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• 101. [Article] Yield and other agronomic characters of winter wheat cultivars as affected by five seeding rates and three different environmental conditions

  Five newly released and two Eastern European winter wheat cultivars were grown under five different seeding rates (80, 160, 240, 320, 400 seeds per m²). Four of these newly released cultivars were grown ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Yield and other agronomic characters of winter wheat cultivars as affected by five seeding rates and three different environmental conditions Author: Güler, Mengü Five newly released and two Eastern European winter wheat cultivars were grown under five different seeding rates (80, 160, 240, 320, 400 seeds per m²). Four of these newly released cultivars were grown at three different locations which have different environmental conditions. Data were obtained on grain yield, tiller number per plant, 1000 kernel weight, seed number per spike, plant and spike number per unit area, plant height, heading and maturity dates. At the lowest rate of seeding the grain yield was significantly lower at all three locations. Although there were no significant differences for grain yield for all the other seeding rates, maximum yields were obtained from lower seeding rates at Ryan while at Hyslop and Madras, which had better moisture conditions, maximum yields were obtained at higher seeding rates. This situation was not observed for the Yamhill cultivar in which maximum yields were obtained at 160 seeds per m² seeding rate at all three locations. Tillers per plant value decreased as the seeding rate increased. Hyslop and McDermid produced significantly higher number of tillers per plant from the other cultivars. Significantly highest 1000 kernel weight values were obtained at the lowest seeding rate. Yamhill produced the highest significant 1000 kernel weight while Paha produced the lowest. Seeds per spike value followed the same order as tillers per plant and 1000 kernel weight showing a continuous decrease with the increased rates of seeding. The number of plants per m² was a direct linear function of seeding rate. The number of spikes per m² increased curvilinearly with the increased seeding rate. Hyslop and McDermid produced the highest significant number of spikes per m² because of their higher tillering ability. Plant height increased with increased rates of seeding because of the increased competition for light. Yamhill and Paha were significantly the tallest cultivars. The tallest plants were observed at Hyslop. There was a decrease in the number of days in heading and maturity as the rates of seeding increased. The cultivars ranked in the order Paha > Yamhill > Hyslop > McDermid for heading and maturity dates. Heading first occurred at Hyslop followed by Ryan and Madras while maturity occurred first at Ryan followed by Hyslop and Madras. Highly positive correlations were observed among plants per m², spikes per m and seeding rate while these factors correlated negatively with tillers per plant, 1000 kernel weight and seeds per spike. The regression equations showed that maturity date, heading date and spikes per m² values were the most important factors for predicting yield. Title: Yield and other agronomic characters of winter wheat cultivars as affected by five seeding rates and three different environmental conditions Author: Güler, Mengü Five newly released and two Eastern European winter wheat cultivars were grown under five different seeding rates (80, 160, 240, 320, 400 seeds per m²). Four of these newly released cultivars were grown at three different locations which have different environmental conditions. Data were obtained on grain yield, tiller number per plant, 1000 kernel weight, seed number per spike, plant and spike number per unit area, plant height, heading and maturity dates. At the lowest rate of seeding the grain yield was significantly lower at all three locations. Although there were no significant differences for grain yield for all the other seeding rates, maximum yields were obtained from lower seeding rates at Ryan while at Hyslop and Madras, which had better moisture conditions, maximum yields were obtained at higher seeding rates. This situation was not observed for the Yamhill cultivar in which maximum yields were obtained at 160 seeds per m² seeding rate at all three locations. Tillers per plant value decreased as the seeding rate increased. Hyslop and McDermid produced significantly higher number of tillers per plant from the other cultivars. Significantly highest 1000 kernel weight values were obtained at the lowest seeding rate. Yamhill produced the highest significant 1000 kernel weight while Paha produced the lowest. Seeds per spike value followed the same order as tillers per plant and 1000 kernel weight showing a continuous decrease with the increased rates of seeding. The number of plants per m² was a direct linear function of seeding rate. The number of spikes per m² increased curvilinearly with the increased seeding rate. Hyslop and McDermid produced the highest significant number of spikes per m² because of their higher tillering ability. Plant height increased with increased rates of seeding because of the increased competition for light. Yamhill and Paha were significantly the tallest cultivars. The tallest plants were observed at Hyslop. There was a decrease in the number of days in heading and maturity as the rates of seeding increased. The cultivars ranked in the order Paha > Yamhill > Hyslop > McDermid for heading and maturity dates. Heading first occurred at Hyslop followed by Ryan and Madras while maturity occurred first at Ryan followed by Hyslop and Madras. Highly positive correlations were observed among plants per m², spikes per m and seeding rate while these factors correlated negatively with tillers per plant, 1000 kernel weight and seeds per spike. The regression equations showed that maturity date, heading date and spikes per m² values were the most important factors for predicting yield. Close

• 102. [Article] Distribution of recent foraminifera in relation to estuarine hydrography, Yaquina Bay, Oregon

  The foraminiferal population of Yaquina Bay was investigated to attempt a correlation of seasonal changes in the hydrography with observed changes in the faunal distribution patterns. The results are based ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution of recent foraminifera in relation to estuarine hydrography, Yaquina Bay, Oregon Author: Manske, Douglas Charles The foraminiferal population of Yaquina Bay was investigated to attempt a correlation of seasonal changes in the hydrography with observed changes in the faunal distribution patterns. The results are based on data from two spatial surveys conducted in July 1966, and late February and March, 1967. The hydrography of Yaquina Bay undergoes seasonal changes closely paralleling the seasonal precipitation pattern. Except for short-term variations, the estuarine system is partly-mixed during the period of maximum river discharge (November to May) and wellmixed from June through October. Coastal upwelling (high salinity, low temperature) has a marked influence on the hydrography of the lower bay during the summer; maximum salinities and temperatures prevail in the upper reaches of the estuary during late summer and fall. Species associations were determined by the Fager-McConnaughey correlation coefficient method; similar assemblages were found for both summer and winter surveys. A marine biofacies fauna, dominated by Elphidium microgranulosum and E. frigidum, occupies the main estuary channel for about five miles upstream. The distributional patterns of the living fauna show evidence of a stronger marine influence during the summer, corresponding to a similar pattern in the hydrography. In the lower bay, the Elphidium fauna is displaced laterally by an assemblage characterized by Trochammina charlottensis and Elphidium incertum in the middle intertidal zone. This assemblages in turn gives way to an Ammobaculites exiguus -Miliammina fusca fauna in the upper intertidal area. The Elphidium assemblage gives way to a Miliammina fauna in the upstream direction. Trochammina inflata, T. macrescens, Miliammina fusca, Jadamminina polystoma, Haplophragmoides sp., H. hancocki and Siphotrochammina lobata are the principal species found in the marine marsh. Zones of environmental similarity were defined by the index of affinity association analysis. Living and total faunas of both winter and summer surveys were considered separately; several sample groups were defined in each case. Index of affinity data can also be used to provide an index of the marine influence on the foraminiferal population of the estuary. Species diversity or the average number of species/sample, ranges from 22 in the marine biofacies zone to six on the lower bay tideflats. An intermediate value (l0/sample)was found for the marine marsh. Highest standing crops were found in the marshes (summer) and on the tideflats adjacent to the lower bay channel, averaging 40 and 42/cm² respectively. Lowest values (1 to 2 cm²) were found in the middle to upper intertidal areas of the lower bay during the summer. The distribution of the total fauna is quite similar to that of the living population. Highest average values (175/cm³) are again found in the marine marsh and in the marine biofacies zone (70 to 80/cm³). Lowest values occur on the lower bay intertidal areas (3 to 9/cm³). In general, the percentage representation of agglutinated species in the total fauna increases with distance upstream in the channel and with distance laterally from the channel axis. Faunas of some marsh stations are composed entirely of agglutinated species. The percentage of calcareous hyaline species shows an inverse relation to that of the agglutinated fauna, increasing in importance with approach to marine conditions. Porcelaneous and planktonic species are generally minor constituents in the total fauna and are restricted to the marine biofacies as it is developed in the estuary. Foraminifer-ostracod ratios are extremely variable in the environments sampled in Yaquina Bay. Smooth-valved species are characteristic of the marine marsh and inner bay environments; valve ornamentation tends to increase with approach to marine conditions. Thecamoebians are present in low numbers throughout the estuary. In general however, the number of species and population size increases in the upstream direction. Title: Distribution of recent foraminifera in relation to estuarine hydrography, Yaquina Bay, Oregon Author: Manske, Douglas Charles The foraminiferal population of Yaquina Bay was investigated to attempt a correlation of seasonal changes in the hydrography with observed changes in the faunal distribution patterns. The results are based on data from two spatial surveys conducted in July 1966, and late February and March, 1967. The hydrography of Yaquina Bay undergoes seasonal changes closely paralleling the seasonal precipitation pattern. Except for short-term variations, the estuarine system is partly-mixed during the period of maximum river discharge (November to May) and wellmixed from June through October. Coastal upwelling (high salinity, low temperature) has a marked influence on the hydrography of the lower bay during the summer; maximum salinities and temperatures prevail in the upper reaches of the estuary during late summer and fall. Species associations were determined by the Fager-McConnaughey correlation coefficient method; similar assemblages were found for both summer and winter surveys. A marine biofacies fauna, dominated by Elphidium microgranulosum and E. frigidum, occupies the main estuary channel for about five miles upstream. The distributional patterns of the living fauna show evidence of a stronger marine influence during the summer, corresponding to a similar pattern in the hydrography. In the lower bay, the Elphidium fauna is displaced laterally by an assemblage characterized by Trochammina charlottensis and Elphidium incertum in the middle intertidal zone. This assemblages in turn gives way to an Ammobaculites exiguus -Miliammina fusca fauna in the upper intertidal area. The Elphidium assemblage gives way to a Miliammina fauna in the upstream direction. Trochammina inflata, T. macrescens, Miliammina fusca, Jadamminina polystoma, Haplophragmoides sp., H. hancocki and Siphotrochammina lobata are the principal species found in the marine marsh. Zones of environmental similarity were defined by the index of affinity association analysis. Living and total faunas of both winter and summer surveys were considered separately; several sample groups were defined in each case. Index of affinity data can also be used to provide an index of the marine influence on the foraminiferal population of the estuary. Species diversity or the average number of species/sample, ranges from 22 in the marine biofacies zone to six on the lower bay tideflats. An intermediate value (l0/sample)was found for the marine marsh. Highest standing crops were found in the marshes (summer) and on the tideflats adjacent to the lower bay channel, averaging 40 and 42/cm² respectively. Lowest values (1 to 2 cm²) were found in the middle to upper intertidal areas of the lower bay during the summer. The distribution of the total fauna is quite similar to that of the living population. Highest average values (175/cm³) are again found in the marine marsh and in the marine biofacies zone (70 to 80/cm³). Lowest values occur on the lower bay intertidal areas (3 to 9/cm³). In general, the percentage representation of agglutinated species in the total fauna increases with distance upstream in the channel and with distance laterally from the channel axis. Faunas of some marsh stations are composed entirely of agglutinated species. The percentage of calcareous hyaline species shows an inverse relation to that of the agglutinated fauna, increasing in importance with approach to marine conditions. Porcelaneous and planktonic species are generally minor constituents in the total fauna and are restricted to the marine biofacies as it is developed in the estuary. Foraminifer-ostracod ratios are extremely variable in the environments sampled in Yaquina Bay. Smooth-valved species are characteristic of the marine marsh and inner bay environments; valve ornamentation tends to increase with approach to marine conditions. Thecamoebians are present in low numbers throughout the estuary. In general however, the number of species and population size increases in the upstream direction. Close

• 103. [Article] The Generation Challenge Programme Platform: Semantic Standards and Workbench for Crop Science

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Hindawi Publishing Corporation. The published article can be found at: http://www.hindawi.com/j...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Generation Challenge Programme Platform: Semantic Standards and Workbench for Crop Science Author: Davenport, Guy, Senger, Martin, Bruskiewich, Richard, et al., Jaiswal, Pankaj This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Hindawi Publishing Corporation. The published article can be found at: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijpg/. Title: The Generation Challenge Programme Platform: Semantic Standards and Workbench for Crop Science Author: Davenport, Guy, Senger, Martin, Bruskiewich, Richard, et al., Jaiswal, Pankaj This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Hindawi Publishing Corporation. The published article can be found at: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijpg/. Close

• 104. [Article] Soil Water Tension Irrigation Criteria Affects Both Stevia Rebaudiana Leaf Yield and Leaf Steviol Glycoside Composition

  Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) is a perennial herbaceous plant native to Paraguay and used traditionally by the native Guarani peoples for centuries to sweeten medicinal teas. Stevia has only been commercially ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil Water Tension Irrigation Criteria Affects Both Stevia Rebaudiana Leaf Yield and Leaf Steviol Glycoside Composition Author: Parris, Cheryl A. Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) is a perennial herbaceous plant native to Paraguay and used traditionally by the native Guarani peoples for centuries to sweeten medicinal teas. Stevia has only been commercially cultivated over the past 50 years and cultural practice information suitable for implementation by growers is limited. Currently stevia’s commercial value is found in its steviol glycoside content, especially rebaudioside A. Growers seek information to maximize productivity of rebaudioside A through improved cultural practices. Irrigation management is one of several important agronomic techniques growers can use to obtain maximum yield while also pursuing water use efficiency. The current trial investigated the effect that soil water tension as an irrigation onset criteria had on stevia dry leaf yields, steviol glycoside content and yield, and steviol glycoside ratios. The experiment was conducted in a field of Owyhee silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Xerollic Camborthid) at the Oregon State University, Malheur Experiment Station, Ontario, Oregon, N 43° 58' 53.273'' W 117° 1' 26.396''. Two stevia varieties, SW109 and SW129 (S&W Seed Company Inc., Fresno, California), were subjected to soil water tension irrigation criteria of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, kPa over a 57-day trial period. Harvested plant material was measured for dry leaf yield and several steviol glycosides. Analysis of variance showed significant variety differences in leaf yield, leaf stevioside and rebaudioside A content and yield, and steviol glycoside ratios (P=0.05). Examining the data by analysis of variance, dry leaf yield, stevioside%, rebaudioside C %, total steviol glycoside (TSG), rebaudioside C yield, and TSG % yield had significant higher results among the wetter compared to the drier soil water tension criteria treatments, yet a preferred treatment regime was not was not clearly evident. When comparing varieties by regression analysis, results showed a highly significant decrease in stevioside % content, and an increase in the ratio of rebaudioside A to stevioside from drier to wetter irrigation onset criteria, whereas, rebaudioside A % content did not show any significant trend at differing irrigation criteria. The results indicate that maximizing dry leaf productivity directly affects the total rebaudioside A yield, which in turn can provide increased crop value to the grower. Irrigating near 10kPa produced higher dry leaf yield and total rebaudioside A yield, than irrigation at drier criteria. Irrigating stevia at 10 kPa at full canopy, the crop coefficient, k[subscript c], was equivalent to 0.97 ET₀, averaging 6.4 mm·d⁻¹ for the days measured. Title: Soil Water Tension Irrigation Criteria Affects Both Stevia Rebaudiana Leaf Yield and Leaf Steviol Glycoside Composition Author: Parris, Cheryl A. Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) is a perennial herbaceous plant native to Paraguay and used traditionally by the native Guarani peoples for centuries to sweeten medicinal teas. Stevia has only been commercially cultivated over the past 50 years and cultural practice information suitable for implementation by growers is limited. Currently stevia’s commercial value is found in its steviol glycoside content, especially rebaudioside A. Growers seek information to maximize productivity of rebaudioside A through improved cultural practices. Irrigation management is one of several important agronomic techniques growers can use to obtain maximum yield while also pursuing water use efficiency. The current trial investigated the effect that soil water tension as an irrigation onset criteria had on stevia dry leaf yields, steviol glycoside content and yield, and steviol glycoside ratios. The experiment was conducted in a field of Owyhee silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Xerollic Camborthid) at the Oregon State University, Malheur Experiment Station, Ontario, Oregon, N 43° 58' 53.273'' W 117° 1' 26.396''. Two stevia varieties, SW109 and SW129 (S&W Seed Company Inc., Fresno, California), were subjected to soil water tension irrigation criteria of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, kPa over a 57-day trial period. Harvested plant material was measured for dry leaf yield and several steviol glycosides. Analysis of variance showed significant variety differences in leaf yield, leaf stevioside and rebaudioside A content and yield, and steviol glycoside ratios (P=0.05). Examining the data by analysis of variance, dry leaf yield, stevioside%, rebaudioside C %, total steviol glycoside (TSG), rebaudioside C yield, and TSG % yield had significant higher results among the wetter compared to the drier soil water tension criteria treatments, yet a preferred treatment regime was not was not clearly evident. When comparing varieties by regression analysis, results showed a highly significant decrease in stevioside % content, and an increase in the ratio of rebaudioside A to stevioside from drier to wetter irrigation onset criteria, whereas, rebaudioside A % content did not show any significant trend at differing irrigation criteria. The results indicate that maximizing dry leaf productivity directly affects the total rebaudioside A yield, which in turn can provide increased crop value to the grower. Irrigating near 10kPa produced higher dry leaf yield and total rebaudioside A yield, than irrigation at drier criteria. Irrigating stevia at 10 kPa at full canopy, the crop coefficient, k[subscript c], was equivalent to 0.97 ET₀, averaging 6.4 mm·d⁻¹ for the days measured. Close

• 105. [Article] Do low price fish, have high nutritional value?

  Includes research findings and presentation.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Do low price fish, have high nutritional value? Author: Perdikaris, Costas, Paschos, Ioannis, Lenas, Dimitrios Includes research findings and presentation. Title: Do low price fish, have high nutritional value? Author: Perdikaris, Costas, Paschos, Ioannis, Lenas, Dimitrios Includes research findings and presentation. Close

• 106. [Article] Agricultural Management Decisions Impact Isoprene Emission and Physiology of Arundo donax, an Emerging Bioenergy Crop

  Arundo donax (Giant Reed) is quickly being developed as a rapidly-growing, robust, and highly productive bioenergy crop, with large scale cultivation of this species planned for the Columbia River basin ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agricultural Management Decisions Impact Isoprene Emission and Physiology of Arundo donax, an Emerging Bioenergy Crop Author: Maxfield, Jason Charles Year: 2014 Arundo donax (Giant Reed) is quickly being developed as a rapidly-growing, robust, and highly productive bioenergy crop, with large scale cultivation of this species planned for the Columbia River basin of the Pacific Northwest (USA). Despite its potential as a next generation biomass crop, relatively few studies have examined the physiological performance of A. donax under agricultural conditions. Unlike traditional crops, A. donax is known to be a high-emitter of the volatile compound isoprene, which may significantly impact regional air quality, but it has not been widely cultivated in North America and little is known about how this species will perform in the Pacific Northwest. Over two field seasons, we measured isoprene fluxes from A. donax plants in both greenhouse conditions and in an agricultural field setting under a variety of conditions and fertilizer treatments. We also measured several other attributes of A. donax productivity and leaf physiology including chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, specific leaf mass, water use efficiency and gas exchange. We found that A. donax physiologically performs well under cultivation in the Columbia River basin, but that it also emits isoprene at significantly higher rates than previous reports indicate. We also found that both isoprene emission and leaf physiology were highly affected by agricultural management decisions, including nitrogen and irrigation management. Our findings indicate that crop management strategies can be developed that simultaneously seek to minimize isoprene emission while maximizing biomass production in this newly emerging bioenergy crop. Title: Agricultural Management Decisions Impact Isoprene Emission and Physiology of Arundo donax, an Emerging Bioenergy Crop Author: Maxfield, Jason Charles Year: 2014 Arundo donax (Giant Reed) is quickly being developed as a rapidly-growing, robust, and highly productive bioenergy crop, with large scale cultivation of this species planned for the Columbia River basin of the Pacific Northwest (USA). Despite its potential as a next generation biomass crop, relatively few studies have examined the physiological performance of A. donax under agricultural conditions. Unlike traditional crops, A. donax is known to be a high-emitter of the volatile compound isoprene, which may significantly impact regional air quality, but it has not been widely cultivated in North America and little is known about how this species will perform in the Pacific Northwest. Over two field seasons, we measured isoprene fluxes from A. donax plants in both greenhouse conditions and in an agricultural field setting under a variety of conditions and fertilizer treatments. We also measured several other attributes of A. donax productivity and leaf physiology including chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, specific leaf mass, water use efficiency and gas exchange. We found that A. donax physiologically performs well under cultivation in the Columbia River basin, but that it also emits isoprene at significantly higher rates than previous reports indicate. We also found that both isoprene emission and leaf physiology were highly affected by agricultural management decisions, including nitrogen and irrigation management. Our findings indicate that crop management strategies can be developed that simultaneously seek to minimize isoprene emission while maximizing biomass production in this newly emerging bioenergy crop. Close

• 107. [Article] An examination of terminal and instrumental values of selected Oregon State University students

  The purpose of this study was twofold; first, to identify the values held by Oregon State University students, and second, to determine if the values of OSU students are different from samples previously ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An examination of terminal and instrumental values of selected Oregon State University students Author: Norelius, Caroline F. The purpose of this study was twofold; first, to identify the values held by Oregon State University students, and second, to determine if the values of OSU students are different from samples previously surveyed. A further purpose of the study was to develop baseline data on a cross-section of the OSU population. Form G of the Rokeach Value Survey was sent to 425 freshman and senior men and women. Subjects were selected by a computer generated random sample of the total population from Student Information System records. Three hundred eighty-six usable responses (86%) were returned and used in the data analysis. Chi-square with Yates correction was used to determine the significance of specific value differences between each of the comparison groups. In addition, the Kruskal-Wallace H test was applied to hypotheses 3-7 where original data was available. No differences were found to exist on the specific levels between the two test results. Data analysis was accomplished using a personal computer and the Lotus 1-2-3 software package. Twelve null hypotheses concerning differences in median rankings of terminal values (end-states of existence) and instrumental values (preferred modes of conduct) were tested. The results of the study provided a profile of the current OSU student population. Conclusions: current freshman women differ from those reported in 1972; current freshman men and women have similar terminal values, but differ on their instrumental values; current senior men and women differ on terminal value placement, but have highly similar instrumental values; current freshmen differ on both terminal and instrumental values from the national norms; current seniors differ from the national norms on terminal values, but are similar on instrumental values; current OSU students differ from the national norms for college students on both the terminal and instrumental values scales. In regard to specific values, OSU students value health, self-respect and true friendship as end-states of existence and honest, responsible and loving as preferred modes of conduct. Title: An examination of terminal and instrumental values of selected Oregon State University students Author: Norelius, Caroline F. The purpose of this study was twofold; first, to identify the values held by Oregon State University students, and second, to determine if the values of OSU students are different from samples previously surveyed. A further purpose of the study was to develop baseline data on a cross-section of the OSU population. Form G of the Rokeach Value Survey was sent to 425 freshman and senior men and women. Subjects were selected by a computer generated random sample of the total population from Student Information System records. Three hundred eighty-six usable responses (86%) were returned and used in the data analysis. Chi-square with Yates correction was used to determine the significance of specific value differences between each of the comparison groups. In addition, the Kruskal-Wallace H test was applied to hypotheses 3-7 where original data was available. No differences were found to exist on the specific levels between the two test results. Data analysis was accomplished using a personal computer and the Lotus 1-2-3 software package. Twelve null hypotheses concerning differences in median rankings of terminal values (end-states of existence) and instrumental values (preferred modes of conduct) were tested. The results of the study provided a profile of the current OSU student population. Conclusions: current freshman women differ from those reported in 1972; current freshman men and women have similar terminal values, but differ on their instrumental values; current senior men and women differ on terminal value placement, but have highly similar instrumental values; current freshmen differ on both terminal and instrumental values from the national norms; current seniors differ from the national norms on terminal values, but are similar on instrumental values; current OSU students differ from the national norms for college students on both the terminal and instrumental values scales. In regard to specific values, OSU students value health, self-respect and true friendship as end-states of existence and honest, responsible and loving as preferred modes of conduct. Close

• 108. [Article] Collecting Image Cropping Dataset: A Hybrid System of Machine and Human Intelligence

  Image cropping is a common tool that exists in almost any image editor, yet automatic cropping is still a difficult problem in Computer Vision. Since images nowadays can be easily collected through the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Collecting Image Cropping Dataset: A Hybrid System of Machine and Human Intelligence Author: Mai, Uyen T., Liu, Feng Year: 2016 Image cropping is a common tool that exists in almost any image editor, yet automatic cropping is still a difficult problem in Computer Vision. Since images nowadays can be easily collected through the web, machine learning is a promising approach to solve this problem. However, an image cropping dataset is not yet available and gathering such a large-scale dataset is a non-trivial task. Although a crowdsourcing website such as Mechanical Turk seems to be a solution to this task, image cropping is a sophisticated task that is vulnerable to unreliable annotation; furthermore, collecting a large-scale high-quality dataset through crowdsourcing is expensive. Alternatively, we introduce a system that uses automatic methods and human inputs to generate and evaluate image crops. Our system is a hybrid of machine and human intelligence. Given an image, the hybrid system generates image crops in three steps: identify main objects in the image; automatically generate a set of potential good crops around the identified main objects following principle photographic composition; and assess the generated crops. The second step is automatic while the first and third steps require inputs from the human. We obtain these user inputs by designing an online game. In the user’s perspective, our system is a website where users can access to play games. In our perspective, by letting people play games, we have them annotate the images for us with no cost. The games are carefully designed so that users’ feedbacks are helpful to our main goal. The system is embedded with a quality control model that assesses the user’s accuracy and the quality of the annotation. Title: Collecting Image Cropping Dataset: A Hybrid System of Machine and Human Intelligence Author: Mai, Uyen T., Liu, Feng Year: 2016 Image cropping is a common tool that exists in almost any image editor, yet automatic cropping is still a difficult problem in Computer Vision. Since images nowadays can be easily collected through the web, machine learning is a promising approach to solve this problem. However, an image cropping dataset is not yet available and gathering such a large-scale dataset is a non-trivial task. Although a crowdsourcing website such as Mechanical Turk seems to be a solution to this task, image cropping is a sophisticated task that is vulnerable to unreliable annotation; furthermore, collecting a large-scale high-quality dataset through crowdsourcing is expensive. Alternatively, we introduce a system that uses automatic methods and human inputs to generate and evaluate image crops. Our system is a hybrid of machine and human intelligence. Given an image, the hybrid system generates image crops in three steps: identify main objects in the image; automatically generate a set of potential good crops around the identified main objects following principle photographic composition; and assess the generated crops. The second step is automatic while the first and third steps require inputs from the human. We obtain these user inputs by designing an online game. In the user’s perspective, our system is a website where users can access to play games. In our perspective, by letting people play games, we have them annotate the images for us with no cost. The games are carefully designed so that users’ feedbacks are helpful to our main goal. The system is embedded with a quality control model that assesses the user’s accuracy and the quality of the annotation. Close

• 109. [Article] The effect of heterozygosity on phenotypic stability in spring barley

  The effect of heterozygosity on the phenotypic stabilities of six morphological plant characteristics was studied in hybrid crosses of two self-pollinated barley species Hordeum vulgare L., emend Lam. and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of heterozygosity on phenotypic stability in spring barley Author: Smith, Garry Austin The effect of heterozygosity on the phenotypic stabilities of six morphological plant characteristics was studied in hybrid crosses of two self-pollinated barley species Hordeum vulgare L., emend Lam. and Hordeum distichum L., emend Lam. Experimental material consisting of parents and their F₁ diallel progeny were grown at two field locations and one greenhouse location in the spring of 1967. The phenotypic stability for plant height, kernels per spike, kernel weight, grain yield per plant and awn length was determined by the use of two statistics, the standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation. These statistics were computed on each individual plot based on measurements taken from three plants per plot. The mean coefficient of variation and standard deviation values representing the phenotypic stability of each of the entries were compared at each of three locations and across the three locations. Analyses of variance facilitated the comparison of four groups. Two of the four groups were composed of homozygous genotypes (parental groups) and two of the groups were composed of highly heterozygous genotypes (6 X 6 and 2 X 2 crosses). The associations between the phenotypic stabilities of all characteristics measured were studied by the use of linear correlations. Further, associations between the mean values of each characteristic measured and its phenotypic stability were determined. In addition, the association between the two statistics coefficient of variation and standard deviation utilized in this study as a basis of measuring phenotypic stability was determined by correlation studies. The results of this research indicated that the phenotypic stability of heterozygotes as a group was neither greater nor less than the homozygotes for any morphological characteristic when compared across the three locations. This would suggest that heterozygosity per se does not influence phenotypic stability over rather diverse environments. On the other hand heterozygosity did increase the phenotypic variation of kernel weight and plant height at the Klamath Falls field location. And, the phenotypic variation of tiller number was increased at the Corvallis field location. The phenotypic stability of heterozygotes and homozygotes was greatest for all characteristics measured under the minimal environmental stress at the greenhouse location. The phenotypic stability of kernel weight, plant height, kernels per spike and awn length were associated. Evidence also indicated associations between the phenotypic stability of plant height and the phenotypic stabilities of kernels per spike and awn length. Additional evidence indicated that the phenotypic stabilities of kernels per spike and awn length were associated. This association among the phenotypic stability of several plant characteristics may suggest a common control mechanism for phenotypic stability within the plant. If as the evidence indicated, the phenotypic stability of several plant characteristics are associated, the selection for levels of phenotypic stability of one plant characteristic could lead to increased stability for certain other plant characteristics. It was found that the parents used in a hybrid barley cross can influence the phenotypic stability of the hybrid. These results suggest the possibility of selecting parents which when crossed would result in hybrids which exhibit high phenotypic stability for particular morphological characteristics. The coefficient of variation and standard deviation were highly associated when used to measure phenotypic stability. The coefficient of variation was the most reliable of the two statistics because it was not influenced by the size of the mean as was the standard deviation. Title: The effect of heterozygosity on phenotypic stability in spring barley Author: Smith, Garry Austin The effect of heterozygosity on the phenotypic stabilities of six morphological plant characteristics was studied in hybrid crosses of two self-pollinated barley species Hordeum vulgare L., emend Lam. and Hordeum distichum L., emend Lam. Experimental material consisting of parents and their F₁ diallel progeny were grown at two field locations and one greenhouse location in the spring of 1967. The phenotypic stability for plant height, kernels per spike, kernel weight, grain yield per plant and awn length was determined by the use of two statistics, the standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation. These statistics were computed on each individual plot based on measurements taken from three plants per plot. The mean coefficient of variation and standard deviation values representing the phenotypic stability of each of the entries were compared at each of three locations and across the three locations. Analyses of variance facilitated the comparison of four groups. Two of the four groups were composed of homozygous genotypes (parental groups) and two of the groups were composed of highly heterozygous genotypes (6 X 6 and 2 X 2 crosses). The associations between the phenotypic stabilities of all characteristics measured were studied by the use of linear correlations. Further, associations between the mean values of each characteristic measured and its phenotypic stability were determined. In addition, the association between the two statistics coefficient of variation and standard deviation utilized in this study as a basis of measuring phenotypic stability was determined by correlation studies. The results of this research indicated that the phenotypic stability of heterozygotes as a group was neither greater nor less than the homozygotes for any morphological characteristic when compared across the three locations. This would suggest that heterozygosity per se does not influence phenotypic stability over rather diverse environments. On the other hand heterozygosity did increase the phenotypic variation of kernel weight and plant height at the Klamath Falls field location. And, the phenotypic variation of tiller number was increased at the Corvallis field location. The phenotypic stability of heterozygotes and homozygotes was greatest for all characteristics measured under the minimal environmental stress at the greenhouse location. The phenotypic stability of kernel weight, plant height, kernels per spike and awn length were associated. Evidence also indicated associations between the phenotypic stability of plant height and the phenotypic stabilities of kernels per spike and awn length. Additional evidence indicated that the phenotypic stabilities of kernels per spike and awn length were associated. This association among the phenotypic stability of several plant characteristics may suggest a common control mechanism for phenotypic stability within the plant. If as the evidence indicated, the phenotypic stability of several plant characteristics are associated, the selection for levels of phenotypic stability of one plant characteristic could lead to increased stability for certain other plant characteristics. It was found that the parents used in a hybrid barley cross can influence the phenotypic stability of the hybrid. These results suggest the possibility of selecting parents which when crossed would result in hybrids which exhibit high phenotypic stability for particular morphological characteristics. The coefficient of variation and standard deviation were highly associated when used to measure phenotypic stability. The coefficient of variation was the most reliable of the two statistics because it was not influenced by the size of the mean as was the standard deviation. Close

• 110. [Article] Selected effects of additional irrigation in the Columbia Basin : a multiregional interindustry analysis

  Increasing demands for water related services of the Columbia River and its tributaries create conflicts between users During the 1970's the conflict has centered around three major water uses - irrigation, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Selected effects of additional irrigation in the Columbia Basin : a multiregional interindustry analysis Author: Wilkins, John Russell Increasing demands for water related services of the Columbia River and its tributaries create conflicts between users During the 1970's the conflict has centered around three major water uses - irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and fisheries. This study analyzes some of the tradeoffs between upstream depletion of water for irrigation and downstream use of the water for production of aluminum, which depends on large blocks of inexpensive hydroelectric energy The economic value of two projected increments of irrigated crops in 1985 and the consequent losses of economic value from less aluminum output due to reduced hydroelectric generation are analyzed in a 1985 multiregional inputoutput model of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho The analysis also estimates direct and indirect changes in output and employment by industry, State, and for the region. Results indicate that the 1985 incremental value of crop output from additional irrigation overshadows output losses in the regional aluminum industry For each additional dollar of crop production and processing, 4-7 cents are lost n regional aluminum and related output. Neither the crop production increases nor the aluminum production losses are large compared to the projected 1985 regional economy. However, the production changes are significant within each industry and probably would have considerable impact in localities with new irrigated lands or where aluminum production is significant. Indirect or support output in trade, services, transportation machinery, food processing, manufacture, and electric utilities are most affected by future irrigated crop output increases and aluminum output decreases Despite the largest aluminum output reductions, most of the effects occur in Washington, followed by Idaho and then Oregon. Title: Selected effects of additional irrigation in the Columbia Basin : a multiregional interindustry analysis Author: Wilkins, John Russell Increasing demands for water related services of the Columbia River and its tributaries create conflicts between users During the 1970's the conflict has centered around three major water uses - irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and fisheries. This study analyzes some of the tradeoffs between upstream depletion of water for irrigation and downstream use of the water for production of aluminum, which depends on large blocks of inexpensive hydroelectric energy The economic value of two projected increments of irrigated crops in 1985 and the consequent losses of economic value from less aluminum output due to reduced hydroelectric generation are analyzed in a 1985 multiregional inputoutput model of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho The analysis also estimates direct and indirect changes in output and employment by industry, State, and for the region. Results indicate that the 1985 incremental value of crop output from additional irrigation overshadows output losses in the regional aluminum industry For each additional dollar of crop production and processing, 4-7 cents are lost n regional aluminum and related output. Neither the crop production increases nor the aluminum production losses are large compared to the projected 1985 regional economy. However, the production changes are significant within each industry and probably would have considerable impact in localities with new irrigated lands or where aluminum production is significant. Indirect or support output in trade, services, transportation machinery, food processing, manufacture, and electric utilities are most affected by future irrigated crop output increases and aluminum output decreases Despite the largest aluminum output reductions, most of the effects occur in Washington, followed by Idaho and then Oregon. Close