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• 1251. [Article] 2006 Oregon Chub Investigations Progress Reports 2006

  Abstract -- Oregon chub Oregonichthys crameri, small minnows endemic to the Willamette Valley, were federally listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act in 1993. Factors implicated in the decline ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 2006 Oregon Chub Investigations Progress Reports 2006 Abstract -- Oregon chub Oregonichthys crameri, small minnows endemic to the Willamette Valley, were federally listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act in 1993. Factors implicated in the decline of this species include changes in flow regimes and habitat characteristics resulting from the construction of flood control dams, revetments, channelization, diking, and the drainage of wetlands. The Oregon chub is further threatened by predation and competition by non-native species such as largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, crappies Pomoxis sp., sunfishes Lepomis sp., bullheads Ameiurus sp., and western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis. We continued surveys initiated in 1991 in the Willamette River drainage to quantify the abundance of known Oregon chub populations, search for unknown populations, evaluate potential introduction sites, and monitor introduced populations as part of the implementation of the Oregon Chub Recovery Plan. We sampled a total of 103 sites in 2006. No new populations of Oregon chub were discovered. Thirty-five of the 103 sites were new locations that were sampled for the first time in 2006. Sixty-eight sites, sampled on at least one occasion between 1991-2005, were revisited. We confirmed the continued existence of Oregon chub at 33 locations. These included 23 naturally occurring and 10 introduced populations. Locations of naturally occurring populations were: Santiam drainage (Geren Island, Santiam I-5 Side Channels, Santiam Conservation Easement, Stayton Public Works Pond, Green’s Bridge Backwater, Pioneer Park, Santiam Conservation Easement, and Gray Slough), Mid-Willamette drainage (Finley Gray Creek Swamp), McKenzie drainage (Shetzline Pond and Big Island), Coast Fork Willamette drainage (Coast Fork Side Channels and Lynx Hollow), and the Middle Fork Willamette drainage (two Dexter Reservoir alcoves, East Fork Minnow Creek Pond, Shady Dell Pond, Buckhead Creek, two Elijah Bristow State Park sloughs and an island pond, Barnhard Slough, and Hospital Pond). Introduced populations were located in the Middle Fork Willamette (Wicopee Pond and Fall Creek Spillway Ponds), Santiam (Foster Pullout Pond), McKenzie (Russell Pond), Coast Fork Willamette (Herman Pond), and Mid-Willamette drainages (Dunn Wetland, Finley Display Pond, Finley Cheadle Pond, Ankeny Willow Marsh, and Jampolsky Wetlands). We did not find Oregon chub at 14 locations where they were collected on at least one occasion between 1991-2005 (Jasper Park Slough, Wallace Slough, East Ferrin Pond, Dexter East Alcove, Hospital Impoundment Pond, Rattlesnake Creek, Elijah Bristow Large Gravel Pit, Elijah Bristow Small Gravel Pit, Little Muddy Creek tributary, Bull Run Creek, Camas Swale, Barnhard Slough, Camous Creek, and Dry Muddy Creek). Nonnative fish were collected at most of these locations. We obtained abundance estimates of naturally occurring populations of Oregon chub at 18 locations in the Middle Fork Willamette (East Fork Minnow Creek Pond, Shady Dell Pond, Elijah Bristow State Park Sloughs and Island Pond, Hospital Pond, Dexter Reservoir Alcoves, Haws Pond, and Buckhead Creek), Santiam (Geren Island, Gray Slough, Stayton Public Works Pond, Pioneer Park Pond, and Santiam I-5 Side Channels), McKenzie (Big Island and Shetzline Pond), and Mid-Willamette drainages (Finley Gray Creek) (Table 1). We obtained abundance estimates for 10 introduced populations of Oregon chub, located in Fall Creek Spillway Ponds, Wicopee Pond, Dunn Wetland Ponds, Finley Display Pond, Finley Cheadle Pond, Ankeny Willow Marsh, Jampolsky Wetlands, Foster Pullout Pond, Herman Pond, and Russell Pond. The three largest populations in 2006 were introduced populations. In addition, we evaluated eleven potential Oregon chub introduction sites in the Willamette River drainage. We introduced Oregon chub into the South Stayton Pond, a recently restored site located on ODFW property in the Santiam drainage, from Stayton Public Works Pond and Pioneer Park Pond. The Oregon Chub Recovery Plan (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1998) set recovery criteria for downlisting the species to “threatened” and for delisting the species. The criteria for downlisting the species are: 1) establish and manage 10 populations of at least 500 adult fish, 2) all of these populations must exhibit a stable or increasing trend for five years, and 3) at least three populations meeting criterion 1 and 2 must be located in each of the three recovery areas (Middle Fork Willamette River, Santiam River, and Mid-Willamette River tributaries). In 2006, there were 18 populations totaling 500 or more individuals (Table 1). Thirteen of these populations also met the second criteria. Of the 13 populations meeting criteria 1 and 2, eight were located in the Middle Fork Willamette drainage, three were located in the Mid-Willamette drainage, and two were located in the Santiam drainage. With the addition of one more stable population in the Santiam drainage, the downlisting criteria will be met. Findings to date indicate that Oregon chub remain at risk due to the loss of suitable habitat and the continued threats posed by the proliferation of non-native fishes, illegal water withdrawals, accelerated sedimentation, and potential chemical spills or careless pesticide applications. Their status has improved in recent years, resulting primarily from successful introductions and the discovery of previously undocumented populations. Title: 2006 Oregon Chub Investigations Progress Reports 2006 Abstract -- Oregon chub Oregonichthys crameri, small minnows endemic to the Willamette Valley, were federally listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act in 1993. Factors implicated in the decline of this species include changes in flow regimes and habitat characteristics resulting from the construction of flood control dams, revetments, channelization, diking, and the drainage of wetlands. The Oregon chub is further threatened by predation and competition by non-native species such as largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, crappies Pomoxis sp., sunfishes Lepomis sp., bullheads Ameiurus sp., and western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis. We continued surveys initiated in 1991 in the Willamette River drainage to quantify the abundance of known Oregon chub populations, search for unknown populations, evaluate potential introduction sites, and monitor introduced populations as part of the implementation of the Oregon Chub Recovery Plan. We sampled a total of 103 sites in 2006. No new populations of Oregon chub were discovered. Thirty-five of the 103 sites were new locations that were sampled for the first time in 2006. Sixty-eight sites, sampled on at least one occasion between 1991-2005, were revisited. We confirmed the continued existence of Oregon chub at 33 locations. These included 23 naturally occurring and 10 introduced populations. Locations of naturally occurring populations were: Santiam drainage (Geren Island, Santiam I-5 Side Channels, Santiam Conservation Easement, Stayton Public Works Pond, Green’s Bridge Backwater, Pioneer Park, Santiam Conservation Easement, and Gray Slough), Mid-Willamette drainage (Finley Gray Creek Swamp), McKenzie drainage (Shetzline Pond and Big Island), Coast Fork Willamette drainage (Coast Fork Side Channels and Lynx Hollow), and the Middle Fork Willamette drainage (two Dexter Reservoir alcoves, East Fork Minnow Creek Pond, Shady Dell Pond, Buckhead Creek, two Elijah Bristow State Park sloughs and an island pond, Barnhard Slough, and Hospital Pond). Introduced populations were located in the Middle Fork Willamette (Wicopee Pond and Fall Creek Spillway Ponds), Santiam (Foster Pullout Pond), McKenzie (Russell Pond), Coast Fork Willamette (Herman Pond), and Mid-Willamette drainages (Dunn Wetland, Finley Display Pond, Finley Cheadle Pond, Ankeny Willow Marsh, and Jampolsky Wetlands). We did not find Oregon chub at 14 locations where they were collected on at least one occasion between 1991-2005 (Jasper Park Slough, Wallace Slough, East Ferrin Pond, Dexter East Alcove, Hospital Impoundment Pond, Rattlesnake Creek, Elijah Bristow Large Gravel Pit, Elijah Bristow Small Gravel Pit, Little Muddy Creek tributary, Bull Run Creek, Camas Swale, Barnhard Slough, Camous Creek, and Dry Muddy Creek). Nonnative fish were collected at most of these locations. We obtained abundance estimates of naturally occurring populations of Oregon chub at 18 locations in the Middle Fork Willamette (East Fork Minnow Creek Pond, Shady Dell Pond, Elijah Bristow State Park Sloughs and Island Pond, Hospital Pond, Dexter Reservoir Alcoves, Haws Pond, and Buckhead Creek), Santiam (Geren Island, Gray Slough, Stayton Public Works Pond, Pioneer Park Pond, and Santiam I-5 Side Channels), McKenzie (Big Island and Shetzline Pond), and Mid-Willamette drainages (Finley Gray Creek) (Table 1). We obtained abundance estimates for 10 introduced populations of Oregon chub, located in Fall Creek Spillway Ponds, Wicopee Pond, Dunn Wetland Ponds, Finley Display Pond, Finley Cheadle Pond, Ankeny Willow Marsh, Jampolsky Wetlands, Foster Pullout Pond, Herman Pond, and Russell Pond. The three largest populations in 2006 were introduced populations. In addition, we evaluated eleven potential Oregon chub introduction sites in the Willamette River drainage. We introduced Oregon chub into the South Stayton Pond, a recently restored site located on ODFW property in the Santiam drainage, from Stayton Public Works Pond and Pioneer Park Pond. The Oregon Chub Recovery Plan (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1998) set recovery criteria for downlisting the species to “threatened” and for delisting the species. The criteria for downlisting the species are: 1) establish and manage 10 populations of at least 500 adult fish, 2) all of these populations must exhibit a stable or increasing trend for five years, and 3) at least three populations meeting criterion 1 and 2 must be located in each of the three recovery areas (Middle Fork Willamette River, Santiam River, and Mid-Willamette River tributaries). In 2006, there were 18 populations totaling 500 or more individuals (Table 1). Thirteen of these populations also met the second criteria. Of the 13 populations meeting criteria 1 and 2, eight were located in the Middle Fork Willamette drainage, three were located in the Mid-Willamette drainage, and two were located in the Santiam drainage. With the addition of one more stable population in the Santiam drainage, the downlisting criteria will be met. Findings to date indicate that Oregon chub remain at risk due to the loss of suitable habitat and the continued threats posed by the proliferation of non-native fishes, illegal water withdrawals, accelerated sedimentation, and potential chemical spills or careless pesticide applications. Their status has improved in recent years, resulting primarily from successful introductions and the discovery of previously undocumented populations. Close

• 1252. [Image] Water rights in Oregon : an introduction to Oregon's water laws and water rights system

  	CONTENTS THE WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION AND DEPARTMENT 1c "To serve the public by practicing and promoting wise long-term water management. " 1.¨REGON WATER LAWS 22 water management in Oregon 2.°ATER PROTECTIONS ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water rights in Oregon : an introduction to Oregon's water laws and water rights system Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept. Year: 2004, 2005 CONTENTS THE WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION AND DEPARTMENT 1c "To serve the public by practicing and promoting wise long-term water management. " 1.¨REGON WATER LAWS 22 water management in Oregon 2.°ATER PROTECTIONS AND RESTRICTIONS 262011 managing water appropriations 3.¨BTAINING NEW WATER RIGHTS 185 gaining authorization to use water 4.¨THER WATER RIGHTS 197 authorization for water use 5.­RANSFERRING WATER RIGHTS 1c1 existing rights for new uses 6.SANCELLING WATER RIGHTS 1c5 loss of water rights through non-use 7.SONSERVATION 1c8 encouraging efficient water use 8.xINDING WATER RIGHTS 1d1 determining if you have a water right 9.°ATER DISTRIBUTION AND ENFORCEMENT 1d2 watermasters and field staff protecting rights and resources 10.«EGION OFFICES AND WATERMASTER DISTRICTS 1d4 11.xEES 1d6 APPENDIX A 1d7 other development permits WATER RIGHTS IN OREGON Title: Water rights in Oregon : an introduction to Oregon's water laws and water rights system Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept. Year: 2004, 2005 CONTENTS THE WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION AND DEPARTMENT 1c "To serve the public by practicing and promoting wise long-term water management. " 1.¨REGON WATER LAWS 22 water management in Oregon 2.°ATER PROTECTIONS AND RESTRICTIONS 262011 managing water appropriations 3.¨BTAINING NEW WATER RIGHTS 185 gaining authorization to use water 4.¨THER WATER RIGHTS 197 authorization for water use 5.­RANSFERRING WATER RIGHTS 1c1 existing rights for new uses 6.SANCELLING WATER RIGHTS 1c5 loss of water rights through non-use 7.SONSERVATION 1c8 encouraging efficient water use 8.xINDING WATER RIGHTS 1d1 determining if you have a water right 9.°ATER DISTRIBUTION AND ENFORCEMENT 1d2 watermasters and field staff protecting rights and resources 10.«EGION OFFICES AND WATERMASTER DISTRICTS 1d4 11.xEES 1d6 APPENDIX A 1d7 other development permits WATER RIGHTS IN OREGON Close

• 1253. [Article] Contemporary regional forest dynamics in the Pacific Northwest

  Recent climatic warming trends and increases in the frequency and extent of wildfires have prompted much concern regarding the potential for rapid change in the structure and function of forested ecosystems ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Contemporary regional forest dynamics in the Pacific Northwest Author: Reilly, Matthew J. (Matthew Justin), 1975- Recent climatic warming trends and increases in the frequency and extent of wildfires have prompted much concern regarding the potential for rapid change in the structure and function of forested ecosystems around the world. Episodes of mortality in wildfires and insect outbreaks associated with drought have affected large areas and altered landscapes, but little is known about the cumulative effects of these disturbances at the regional scales. I used data from two different forest inventories in the Pacific Northwest to develop a framework for tracking regional forest dynamics and examine variation in tree mortality rates among vegetation zones that differ in biophysical setting as well as recent and historical disturbance regimes. In the second chapter I developed an empirically based framework for tracking regional forest dynamics using regional inventory data collected from 2001 to 2010. I characterized the major dimensions of forest structure and developed a classification incorporating multiple attributes of forest structure including biomass, size, and density of live trees, the distribution and abundance of dead wood, and the cover of understory vegetation. A single dimension related to live tree biomass accounted for almost half of the variation in a principal components analysis of structural attributes, but dimensions related to density and size of live trees, dead wood, and understory vegetation accounted for as much additional variation. Snags and biomass of dead and downed wood were related to multiple dimensions while understory vegetation acted independent of other dimensions. Results indicated that structural development is more complex than a monotonic accumulation of live biomass and that some components act independently or emerge at multiple stages of structural development. The hierarchical classification reduced the data into three “groups” based on live tree biomass, followed by eleven "classes" that varied in density and size of live trees, and finally twenty-five structural types that differed further in the abundance of dead wood and cover of understory vegetation. Most structural types were geographically widespread but varied in age of dominant trees by vegetation zone indicating that similar structural conditions developed in environments with different biophysical setting, climate, and disturbance/successional histories. Low live biomass structural types (<25 Mg/ha) differed in live tree density and the abundance of live and dead legacies, demonstrating that the variation in early developmental stages depends on the rate of tree establishment and the nature and severity of recent disturbance. Forests in early developmental stages made up less than 20% of most vegetation zones and diverse types with live or dead legacies associated with wildfires were rare. Moderate live biomass structural types (25-99 Mg/ha) represented multiple mid, mature, and late developmental stages, some of which lack analogs in existing conceptual models of structural development such as lower density woodlands with big trees. These structural types included two that have high densities of snags indicative of recent episodes of mortality; together these made up as much as 10% of some dry vegetation zones. Several high live biomass structural types (100->300 Mg/ha) were identified and substantiated the diversity and relative dominance of mature and later developmental stages, particularly in wet vegetation zones. The relative abundance and make up of structural types varied widely by vegetation zone. Most forests in wet vegetation zones had moderate to high live biomass and were in mid and mature developmental stages, while diverse early developmental stage stages were extremely rare. Dry forests had a far greater range of variation in the relative abundance of structural types which is partially attributable to the greater range of climatic conditions they included, but also to the occurrence of recent episodes of mortality associated with wildfires and insects. In the third chapter I examined variation in tree mortality rates using a different regional inventory that occurred from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s. I compared the distribution of rates among stands in different vegetation zones and stages of structural developmental. I developed a simple framework based on changes in live tree density and mean tree size and examined trends in structural change associated with disturbances at different levels of mortality across all stages of structural development. Most plots were within the range of "background" mortality rates reported in other studies (<1.0 %/yr) and extremely high "stand-replacing" levels of mortality (>25%/yr) were rare. Approximately 30% of plot mortality rates occurred at intermediate levels (>1%/yr and <25%/yr) as result of insects and fire, highlighting the importance of conceptualizing mortality as a continuum as opposed to just “background” or “stand-replacement” to fully represent dynamics at a regional scale. The distributions of mortality differed among many vegetation zones. Levels of mortality were primarily <2.5%/yr in western hemlock, silver fir, and mountain hemlock vegetation zones where fires were rare and insects and pathogens occurred predominantly at endemic levels. Rates were highest in subalpine forests and higher elevation grand fir and Douglas-fir forests as a result of fire and insects. Mortality rates in ponderosa pine, the hottest driest forest vegetation zone, were surprisingly low, and there was little to no mortality in plots with no evidence of disturbance. Mortality rates varied among developmental stages in all vegetation zones but few consistent patterns emerged. Levels of mortality were often lowest in early developmental stages but varied in later stages where they were lowest in wet vegetation zones and highest in subalpine and dry vegetation zones. Application of a simple framework indicated that multiple trajectories of structural change were common at levels of mortality <2.5%/yr, but structural change at higher levels was predominantly associated with a “thinning” trajectory defined by decreases in density and increases in mean tree size. Results indicated that the rate and magnitude of mortality related change during the study period varies widely across the region. Rapid change has occurred in subalpine, grand fir/white fir, Douglas-fir, and ponderosa pine vegetation zones where disturbances such as insects and fire were widespread. However, these disturbances have potentially restored some aspects of historical structure by reducing overall density and increasing the dominance of bigger trees. In western hemlock, silver fir, and mountain hemlock vegetation zones where higher levels of mortality related to disturbances were rare, wildfires have increased landscape diversity by creating diverse early successional habitats and most change was more subtle but may be manifest oevr longer periods if current trends continue. This examination of short-period mortality rates and associated structural change across a broad geographic provides context for understanding trends from localized studies and potential ecological consequences of mortality, but there is still a great deal of uncertainty as to how the effects of a changing climate and disturbance regimes will manifest themselves over longer time scales. This dissertation is one of the first field based assessments of recent forest dynamics at a regional scale. The results of both chapters, each based on a different dataset, told a similar story. The abundance of structural types in various vegetation zones estimated during the mid-2000s was consistent with the cumulative effects of tree mortality during the preceding decade. It was evident that wildfire effects and recent mortality were small relative to the regional extent of the study and have contributed to structural diversity and restoration of historic structure in stands where fire exclusion and past logging has increased total stand density and decreased the dominance of big trees. However, the rate of change and cumulative effects of recent forest dynamics varied widely by geographic location and vegetation zone and there was greater variability and uncertainty regarding the effects of mortality at smaller landscape scales where individual events like large wildfires have the potential to rapidly alter the landscape structure and composition. Assessing this variability and the scales at which trade-offs (e.g. losses of old-growth and creation of diverse early developmental stages) occur will be an important next step in understanding the cumulative ecological effects of recent wildfires and tree mortality on Pacific Northwest forests. Title: Contemporary regional forest dynamics in the Pacific Northwest Author: Reilly, Matthew J. (Matthew Justin), 1975- Recent climatic warming trends and increases in the frequency and extent of wildfires have prompted much concern regarding the potential for rapid change in the structure and function of forested ecosystems around the world. Episodes of mortality in wildfires and insect outbreaks associated with drought have affected large areas and altered landscapes, but little is known about the cumulative effects of these disturbances at the regional scales. I used data from two different forest inventories in the Pacific Northwest to develop a framework for tracking regional forest dynamics and examine variation in tree mortality rates among vegetation zones that differ in biophysical setting as well as recent and historical disturbance regimes. In the second chapter I developed an empirically based framework for tracking regional forest dynamics using regional inventory data collected from 2001 to 2010. I characterized the major dimensions of forest structure and developed a classification incorporating multiple attributes of forest structure including biomass, size, and density of live trees, the distribution and abundance of dead wood, and the cover of understory vegetation. A single dimension related to live tree biomass accounted for almost half of the variation in a principal components analysis of structural attributes, but dimensions related to density and size of live trees, dead wood, and understory vegetation accounted for as much additional variation. Snags and biomass of dead and downed wood were related to multiple dimensions while understory vegetation acted independent of other dimensions. Results indicated that structural development is more complex than a monotonic accumulation of live biomass and that some components act independently or emerge at multiple stages of structural development. The hierarchical classification reduced the data into three “groups” based on live tree biomass, followed by eleven "classes" that varied in density and size of live trees, and finally twenty-five structural types that differed further in the abundance of dead wood and cover of understory vegetation. Most structural types were geographically widespread but varied in age of dominant trees by vegetation zone indicating that similar structural conditions developed in environments with different biophysical setting, climate, and disturbance/successional histories. Low live biomass structural types (<25 Mg/ha) differed in live tree density and the abundance of live and dead legacies, demonstrating that the variation in early developmental stages depends on the rate of tree establishment and the nature and severity of recent disturbance. Forests in early developmental stages made up less than 20% of most vegetation zones and diverse types with live or dead legacies associated with wildfires were rare. Moderate live biomass structural types (25-99 Mg/ha) represented multiple mid, mature, and late developmental stages, some of which lack analogs in existing conceptual models of structural development such as lower density woodlands with big trees. These structural types included two that have high densities of snags indicative of recent episodes of mortality; together these made up as much as 10% of some dry vegetation zones. Several high live biomass structural types (100->300 Mg/ha) were identified and substantiated the diversity and relative dominance of mature and later developmental stages, particularly in wet vegetation zones. The relative abundance and make up of structural types varied widely by vegetation zone. Most forests in wet vegetation zones had moderate to high live biomass and were in mid and mature developmental stages, while diverse early developmental stage stages were extremely rare. Dry forests had a far greater range of variation in the relative abundance of structural types which is partially attributable to the greater range of climatic conditions they included, but also to the occurrence of recent episodes of mortality associated with wildfires and insects. In the third chapter I examined variation in tree mortality rates using a different regional inventory that occurred from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s. I compared the distribution of rates among stands in different vegetation zones and stages of structural developmental. I developed a simple framework based on changes in live tree density and mean tree size and examined trends in structural change associated with disturbances at different levels of mortality across all stages of structural development. Most plots were within the range of "background" mortality rates reported in other studies (<1.0 %/yr) and extremely high "stand-replacing" levels of mortality (>25%/yr) were rare. Approximately 30% of plot mortality rates occurred at intermediate levels (>1%/yr and <25%/yr) as result of insects and fire, highlighting the importance of conceptualizing mortality as a continuum as opposed to just “background” or “stand-replacement” to fully represent dynamics at a regional scale. The distributions of mortality differed among many vegetation zones. Levels of mortality were primarily <2.5%/yr in western hemlock, silver fir, and mountain hemlock vegetation zones where fires were rare and insects and pathogens occurred predominantly at endemic levels. Rates were highest in subalpine forests and higher elevation grand fir and Douglas-fir forests as a result of fire and insects. Mortality rates in ponderosa pine, the hottest driest forest vegetation zone, were surprisingly low, and there was little to no mortality in plots with no evidence of disturbance. Mortality rates varied among developmental stages in all vegetation zones but few consistent patterns emerged. Levels of mortality were often lowest in early developmental stages but varied in later stages where they were lowest in wet vegetation zones and highest in subalpine and dry vegetation zones. Application of a simple framework indicated that multiple trajectories of structural change were common at levels of mortality <2.5%/yr, but structural change at higher levels was predominantly associated with a “thinning” trajectory defined by decreases in density and increases in mean tree size. Results indicated that the rate and magnitude of mortality related change during the study period varies widely across the region. Rapid change has occurred in subalpine, grand fir/white fir, Douglas-fir, and ponderosa pine vegetation zones where disturbances such as insects and fire were widespread. However, these disturbances have potentially restored some aspects of historical structure by reducing overall density and increasing the dominance of bigger trees. In western hemlock, silver fir, and mountain hemlock vegetation zones where higher levels of mortality related to disturbances were rare, wildfires have increased landscape diversity by creating diverse early successional habitats and most change was more subtle but may be manifest oevr longer periods if current trends continue. This examination of short-period mortality rates and associated structural change across a broad geographic provides context for understanding trends from localized studies and potential ecological consequences of mortality, but there is still a great deal of uncertainty as to how the effects of a changing climate and disturbance regimes will manifest themselves over longer time scales. This dissertation is one of the first field based assessments of recent forest dynamics at a regional scale. The results of both chapters, each based on a different dataset, told a similar story. The abundance of structural types in various vegetation zones estimated during the mid-2000s was consistent with the cumulative effects of tree mortality during the preceding decade. It was evident that wildfire effects and recent mortality were small relative to the regional extent of the study and have contributed to structural diversity and restoration of historic structure in stands where fire exclusion and past logging has increased total stand density and decreased the dominance of big trees. However, the rate of change and cumulative effects of recent forest dynamics varied widely by geographic location and vegetation zone and there was greater variability and uncertainty regarding the effects of mortality at smaller landscape scales where individual events like large wildfires have the potential to rapidly alter the landscape structure and composition. Assessing this variability and the scales at which trade-offs (e.g. losses of old-growth and creation of diverse early developmental stages) occur will be an important next step in understanding the cumulative ecological effects of recent wildfires and tree mortality on Pacific Northwest forests. Close

• 1254. [Image] Oregon lampreys : natural history, status, and analysis of management issues

  	Executive Summary The jawless lampreys are remnants of the oldest vertebrates in the world. Oregon has somewhere between eight and a dozen species of these primitive fishes. Their taxonomy is obscure ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon lampreys : natural history, status, and analysis of management issues Author: Kostow, Kathryn Year: 2002, 2008, 2005 Executive Summary The jawless lampreys are remnants of the oldest vertebrates in the world. Oregon has somewhere between eight and a dozen species of these primitive fishes. Their taxonomy is obscure because different species tend to look very similar through most of their life cycle, and they have not been well-studied in Oregon. Lampreys occur in the Columbia Basin, including the lower Snake River, along the Oregon coast, in the upper Klamath Basin, and in Goose Lake Basin in southeastern Oregon. They all begin life in fresh water where juveniles burrow into silt and filter feed on algae. As some species approach adulthood they migrate to the ocean or to lakes where they briefly become ecto-parasites, feeding on other live fishes by attaching to them with sucker disc mouths. Other species remain non-parasitic. In addition to some enigmatic species identities, we generally have very little information about the detailed distributions, life histories and basic biology of lampreys. Lampreys became a conservation concern in the early 1990s when tribal co-managers and some Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) staff noted that populations of Pacific Lampreys, Lampetra tridentata, were apparently declining to perilously low numbers. Pacific Lampreys were listed as an Oregon State sensitive species in 1993 and were given further legal protected status by the state in 1997 (OAR 635-044-0130). Lamprey status is difficult to assess for several reasons: 1) Most observations of lampreys in fresh water are of juveniles and it is difficult to tell the various species apart, even to the extent that the various species are currently clearly designated; 2) Data on lamprey is only collected incidental to monitoring of salmonids. The design and efficiency of the data collection effort is not always adequate for lampreys; and 3) We have very few historic data sets for lampreys. Therefore we often cannot determine how the abundances and distributions we see now compare with those in the past. The limited data that we have suggests that lampreys have declined through many parts of their ranges. The most precipitous declines appear to be in the upper Columbia and Snake basins where we have some historic data from mainstem dam counts. Pacific Lampreys have declined to only about 200 adults annually passing the Snake River dams. We also have evidence of declines of Pacific Lampreys in the lower Columbia and on the Oregon coast, although our data is quite limited. We have little to no information about any of the other species of lampreys. We are not even sure whether some of the recognized species, like the River Lamprey (L. ayresi), is still present in Oregon. This paper concludes with a Problem Analysis for Oregon lampreys. Our biggest problem is poor information, ranging from not knowing basic species identity to having inefficient or no systematic monitoring of lamprey abundance and distribution. ODFW continued an annual harvest on Pacific Lamprey in the Willamette Basin in 2001, but we lack the necessary information to assess the affects of the harvest on the population. Major habitat problems that affect lampreys include upstream passage over artificial barriers, a need for lamprey-friendly screening of water diversions, and urban and agricultural development of low-gradient flood plain habitats. Title: Oregon lampreys : natural history, status, and analysis of management issues Author: Kostow, Kathryn Year: 2002, 2008, 2005 Executive Summary The jawless lampreys are remnants of the oldest vertebrates in the world. Oregon has somewhere between eight and a dozen species of these primitive fishes. Their taxonomy is obscure because different species tend to look very similar through most of their life cycle, and they have not been well-studied in Oregon. Lampreys occur in the Columbia Basin, including the lower Snake River, along the Oregon coast, in the upper Klamath Basin, and in Goose Lake Basin in southeastern Oregon. They all begin life in fresh water where juveniles burrow into silt and filter feed on algae. As some species approach adulthood they migrate to the ocean or to lakes where they briefly become ecto-parasites, feeding on other live fishes by attaching to them with sucker disc mouths. Other species remain non-parasitic. In addition to some enigmatic species identities, we generally have very little information about the detailed distributions, life histories and basic biology of lampreys. Lampreys became a conservation concern in the early 1990s when tribal co-managers and some Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) staff noted that populations of Pacific Lampreys, Lampetra tridentata, were apparently declining to perilously low numbers. Pacific Lampreys were listed as an Oregon State sensitive species in 1993 and were given further legal protected status by the state in 1997 (OAR 635-044-0130). Lamprey status is difficult to assess for several reasons: 1) Most observations of lampreys in fresh water are of juveniles and it is difficult to tell the various species apart, even to the extent that the various species are currently clearly designated; 2) Data on lamprey is only collected incidental to monitoring of salmonids. The design and efficiency of the data collection effort is not always adequate for lampreys; and 3) We have very few historic data sets for lampreys. Therefore we often cannot determine how the abundances and distributions we see now compare with those in the past. The limited data that we have suggests that lampreys have declined through many parts of their ranges. The most precipitous declines appear to be in the upper Columbia and Snake basins where we have some historic data from mainstem dam counts. Pacific Lampreys have declined to only about 200 adults annually passing the Snake River dams. We also have evidence of declines of Pacific Lampreys in the lower Columbia and on the Oregon coast, although our data is quite limited. We have little to no information about any of the other species of lampreys. We are not even sure whether some of the recognized species, like the River Lamprey (L. ayresi), is still present in Oregon. This paper concludes with a Problem Analysis for Oregon lampreys. Our biggest problem is poor information, ranging from not knowing basic species identity to having inefficient or no systematic monitoring of lamprey abundance and distribution. ODFW continued an annual harvest on Pacific Lamprey in the Willamette Basin in 2001, but we lack the necessary information to assess the affects of the harvest on the population. Major habitat problems that affect lampreys include upstream passage over artificial barriers, a need for lamprey-friendly screening of water diversions, and urban and agricultural development of low-gradient flood plain habitats. Close

• 1255. [Image] Federal Register - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Endangered Status of the Shortnose Sucker and the Lost River Sucker

  	The Service determines endangered status for the shortnose sucker [Chasmistes brevirostris) and Lost River sucker [Deltistes luxatus), fishes restricted to the Klamath Basin of south-central Oregon and ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Federal Register - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Endangered Status of the Shortnose Sucker and the Lost River Sucker Author: Williams, Jack E. Year: 1988, 2008, 2005 The Service determines endangered status for the shortnose sucker [Chasmistes brevirostris) and Lost River sucker [Deltistes luxatus), fishes restricted to the Klamath Basin of south-central Oregon and north-central California. Dams, draining of marshes, diversion of rivers and dredging of lakes have reduced the range and numbers of both species by more than 95 percent. Remaining populations are composed of older individuals with little or no successful recruitment for many years. Both species are jeopardized by continued loss of habitat, hybridization with more common closely related species, competition and predation by exotic species, and insularization of remaining habitats. This rule implements the protection provided by the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended, for the shortnose sucker and Lost River sucker Title: Federal Register - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Endangered Status of the Shortnose Sucker and the Lost River Sucker Author: Williams, Jack E. Year: 1988, 2008, 2005 The Service determines endangered status for the shortnose sucker [Chasmistes brevirostris) and Lost River sucker [Deltistes luxatus), fishes restricted to the Klamath Basin of south-central Oregon and north-central California. Dams, draining of marshes, diversion of rivers and dredging of lakes have reduced the range and numbers of both species by more than 95 percent. Remaining populations are composed of older individuals with little or no successful recruitment for many years. Both species are jeopardized by continued loss of habitat, hybridization with more common closely related species, competition and predation by exotic species, and insularization of remaining habitats. This rule implements the protection provided by the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended, for the shortnose sucker and Lost River sucker Close

• 1256. [Image] Land use and vegetation community changes at Beswick Ranch, Klamath River Canyon, California from 1955 to 2003 : focus on relationship between the irrigation and the vegetation and the land use cover

  	Humans have altered the Klamath River Canyon in many ways. This study focuses on the years from 1955 to 2003. One substantial alteration is the conversion of terraces into irrigated pastures for agriculture ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Land use and vegetation community changes at Beswick Ranch, Klamath River Canyon, California from 1955 to 2003 : focus on relationship between the irrigation and the vegetation and the land use cover Author: Bilka, Monika N. Year: 2002, 2005 Humans have altered the Klamath River Canyon in many ways. This study focuses on the years from 1955 to 2003. One substantial alteration is the conversion of terraces into irrigated pastures for agriculture and cattle ranching. This research project explains the relationships between the irrigation network and the vegetation and land use cover patterns that existed in the past and that exist today at Beswick Ranch. Data sources such as aerial photographs, maps, and other historical information are used to create Geographic Information System (GIS) maps and models of the area. Due to time constraints, the final maps and models are not complete at this time. However, the completed models were synthesized with observational data to come to preliminary conclusions. While the ditches of Shovel Creek Pasture have undergone little to no change at all since 1955, ranchers have added ditches to Faye Pasture. Ranch workers have also increased the amount of agricultural land use cover and decreased in tree cover of Faye Pasture. Conversely, ranchers increased the tree cover and non-agricultural land cover, and they have decreased the agricultural cover. The GIS coverages of Shovel Pasture remain in the preliminary stage, and further analyses of the calculated areas of land use cover and ditch lengths are needed to complete this study. In partnership with PacifiCorp and the BLM, this project aims to provide information about the impacts of the current and historical irrigation systems used on the pastures and riparian zones within this reach of the Klamath River Canyon from 1955 to 2003. Even at this stage, the preliminary coverages provide insight into the relationships between irrigation, vegetation communities, and land use cover that have occurred during the study period. Title: Land use and vegetation community changes at Beswick Ranch, Klamath River Canyon, California from 1955 to 2003 : focus on relationship between the irrigation and the vegetation and the land use cover Author: Bilka, Monika N. Year: 2002, 2005 Humans have altered the Klamath River Canyon in many ways. This study focuses on the years from 1955 to 2003. One substantial alteration is the conversion of terraces into irrigated pastures for agriculture and cattle ranching. This research project explains the relationships between the irrigation network and the vegetation and land use cover patterns that existed in the past and that exist today at Beswick Ranch. Data sources such as aerial photographs, maps, and other historical information are used to create Geographic Information System (GIS) maps and models of the area. Due to time constraints, the final maps and models are not complete at this time. However, the completed models were synthesized with observational data to come to preliminary conclusions. While the ditches of Shovel Creek Pasture have undergone little to no change at all since 1955, ranchers have added ditches to Faye Pasture. Ranch workers have also increased the amount of agricultural land use cover and decreased in tree cover of Faye Pasture. Conversely, ranchers increased the tree cover and non-agricultural land cover, and they have decreased the agricultural cover. The GIS coverages of Shovel Pasture remain in the preliminary stage, and further analyses of the calculated areas of land use cover and ditch lengths are needed to complete this study. In partnership with PacifiCorp and the BLM, this project aims to provide information about the impacts of the current and historical irrigation systems used on the pastures and riparian zones within this reach of the Klamath River Canyon from 1955 to 2003. Even at this stage, the preliminary coverages provide insight into the relationships between irrigation, vegetation communities, and land use cover that have occurred during the study period. Close

• 1257. [Image] Crater Lake National Park, Oregon: draft visitor services plan, environmental impact statement

  	"November 1997."; Includes bibliographical references (155-163) and index
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon: draft visitor services plan, environmental impact statement Author: United States. National Park Service Year: 1997, 2008 "November 1997."; Includes bibliographical references (155-163) and index Title: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon: draft visitor services plan, environmental impact statement Author: United States. National Park Service Year: 1997, 2008 "November 1997."; Includes bibliographical references (155-163) and index Close

• 1258. [Image] Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 3

  	Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 3 Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005 Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 3 Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005 Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area Close

• 1259. [Image] Klamath Basin Emergency Operation and Maintenance Refund Act of 2001 : report (to accompany H.R. 2828)

  	5 p.; Caption title; "November 13, 2001."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Basin Emergency Operation and Maintenance Refund Act of 2001 : report (to accompany H.R. 2828) Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources Year: 2001, 2006 5 p.; Caption title; "November 13, 2001." Title: Klamath Basin Emergency Operation and Maintenance Refund Act of 2001 : report (to accompany H.R. 2828) Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources Year: 2001, 2006 5 p.; Caption title; "November 13, 2001." Close

• 1260. [Image] Crater Lake limnological studies: final report

  	ill., maps; July 1993."; "Cooperative Park Studies Unit, College of Forestry, Oregon State University."; Includes bibliographical references.; This title is a culmination of the first 10-years of the Crater ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake limnological studies: final report Author: Gary L. Larson; McIntire, David C.; Jacobs, Ruth W; Year: 1993, 2009 ill., maps; July 1993."; "Cooperative Park Studies Unit, College of Forestry, Oregon State University."; Includes bibliographical references.; This title is a culmination of the first 10-years of the Crater Lake limnological studies and a long-term monitoring proposal to investigate new hypotheses. Title: Crater Lake limnological studies: final report Author: Gary L. Larson; McIntire, David C.; Jacobs, Ruth W; Year: 1993, 2009 ill., maps; July 1993."; "Cooperative Park Studies Unit, College of Forestry, Oregon State University."; Includes bibliographical references.; This title is a culmination of the first 10-years of the Crater Lake limnological studies and a long-term monitoring proposal to investigate new hypotheses. Close