to investigate consumer acceptance of colorful fresh market potato varieties and to understand the effect of health information on purchase intent. This thesis research was divided into three studies, preceded by a literature review. The literature review summarized research linking raw tuber characteristics to the culinary quality of fresh market potatoes. Specific compounds, genes, and processes affecting potato appearance, flavor, and texture were reviewed. In the first study, consumer attitudes and opinions about colorful fresh market potatoes were investigated using four focus group sessions with a total of 37 participants. Five colorful potato varieties were shown to participants. Purchase intent for each variety was marked on an anchored line scale after: 1) seeing and handling the raw uncut potato, 2) seeing a photo of the raw potato cut in half, 3) seeing a photo of the potato cooked (boiled) and cut in half, and 4) after receiving health information describing antioxidant benefits. Reactions to colorful potato varieties were mixed. Health information had a greater impact on purchase intent than the photos of the raw and cooked potatoes. Purchase intent was also influenced by positive and negative associations with appearance, concerns about genetic engineering, tampering, and chemicals, preparation and presentation considerations, point of sale, family acceptance, and anticipated flavor. In the second study, a consumer acceptance test with 222 participants evaluated six colorful fresh market potato varieties alongside a commonly available variety, the Yukon Gold. Participants rated liking of overall appearance, color, size, and shape for raw uncut potatoes on a 9-point category scale. Participants tasted the potatoes boiled and rated liking of cooked appearance, flavor, and texture on a 9-point category scale. Participant comments describing what they liked and/or disliked about each raw and cooked potato were also captured. For color, yellow and red varieties were accepted over purple varieties. For shape and size, large and round varieties were accepted over small, elongated varieties. Bimodal hedonic score distributions were observed for purple color, small size, and elongated shape. Consumer comments revealed that a uniform raw and cooked appearance, a distinct flavor with no undesirable aftertaste, and a smooth, firm, and consistent texture were all desirable characteristics. In the third study, the effect of health information on purchase intent for colorful fresh market potatoes was investigated. Participants either received no information, a simple statement, or a detailed statement about antioxidants in colorful potatoes. After reading the information, participants rated purchase intent on a 5-point category scale at a low, medium, and high price. The effect of antioxidant information on the probability of purchase for red and purple potatoes was compared to yellow potatoes. The impact of hedonic rating, price, gender, age, education, income, usage frequency, health interest, food interest, and antioxidant knowledge were also investigated. High hedonic ratings and interest in food had a positive effect on purchase intent for all potatoes. High price had a negative effect on purchase intent for all potatoes. Antioxidant information and interest in health had a positive effect on purchase intent for red and purple potatoes. Age had a negative effect on purchase intent for red and purple potatoes. An advanced degree of education had a negative effect on purchase intent for yellow potatoes.
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The average size and age of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) caught in commercial fisheries along the Pacific Coast of North America have decreased substantially in this century. These declines ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Changes in size and age at maturity of Columbia River upriver bright fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) : implications for stock fitness, commercial value, and management
- Author:
- Beaty, Roy E.
The average size and age of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) caught in commercial fisheries along the Pacific Coast of North America have decreased substantially in this century. These declines might be caused in part by changes in size and age at maturity within the stocks contributing to those fisheries. Upriver Brights (Brights), a stock of fall chinook salmon in the Columbia River, are one of those stocks. The purposes of this study were to (1) determine if average size and age at maturity of Brights have declined, (2) gain a better understanding of the factors that may contribute to such declines, and (3) describe potential consequences of these changes. Data from in-river fisheries suggest that the average weight of mature Brights returning to the Columbia River has decreased approximately 2.7 kg since the 1910s, an average rate of about 0.1 lb·yr⁻¹ (45 g·yr⁻¹ ). Most of the potential biases in these data tend to make this estimate conservative. Insufficient data were available to describe changes in average age at maturity. There are many potential causes for the decline in average size of mature Brights, including factors that affect very early life stages. Other researchers have determined that size at maturity appears to be highly influenced by inheritance, gender, and growth rate. I describe how maternal size can influence -- through time of spawning, choice of spawning site, and egg size -- the viability of the young, which carry the dam's genes for size. The size-related ability to produce viable offspring may have been changed by modifications in the environment. Very little is known about how changes in the natural environment for spawning, incubation, and rearing may have contributed to a decline in average size at maturity. Artificial propagation and rearing, such as at Priest Rapids Hatchery, seems to produce adult Brights that are smaller, younger, and more likely to be male than their natural counterparts. The net result is that the average hatchery fish may have only about 0.80 of the reproductive potential of the average natural fish. Changes in growth conditions in the ocean probably did not contribute to the change in size, although the ocean fisheries of Southeast Alaska and British Columbia appear to select, in the genetic sense, against large size and old age in Brights. Since 1978, in-river commercial fisheries have caught larger Brights and a higher proportion of females than are found in the escapement of the Priest Rapids Hatchery component of the stock, but the fisheries impact the two sexes differently by taking the larger males and the smaller females. The effect on the natural component may differ because of their apparently larger average size. I found no evidence that larger fish or more females were caught when 8-in. minimum restrictions were in effect on gillnet mesh size relative to periods when mesh size was not restricted. Impounding the mainstem during the last 50+ yr may have removed obstacles to migration (e.g., Celilo Falls) that selected for large size in Brights, but that hypothesis could not be tested. The perserverance of larger and older phenotypes in the Bright stock suggests that countervailing selection -- perhaps during spawning, incubation, and/or early rearing -- may have resisted the effects of a century of size- and age-selective fisheries. That resistance, however, may reduce the productivity of the stock. Declines in average size and age at maturity can have undesireable consequences. Lower average size means less biomass landed and lower commercial value. Lower average fecundity and a diminished ability to reproduce in some environments are also expected. Loss of size and age classes may reduce the ability of the stock to adapt to environmental variations. These results are relevant to several management practices. A holistic approach to fishery management issues is necessary to avoid erroneous conclusions based on narrow perspectives. Measuring reproductive potential of the catch and escapement would be superior to the conventional practice of simply counting numbers of fish. Many aspects of artificial propagation can be improved, including broodstock aquisition, mating regimes, and rearing practices. Stock abundance is a major factor in determining the effect of many management practices on the stock. In general, fisheries managers must be mindful that they manage very complex natural systems.
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1289. [Article] Inflammation, immune suppression, and iron status in endurance athletes and the effects of antioxidant supplementation
During extreme exercise, athletes experience increased inflammation that is similar to the acute phase response. Endurance athletes, distance runners in particular, are also more susceptible to compromised ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Inflammation, immune suppression, and iron status in endurance athletes and the effects of antioxidant supplementation
- Author:
- Hopkins, Dawn Marie Weseli
During extreme exercise, athletes experience increased inflammation that is similar to the acute phase response. Endurance athletes, distance runners in particular, are also more susceptible to compromised iron stores. This study evaluated inflammation, immune function and iron status in athletes completing a 50K ultramarathon. Twenty-two well-trained distance runners, 11 males and 11 females, were randomized in a double blind manner into--1) those who consumed 300 mg vitamin E and 1000 mg vitamin C (500 mg twice daily) or 2) placebos--for six weeks before and one week following a 50K ultramarathon race. Blood samples were obtained on 13 separate occasions throughout the study: before supplementation, during supplementation, the day before the race, pre-race, mid-race, immediately post-race, 2 hours following the race, and daily for six days following the race. Plasma levels of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol were measured by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were measured using standard clinical assays. Each subject recorded immune function in an activity log and incidence of illness was tabulated as number of days ill. Ferritin was measured by enzyme immunoassay. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and total-iron binding capacity (TIBC) and serum total iron were analyzed by standard procedures. Plasma concentrations of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol increased significantly in supplemented subjects (p<0.0001). Although the ultramarathon race elicited an inflammatory response, antioxidant supplementation did not alter the responses of IL-6 and TNF-α, which both increased from pre-race to mid-race, post- and post-2 h (Scheffe post-hoc analysis, p<0.0001) and returned to pre-race concentrations by 1 day after the race. Male supplemented subjects had lower IL-1β concentrations compared to females consuming the supplement or to males consuming the placebo (ANCOVA, gender/time/treatment interaction; p<0.01) at mid-race (p<0.05 females, p<0.005 males), post 1 and 2 days (all p<0.002). Males had significantly higher ferritin levels than the female subjects (ANOVA, p<0.0001); supplementation resulted in lower ferritin concentrations at post-5 days (p<0.02, ANCOVA treatment time interaction, p<0.005). Supplementation did not reduce the days illness among those consuming antioxidants compared to those consuming the placebos. Ferritin not only increases during inflammation, it also is a measure of iron stores. Females had significantly lower levels of iron than the male subjects for each of the iron parameters measured (hemoglobin and hematocrit both p<0.0001, ferritin p<0.001, TIBC p<0.02) excluding serum total iron. The ferritin concentrations measured in the women were indicative of depleted iron stores (<12 μg/l), and antioxidant supplementation increased hematocrit levels in the female subjects (p<0.05). This investigation indicates that female distance runners need to be aware of an increased susceptibility to iron depletion compared to their male counterparts. Antioxidant supplementation improved hematocrit levels (p<0.05) among female runners and may improve iron status among females with depleted stores. Although other investigations have suggested that antioxidant vitamins decrease exercise induced inflammation, no profound benefit of supplementation was found in this investigation though a response similar to the acute phase response was elicited by the ultramarathon race. Improvements in IL-i and ferritin in response to antioxidant supplementation may indicate that the supplementation was beneficial, but more research is needed to draw definitive conclusions.
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Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related death in American men. Epidemiologic studies suggest that cruciferous vegetable intake may lower the risk for many cancers, including prostate ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Prostate cancer prevention with broccoli : from cellular to human studies
- Author:
- Clarke, John D.
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related death in American men. Epidemiologic studies suggest that cruciferous vegetable intake may lower the risk for many cancers, including prostate and colon. Isothiocyanates (ITC) are phytochemicals derived from cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and cabbage that may have health promoting properties. Broccoli and broccoli sprouts are a good source of sulforaphane (SFN), a well studied chemopreventive ITC. SFN is known to inhibit histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity and alter epigenetic endpoints. A key factor in understanding the efficacy of SFN as a chemoprevention agent is to determine the metabolism, distribution and bioavailability of SFN, and the factors that alter these parameters. The present study was undertaken to provide further evidence that SFN can alter HDAC activity, alter prostate cancer cell proliferation, both in vitro and in vivo and expands our understanding of SFN metabolism and tissue distribution. We characterized the effects of SFN in normal (PrEC), benign hyperplasia (BPH1) and cancerous (LnCap and PC3) prostate epithelial cells. We observed that 15 µM SFN differentially induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in BPH1, LnCap and PC3 cells but not PrEC cells. SFN treatment also differentially decreased HDAC activity, and Class I and II HDAC proteins, increased acetylated histone H3 at the promoter for P21, induced p21 expression and increased tubulin acetylation in prostate cancer cells. In PrEC cells, SFN caused only a transient reduction in HDAC activity with no change in any other endpoints tested. Therefore, normal prostate cells were refractory to the cytotoxic and epigenetic effects of SFN. In order for SFN to be an effective chemopreventive agent it must be metabolized and reach target tissues. Nrf2 wild-type and Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2-/-) mice were treated with 5 or 20 µmoles of SFN, and SFN metabolites were detected in all tissues tested at 2 and 6 h in a dose dependent manner. Genotype only had marginal effects at 5 µmoles, whereas, at 20 µmoles the female Nrf2-/- mice had dramatically higher levels. The relative abundance of each metabolite was not strikingly different between genders and genotypes, although different ratios between tissues were observed. In the transgenic adenoma of the mouse prostate model dietary SFN, fed as freeze-dried broccoli sprouts, increased SFN content in the prostate and decreased the severity of prostate cancer at 12 and 28 weeks of age. In humans, the differences in metabolism of isothiocyanates between whole food and broccoli supplements have yet to be determined. Two separate human trials were conducted; the first was a randomized 7 day feeding study where subjects consumed either broccoli sprouts or a broccoli supplement, and the second study was a randomized single dose cross-over study with broccoli sprouts, followed by a washout period, then broccoli supplement. In plasma and urine, the total amounts of SFN and erucin (ERN) metabolites were greater and the peak concentration occurred sooner in subjects who consumed broccoli sprouts. Glutathione-S-transferase pi-1 polymorphisms did not affect ITC metabolism. Interconversion of SFN to ERN was observed. Histone deacetylase activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was inhibited only in subjects who consumed sprouts. In conclusion, these data provide evidence that SFN alters HDAC activity and protein acetylation in cancerous prostate cells but not normal prostate cells. For the first time we show that SFN is bioavailable to many tissues types, including the prostate and are largely found as SFN metabolites not the parent SFN compound. We also show that the bioavailability of ITCs is markedly lower in human subjects who consume a broccoli supplement. Decreased HDAC activity in the peripheral blood of subjects who consumed sprouts indicates that higher ITC plasma concentrations can alter HDAC activity in vivo. Taken together, these data show that SFN is an effective prostate cancer chemopreventive agent that can easily be utilized in the diet from whole food.
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1291. [Article] Does Disability Severity Matter? The Daily Lives of Parent Caregivers of Children with Developmental Disabilities
Individuals with disabilities and their parents, even within specific disability diagnoses, have diverse life experiences and trajectories. The current study focuses on parents of individuals with developmental ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Does Disability Severity Matter? The Daily Lives of Parent Caregivers of Children with Developmental Disabilities
- Author:
- Fenn, Meghann L.
Individuals with disabilities and their parents, even within specific disability diagnoses, have diverse life experiences and trajectories. The current study focuses on parents of individuals with developmental disabilities. Developmental disabilities (DD) are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions evident at birth or acquired during childhood that affect major life activities such as language, mobility, learning, self-help, and independent living; and include conditions such as Down syndrome, attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders, and general developmental delays. This study builds on previous literature concerning stress, caregiving, and disability by examining the daily lives, experiences, and wellbeing of parents of children with DD. The majority of health and wellbeing research being done in this area focuses on overall or global wellbeing. Comparatively little research has examined the daily lives, experiences, and wellbeing of these parents, who exist within extremely fluid contexts that change daily. Furthermore, this study also aims to build on previous research by considering the severity of the child’s disability, in order to further contextualize and understand the complex levels of influence within these parents’ daily lives. Using data from the second wave of the National Study of Daily Experiences (NSDE), the daily diary project of the National Survey of Midlife in the United States (MIDUS), this study examined these topics further by answering three specific research questions; First, to what extent does the association between daily stressors and same-day positive and negative affect differ for parents of children with and without DD? Second, to what extent does the association between daily positive events and same-day positive and negative affect differ for parents of children with and without DD? And lastly, are these associations further moderated by the severity of the child’s disability? A total of 82 participants (Mean Age = 57.4; 59% female, 96% non-Hispanic White, 79% married, Mean Education = 14 years) were identified as parents of children with DD. A sample of 82 individuals who were parents of typically developing children were identified and matched as a comparison group based on: parent gender, parent age, number of children in the household, child age, whether the target child lives with the parent, parent marital status, and parent educational attainment. Participants completed 8 nightly telephone interviews, which included assessments of their daily stressors and positive events, as well as positive and negative affect. Results from the current study found that the daily lives of individuals with disabilities and their parents are diverse and complex. Compared to their matched counterparts, parents of children with DD experienced significantly greater increases in negative affect associated with the experience of daily stressors. In contract, parents of children with DD exhibited comparable increases in daily positive affect associated with the daily positive experiences. With respect to severity of disability, the longevity of the child’s disability diagnosis, the number of comorbid disability diagnoses, and the number of comorbid mental health diagnoses, did selectively moderate daily experience-wellbeing associations, but not in a symmetric fashion across indicators. Taken together, the daily experiences and daily wellbeing of parents caring for a child with a disability cannot be understood and defined merely by knowing their child’s disability status. Parents of children with DD may be vulnerable because of the chronic stress context of caring for a child with a disability, and they show more reactive patterns of daily wellbeing when experiencing daily stressors, however, they also show resiliency in their daily wellbeing when experiencing daily positive events. The current study attempted to better contextualize and understand the daily lives of caregiving parents by moving beyond a binary definition of disability (yes/no a disability is present), and findings suggest that severity of disability is a complex phenomenon in need of continued empirical investigation.
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1292. [Article] A comparative analysis of factors influencing smoking behaviors of college students, 1963-1987
Cigarette smoking continues to be one of the country's major health concerns. It has been defined as the single largest preventable cause of disease and death in the United States. Although research has ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- A comparative analysis of factors influencing smoking behaviors of college students, 1963-1987
- Author:
- Gray, Nancy L.
Cigarette smoking continues to be one of the country's major health concerns. It has been defined as the single largest preventable cause of disease and death in the United States. Although research has indicated that overall cigarette consumption has decreased in the nation over the past decades, cigarette smoking remains a significant problem among young people in the United States. This fact, coupled with studies indicating that cigarette smoking increases with age into the early twenties suggests that research should be conducted to determine those variables that encourage smoking behavior of late adolescents and young adults. The purpose of the study was to compare the relationship between selected predisposing factors and subsequent smoking behaviors exhibited in 1963 and 1987 respectively. Assessments of smoking behaviors of college students in Oregon in 1963-64 and 1986-87 were conducted to determine relationships between students smoking behaviors and selected socio-demographic variables. Comparisons were made between the resulting data for students in the 1963-64and 1986-87 studies. Aquestionnaire relating to smoking behavior was developed and administered to 3,786 college students attending introductory personal health classes during the 1963-64 school year at four selected colleges in the state of Oregon. During the 1986-87 school year a modified version of the questionnaire was developed and administered to college students attending introductory personal health classes at three of the same four universities that were utilized in the 1963-64 study. Stepwise logistic regression, chi square and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results indicated that there were significantly more smokers in 1963-64 and their daily consumption rates were significantly higher when compared to 1986-87 data. Although a larger percentage of females were smokers in the total population surveyed in 1963-64, there were more female smokers in the population of smokers in 1986-87. Whereas males consumed significantly more cigarettes per day than did females in 1963-64, there was no significant difference between male and female consumption rates in 1986-87. Significant numbers of smokers in 1986-87 started smoking at an earlier age than did smokers in 1963-64. When separating by gender, this was significant for females but not for males. Peer smoking was listed as the number one reason for starting to smoke by more than half of the respondents in 1986-87 as compared to 40% who listed curiosity in 1963-64. Physical reasons were indicated as the main reason for quitting by ex-smokers in 1963-64 and in 1986-87, over one half of the respondents indicated that they quit because of a concern for their physical health. Stepwise logistic regression equations were used to determine the set of variables that best accounted for smoking status in 1963-64 and 1986-87. Results indicated that the variables which predisposed individuals toward subsequent smoking behavior did differ when comparing the two studies. In 1963-64, an individual with the highest probability of smoking was one who had one or more older sisters who smoked, both parents smoked, father was a high school non-graduate and was from an urban setting. The individual with the lowest probability of smoking in 1963-64 had no older sisters who smoked, mother and father did not smoke, father was a high school graduate and lived in a rural setting. In 1986-87, the only variable to significantly increase the probability of an individual smoking was one or more older brothers who smoked. The following data were collected only for the 1986-87 population of students because questions relating to these issues were not included on the 1963-64 questionnaire. Use of alcohol, marijuana and smokeless tobacco by cigarette smokers was not significantly different when compared to non-smokers. Illicit substance use (cocaine, crack, heroin, quaaludes, etc) was significantly different for cigarette smokers and non-smokers. Smokers were more likely to use illicit substances than were non-smokers. The largest number of smokeless tobacco users were males in the 18-19 age category. Use of alcohol, marijuana and other illicit substances were significantly different for smokeless tobacco users than for non-users. Smokeless tobacco users were more likely to consume more alcohol on a weekly basis and use marijuana and illicit substances on an occasional and regular basis than were non-users of smokeless tobacco.
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Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) continues to be one of the major public health problems in the United States and worldwide. Complicated by factors including gender, polymorphisms of alcohol-metabolizing ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Label-free mass spectrometry-driven methods for elucidating adaptive responses of the hepatic mitochondrial proteome in an alcoholic fatty liver disease model
- Author:
- Tzeng, Shin-Cheng
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) continues to be one of the major public health problems in the United States and worldwide. Complicated by factors including gender, polymorphisms of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes, immunologic factors, exposures to other substances/drugs, hepatic viral infections, nutritional deficiencies, and obesity, ALD is a complex disease that requires a systematic approach to dissect the mechanisms associated with organ dysfunction. Mechanistic knowledge is necessary to shed light on routes that potentially may lead to effective treatments. Proteomics as a discovery tool that may reveal new targets and pathways that can potentially be exploited for developing new preventive strategies and treatments. The mitochondrion is the pivotal organelle linked to disease progression and to the development of ALD. Studies have shown links between mitochondrial dysfunction and ethanol-induced liver injury, but the underlying mechanisms at the molecular level still remain largely unknown. In the present study we evaluated the capability of two label-free mass-spectrometry-driven approaches (i) the intensity-based MS[superscript E] method, and (ii) a spectral counting-based method that uses data-dependent acquisition (DDA). Initially a single- and a three-protein model system were utilized to evaluate differences in the performance characteristics of the two methods. To examine the performance difference of the two methods for proteome characterization, we measured changes in protein levels as a consequence of chronic alcohol consumption in rat liver mitochondria. Our results revealed that the MS[superscript E] approach had better performance in terms of precision, and dynamic range and resulted in superior accuracy for fold change determinations. The MS[superscript E] approach proved to identify more mitochondrial proteins than the two DDA methods. However, the run-to-run reproducibility of the MS[superscript E] method was lower than was observed for the DDA methods. Despite poor linear correlation between approaches, the outcomes of the proteome characterizations were rather consistent as more than half of the significantly altered proteins detected by the MS[superscript E] method were also revealed by at least one of the DDA methods. Collectively, we concluded that both MSE and DDA approaches provide satisfactory performance with the MS[superscript E] approach outperforming the DDA-based methods with respect to accuracy, linearity and dynamic range. Further, we integrated the label-free LC-MS[superscript E] quantification with bioinformatics and knowledge base to profile alteration of the mitochondrial proteome for unraveling the protective effect of MitoQ, a mitochondrial targeted ubiquinone, on ALD. With carefully maintained stability of the LC-MS system, robust proteome datasets with high technical precision were obtained. By taking advantage of the information-rich quantitative proteomic data, we quantitatively categorized the identified proteins and performed pathway analysis for each category independently. Metabolic pathways and associated proteins were highlighted with the guidance of the systems biology approach. In summary, our results indicated that the pathways enriched in response to MitoQ included acyl-CoA synthases and the carnitine shuttle, ketogenesis, the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The MitoQ-responsive metabolic network suggested that MitoQ up-regulates fatty acid transportation to counteract accumulation of lipids in the fatty liver. For dissecting the mitochondrial proteome, we develop a "targeted" quantitative approach involving label-free mass spectrometry-based quantification, chemoselective labeling, avidin- biotin based affinity enrichment at both protein and peptide level. The approach was applied to mitochondria exposed to 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) for depicting a subset of the mitochondrial proteome susceptible to HNE insult. The utilization of the carbonyl-selective probe, ARP, facilitated labeling of HNE-adducted proteins and enabled avidin affinity enrichment with the biotin moiety. A list of potential protein targets with concentration-dependent response and known HNE modification sites was obtained when combining results from the protein- and peptide-level enrichment workflows. The core list of putative protein targets of HNE adduction may serve as lead for further validation studies towards unraveling the pathogenesis of ALD and emerging treatment modalities using Western blotting or targeted LC-MS methods.
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1294. [Article] Bicyclist Compliance at Signalized Intersections
This project examined cyclist red light running behavior using two data sets. Previous studies of cyclist compliance have investigated the tendencies of cyclists to run red lights on the whole by generalizing ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Bicyclist Compliance at Signalized Intersections
- Author:
- Thompson, Samson Ray Riley
- Year:
- 2015
This project examined cyclist red light running behavior using two data sets. Previous studies of cyclist compliance have investigated the tendencies of cyclists to run red lights on the whole by generalizing different maneuvers to their end outcome, running a red light. This project differentiates between the different types of red light running and focuses on the most egregious case, gap acceptance, which is when a cyclist runs a red light by accepting a gap in opposing traffic. Using video data, a mathematical model of cyclist red light running was developed for gap acceptance. Similar to other studies, this analysis utilized only information about the cyclist, intersection, and scenario that can be outwardly observed. This analysis found that the number of cyclists already waiting at the signal, the presence of a vehicle in the adjacent lane, and female sex were deterrents to red light running. Conversely, certain types of signal phasing, witnessing a violation, and lack of helmet increased the odds that a cyclist would run the red light. Interestingly, while women in general are less likely to run a red light, those who witnessed a violation were even more prone that men who had witnessed a violation to follow suit and run the red light themselves. It is likely that the differing socialization of women and men leads to different effects of witnessing a previous violator. The analysis also confirmed that a small subset of cyclists, similar to that found in the general population, are more prone to traffic violations. These cyclists are more willing to engage in multiple biking-related risk factors that include not wearing a helmet and running red lights. Although the model has definite explanatory power regarding decisions of cyclist compliance, much of the variance in the compliance choices of the sample is left unexplained. This points toward the influence of other, not outwardly observable variables on the decision to run a red light. Analysis of survey data from cyclists further confirms that individual characteristics not visible to the observer interact with intersection, scenario, and visible cyclist characteristics to result in a decision to comply (or not) with a traffic signal. Furthermore, cyclist characteristics, in general, and unobservable individual characteristics, specifically, play a larger role in compliance decisions as the number of compliance-inducing intersection traits (e.g. conflicting traffic volume) decrease. One such unobservable trait is the regard for the law by some cyclists, which becomes a more important determinant of compliance at simpler intersections. Cyclists were also shown to choose non-compliance if they questioned the validity of the red indication for them, as cyclists. The video and survey data have some comparable findings. For instance, the relationship of age to compliance was explored in both data analyses. Age was not found to be a significant predictor of non-compliance in the video data analysis while it was negatively correlated with stated non-compliance for two of the survey intersections. Gender, while having significant effects on non-compliance in the video dataset, did not emerge as an important factor in the stated non-compliance of survey takers. Helmet use had a consistent relationship with compliance between the video and survey datasets. Helmet use was positively associated with compliance in the video data and negatively associated with revealed non-compliance at two of the survey intersections. When coupled with the positive association between normlessness and stated willingness to run a red light, the relationship between helmet use and compliance solidifies the notion that a class of cyclists is more likely to consistently violate signals. It points towards a link between red light running and individuals who do not adhere to social norms and policies as strictly as others. Variables representing cyclists and motorists waiting at the signal were positively related to signal compliance in the video data. While an increased number of cyclists may be a physical deterrent to red light running, part of the influence on compliance that this variable and the variable representing the presence of a vehicle may be due to accountability of cyclists to other road users. This relationship, however, was not revealed in the stated non-compliance data from the survey. Efforts to increase cyclist compliance may not be worth a jurisdiction's resources since nearly 90% of cyclists in the video data were already compliant. If a problem intersection does warrant intervention, different methods of ensuring bicyclist compliance are warranted depending on the intersection characteristics. An alternative solution is to consider the applicability of traffic laws (originally designed for cars) to bicyclists. Creating separation in how laws affect motorists and cyclists might be a better solution for overly simple types of intersections where cyclists have fewer conflicts, better visibility, etc. than motorists. Education or other messaging aimed at cyclists about compliance is another strategy to increase compliance. Since cyclists appear to feel more justified in running red lights at low-volume, simple-looking intersections, it would probably be prudent to target messaging at these types of intersections. Many cyclists are deterred by high-volume and/or complicated looking intersections for safety reasons. Reminding cyclists of the potential dangers at other intersections may be a successful messaging strategy. Alternatively, reminding cyclists that it is still illegal to run a red light even if they feel safe doing so may be prudent. Additionally, messaging about the purpose of infrastructure such as bicycle-specific signals or lights that indicate detection at a signal may convince cyclists that stopping at the signal is in their best interest and that the wait will be minimal and/or warranted.
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1295. [Article] Factors affecting within-season and between-season breeding dispersal of burrowing owls in California
Dispersal is integral to our understanding of the life history and population biology of many vertebrates, but difficulties in detecting long distance movements have complicated its study. Moreover, studies ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Factors affecting within-season and between-season breeding dispersal of burrowing owls in California
- Author:
- Catlin, Daniel H.
Dispersal is integral to our understanding of the life history and population biology of many vertebrates, but difficulties in detecting long distance movements have complicated its study. Moreover, studies of factors affecting dispersal are often unable to determine the relative contributions of variables such as nesting success, mate fidelity, and nest site fidelity. I examined the effects of nest depredation on dispersal in comparison to successful nests and nests that failed for other reasons. Additionally, I investigated a suite of biological factors affecting within-season and between-season breeding dispersal by burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) in California, attempting to partition the effects of these covariates and to deal with long distance detectibility issues. For both types of dispersal, I divided dispersal into two components; dispersal probability and dispersal distance. I used experimental and observational approaches to investigate within-season dispersal in two contrasting environments; a large grassland and an agricultural landscape. I found that the factors affecting dispersal probability and dispersal distance were different, supporting my decision to examine each separately. Of the factors investigated, dispersal probability was influenced most by study area, mate fidelity, and nesting success. The proportion of individuals dispersing tended to be greater for owls that lost their mate due to death or dispersal (60%, 6 of 10) and owls whose nests were depredated (50%, 10 of 20) than for owls that did not lose their mates (33%, 6 of 18) and owls whose nests were successful (17%, 1 of 6), respectively. The results from an experiment where we removed eggs from pairs of owls to simulate nest depredation were consistent with the observational results, suggesting that owls whose nests were depredated may have been more likely to disperse than control owls. The reactions of owls from depredated nests, however, did not appear to differ from those whose nests failed for other reasons. In contrast, owl dispersal distance was most affected by owl gender, and to a lesser degree by study area and nesting success. Dispersal distance was greater for female owls (median = 1575 m, n = 13) than male owls (median = 417 m, n = 11), greater for owls from the grassland area (median= 939 m, n = 9) compared to owls from the agricultural area (median = 829 m, n = 15), and greater for owls whose nests had failed (median = 1018 m, n = 17) than for owls that successfully bred (median 475 m, n = 7). Nest depredation, however, did not appear to increase dispersal distance. The geometric models performed poorly at approximating within-season dispersal distance, indicating that many owls disperse farther than predicted by a "first is best" model. I speculate that the distribution of within-season dispersal distances by burrowing owls is related to the densities of suitable territories and mates, which are more variable than predicted by a geometric model within a breeding season. I used data from band resightings and nesting success (1998-2003) to examine factors related to between-season breeding dispersal by burrowing owls in an agricultural environment. Of the factors investigated, nesting success appeared to have the greatest effect on burrowing owl dispersal. The proportion of individuals dispersing was greater for owls whose nests had failed (68%, 28 of 41) than owls whose nests were successful (27%, 58 of 212). Similarly, dispersal distance was greater for owls whose nest failed (mean = 745 ± 175 m, n = 28) than owls with successful nests (mean = 340 ± 36 m,n = 58). The owls exhibited high rates of nest site and mate fidelity between breeding seasons. There was evidence that previous experience at a breeding site may have reduced dispersal probability and that unpaired owls may have been more likely to disperse and dispersed slightly greater distances than those that retained their mates. Nesting success, however, appeared to be the major factor contributing to burrowing owl breeding dispersal after controlling for nest site and mate fidelity, particularly for male owls. Despite the complexity of the dispersal process, a geometric model provided a reasonably good fit to the distribution of between-season breeding dispersal distances at relatively short distances, but failed to predict a small percentage of long distance dispersals. Geometric models appeared to be a better fit for the distribution of between-season breeding dispersal distances than within-season breeding dispersal distances. Factors affecting within-season dispersal were generally similar to those affecting between-season dispersal. Both within-season and between-season breeding dispersal were affected by nesting success and mate fidelity, but the effects of these factors differed between the two types of breeding dispersal, suggesting that time constraints and competition play a larger role in within-season dispersal than between season dispersal. In addition, both studies supported a difference in dispersal behavior, in which the factors that affected dispersal probability were distinct from those that affected dispersal distance. These results help determine the relative contributions of nesting success, mate fidelity, and nest site fidelity to avian dispersal, offer some evidence that the effects of nest depredation are not distinct from the effects of nest failure in general, and provide further support for the division of dispersal into dispersal probability and dispersal distance.
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1296. [Article] DANCE AS COMMUNICATION: HOW HUMANS COMMUNICATE THROUGH DANCE AND PERCEIVE DANCE AS COMMUNICATION
58 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Dance and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2016.Citation Citation
- Title:
- DANCE AS COMMUNICATION: HOW HUMANS COMMUNICATE THROUGH DANCE AND PERCEIVE DANCE AS COMMUNICATION
- Author:
- Rounds, Samantha
- Year:
- 2016
58 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Dance and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2016.
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1297. [Article] Assessing equity in health system finance and health care utilization : the case of Chile, and a model to measure health care access
Chile has experienced great success in terms of economic growth in the last decades. This growing economy brings changes in the Chilean health care system. Its health care system was primarily funded by ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Assessing equity in health system finance and health care utilization : the case of Chile, and a model to measure health care access
- Author:
- Nunez Mondaca, Alicia Lorena
Chile has experienced great success in terms of economic growth in the last decades. This growing economy brings changes in the Chilean health care system. Its health care system was primarily funded by state sources until 1981, when a major reform was introduced that established new rules for the health insurance market. Since then, Chile has a public-private mixed health care system, both in financing and delivery of services. Citizens can choose for coverage between the Public National Health Insurance and the Private Health Insurance system. However, these systems have a common funding source coming from the mandatory contribution of employees, equivalent to 7% of their taxable income with an approximate limit of US$2,800 dollars. One of the more important Chilean health reforms towards the establishment of social guarantees was effective on July 2005, when the Regime of Explicit Health Guarantees, also known as Plan AUGE became effective. Plan AUGE is a health program that benefits all Chileans without discrimination of age, gender, economic status, health care, or place of residence. This plan includes the 69 diseases with higher impact on Chilean population in its different stages, but with feasibility of effective treatments. Changes in the health care system and its last reform brought questions about their impact on the distribution of health care services throughout country. Is Chile moving towards a better and more equitable health care system? The main purpose of this thesis is to investigate equity in health system finance and health care utilization as well as to explore alternative measurement of access to health care in Chile. The first two manuscripts examine equity issues in Chile. The purpose of the first one is to assess equity in health system finance in Chile, accounting for all finance sources. While equity in health system finance has been well studied in OECD countries, there are still few published empirical studies on Latin American health care systems, where there tends to be a wider gap in income-wealth distribution among states. This gap may increase the financial burden for people in the lower spectrum of income groups, which is the main concern in the first manuscript. It will focus on identifying policy variables that may contribute to more equitable distribution of the financial burden in health care. The equity principle we adopt for this study is the ability to pay principle. Based on this, we explore factors that contribute to inequities in the health care system finance and issues about who bears the heavier burden of out-of pocket (OOP) payment, progressivity of OOP payment, and the redistributive effect of OOP payment for health care as a source of finance in the Chilean health care system. Our analysis is based on data from the National Socioeconomic Survey (CASEN), and the 2006 National Survey on Satisfaction and OOP payments. Results from this study provide comprehensive understanding of the financial burden of health care in Chile. This study identified evidence of inequity, in spite of the progressivity of the health care system. Furthermore, our assessment of equity in health system finance identified relevant policy variables such as education, insurance system, and method of payment that should be taken into consideration in the ongoing debates and research in improving the Chilean system. Such findings will also benefit other Latin American countries that are concerned about equity in health system finance. The purpose of the second manuscript was to assess equity in health care utilization in Chile. Secondary data analyses from the National Socioeconomic Survey (CASEN) were performed to estimate the impact of different factors including AUGE in the utilization of health care services. We used a two-part model for the analysis of frequency of health care use in the country. Four other separate two-part models were also specified to estimate the frequency of use of preventive services, general practitioner services, specialty care and emergency care. An assessment of horizontal equity was also included. Results suggest the presence of pro-rich inequities in the use of medical care. The estimation of the two-part model found key factors affecting utilization of health care services such as education and the implementation of the AUGE program. These findings provide timely evidence to policy-makers to understand the current distribution and equity of health care utilization, and to strengthen availability of health services accordingly. The third manuscript was motivated by the previous findings. Its purpose was to explore an alternative measurement for health care access. The majority of studies nowadays use a single proxy to estimate access: the use of health care services. However, we saw many limitations on this approach since it only considers people that are already using the system and ignores those that are not. The final manuscript proposed a model to estimate access to health care services based on communitarian claims. The model identified barriers to health care access as well as the preferences of the community for priority settings.
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1298. [Article] Implications of cougar prey selection and demography on population dynamics of elk in northeast Oregon
Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis nelsoni; hereafter elk) populations in northeast Oregon have declined in the past 10 to 20 years. Concurrent with these ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Implications of cougar prey selection and demography on population dynamics of elk in northeast Oregon
- Author:
- Clark, Darren A.
Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis nelsoni; hereafter elk) populations in northeast Oregon have declined in the past 10 to 20 years. Concurrent with these declines, cougar (Puma concolor) populations have apparently increased, leading to speculation that predation by cougars may be responsible for declining ungulate populations. However, empirical data on cougar diets, kill rates, and prey selection are lacking to support this speculation. Furthermore, the common assumption that cougar populations have increased in northeast Oregon may not be well founded because cougar populations in other areas within the Pacific Northwest region have declined in recent years. My primary research objectives were to (1) estimate kill rates and prey selection by cougars in northeast Oregon, (2) document causes of mortality and estimate survival rates for cougars, (3) estimate population growth rates of cougars in northeast Oregon and simulate the effects of hypothetical lethal control efforts on the cougar population, and (4) investigate the relative influence of top-down, bottom-up, and climatic factors for limiting population growth rates of elk in northeast Oregon. Results from my research will help guide cougar and elk management in northeast Oregon and provide a framework for assessing relative effects of top-down, bottom-up, and abiotic factors on population growth rates of ungulates in this and other areas. I implemented a 3-year study in northeast Oregon to investigate diets, kill rates, and prey selection of cougars in a multiple-prey system to better understand mechanisms by which cougars may influence ungulate populations. During my research, 25 adult cougars were captured and fitted with Global Positioning System (GPS) collars to identify kill sites. I monitored predation sequences of these cougars for 7,642 days and located the remains of 1,213 prey items killed by cougars. Cougars killed ungulates at an average rate of 1.03 per week (95% CI = 0.92 – 1.14); however, ungulate kill rates were variable and influenced by the season and demographic classification of cougars. Cougars killed ungulates 1.55 (95% CI = 1.47 – 1.66) times more frequently during summer (May-Oct) than during winter (Nov-Apr), but killed similar amounts of ungulate biomass (8.05 kg/day; 95% CI = 6.74 – 9.35) throughout the year. Cougars killed ungulates more frequently in summer because juvenile ungulates comprised most of the diet and were smaller on average than ungulate prey killed in winter. Female cougars with kittens killed more frequently (kills/day) than males or solitary females. After accounting for the additional biomass of kittens in cougar family groups, male cougars killed on average more biomass of ungulate prey per day than did females (R = 0.41, P < 0.001), and female cougars killed more biomass of prey per day as a function of the number and age of their kittens (R = 0.60, P < 0.001). Patterns of prey selection were influenced by season and demographic classification of cougars. Female cougars selected elk calves during summer and deer fawns during winter. In contrast, male cougars selected elk calves and yearling elk during summer and elk calves during winter. My results strongly supported the hypothesis that cougar predation is influenced by season, gender, and reproductive status of the cougar and these patterns in cougar predation may be generalizable among ecosystems. The observed selection for juvenile elk and deer suggested a possible mechanism by which cougars could negatively affect population growth rates of ungulates. I investigated survival and documented causes of mortality for radio-collared cougars at 3 study areas in Oregon during 1989 – 2011. Mortality due to hunter harvest was the most common cause of death for cougars in the Catherine Creek study area and the study area combining Wenaha, Sled Springs, and Mt. Emily Wildlife Management Units (WSM study area) in northeast Oregon. In contrast, natural mortality was the most common cause of death for cougars in the Jackson Creek study area in southwest Oregon. Annual survival rates of adult males were lowest at Catherine Creek when it was legal to hunt cougars with dogs (Ŝ = 0.57), but increased following the prohibition of this hunting practice (Ŝ = 0.86). This latter survival rate was similar to those observed at Jackson Creek (Ŝ = 0.78) and WSM (Ŝ = 0.82). Regardless of whether hunting of cougars with dogs was permitted, annual survival rates of adult females were similar among study areas (Catherine Creek Ŝ = 0.86; WSM Ŝ = 0.85; Jackson Creek Ŝ = 0.85). I did not document an effect of age on cougar survival rates in the Catherine Creek study area, which I attributed to selective harvest of prime-aged, male cougars when it was legal to hunt cougars with dogs. In contrast, I observed an effect of age on annual survival in both the WSM and Jackson Creek study areas. These results indicate that sub-adult males had significantly lower survival rates than sub-adult females, but survival rates of males and females were similar by age 4 or 5 years. My results suggest that survival rates of cougars in areas where hunting cougars with dogs is illegal should be substantially higher than areas where use of dogs is legal. I used estimates of cougar vital rates from empirical data collected in northeast Oregon to parameterize a Leslie projection matrix model to estimate deterministic and stochastic population growth rates of cougars in northeast Oregon when hunting cougars with dogs was legal (1989 - 1994) and illegal (2002 - 2011). A model cougar population in northeast Oregon that was hunted with dogs increased at a mean stochastic growth rate of 21% per year (λ[subscript s] = 1.21). Similarly, I found that a model cougar population that was subjected to hunting without dogs increased at a rate of 17% per year (λ[subscript s] = 1.17). Given that hunting cougars with dogs typically results in increased harvest and reduced survival rates of cougars, it was unexpected that the cougar population subjected to hunting with dogs was increasing at a faster rate than one that was not hunted with dogs. However, cougar populations in Oregon were subjected to low harvest rates when hunting cougars with dogs was legal and harvest was male biased. This resulted in high survival rates of female cougars and correspondingly high population growth rates. The Oregon Cougar Management Plan allows the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife to administratively reduce cougar populations to benefit ungulate populations, reduce human-cougar conflicts, and limit livestock depredation. Consequently, I was interested in modeling the effects of a hypothetical lethal control effort on a local cougar population. Using empirically-derived vital rates and a deterministic Leslie matrix model, I found that the proportion of the cougar population that would need to be removed annually to achieve a 50% population reduction within 3 years was 28% assuming a closed population, and 48% assuming maximum immigration rates into the population. Using a stochastic Leslie matrix model, I also determined that the model cougar population would likely return to its pre-removal size in 6 years assuming a closed population, and 2 years assuming maximum immigration rates. These model results indicate that current management practices and harvest regulations, combined with short-term, intensive, and localized population reductions, are unlikely to negatively affect the short-term viability of cougar populations in northeast Oregon. However, at this time, it is not known if intensive lethal control efforts funded by state agencies will be cost-effective (i.e., increased sales of tags to hunt deer and elk will offset the costs of control efforts). Further research is needed to investigate the cost-effectiveness of cougar control efforts in Oregon. I developed a Leslie matrix population model, parameterized with empirically-derived vital rates for elk in northeast Oregon, to investigate the relative influence on elk population growth rates of (1) survival and pregnancy, and (2) top-down, bottom-up, and climatic variables. I then estimated the effect of varying the strength of top-down factors on growth rates of elk populations. Growth rates of the model elk population were most sensitive to changes in adult female survival, but due to the inherent empirical variation in juvenile survival rates explained the overwhelming majority of variation in model population growth rates (r² = 0.92). Harvest of female elk had a strong negative effect on model population growth rates of elk (r² = 0.63). An index of cougar density was inversely related to population growth rates of elk in my model (r² = 0.38). A delay in mean date of birth was associated with reduced juvenile survival, but this had a minimal effect on population growth rates in my model (r² = 0.06). Climatic variables, which were used as surrogates for nutritional condition of females, had minimal effects on population growth rates. Likewise, elk density had almost no effect on population growth rates (r² = 0.002). The results of my model provided a novel finding that cougars can be a strong limiting factor on elk populations. Wildlife managers should consider the potential top-down effects of cougars and other predators as a limiting factor on elk populations.
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1299. [Image] Monitoring of Lost River and Shortnose suckers and shoreline spawning areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999
Monitoring of Lost River and Shortnose Suckers at Shoreline Spawning Areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999 Prepared by: Rip S. Shively1 Mark F. Bautista2 Andre E. Kohler2 1 U. S. Geological Survey, Biological ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Monitoring of Lost River and Shortnose suckers and shoreline spawning areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999
- Author:
- Shively, Rip S.; Bautista, Mark F.; Kohler, Andre E.
- Year:
- 1999, 2005
Monitoring of Lost River and Shortnose Suckers at Shoreline Spawning Areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999 Prepared by: Rip S. Shively1 Mark F. Bautista2 Andre E. Kohler2 1 U. S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division Klamath Falls Duty Station 6937 Washburn Way Klamath Falls, OR 97603 2 Johnson Controls World Services Inc. NERC Operation Post Office Box 270308 Fort Collins, CO 80527 Executive Summary In 1999, we sampled Lost River { Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose ( Chasmistes brevirostris) suckers from 5 April to 17 June at five shoreline spawning locations in Upper Klamath Lake ( UKL). Trammel nets were set to encompass identified spawning areas and were fished approximately 1- 1.5 hours before sunset until 3 hours after sunset or until 20 or more fish were captured. A total of 808 Lost River and 19 shortnose suckers were captured from Sucker, Silver Building, Ouxy, and Boulder springs, and Cinder Flats. The majority of Lost River suckers were captured at Cinder Flats ( 35%) and Sucker Springs ( 34%), followed by Ouxy Springs ( 16%), Silver Building Springs ( 12%), and Boulder Springs ( 3%). Males dominated the catch at all sites, but the sex ratios at Cinder Flats and Silver Building Springs were particularly skewed towards males. We recaptured 32 Lost River suckers that had been tagged during previous years sampling efforts. All of these fish, with the exception of two fish tagged at Ball Point in July, were originally tagged during the spawning season at shoreline spawning areas in UKL. This information provides further evidence that distinct stocks of Lost River suckers exist based on spawning location ( i. e., UKL and Williamson River). We also recaptured 23 Lost River suckers that were tagged in 1999 at shoreline spawning areas. Approximately half of these fish were recaptured at different locations than tagged indicating these fish were moving between spawning areas. The size offish captured at shoreline spawning areas decreased as the spawning season progressed, although the decrease in size was not as dramatic as reported in previous years. A limited number of shortnose suckers were captured at shoreline spawning areas in 1999, with a majority sampled after 1 May. Previous data for shortnose suckers at these sites is limited with respect to size, timing of spawning, sex composition, and relative numbers. Continuation of systematic sampling efforts at shoreline spawning areas will provide valuable information on the demographics and life history of Lost River and shortnose suckers utilizing these areas. Acknowledgements We thank Anita Baker, Brooke Bechen, Lani Hickey, and Tonya Wiley for assisting with sampling offish at shoreline spawning areas. Mark Buettner and Brian Peck ( U. S. Bureau of Reclamation) provided support during the early phases of our sampling as well as helpful comments on this report. We also appreciate the cooperation and support of Larry Dunsmoor ( Klamath Tribes) for identifying spawning areas, providing logistical support, and for the thoughtful review of this report. Cassandra Watson and Elizabeth Neuman produced finalized versions of tables and figures within this report and their efforts are greatly appreciated. This research was funded by the U. S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division through the Western Reservoirs Initiative. Introduction Severe water quality problems in Upper Klamath Lake ( UKL) have led to critical fisheries concerns for the region. Historically, UKL was eutrophic but has become hypereutrophic ( Goldman and Home 1983) presumably due to land- use practices within the basin ( USFWS 1993). As a result, the algal community has shifted to a monoculture of the blue- green algae Aphanizomemon flos- aquae and massive blooms of this species have been directly related to poor water quality episodes in UKL. The growth and decomposition of dense algal blooms in the lake frequently cause extreme water quality conditions characterized by high pH ( 9- 10.5), widely variable dissolved oxygen ( anoxic to supersaturated), and high ammonia concentrations (> 0.5 mg/ 1 unionized). In addition to water quality problems associated with A. flos- aquae, it is believed the loss of marsh habitat near the lake, timber harvest, removal of riparian vegetation, livestock grazing, and agricultural practices within the basin has contributed to hypereutrophic conditions. It is likely that these disturbances have altered the UKL ecosystem substantially enough to contribute to the near monoculture of A. flos- aquae. Investigations in 1913 documented the algal community as a diverse mix of blue- green and diatom communities, however, by the 1950' s A. flos- aquae was dominant ( USFWS 1993). The Lost River sucker ( Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose sucker ( Chasmistes brevirostris) are endemic to the Upper Klamath Basin of California and Oregon ( Moyle 1976). Declining population trends for both species were noted as early as the mid- 1960' s, however, the severities of the population declines were not evident until the mid- 1980' s. In 1988 the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed both Lost River and shortnose suckers as endangered. Suspected reasons for their decline included damming of rivers, dredging and draining of marshes, water diversions, hybridization, competition and predation by exotic species, insularization of habitat, and water quality problems associated with timber harvest, removal of riparian vegetation, livestock grazing, and agricultural practices ( USFWS 1993). The U. S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division ( BRD) has been conducting field investigations on Lost River and shortnose suckers in UKL since 1994. The majority of these sampling efforts have focused on catching fish in UKL and the Lower Williamson River. Sampling in the Lower Williamson River focused on developing indices of relative abundance of Lost River and shortnose suckers. In 1999, Oregon State University continued sampling in the Lower Williamson River fishing trammel nets from April to August at four standardized locations. In addition to sampling efforts in the Lower Williamson River, BRD crews conducted periodic sampling at several shoreline spawning areas on the east side of UKL. This sampling was beneficial because it provided information on species composition, size, and sex ratios of suckers utilizing these areas. However, temporal changes in abundance may have been missed because consistent sampling never occurred throughout the entire spawning season ( Perkins et al, In preparation). Recently, there has been increased concern on the effects of water level management in UKL on spawning suckers. Information is needed on the timing, relative abundance, and distribution of sucker spawning in UKL to make informed decisions with respect to management of lake elevation. In 1999, we conducted systematic trammel netting surveys at Sucker, Silver Building, Ouxy, and Boulder springs and Cinder Flats along the east shore of UKL. In addition, we sampled periodically at Barkley Springs and Modoc Point to determine if suckers were utilizing these areas for spawning. This report summarizes data collected in 1999 on shoreline spawning populations of Lost River and shortnose suckers with emphasis on timing, species composition, sex ratios, and relative abundance. Methods We conducted systematic trammel netting surveys at five locations along the east shore of UKL ( Figure 1). We began sampling at Cinder Flats, Sucker, Silver Building, and Ouxy springs in early April with Boulder Springs added to the list of sampling sites on 27 April. In addition to these sites, we periodically sampled at Barkley Springs and Modoc Point ( Table 1). We attempted to sample each site twice per week although certain sites were only sampled once per week when catch rates of suckers were low ( i. e., less than 5 fish per evening). Trammel nets were fished for about 4 hours ( approximately 1- 1.5 hours before sunset until 3 hours after dark) or until we captured 20 or more fish. Nets used at individual sites varied in length from 15- 30 m, were 1.8 m tall with two outer panels ( 30cm bar mesh), an inner panel ( 3.8 cm bar mesh), a foam core float line, and a lead core bottom line. Generally, we set 1- 2 nets starting at the shoreline and extending out to encompass the perimeter of the identified spawning area. Nets were checked at approximately 1 hour intervals and captured fish were cut from the inner mesh panel and placed in a mesh cage and processed within 2 hours. Suckers were identified by species and sex, measured to the nearest mm ( fork length), inspected for tags ( both PIT and Floy tags), and examined for physical afflictions ( e. g., presence oiLernaea spp. and lamprey scars). If a sucker did not have a PIT tag, one was inserted with a hypodermic needle along the ventral surface 1- 2 cm anterior of the pelvic girdle. The catch per unit effort ( CPUE) of adult Lost River suckers was calculated for individual sampling locations for each evening sampled. Because identified spawning areas varied in size we used different length trammel nets to encompass the spawning areas. We did not attempt to standardize CPUE based on length of trammel nets used at each location. Results We sampled shoreline spawning areas from 5 April - 17 June capturing a total of 808 Lost River suckers and 19 shortnose suckers from 5 sites ( Table 1). Lost River and shortnose suckers were captured at Sucker Springs, Silver Building Springs, Ouxy Springs, and Cinder Flats, while only Lost River suckers were captured at Boulder Springs. No suckers were captured at Barkley Springs and Modoc Point ( Table 1). The majority of Lost River suckers were captured at Cinder Flats ( 35%) and Sucker Springs ( 34%; Figure 2). Males dominated the catch at all sites and were generally smaller ( mean length = 538 mm) than females captured ( mean length = 596 mm). In particular, sex ratios ( males to females) were most skewed at Cinder Flats and Silver Building Springs ( Figure 3). Large females (> 650 mm) were captured at most sites, except Boulder Springs, and the size range offish captured over time remained similar with the exception that a fewer large individuals (> 600 mm) were captured in the late sampling period ( 1 May - 17 June) as compared to the early sampling period ( 6- 30 April; Figure 4; Appendix Figure A). The catch of shortnose suckers was limited at all sites sampled. Most ( 12 of 19) of the shortnose suckers were collected at Sucker Springs, with 1- 3 fish captured at Cinder Flats, Ouxy Springs, and Silver Building Springs ( Table 1). We identified 8 males and 8 females during the sampling period and were unable to determine sex for three individuals. The mean size of shortnose suckers was 360 mm ( range 289- 528 mm) similar to data reported by Perkins et al. ( In preparation) from Sucker, Silver Building, and Ouxy springs. We observed the highest CPUE of Lost River suckers at Cinder Flats ( mean CPUE= 12.7/ h) followed by Sucker Springs ( mean CPUE= 6.0/ h), Silver Building Springs ( mean CPUE = 2.8/ h), and Ouxy Springs ( mean CPUE= 2.4/ h) ( Figure 5). On three occasions at Cinder Flats, 20 or more suckers were captured within an hour or less resulting in the termination of sampling for the evening. CPUE was calculated for sampling dates at Boulder Springs ( mean CPUE= 1.4/ h), although comparisons with other sites is not applicable because this site was not initially included in systematic sampling efforts. We did not calculate CPUE for shortnose suckers. We captured a total of 32 Lost River and 2 shortnose suckers that were tagged during previous years sampling efforts. The majority ( 96%) of these fish was originally tagged at shoreline locations ( Table 2), which is consistent with historical recapture data ( Appendix Table A). Two Lost River suckers were originally tagged at Ball Point in UKL in July, after the spawning season. In addition, most Lost River suckers were recaptured before 1 May, including 15 fish that were collected at Sucker Springs during two sampling occasions in March ( Figure 6). We also recaptured a total of 21 Lost River suckers that were tagged in 1999 at shoreline spawning areas. Approximately half of these fish were recaptured at different areas than where they were tagged, indicating that some suckers are moving between spawning areas within the season ( Table 3). Discussion Our sampling indicated the spawning period for Lost River suckers lasted from mid- March through the beginning of June at shoreline spawning areas in 1999. The catch of Lost River suckers was dominated by males at all sites sampled, particularly at Cinder Flats and Silver Building Springs. Perkins et al., ( In preparation) reported skewed sex ratios at shoreline spawning locations following the fish kills that occurred in UKL from 1995- 1997. However, the ratios we observed were considerably higher than those reported by Perkins et al., ( In preparation). At this time we are unable to determine the reason for the sex ratios observed. It is possible that males remain longer at the spawning areas than females making them more vulnerable to capture. Perkins et al., ( In preparation) observed spawning acts and reported that males remained near the actual site where spawning occurs while females move onto the spawning site only when ready to spawn. We captured 23 Lost River suckers twice in 1999 and all but one of these fish were males. However, it is difficult to determine if this percentage is due to males remaining at these sites longer than females or a reflection of the existing sex ratios. Another possible explanation could be the large numbers of males in the catch are from the 1991- 1993 year classes and females from these year classes have yet to be recruited into the adult population. The majority of males captured ( 81%) were between 475 - 574 mm. Age and growth information from Lost River suckers collected during the 1996- 1997 fish kills indicate these fish would be between 5- 9 years old ( USGS, BRD, 10 unpublished data). Perkins et al., ( In preparation) reported that male Lost River suckers migrating up the Williamson River begin to be recruited into the adult population starting at age 4+, while females did not begin to mature until age 7+ . These data were based on examining length frequency distributions and noting when fish from the 1991 year class, which is presumed to be a strong year class, began showing up in trammel net catches. Fish from the 1991 year class would have been age 8+ in 1999. Buettner and Scoppetone ( 1990) examined opercles from Lost River suckers collected during the 1986 fish kill in UKL and reported that individuals matured between 6- 14 years of age with the peak being 9 years. It is possible that in the next few years more females from the 1991- 93 year classes will be recruited into the adult population spawning at shoreline areas. Our data provides additional evidence that distinct stocks of Lost River suckers may exist based on fidelity to spawning area. Of the 32 suckers we recaptured from previous years sampling efforts, all but two were originally tagged at shoreline spawning locations. The two fish that were not originally tagged at shoreline spawning locations were captured at Ball Point in July and were not presumed to be spawning in this location. Perkins et al. ( In preparation) reported that of 316 Lost River and 11 shortnose suckers recaptured at shoreline spawning areas all were originally tagged at shoreline spawning locations. Continuation of systematic sampling at both shoreline spawning areas and the Williamson and Sprague rivers will continue to provide information on potential separation of spawning populations. The majority of recaptured fish were tagged during the first half of our sampling efforts including 13 fish that were recaptured on 25 March while sampling with Larry Dunsmoor of the Klamath Tribes. Historically, the majority of sampling effort at 11 shoreline spawning locations occurred prior to 1 May, which may explain why most recaptures were collected during the early part of our sampling period. In fiiture years, we plan to continue systematic sampling through June to determine if temporal aspects of spawning remain consistent between years. The size offish captured at shoreline spawning areas decreased as the spawning season progressed, particularly near the end of our sampling period, although the decrease was not as dramatic as reported by Perkins et al., ( In preparation). It is possible that individual timing of Lost River sucker spawning is affected by size. Scoppettone et al., ( 1986) observed that smaller, younger cui- ui ( Chasmistes cujus) at Pyramid Lake spawned at the end of the spawning season. We believe further investigation is needed to determine if differences in spawning timing among individuals is due to size or related to stock differences. A limited number of shortnose suckers were captured in 1999. Sampling continued well into June and was sufficient to detect spawning concentrations of shortnose suckers at these sites. Based on previous sampling conducted at shoreline spawning areas, there appears to be a decreasing trend in the number of shortnose suckers captured at these sites ( Perkins, et al., In preparation). Our sampling efforts at shoreline spawning areas on the east side of UKL represents the first time these areas have been systematically sampled during the spawning season. Continuation of systematic sampling at these areas is important to provide information on species composition, timing and duration of spawning, fidelity to spawning areas, sex ratios, size distribution, and relative abundance. How these 12 population characteristics change over time will also provide important insights into the population stability of Lost River and shortnose suckers in UKL. 13 Literature Cited Buettner, M. And G. Scoppettone. 1990. Life history status of catostomids in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. U. S. F. W. S. Completion Report. 108 pp. Goldman, C. R. and A. J. Home. 1983. Limnology. McGraw Hill, New York. Moyle, P. B. 1976. Inland fishes of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. Perkins, D. L., G. G. Scoppettone, and M. Buettner. In preparation. Reproductive biology and demographics of endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1993. Lost River ( Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose ( Chasmistes brevirostris) sucker recovery plan. Portland, Oregon. 108 pp. 14 Table 1. Summary of the shoreline locations sampled in Upper Klamath Lake and the number of Lost River ( LRS) and shortnose ( SNS) suckers captured in 1999. Sampling Dates Sampled Number of days Number of LRS Number of SNS Location ( range) Sampled Captured Captured Barkley Springs 4/ 5- 4/ 27 4 0 0 11 21 0 19 284 2 4 0 0 20 129 3 19 100 2 Sucker Springs 4/ 5- 6/ 17 20 274 13 Total 808 20 Boulder Springs Cinder Flats Modoc Point Ouxy Springs Silver Bldg. Springs 4/ 27- 4/ 6- 4/ 13- 4/ 6- 4/ 5- 6/ 17 6/ 17 4/ 21 6/ 17 6/ 17 15 Table 2. Summary of the number of Lost River suckers recaptured from previous years sampling efforts at shoreline spawning locations in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999. Site Originally Captured Boulder Springs Cinder Flats Ouxy Springs Silver Bldg. Springs Sucker Springs Ball Point Total Boulder Springs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Site Cinder Flats 0 1 0 0 4 2 7 Recaptured Ouxy Springs 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 in 1999 Silver Bldg. Springs 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Sucker Springs 0 0 1 2 19 0 22 16 Table 3. Summary of the number of Lost River suckers recaptured at shoreline locations in Upper Klamath Lake originally tagged in 1999. Site Originally Captured in 1999 Boulder Springs Cinder Flats Ouxy Springs Silver Bldg. Springs Sucker Springs Total Boulder Springs 0 0 0 0 0 0 Site Cinder Flats 0 3 1 3 1 8 Recaptured Ouxy Springs 0 1 0 0 3 4 in 1999 Silver Bldg. Springs 0 0 1 1 0 2 Sucker Springs 0 2 0 1 6 9 17 1. Sucker Springs 2. Silver Building Springs 3. Ouxy Springs 4. Cinder Flats 5. Boulder Springs Figure 1. Map of Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes showing major tributaries and shoreline spawning areas sampled in 1999. 18 o I 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 BOULDER SPRINGS 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 D LRS Male • LRS Female * No Fish Jtt * * * * * * OUXY SPRINGS D LRS Male • LRS Female * No Fish 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 CINDER FLATS D LRS Unknow n _ r i • LRS Male • i_ r\ o remaie ic No Fish EII1IJ n „ * * * * 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 > SILVER BUILDING SPRINGS • LRS Unknow n • LRS Male • LRS Female * No Fish D n n p » * * * * * SUCKER SPRINGS ALL AREAS COMBINED • LRS Unknown D LRS Male • LRS Female • LRS Unknow n • LRS Male • LRS Female / / / / / / Figure 2. Summary of the number and sex of Lost River Suckers ( LRS) captured at shoreline spawning areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999 sampling. LRS unknown refers to captured individuals in which sex could not be determined. 19 70% -, 60% 50% 40% - 30% - 20% - 10% 0% CINDER FLATS _ o_ n= 283 9.1 : 1 8C O in io in om CD o i n 70% -, 60% - 50% - 40% - 30% - 20% - 10% - 0% - BOULDER SPRINGS y n 11 7 6 2 n= 21 9.5: 1 • g si n 8 CD omr o in oo § 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% OUXY SPRINGS om CN oi n co o ini o in in SUCKER SPRINGS 70% -, 60% - 50% - 40% - 30% - 20% - 10% - 0% - n= 129 4.1 : 0 • _ o in CD omh omoo n= 273 3.5: 1 U • - - sC O oi n oi nm om o i n 00 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% - 10% 0% SILVER BUILDING SPRINGS 70% 60% - 50% - 40% 30% 20% 10% - 0% 8 CM ALL SITES 8 CO JL 8 8 i n n= 99 8.1 : 1 • H „ - in in in CD h- 00 n= 805 5.3: 1 _ D • Male • Female 8 C N O O O O O O O O O O O i n o m oin i nin oCDi nCDo i n o i nco Fork length Figure 3. Length frequency histogram of male and female Lost River suckers ( LRS) captured at shore-line spawning areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999. The total number of LRS captured in 1999 and ratio of males to females are presented in the upper right hand corner of each graph. 20 E QJ D 160 i 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 A) 1999 LR Length Frequency ( 3/ 18/ 99- 4/ 30/ 99) DMale • Female • male = 457 xM = 541.4 i siaev - jo. y female = 60 xF = 611.9 stdev = 77.2 (—| Qy O ^ D 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 # 4? B) o - I— # $ # C) # # $ # 1999 LR Length Frequency ( 5/ 1/ 99 - 6/ 8/ 99) DMale • Female male = 219 xM = 531.4 5> lUeV — H 1 , , — i remaie = bB xF = 582 8 stdev = 68.1 • y . _ _ # ^ # # # # # # # ^ 1999 SN Length Frequency ( 4/ 30/ 99 - 5/ 30/ 99) 1 U 14 - 12 - 10 s p. A 2 0 - , Dmale • female y y • l i y n male = 8 xM = 363 stdev - 29.7 fpryiolp — ft xF = 357.1 stdev = 35.5 Forklength ( mm) Figure 4. Length frequency for Lost River ( LRS) and shortnose ( SNS) suckers captured at shoreline spawning areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999. Graphs represent A) LRS caught from March 19- April 30, 1999, B) LRS caught from May 1- June 8, 1999, and C) SNS caught from April 30- May 30, 1999 ( all SNS sampling days were combined due to limited SNS numbers). Four LRS with unknown gender were not included in the graph, two were caught before May 1st, and two after May 1st. Three SNS with unknown gender were not included in the graph. 21 BOULDER SPRINGS 20 i 18 16 - I 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 O) O) O) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) in CM O) $ § I co o L? 5 LO O) O) O) g> g> g> o r^ •<*• n ^ CN CD CD CD 45 40 - 35 30 25 20 15 10 - 5 0 CINDER FLATS 0 ) 0 ) OO - f - r in in 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) C D C D C D 1 sw 20 18 16- 14- 12 - 10 8 6 4 OUXYSPRNGS Jl 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) OO 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) C N I O C D O) O) O) O) Q < o z: ? z in CD CD 20- 18 - 16 14 - 12 - 10 - 8 6 4 - 2 - 0 - SILVER BUILDING SPRINGS ii , II p l, « u u •———,—— O) O) O) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) in CN O) T- CM CM O) O) O) O) O) O) CO O h » - in O) O) O) ill CD CD CD SUCKER SPRINGS ALL SITES Figure 5. Summary of catch per unit effort ( CPUE) of Lost River suckers at shoreline spawning areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999. Note change in scale for the Cinder Flats and the All Sites graphs. 22 BOULDER SPRINGS 14 12 10 8 -| 6 4 2 0 n= 0 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) O) CD CN O) CD CO O T - C\| ^ ^ T- CNJ CO CO CO ^" ^" ^" OUXY SPRINGS 1 C D n= 2 14 1 8 4 2^ 0 oo S ^ ^ SUCKER SPRINGS ^ £ j CNJ in in to n= 22 - U-CD CO O j - CM CO 1 C D 14 12 -\ 10 8 -] 6 4 2 - 0 CINDER FLATS n= 7 LJl 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) T^ Cr^ N ^? ^ T- 14 12 10 - 8 6 4 - 2 0 SILVER BUILDING SPRINGS Tt x- 00 - CN CN in in in n= 1 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) O) CD CN O> CD CO ^ CJ ^ ^ ^ CN co co ^ j- "< t ALL SITES O) O) O) O) O) O) in in in n= 32 I 0 0) in in in Figure 6. Summary of the number of Lost River suckers recaptured at shoreline spawning areas, Upper Klamath Lake, 1999. Recaptured fish were originally tagged betweeen 1988- 1998. 23 Appendix Table A. Summary of recapture data for Lost River Suckers in the Upper Klamath Lake Basin from 1985- 1999. Sampling was generally conducted from March- July of each year, although the emphasis in sampling was during the spawning period. Recapture data includes fish that were tagged with Floy and PIT tags. Site Last Recaptured Site Originally Captured Cinder Flats Ouxy Springs Silver Bldg. Springs Sucker Springs Williamson River Sprague River Upper Lake Middle Lake Total Cinder Flats 1 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 7 Ouxy Springs 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 Silver Bldg. Springs 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 7 Sucker Springs 0 0 6 288 4 0 0 0 298 Williamson River 0 0 0 1 6 3 0 0 10 Sprague River 0 0 0 0 1 13 1 0 15 Upper Lake 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Middle Lake 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 Total 1 1 9 300 12 16 3 0 342 Appendix Table B. Summary of recapture data for shortnose suckers in the Upper Klamath Lake Basin from 1985- 1999. Sampling was generally conducted from March- July of each year, although the emphasis in sampling was during the spawning period. Recapture data includes fish that were tagged with Floy and PIT tags. Site Last Recaptured Site Originally Captured Ouxy Springs Silver Bldg. Springs Sucker Springs Williamson River Sprague River Lower Lake Middle Lake Total Ouxy Springs 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Silver Bldg. Springs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sucker Springs 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Williamson River 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 Sprague River 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 5 Lower Lake 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Middle Lake 0 0 0 1 2 0 5 8 Upper Lake 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Reeder Road Bridge 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Total 2 0 0 7 5 0 6 20 25 5 2iu5 Appendix Figure A. Summary of the size range of Lost River suckers captured at shoreline sampling areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999, by date sampled.
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Executive Summary The jawless lampreys are remnants of the oldest vertebrates in the world. Oregon has somewhere between eight and a dozen species of these primitive fishes. Their taxonomy is obscure ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Oregon lampreys : natural history, status, and analysis of management issues
- Author:
- Kostow, Kathryn
- Year:
- 2002, 2008, 2005
Executive Summary The jawless lampreys are remnants of the oldest vertebrates in the world. Oregon has somewhere between eight and a dozen species of these primitive fishes. Their taxonomy is obscure because different species tend to look very similar through most of their life cycle, and they have not been well-studied in Oregon. Lampreys occur in the Columbia Basin, including the lower Snake River, along the Oregon coast, in the upper Klamath Basin, and in Goose Lake Basin in southeastern Oregon. They all begin life in fresh water where juveniles burrow into silt and filter feed on algae. As some species approach adulthood they migrate to the ocean or to lakes where they briefly become ecto-parasites, feeding on other live fishes by attaching to them with sucker disc mouths. Other species remain non-parasitic. In addition to some enigmatic species identities, we generally have very little information about the detailed distributions, life histories and basic biology of lampreys. Lampreys became a conservation concern in the early 1990s when tribal co-managers and some Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) staff noted that populations of Pacific Lampreys, Lampetra tridentata, were apparently declining to perilously low numbers. Pacific Lampreys were listed as an Oregon State sensitive species in 1993 and were given further legal protected status by the state in 1997 (OAR 635-044-0130). Lamprey status is difficult to assess for several reasons: 1) Most observations of lampreys in fresh water are of juveniles and it is difficult to tell the various species apart, even to the extent that the various species are currently clearly designated; 2) Data on lamprey is only collected incidental to monitoring of salmonids. The design and efficiency of the data collection effort is not always adequate for lampreys; and 3) We have very few historic data sets for lampreys. Therefore we often cannot determine how the abundances and distributions we see now compare with those in the past. The limited data that we have suggests that lampreys have declined through many parts of their ranges. The most precipitous declines appear to be in the upper Columbia and Snake basins where we have some historic data from mainstem dam counts. Pacific Lampreys have declined to only about 200 adults annually passing the Snake River dams. We also have evidence of declines of Pacific Lampreys in the lower Columbia and on the Oregon coast, although our data is quite limited. We have little to no information about any of the other species of lampreys. We are not even sure whether some of the recognized species, like the River Lamprey (L. ayresi), is still present in Oregon. This paper concludes with a Problem Analysis for Oregon lampreys. Our biggest problem is poor information, ranging from not knowing basic species identity to having inefficient or no systematic monitoring of lamprey abundance and distribution. ODFW continued an annual harvest on Pacific Lamprey in the Willamette Basin in 2001, but we lack the necessary information to assess the affects of the harvest on the population. Major habitat problems that affect lampreys include upstream passage over artificial barriers, a need for lamprey-friendly screening of water diversions, and urban and agricultural development of low-gradient flood plain habitats.