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• 101. [Article] The Politics of Land-Use Law in Oregon: Senate Bill 100, Twenty Years After

  Describes the genesis of Oregon Senate Bill 100, 1973, and includes excerpts from a roundtable discussion by four men who were instrumental in creating the bill. The four men are Hector Macpherson, Ted ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Politics of Land-Use Law in Oregon: Senate Bill 100, Twenty Years After Author: Abbott, Carl Year: 1993 Describes the genesis of Oregon Senate Bill 100, 1973, and includes excerpts from a roundtable discussion by four men who were instrumental in creating the bill. The four men are Hector Macpherson, Ted Hallock, Stafford Hansel, and Henry Richmond. The bill called for an institutional structure for statewide land-use planning. Title: The Politics of Land-Use Law in Oregon: Senate Bill 100, Twenty Years After Author: Abbott, Carl Year: 1993 Describes the genesis of Oregon Senate Bill 100, 1973, and includes excerpts from a roundtable discussion by four men who were instrumental in creating the bill. The four men are Hector Macpherson, Ted Hallock, Stafford Hansel, and Henry Richmond. The bill called for an institutional structure for statewide land-use planning. Close

• 102. [Article] Historical Reconstruction of Oregon’s Commercial Fisheries Landings Information Reports number 2014-02

  Abstract -- Historical catch information is essential for fisheries stock assessment. Without knowing the catch history it is difficult to understand how a stock responds to exploitation (Hilborn and Walters ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical Reconstruction of Oregon’s Commercial Fisheries Landings Information Reports number 2014-02 Abstract -- Historical catch information is essential for fisheries stock assessment. Without knowing the catch history it is difficult to understand how a stock responds to exploitation (Hilborn and Walters 2003). On the West Coast of the United States, fisheries are managed by the Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC). Stock assessments for the groundfish species under the PFMC’s purview are conducted every other year. Recent catch data (from 1981 on) for these assessments are available from the Pacific Fisheries Information Network (PacFIN), a regional fisheries database that manages fishery-dependent information in cooperation with National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and West Coast state agencies. Prior to 1981, however, catch information is sparse, and there is no database analogous to PacFIN to handle the data. Historical reconstruction of catches prior to 1981 has been conducted by assessment authors for each assessment individually, and authors have often approached the problem differently, using different data sources and a variety of methods. The PFMC recommended undertaking a coordinated reconstruction of West Coast groundfish landings to provide a comprehensive species-specific time series for use in stock assessments. The intent of this coordinated reconstruction is to improve the reliability of historical landings by identifying and drawing on preferred data sources, as well as applying a standardized method across all species. This should reduce duplication of effort and use of inconsistent assumptions by assessment authors in reconstructing catch, and expedite development and review of stock assessments in the future. This document outlines the methodology we developed in a joint effort of the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) and the NMFS Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC) to reconstruct historical catches of species commercially landed in Oregon. The original goal was to focus on historical landings of groundfish alone; however the effort was expanded to include all species harvested commercially. The list of these species is provided in Table A1, Appendix A. We also revised species specific landings made within multi-species market categories during the first six years of the PacFIN era (1981-1986). Reconstruction of the historical landings included several steps, in which we: 1) Determined the annual landings made within each market category, by gear; 2) Derived species compositions for each multi-species market category by gear, year and spatial stratum (where available); 3) Applied the year specific species compositions (from Step 2) to the historical landings in each multi-species market category (from Step 1) to obtain a species-specific time series of landings; 4) Summed the species-specific landings across market categories by gear to obtain a final time series of landings for individual species in Oregon. This report is associated with a data file, called Oregon_commercial_landings_1889-1986_v1.0.xls (OCL), which is available from ODFW and NWFSC. The landings are reported in round pounds, which represent the whole–fish weight of the landed catch. Where historically landings were reported as dressed weights, those weights were converted to round pounds prior to incorporation into the file. The reconstruction does not include estimates of recreational catches, foreign fleet landings, or discard associated with commercial harvest. We focused on the reconstruction of catch landed in Oregon. Fish landed in Oregon, however, are not necessarily caught in state waters. Oregon vessels, particularly those from northern ports, such as Astoria/Warrenton, frequently fish in waters off of Washington, but return to Oregon to land their fish. Title: Historical Reconstruction of Oregon’s Commercial Fisheries Landings Information Reports number 2014-02 Abstract -- Historical catch information is essential for fisheries stock assessment. Without knowing the catch history it is difficult to understand how a stock responds to exploitation (Hilborn and Walters 2003). On the West Coast of the United States, fisheries are managed by the Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC). Stock assessments for the groundfish species under the PFMC’s purview are conducted every other year. Recent catch data (from 1981 on) for these assessments are available from the Pacific Fisheries Information Network (PacFIN), a regional fisheries database that manages fishery-dependent information in cooperation with National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and West Coast state agencies. Prior to 1981, however, catch information is sparse, and there is no database analogous to PacFIN to handle the data. Historical reconstruction of catches prior to 1981 has been conducted by assessment authors for each assessment individually, and authors have often approached the problem differently, using different data sources and a variety of methods. The PFMC recommended undertaking a coordinated reconstruction of West Coast groundfish landings to provide a comprehensive species-specific time series for use in stock assessments. The intent of this coordinated reconstruction is to improve the reliability of historical landings by identifying and drawing on preferred data sources, as well as applying a standardized method across all species. This should reduce duplication of effort and use of inconsistent assumptions by assessment authors in reconstructing catch, and expedite development and review of stock assessments in the future. This document outlines the methodology we developed in a joint effort of the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) and the NMFS Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC) to reconstruct historical catches of species commercially landed in Oregon. The original goal was to focus on historical landings of groundfish alone; however the effort was expanded to include all species harvested commercially. The list of these species is provided in Table A1, Appendix A. We also revised species specific landings made within multi-species market categories during the first six years of the PacFIN era (1981-1986). Reconstruction of the historical landings included several steps, in which we: 1) Determined the annual landings made within each market category, by gear; 2) Derived species compositions for each multi-species market category by gear, year and spatial stratum (where available); 3) Applied the year specific species compositions (from Step 2) to the historical landings in each multi-species market category (from Step 1) to obtain a species-specific time series of landings; 4) Summed the species-specific landings across market categories by gear to obtain a final time series of landings for individual species in Oregon. This report is associated with a data file, called Oregon_commercial_landings_1889-1986_v1.0.xls (OCL), which is available from ODFW and NWFSC. The landings are reported in round pounds, which represent the whole–fish weight of the landed catch. Where historically landings were reported as dressed weights, those weights were converted to round pounds prior to incorporation into the file. The reconstruction does not include estimates of recreational catches, foreign fleet landings, or discard associated with commercial harvest. We focused on the reconstruction of catch landed in Oregon. Fish landed in Oregon, however, are not necessarily caught in state waters. Oregon vessels, particularly those from northern ports, such as Astoria/Warrenton, frequently fish in waters off of Washington, but return to Oregon to land their fish. Close

• 103. [Article] Politics of land use : the lengthy saga of Senate bill 100

  Theoretical literature on the politics of land use is so limited that original research into the problem was required. The drafting and enactment of Senate Bill 100 by the Fifty-seventh Session of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Politics of land use : the lengthy saga of Senate bill 100 Author: Zachary, Kathleen Joan Year: 1978 Theoretical literature on the politics of land use is so limited that original research into the problem was required. The drafting and enactment of Senate Bill 100 by the Fifty-seventh Session of the Oregon Legislature provided the basis for researching my premise of need equals want. The bill designated state land use planning organizational structure. The Land Use Policy Committee minutes and Legislative minutes were merged with information attained through personal interviews from a variety of participants in the drafting of the Senate Bill 100. Theoretical literature was equally available in Public Administration, Law and Land Use Planning. The Constitutions of the United States and the State of Oregon plus the Oregon Revised Statutes were fundamental in the research. The research material on the politics of land use was found by sifting through public and private records and four separate libraries: Oregon State Archives, the Oregon State Law Library, Multnomah County Law Library and Portland State University Library. Personal interviews provided valuable additional data. The politics of land use is the lengthy saga of the enactment of Senate Bill 100 (1973) by the Oregon Legislature. It is the story of the bill’s conception, conflicts and compromises. The Land Use Policy Committee (LUPC), Created and chaired by State Senator Hector Macpherson, drafted the original SB 100 in 1972, which was assigned to the Oregon Senate Environment and Land Use Committee (SELUC) in January, 1973. The LUPC bill was designed of, by and for proponents of land use planning. When the opponents to the planning concept were heard by the SELUC, need vs. want made passage of Senate Bill 100 a political impossibility. The issues that surfaced generated a series of conflicts which required political compromises. In addition to the primary conflict, need vs. want, there were provocations concerning localism vs. regionalism; economy vs. environment and who holds what reins of power. The Drafting Subcommittee of the Ad Hoc Committee of the SELUC made six significant changed in SB 100 to insure legislative enactment of the bill in 1973. The changes, while resolving most of the conflicts, still did not equate need and want, so the SELUC added a Statement of Legislative Intent, not to SB 100, but to the Senate Journal as a limit on administrative power. The last political compromise was made during the Senate Floor Debate on SB 100 when the emergency clause was removed from the bill. To all intents and purposed, need equaled want with Senate passage. Title: Politics of land use : the lengthy saga of Senate bill 100 Author: Zachary, Kathleen Joan Year: 1978 Theoretical literature on the politics of land use is so limited that original research into the problem was required. The drafting and enactment of Senate Bill 100 by the Fifty-seventh Session of the Oregon Legislature provided the basis for researching my premise of need equals want. The bill designated state land use planning organizational structure. The Land Use Policy Committee minutes and Legislative minutes were merged with information attained through personal interviews from a variety of participants in the drafting of the Senate Bill 100. Theoretical literature was equally available in Public Administration, Law and Land Use Planning. The Constitutions of the United States and the State of Oregon plus the Oregon Revised Statutes were fundamental in the research. The research material on the politics of land use was found by sifting through public and private records and four separate libraries: Oregon State Archives, the Oregon State Law Library, Multnomah County Law Library and Portland State University Library. Personal interviews provided valuable additional data. The politics of land use is the lengthy saga of the enactment of Senate Bill 100 (1973) by the Oregon Legislature. It is the story of the bill’s conception, conflicts and compromises. The Land Use Policy Committee (LUPC), Created and chaired by State Senator Hector Macpherson, drafted the original SB 100 in 1972, which was assigned to the Oregon Senate Environment and Land Use Committee (SELUC) in January, 1973. The LUPC bill was designed of, by and for proponents of land use planning. When the opponents to the planning concept were heard by the SELUC, need vs. want made passage of Senate Bill 100 a political impossibility. The issues that surfaced generated a series of conflicts which required political compromises. In addition to the primary conflict, need vs. want, there were provocations concerning localism vs. regionalism; economy vs. environment and who holds what reins of power. The Drafting Subcommittee of the Ad Hoc Committee of the SELUC made six significant changed in SB 100 to insure legislative enactment of the bill in 1973. The changes, while resolving most of the conflicts, still did not equate need and want, so the SELUC added a Statement of Legislative Intent, not to SB 100, but to the Senate Journal as a limit on administrative power. The last political compromise was made during the Senate Floor Debate on SB 100 when the emergency clause was removed from the bill. To all intents and purposed, need equaled want with Senate passage. Close

• 104. [Article] Detecting changes in a wetland : using multi-spectral and temporal Landsat in the Upper Noun Valley Drainage Basin-Cameroon

  Since the early 1980s, satellite imagery has been commonly used to detect change in wetlands. The overall objective of this study is to utilize remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Detecting changes in a wetland : using multi-spectral and temporal Landsat in the Upper Noun Valley Drainage Basin-Cameroon Author: Ndzeidze, Stephen Koghan Since the early 1980s, satellite imagery has been commonly used to detect change in wetlands. The overall objective of this study is to utilize remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology to determine the extent of change of the wetland area and of other land use and land cover classes in the Upper Noun drainage basin from 1973 to 2007. Specific objectives were 1) to map land cover and related land use practices within the wetland and surrounding areas of the drainage basin using the supervised maximum likelihood algorithm classification method; 2) to map land use and land cover classes by seasons in order to determine human-induced pressure on the wetland area and the drainage basin using available Landsat MSS, TM and ETM+ imagery; 3) to utilize GIS in confirming and finalizing the land use and land cover classes and delimitation of the Upper Noun drainage basin by incorporating auxiliary data such as settlements and hydrology. The Upper Noun drainage basin is an important wetland that lies within the western high plateau of Cameroon where it supports a wide range of wildlife. The study defines twelve different land cover and land use classes that are grouped into four major categories. The first category is the humid floodplain class that makes up the wetland area, including the floodplain lake (1973), the reservoir, the permanent and seasonally flooded prairies, and irrigated farmlands. The second category consists of the agropastoral classes which are made of upland grazing areas and mixed farming areas. The third category is the montane and semi montane forest zone at elevations above 1,500 - 3,000 m. The fourth category is comprised of major settlements, and settlements with enclosures and openfields. This study is an example of an application of spatio-temporal data in assessing the close relationship existing between humans and their environment. This is a Sub Saharan African community that has a long history of direct dependence on the available resources for its daily livelihood. A detailed physical and historical background is presented to provide a context for spatio-temporal variation discovered through change detection using Landsat imagery without ground truth data. The data analysis reveals considerable change within the Upper Noun drainage basin from 1978 to 2002. Within the wetland area in the floodplain, the reservoir shows evidence of large fluctuations in area since the construction of the Bamendjin dam in 1975. Within the reservoir area, an acute siltation has been observed since 1988 and is increasing in area. A significant drop in area of permanent and seasonally flooded prairies was observed. Irrigated farmland areas also show downward trends from 1988 to 2002. Concerning the agropastoral landscape, the upland grazing areas showed a general drop in area, while the mixed farming area increased from 1978 to 2002. The montane forest also decreased in area; however, it appeared to have recovered slightly in 2002 following the successful implementation of the Kilum/Ijim community forest management project. Settlement also showed some expansion in area as a result of growth of most enclosures and openfields to larger villages and major settlements. This study thus provides base data for monitoring human impacts on the Upper Noun drainage basin and its natural habitats, especially within and around the wetland. Title: Detecting changes in a wetland : using multi-spectral and temporal Landsat in the Upper Noun Valley Drainage Basin-Cameroon Author: Ndzeidze, Stephen Koghan Since the early 1980s, satellite imagery has been commonly used to detect change in wetlands. The overall objective of this study is to utilize remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology to determine the extent of change of the wetland area and of other land use and land cover classes in the Upper Noun drainage basin from 1973 to 2007. Specific objectives were 1) to map land cover and related land use practices within the wetland and surrounding areas of the drainage basin using the supervised maximum likelihood algorithm classification method; 2) to map land use and land cover classes by seasons in order to determine human-induced pressure on the wetland area and the drainage basin using available Landsat MSS, TM and ETM+ imagery; 3) to utilize GIS in confirming and finalizing the land use and land cover classes and delimitation of the Upper Noun drainage basin by incorporating auxiliary data such as settlements and hydrology. The Upper Noun drainage basin is an important wetland that lies within the western high plateau of Cameroon where it supports a wide range of wildlife. The study defines twelve different land cover and land use classes that are grouped into four major categories. The first category is the humid floodplain class that makes up the wetland area, including the floodplain lake (1973), the reservoir, the permanent and seasonally flooded prairies, and irrigated farmlands. The second category consists of the agropastoral classes which are made of upland grazing areas and mixed farming areas. The third category is the montane and semi montane forest zone at elevations above 1,500 - 3,000 m. The fourth category is comprised of major settlements, and settlements with enclosures and openfields. This study is an example of an application of spatio-temporal data in assessing the close relationship existing between humans and their environment. This is a Sub Saharan African community that has a long history of direct dependence on the available resources for its daily livelihood. A detailed physical and historical background is presented to provide a context for spatio-temporal variation discovered through change detection using Landsat imagery without ground truth data. The data analysis reveals considerable change within the Upper Noun drainage basin from 1978 to 2002. Within the wetland area in the floodplain, the reservoir shows evidence of large fluctuations in area since the construction of the Bamendjin dam in 1975. Within the reservoir area, an acute siltation has been observed since 1988 and is increasing in area. A significant drop in area of permanent and seasonally flooded prairies was observed. Irrigated farmland areas also show downward trends from 1988 to 2002. Concerning the agropastoral landscape, the upland grazing areas showed a general drop in area, while the mixed farming area increased from 1978 to 2002. The montane forest also decreased in area; however, it appeared to have recovered slightly in 2002 following the successful implementation of the Kilum/Ijim community forest management project. Settlement also showed some expansion in area as a result of growth of most enclosures and openfields to larger villages and major settlements. This study thus provides base data for monitoring human impacts on the Upper Noun drainage basin and its natural habitats, especially within and around the wetland. Close

• 105. [Article] Interview with Chief Justice Wallace P. Carson, Jr.

  Interview with Chief Justice Wallace P. Carson, Jr. by Katherine Daniels on July 1, 2015. Chief Justice Wallace Carson was the longest-serving Chief Justice on the Oregon Supreme Court (fourteen years, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Chief Justice Wallace P. Carson, Jr. Author: Carson, Wallace P., Jr., Daniels, Katherine Year: 2015 Interview with Chief Justice Wallace P. Carson, Jr. by Katherine Daniels on July 1, 2015. Chief Justice Wallace Carson was the longest-serving Chief Justice on the Oregon Supreme Court (fourteen years, 1991-2005). He served two terms in the Oregon House of Representatives and was an Oregon Senator from 1970-77. He helped to pass the Oregon bottle bill, greenway bill, and other land use legislation. Title: Interview with Chief Justice Wallace P. Carson, Jr. Author: Carson, Wallace P., Jr., Daniels, Katherine Year: 2015 Interview with Chief Justice Wallace P. Carson, Jr. by Katherine Daniels on July 1, 2015. Chief Justice Wallace Carson was the longest-serving Chief Justice on the Oregon Supreme Court (fourteen years, 1991-2005). He served two terms in the Oregon House of Representatives and was an Oregon Senator from 1970-77. He helped to pass the Oregon bottle bill, greenway bill, and other land use legislation. Close

• 106. [Article] Making Lives, Changing a Landscape: An Environmental History of the Tualatin Valley, Washington County, Oregon

  Sheltered by mountains on all sides, the 724-square mile Tualatin Valley has been home to successive groups of people who have shaped the landscape based on their needs, tools, and ideas about the human ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Making Lives, Changing a Landscape: An Environmental History of the Tualatin Valley, Washington County, Oregon Author: Cope, Camille A. Year: 2012 Sheltered by mountains on all sides, the 724-square mile Tualatin Valley has been home to successive groups of people who have shaped the landscape based on their needs, tools, and ideas about the human relationship to nature. Thousands of years of indigenous burning practices and cultivation of native plants, followed by two centuries of European-American fur trapping, agriculture, logging, and urbanization have created the Tualatin Valley landscape of today. Understanding how a history of changing land use has affected the region is integral to building an environmentally sustainable future. Title: Making Lives, Changing a Landscape: An Environmental History of the Tualatin Valley, Washington County, Oregon Author: Cope, Camille A. Year: 2012 Sheltered by mountains on all sides, the 724-square mile Tualatin Valley has been home to successive groups of people who have shaped the landscape based on their needs, tools, and ideas about the human relationship to nature. Thousands of years of indigenous burning practices and cultivation of native plants, followed by two centuries of European-American fur trapping, agriculture, logging, and urbanization have created the Tualatin Valley landscape of today. Understanding how a history of changing land use has affected the region is integral to building an environmentally sustainable future. Close

• 107. [Image] Annual report of the Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1916

  	Some issues include, photographs, maps, and tables for land acquired, hydrographies, contracts, etc.; Description based on Annual rept. of the Klamath project: Oregon and California for calendar year 1913. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual report of the Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1916 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1916, 2008, 2005 Some issues include, photographs, maps, and tables for land acquired, hydrographies, contracts, etc.; Description based on Annual rept. of the Klamath project: Oregon and California for calendar year 1913. Title covers: calendar years for 1913-1917. Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from the 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project Annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Title: Annual report of the Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1916 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1916, 2008, 2005 Some issues include, photographs, maps, and tables for land acquired, hydrographies, contracts, etc.; Description based on Annual rept. of the Klamath project: Oregon and California for calendar year 1913. Title covers: calendar years for 1913-1917. Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from the 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project Annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Close

• 108. [Article] Livelihoods and land use change in highland Ethiopia

  This dissertation investigates livelihood and land use change dynamics in a community at the farm-forest periphery in highland Ethiopia. I use interviews and livelihood assessment data to compare the strategies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Livelihoods and land use change in highland Ethiopia Author: Guillozet, Kathleen This dissertation investigates livelihood and land use change dynamics in a community at the farm-forest periphery in highland Ethiopia. I use interviews and livelihood assessment data to compare the strategies used by members of different wealth groups to negotiate and maintain access to forest resources, and integrate socioeconomic, bio-physical and spatially explicit data to examine changing land use and household vulnerability. This approach sheds new light on scalar aspects of poverty-environment relationships with implications for environmental justice and rural development policy. Chapter one provides an overview of the context and approach to this research. Chapter two illustrates the importance of scale in understanding household vulnerability. It uses diverse data to describe political, historic, biophysical and economic factors that shape vulnerability. Chapter three describes household livelihoods and increasing foreign investment pressure in Ethiopia's natural forests, with an emphasis on the history of forest management and access in the study site. It describes processes of forest boundary making and conflict in the study area. Chapter four outlines two scenarios to describe the amount of agricultural land required to replace forest incomes in the community under study. These scenarios, termed "fuelwood replacement" and "fuelwood replacement with agricultural intensification," use agricultural land as a proxy for fuelwood incomes, retaining the connection to physical space that is inherent to natural resources, rather than presenting abstracted monetary values that disassociate resources from power and access dynamics. Chapter five draws together unifying ideas, outlines policy recommendations and describes areas for future research. Title: Livelihoods and land use change in highland Ethiopia Author: Guillozet, Kathleen This dissertation investigates livelihood and land use change dynamics in a community at the farm-forest periphery in highland Ethiopia. I use interviews and livelihood assessment data to compare the strategies used by members of different wealth groups to negotiate and maintain access to forest resources, and integrate socioeconomic, bio-physical and spatially explicit data to examine changing land use and household vulnerability. This approach sheds new light on scalar aspects of poverty-environment relationships with implications for environmental justice and rural development policy. Chapter one provides an overview of the context and approach to this research. Chapter two illustrates the importance of scale in understanding household vulnerability. It uses diverse data to describe political, historic, biophysical and economic factors that shape vulnerability. Chapter three describes household livelihoods and increasing foreign investment pressure in Ethiopia's natural forests, with an emphasis on the history of forest management and access in the study site. It describes processes of forest boundary making and conflict in the study area. Chapter four outlines two scenarios to describe the amount of agricultural land required to replace forest incomes in the community under study. These scenarios, termed "fuelwood replacement" and "fuelwood replacement with agricultural intensification," use agricultural land as a proxy for fuelwood incomes, retaining the connection to physical space that is inherent to natural resources, rather than presenting abstracted monetary values that disassociate resources from power and access dynamics. Chapter five draws together unifying ideas, outlines policy recommendations and describes areas for future research. Close

• 109. [Article] The Bob Marshall Wilderness Area of Montana ; a study in land use

  A wilderness area, as administered by the U. S. Forest Service, is a tract of undeveloped land over 100,000 acres in size with no roads or provision for motorized transportation. Commercial timber cutting, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Bob Marshall Wilderness Area of Montana ; a study in land use Author: Merriam, Lawrence C. A wilderness area, as administered by the U. S. Forest Service, is a tract of undeveloped land over 100,000 acres in size with no roads or provision for motorized transportation. Commercial timber cutting, hotels, stores, and similar developments are prohibited. While there are some exceptions for private holdings and administrative uses, management policy is directed toward the maintenance of primeval conditions. When wilderness reservations were first made (as primitive areas) in the late 1920's and 1930's, resource use demands were limited and these areas were mostly inaccessible backcountry by-passed in the development of the United States. Since World War 11 pressure for expanded development and use of national forest lands for both commercial and preservation management has increased. Interest in national forest land use problems has become nationwide in scope. The Forest Service, while rapidly expanding forest development for utilitarian purposed under its multiple use policy, and serving both local and national interests, has faced increasingly complicated situations in the administrative reservation of wilderness lands from which utilitarian uses are excluded. This situation has been further complicated by the differences of management approaches and personnel training needed in the stewardship of regular national forest and wilderness lands. The Bob Marshall Wilderness Area, 950,000 publicly owned, wilderness classified acres situated in the Flathead and Lewis and Clark National Forests of Montana, is the subject of this land use study to determine its best socio-economic use in the year 1960. Continued public ownership of the land and the perpetuation of wilderness reservation is assumed. The area, its history and evolution, is described. The role of other public agencies, commercial guides, and land use problems are presented. Literature pertinent to wilderness philosophy, management, and recreation valuation is reviewed. Field studies covered several years, including the 1960 nation-wide study for the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission on wilderness and its users. Users were found to be primarily horse travelers, generally in the upper socio-economic classes of society. They were opposed to utilitarian uses and development of the Area and generally favored agency regulation of wilderness. Their primary motivations for visiting the Wilderness were to escape from the pressure of modern civilization and to enjoy the beauties of nature. They were amenable to the charging of yearly fees for wilderness preservation. Summer users were divided into three main groups by origin and activities. Two of these were from Montana and the third from out of state. For this 1960 economic analysis of resource uses, isolation recreation under wilderness reservation was compared with developed recreation and hypothetical timber production under full-development multiple use. Other national forest uses including water, wildlife, and forage, were assumed to be neutral. Two conjectural timber sales, evolved by using Forest Service appraisal methods, proved uneconomic. Assuming road development by federal appropriation, public costs and returns were compared with developed resource uses. In terms of least public cost it was shown that the public interest was best served in 1960 by reserving the Bob Marshall Area as wilderness. Under wilderness reservation, it was found that user benefits would equal 1960 public costs with a reasonable per day user charge. Recreation was valued indirectly. Aesthetic and vicarious aspects were not analyzed. Over time demand will grow for commercial resources in the Wilderness, as will recreation use of the Area. Conflicts will increase and intensify. The Area will become unique as surrounding backcountry is developed. Wilderness as a resource serves a recreational user clientele in addition to regular forest resource users. Forest Service, personnel training related to wilderness concepts and informational-interpretive approaches to the public are important in obtaining nationwide public support for wilderness reservation. Title: The Bob Marshall Wilderness Area of Montana ; a study in land use Author: Merriam, Lawrence C. A wilderness area, as administered by the U. S. Forest Service, is a tract of undeveloped land over 100,000 acres in size with no roads or provision for motorized transportation. Commercial timber cutting, hotels, stores, and similar developments are prohibited. While there are some exceptions for private holdings and administrative uses, management policy is directed toward the maintenance of primeval conditions. When wilderness reservations were first made (as primitive areas) in the late 1920's and 1930's, resource use demands were limited and these areas were mostly inaccessible backcountry by-passed in the development of the United States. Since World War 11 pressure for expanded development and use of national forest lands for both commercial and preservation management has increased. Interest in national forest land use problems has become nationwide in scope. The Forest Service, while rapidly expanding forest development for utilitarian purposed under its multiple use policy, and serving both local and national interests, has faced increasingly complicated situations in the administrative reservation of wilderness lands from which utilitarian uses are excluded. This situation has been further complicated by the differences of management approaches and personnel training needed in the stewardship of regular national forest and wilderness lands. The Bob Marshall Wilderness Area, 950,000 publicly owned, wilderness classified acres situated in the Flathead and Lewis and Clark National Forests of Montana, is the subject of this land use study to determine its best socio-economic use in the year 1960. Continued public ownership of the land and the perpetuation of wilderness reservation is assumed. The area, its history and evolution, is described. The role of other public agencies, commercial guides, and land use problems are presented. Literature pertinent to wilderness philosophy, management, and recreation valuation is reviewed. Field studies covered several years, including the 1960 nation-wide study for the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission on wilderness and its users. Users were found to be primarily horse travelers, generally in the upper socio-economic classes of society. They were opposed to utilitarian uses and development of the Area and generally favored agency regulation of wilderness. Their primary motivations for visiting the Wilderness were to escape from the pressure of modern civilization and to enjoy the beauties of nature. They were amenable to the charging of yearly fees for wilderness preservation. Summer users were divided into three main groups by origin and activities. Two of these were from Montana and the third from out of state. For this 1960 economic analysis of resource uses, isolation recreation under wilderness reservation was compared with developed recreation and hypothetical timber production under full-development multiple use. Other national forest uses including water, wildlife, and forage, were assumed to be neutral. Two conjectural timber sales, evolved by using Forest Service appraisal methods, proved uneconomic. Assuming road development by federal appropriation, public costs and returns were compared with developed resource uses. In terms of least public cost it was shown that the public interest was best served in 1960 by reserving the Bob Marshall Area as wilderness. Under wilderness reservation, it was found that user benefits would equal 1960 public costs with a reasonable per day user charge. Recreation was valued indirectly. Aesthetic and vicarious aspects were not analyzed. Over time demand will grow for commercial resources in the Wilderness, as will recreation use of the Area. Conflicts will increase and intensify. The Area will become unique as surrounding backcountry is developed. Wilderness as a resource serves a recreational user clientele in addition to regular forest resource users. Forest Service, personnel training related to wilderness concepts and informational-interpretive approaches to the public are important in obtaining nationwide public support for wilderness reservation. Close

• 110. [Image] Klamath Project annual history, 1949

  	Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, photographs, maps, crop and livestock yields, irrigation and drainage and irrigation pumping plant operations, WPA camp maintenance, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Project annual history, 1949 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1949, 2008 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, photographs, maps, crop and livestock yields, irrigation and drainage and irrigation pumping plant operations, WPA camp maintenance, etc.; Title covers: calendar years for 1949 - 1952; Description is based on: Klamath Project annual history for 1949; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project Annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Title: Klamath Project annual history, 1949 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1949, 2008 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, photographs, maps, crop and livestock yields, irrigation and drainage and irrigation pumping plant operations, WPA camp maintenance, etc.; Title covers: calendar years for 1949 - 1952; Description is based on: Klamath Project annual history for 1949; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project Annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Close