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• 181. [Article] Drivers of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community composition in roots : hosts, neighbors, and environment

  The vast majority of terrestrial plant species live in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). AMF and plants live in complex networks, with roots of individual plants hosting multiple AMF, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Drivers of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community composition in roots : hosts, neighbors, and environment Author: Phillips, Wendy S. The vast majority of terrestrial plant species live in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). AMF and plants live in complex networks, with roots of individual plants hosting multiple AMF, and single AMF colonizing multiple plants concurrently. Through the exchange of resources, the two partners of this symbiosis can have great effects on each other, effects which can ripple through both communities. What determines the patterns of associations between the partners is still largely unknown. In this dissertation, I examine a variety of factors, and in particular host identity, that could drive the community composition of AMF in roots. I began by surveying the diversity of AMF in roots of 12 plant species at a remnant bunchgrass prairie in Oregon, U.S.A. (Chapter 2). To do that, I first designed new primers for use in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to specifically amplify DNA from all Glomeromycota species. Using those primers, I found 36 distinct AMF phylogenetic groups, or operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the roots from the prairie. The proportion of OTUs in the basal order Archaeosporales was greater than in many other environmental surveys. I also conducted an in silico analysis to predict how effectively previously published primers would detect the whole diversity of OTUs I detected. I then assayed AMF community composition in the roots of 50 plants from nine plant species (Chapter 3). To do that, I designed primers specific to 18 of the OTUs detected in the initial field survey and used them to test for the presence of each OTU in the roots individual plants. I used that data to test if AMF community composition in individual roots correlated with host identity, spatial distribution, or soil characteristics. I found host identity was associated with both the richness and the structure of root AMF communities, while spatial distribution and soil characteristics were not. Finally, I performed an experimental test of the effect of host identity and community context on AMF community assembly (Chapter 4). I grew plants from four native perennial plant species, including two common and two federally endangered plants, either individually or in a community of four plants (with one plant of each species). I analyzed the AMF community composition in the roots of all plants after 12 weeks of growth with exposure to a uniform mix of field soil as inoculum. I found that host species identity affected root AMF richness and community composition, and community context affected AMF richness. Only one of the endangered species was highly colonized by AMF, and I did not detect unique AMF communities associated with it. This dissertation provides information on the diversity of AMF at a remnant bunchgrass prairie, an ecosystem which has been the subject of very few studies of AMF. Although a complex mix of factors interact to determine AMF community composition in roots, this work provides strong evidence that host identity plays a major role in that process. Title: Drivers of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community composition in roots : hosts, neighbors, and environment Author: Phillips, Wendy S. The vast majority of terrestrial plant species live in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). AMF and plants live in complex networks, with roots of individual plants hosting multiple AMF, and single AMF colonizing multiple plants concurrently. Through the exchange of resources, the two partners of this symbiosis can have great effects on each other, effects which can ripple through both communities. What determines the patterns of associations between the partners is still largely unknown. In this dissertation, I examine a variety of factors, and in particular host identity, that could drive the community composition of AMF in roots. I began by surveying the diversity of AMF in roots of 12 plant species at a remnant bunchgrass prairie in Oregon, U.S.A. (Chapter 2). To do that, I first designed new primers for use in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to specifically amplify DNA from all Glomeromycota species. Using those primers, I found 36 distinct AMF phylogenetic groups, or operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the roots from the prairie. The proportion of OTUs in the basal order Archaeosporales was greater than in many other environmental surveys. I also conducted an in silico analysis to predict how effectively previously published primers would detect the whole diversity of OTUs I detected. I then assayed AMF community composition in the roots of 50 plants from nine plant species (Chapter 3). To do that, I designed primers specific to 18 of the OTUs detected in the initial field survey and used them to test for the presence of each OTU in the roots individual plants. I used that data to test if AMF community composition in individual roots correlated with host identity, spatial distribution, or soil characteristics. I found host identity was associated with both the richness and the structure of root AMF communities, while spatial distribution and soil characteristics were not. Finally, I performed an experimental test of the effect of host identity and community context on AMF community assembly (Chapter 4). I grew plants from four native perennial plant species, including two common and two federally endangered plants, either individually or in a community of four plants (with one plant of each species). I analyzed the AMF community composition in the roots of all plants after 12 weeks of growth with exposure to a uniform mix of field soil as inoculum. I found that host species identity affected root AMF richness and community composition, and community context affected AMF richness. Only one of the endangered species was highly colonized by AMF, and I did not detect unique AMF communities associated with it. This dissertation provides information on the diversity of AMF at a remnant bunchgrass prairie, an ecosystem which has been the subject of very few studies of AMF. Although a complex mix of factors interact to determine AMF community composition in roots, this work provides strong evidence that host identity plays a major role in that process. Close

• 182. [Article] Dynamic seascapes : a quantitative framework for scaling pelagic ecology and biogeochemistry

  Understanding and modeling microbial responses and feedbacks to climate change is hampered by a lack of a framework in the pelagic environment by which to link local mechanism to large scale patterns. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dynamic seascapes : a quantitative framework for scaling pelagic ecology and biogeochemistry Author: Kavanaugh, Maria T. Understanding and modeling microbial responses and feedbacks to climate change is hampered by a lack of a framework in the pelagic environment by which to link local mechanism to large scale patterns. Where terrestrial ecology draws from landscape theory and practice to address issues of scale, the pelagic seascape concept is still in its infancy. We have applied the patch mosaic paradigm of landscape ecology to the study of the seasonal and interannual variability of the North Pacific to facilitate comparative analysis between pelagic ecosystems and provide spatiotemporal context for eulerian time-series studies. Using multivariate, 13-year climatologies of sea surface temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, and chlorophyll a derived from remote sensing observations, we classified hierarchical seascapes at monthly and interannual scales. These dynamic, objectively-determined seascapes offer improved hydrographic coherence relative to oceanic regions with subjectively defined and static boundaries (Chapter 2) and represent unique biogeochemical functioning (Chapter 2) and microbial communities (Chapter3). Furthermore they provide consilience between satellite studies and in situ observations (Chapter 4) and allow for objective comparison of ecosystem forcing (Chapters, 4 and 5). In Chapter 2, we rigorously tested the assumption that satellite-derived seascapes describe regions of biogeochemical coherence. The seasonal cycle of the North Pacific was characterized at three levels of spatiotemporal hierarchy and broader relevance of monthly –resolved seascapes was assessed through analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses of nutrient, primary productivity, and pCO₂ data. Distinct nutrient and primary productivity regimes were well-characterized in the coarsest two levels of hierarchy (ANOVA, R² = 0.5-0.7). Finer scale partitioning was more relevant for pCO₂. MLR analyses revealed differential forcing on pCO₂ across seascapes and hierarchical levels and a 33 % reduction in mean model error with increased partitioning (from 18.5 µatm to 12.0 µatm pCO₂). In Chapter 3 we verified the seascapes with in situ collections of microbial abundance and structure. Flow cytometry data was collected from two long term time series and several cruises spanning thousand kilometers of the NE Pacific; these data allowed us to quantify spatiotemporal patterns. In addition, multiple response permutation analysis revealed differences in community structure across discrete seascapes, in terms of both absolute and relative abundances. Principal component analysis of the assemblage supported seascape divisions and revealed structure along environmental gradients with strong associations with chlorophyll a and sea surface temperature and, to a lesser extent, with mixed layer depth and mean photosynthetically active radiation in the mixed layer. Differences of assemblage structure between seascapes and strength of environmental forcing were strong in the subarctic and transition zones, but less pronounced in the subtropics, suggesting satellite-detected changes in bulk properties that may be associated with local physiology or interannual shifts in seascape boundaries. Based on the work presented in Chapter 4, we discovered that interannual shifts in the boundaries of a transition seascape and two distinct oligotrophic subtropical seascapes affect the variability observed at benchmark time series Station ALOHA; the latter two seascapes oscillate in their contributions to the expansion of the entire subtropics. On interannual scales, in situ phytoplankton abundance (as measured by chl-a), net primary productivity (NPP), and the relative abundance of eukaryotic phytoplankton and Synechococcus sp. increased during periods of encroachment by the transition seascape. Conversely, the relative abundance of Prochlorococcus increased and chl –a and NPP decreased when the highly oligotrophic seascape encroached on Station ALOHA. The dynamic range (~6 million km²) of subtropical expansion is born almost entirely by the transition zone - resulting in a transfer of ~1.2 Pg of total primary C production between a system primed for export production and one dominated by the microbial loop. In Chapter 5, we investigated multiple factors that contribute to the effectiveness of the biological pump in the transition seascape. Near-continuous measurements of net primary production (NPP), net community production (NCP) and several ecophysiological variables were collected in across subarctic, transition, and subtropical seascapes of the Northeast Pacific during August and September of 2008. Mesoscale processes and shifts in community structure contributed to high export efficiency in the subtropical seascape; the convergence of assemblage structure, high biomass, moderate NPP: NCP and high NCP contributed to biologically mediated air-sea exchange in the transition seascape. Furthermore, NPP and NCP were strongly spatially coupled in both the transition (r[subscript 1, 39]=0.70; p<0.0001) and subtropical seascapes (r[subscript 1, 45]= 0.68, p<0.0001), suggesting the possibility for empirical modeling efforts. This dissertation provides a first step to characterize the seascape variability in the NE Pacific and to understand the modulation of primary and export production in a critical transition region. The multivariate seascape approach described here provides spatiotemporal context for in situ studies and allows objective comparisons of systems' responses to climatic forcing. An integrated ocean observing system will require insight from in situ observations and experiments, ecosystem models, and satellite remote sensing. The results highlighted in this dissertation suggest that the pelagic seascape framework, through its capacity to scale both context and mechanism, may serve as an important and unifying component of such an observing system. Title: Dynamic seascapes : a quantitative framework for scaling pelagic ecology and biogeochemistry Author: Kavanaugh, Maria T. Understanding and modeling microbial responses and feedbacks to climate change is hampered by a lack of a framework in the pelagic environment by which to link local mechanism to large scale patterns. Where terrestrial ecology draws from landscape theory and practice to address issues of scale, the pelagic seascape concept is still in its infancy. We have applied the patch mosaic paradigm of landscape ecology to the study of the seasonal and interannual variability of the North Pacific to facilitate comparative analysis between pelagic ecosystems and provide spatiotemporal context for eulerian time-series studies. Using multivariate, 13-year climatologies of sea surface temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, and chlorophyll a derived from remote sensing observations, we classified hierarchical seascapes at monthly and interannual scales. These dynamic, objectively-determined seascapes offer improved hydrographic coherence relative to oceanic regions with subjectively defined and static boundaries (Chapter 2) and represent unique biogeochemical functioning (Chapter 2) and microbial communities (Chapter3). Furthermore they provide consilience between satellite studies and in situ observations (Chapter 4) and allow for objective comparison of ecosystem forcing (Chapters, 4 and 5). In Chapter 2, we rigorously tested the assumption that satellite-derived seascapes describe regions of biogeochemical coherence. The seasonal cycle of the North Pacific was characterized at three levels of spatiotemporal hierarchy and broader relevance of monthly –resolved seascapes was assessed through analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses of nutrient, primary productivity, and pCO₂ data. Distinct nutrient and primary productivity regimes were well-characterized in the coarsest two levels of hierarchy (ANOVA, R² = 0.5-0.7). Finer scale partitioning was more relevant for pCO₂. MLR analyses revealed differential forcing on pCO₂ across seascapes and hierarchical levels and a 33 % reduction in mean model error with increased partitioning (from 18.5 µatm to 12.0 µatm pCO₂). In Chapter 3 we verified the seascapes with in situ collections of microbial abundance and structure. Flow cytometry data was collected from two long term time series and several cruises spanning thousand kilometers of the NE Pacific; these data allowed us to quantify spatiotemporal patterns. In addition, multiple response permutation analysis revealed differences in community structure across discrete seascapes, in terms of both absolute and relative abundances. Principal component analysis of the assemblage supported seascape divisions and revealed structure along environmental gradients with strong associations with chlorophyll a and sea surface temperature and, to a lesser extent, with mixed layer depth and mean photosynthetically active radiation in the mixed layer. Differences of assemblage structure between seascapes and strength of environmental forcing were strong in the subarctic and transition zones, but less pronounced in the subtropics, suggesting satellite-detected changes in bulk properties that may be associated with local physiology or interannual shifts in seascape boundaries. Based on the work presented in Chapter 4, we discovered that interannual shifts in the boundaries of a transition seascape and two distinct oligotrophic subtropical seascapes affect the variability observed at benchmark time series Station ALOHA; the latter two seascapes oscillate in their contributions to the expansion of the entire subtropics. On interannual scales, in situ phytoplankton abundance (as measured by chl-a), net primary productivity (NPP), and the relative abundance of eukaryotic phytoplankton and Synechococcus sp. increased during periods of encroachment by the transition seascape. Conversely, the relative abundance of Prochlorococcus increased and chl –a and NPP decreased when the highly oligotrophic seascape encroached on Station ALOHA. The dynamic range (~6 million km²) of subtropical expansion is born almost entirely by the transition zone - resulting in a transfer of ~1.2 Pg of total primary C production between a system primed for export production and one dominated by the microbial loop. In Chapter 5, we investigated multiple factors that contribute to the effectiveness of the biological pump in the transition seascape. Near-continuous measurements of net primary production (NPP), net community production (NCP) and several ecophysiological variables were collected in across subarctic, transition, and subtropical seascapes of the Northeast Pacific during August and September of 2008. Mesoscale processes and shifts in community structure contributed to high export efficiency in the subtropical seascape; the convergence of assemblage structure, high biomass, moderate NPP: NCP and high NCP contributed to biologically mediated air-sea exchange in the transition seascape. Furthermore, NPP and NCP were strongly spatially coupled in both the transition (r[subscript 1, 39]=0.70; p<0.0001) and subtropical seascapes (r[subscript 1, 45]= 0.68, p<0.0001), suggesting the possibility for empirical modeling efforts. This dissertation provides a first step to characterize the seascape variability in the NE Pacific and to understand the modulation of primary and export production in a critical transition region. The multivariate seascape approach described here provides spatiotemporal context for in situ studies and allows objective comparisons of systems' responses to climatic forcing. An integrated ocean observing system will require insight from in situ observations and experiments, ecosystem models, and satellite remote sensing. The results highlighted in this dissertation suggest that the pelagic seascape framework, through its capacity to scale both context and mechanism, may serve as an important and unifying component of such an observing system. Close

• 183. [Image] Range maps of terrestrial species in the interior Columbia River basin and Northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins

  	Abstract Marcot, Bruce G.; Wales, Barbara C; Demmer, Rick. 2003. Range maps of terrestrial species in the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Range maps of terrestrial species in the interior Columbia River basin and Northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Author: Marcot, Bruce G. Year: 2003, 2005, 2004 Abstract Marcot, Bruce G.; Wales, Barbara C; Demmer, Rick. 2003. Range maps of terrestrial species in the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-583. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 304 p. Current range distribution maps are presented for 14 invertebrate, 26 amphibian, 26 reptile, 339 bird, and 125 mammal species and selected subspecies (530 total taxa) of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins in the United States. Also presented are maps of historical ranges of 3 bird and 10 mammal species, and 6 maps of natural areas designated by federal agencies and other organizations. The species range maps were derived from a variety of publications and from expert review and unpublished data, and thus differ in degree of accuracy and resolution. The species maps are available in computer versions and are indexed herein by common and scientific names. Keywords: Maps, species range, species distribution, wildlife, invertebrates, arthropods, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, bats, biodiversity, endemism, natural areas, interior Columbia River basin, Klamath Basin, Great Basin. Title: Range maps of terrestrial species in the interior Columbia River basin and Northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Author: Marcot, Bruce G. Year: 2003, 2005, 2004 Abstract Marcot, Bruce G.; Wales, Barbara C; Demmer, Rick. 2003. Range maps of terrestrial species in the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-583. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 304 p. Current range distribution maps are presented for 14 invertebrate, 26 amphibian, 26 reptile, 339 bird, and 125 mammal species and selected subspecies (530 total taxa) of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins in the United States. Also presented are maps of historical ranges of 3 bird and 10 mammal species, and 6 maps of natural areas designated by federal agencies and other organizations. The species range maps were derived from a variety of publications and from expert review and unpublished data, and thus differ in degree of accuracy and resolution. The species maps are available in computer versions and are indexed herein by common and scientific names. Keywords: Maps, species range, species distribution, wildlife, invertebrates, arthropods, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, bats, biodiversity, endemism, natural areas, interior Columbia River basin, Klamath Basin, Great Basin. Close

• 184. [Image] Crater Lake limnological studies 1995 annual report

  	1982–2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1990-2002; Bibliographic description is based on 1990 annual report; CA 9000-8-0006 Subagreement 8; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake limnological studies 1995 annual report Author: Oregon State University; in collaboration with the National Park Service Year: 1995, 2009, 2010 1982–2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1990-2002; Bibliographic description is based on 1990 annual report; CA 9000-8-0006 Subagreement 8; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering Title: Crater Lake limnological studies 1995 annual report Author: Oregon State University; in collaboration with the National Park Service Year: 1995, 2009, 2010 1982–2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1990-2002; Bibliographic description is based on 1990 annual report; CA 9000-8-0006 Subagreement 8; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering Close

• 185. [Image] Crater Lake limnological studies 1985 annual report

  	1982-2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1985-1987; CA 9000-3-0003 Subagreement 12; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake limnological studies 1985 annual report Author: Oregon State University; in collaboration with Crater Lake National Park Year: 1985, 2009 1982-2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1985-1987; CA 9000-3-0003 Subagreement 12; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering Title: Crater Lake limnological studies 1985 annual report Author: Oregon State University; in collaboration with Crater Lake National Park Year: 1985, 2009 1982-2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1985-1987; CA 9000-3-0003 Subagreement 12; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering Close

• 186. [Image] Crater Lake limnological studies 1996 annual report

  	1982 - 2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1990-2002; Bibliographic description is based on 1990 annual report; CA 9000-8-0006 Subagreement 8; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake limnological studies 1996 annual report Author: Oregon State University; in collaboration with the National Park Service Year: 1996, 2009 1982 - 2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1990-2002; Bibliographic description is based on 1990 annual report; CA 9000-8-0006 Subagreement 8; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering Title: Crater Lake limnological studies 1996 annual report Author: Oregon State University; in collaboration with the National Park Service Year: 1996, 2009 1982 - 2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1990-2002; Bibliographic description is based on 1990 annual report; CA 9000-8-0006 Subagreement 8; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering Close

• 187. [Article] Riparian litter inputs to streams in the central Oregon Coast Range

  Riparian zone vegetation can influence terrestrial and aquatic food webs through variations in the amounts, timing, and nutritional content of leaf and other litter inputs. Differences in vegetation composition ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Riparian litter inputs to streams in the central Oregon Coast Range Author: Hart, Stephanie K. Riparian zone vegetation can influence terrestrial and aquatic food webs through variations in the amounts, timing, and nutritional content of leaf and other litter inputs. Differences in vegetation composition and density, as well as riparian topography, may modulate the strength and quality of these inputs. Changes in inputs to small order streams affect the processes and condition of adjacent and downstream reaches based on the amount of particulate organic matter that is intercepted, retained, or exported. The central Oregon Coast Range provides an ideal opportunity to study how deciduous dominated and coniferous dominated riparian forests influence small streams within a matrix of managed riparian forests. In coastal Oregon riparian forests, we investigated lateral and vertical litter inputs to sixteen streams throughout a year and assessed how these inputs were influenced by density of deciduous dominated (mainly red alder (Alnus rubra)) or coniferous dominated (mainly Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)) overstory, understory, and lateral slope. Deciduous site vertical litter inputs (504 g m-2 yr-1 (95% CI: 447-562)) were estimated to exceed those from coniferous sites (394 g m-2 yr-1 (336-452)) by 110 g m-2 (29-192) over the full year. Annual lateral inputs (per meter of stream bank on one side) at deciduous sites (109 g m-1 yr-1 (76-143)) were estimated to be 47 g m-1 (1-95) more than coniferous sites (63 g m-1 yr-1 (29-97)). Annual inputs at coniferous sites were dominated by deciduous leaves, coniferous needles, and twig litter types. Deciduous leaves, deciduous-other, and small unidentifiable litter types dominated the annual inputs at deciduous sites. When evaluated temporally, November was the most pivotal month differentiating coniferous and deciduous site litter inputs. At deciduous sites, lateral litter movement increased with slope, but we did not see the same relationship for coniferous sites except in spring/summer months. Lateral inputs were quantitatively greatest in autumn months for both overstories, but were proportionately greater in winter. Regardless of slope, there was no indication that understory plants were obstructing annual lateral litter inputs or that annual lateral litter inputs were moving more than 5 m down slope. The percent nitrogen of annual total vertical litter was estimated to be 1.9% N (1.5-2.4) at deciduous sites and 1.2% N (0.8-1.7) at coniferous sites. Average % nitrogen of individual litter types were either greater in deciduous sites or not different among overstories, indicating that one can generally expect coniferous sites to have lower % N litter inputs overall. The annual nitrogen flux entering each meter-length (from above and both sides) of standard 4 m-wide streams at a deciduous sites (42 g N m-1 of stream) was twice that of coniferous sites (21 g N m-1 of stream). Annual total litter carbon flux into each meter-length of 4 m-wide streams was estimated to be 1154 g C m-1 of stream at deciduous sites and 880 g C m-1 of stream at coniferous sites. On average, autumn months (October-December) accounted for 46-59% of annual vertical C flux and 56-70% of annual vertical N flux at coniferous and deciduous sites. Our results suggest that red alder dominated riparian zones of the central Oregon Coast Range have significantly different quantity, timing, and quality of leaf litter inputs to streams than conifer dominated forests. Varied topography adjacent to streams with red alder dominated overstory has greater impact on the quantity, quality, and timing of total inputs than at coniferous sites. The cumulative effects from many small red alder dominated streams exporting to downstream reaches include more pronounced seasonality of litter delivery, with greater carbon and nitrogen loading annually, than expected from conifer dominated streams. Differences in overstory and topography in Oregon Coast Range riparian forests directly impact the delivery of nutrients and can affect the structure and composition of food webs in these ecosystems. Title: Riparian litter inputs to streams in the central Oregon Coast Range Author: Hart, Stephanie K. Riparian zone vegetation can influence terrestrial and aquatic food webs through variations in the amounts, timing, and nutritional content of leaf and other litter inputs. Differences in vegetation composition and density, as well as riparian topography, may modulate the strength and quality of these inputs. Changes in inputs to small order streams affect the processes and condition of adjacent and downstream reaches based on the amount of particulate organic matter that is intercepted, retained, or exported. The central Oregon Coast Range provides an ideal opportunity to study how deciduous dominated and coniferous dominated riparian forests influence small streams within a matrix of managed riparian forests. In coastal Oregon riparian forests, we investigated lateral and vertical litter inputs to sixteen streams throughout a year and assessed how these inputs were influenced by density of deciduous dominated (mainly red alder (Alnus rubra)) or coniferous dominated (mainly Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)) overstory, understory, and lateral slope. Deciduous site vertical litter inputs (504 g m-2 yr-1 (95% CI: 447-562)) were estimated to exceed those from coniferous sites (394 g m-2 yr-1 (336-452)) by 110 g m-2 (29-192) over the full year. Annual lateral inputs (per meter of stream bank on one side) at deciduous sites (109 g m-1 yr-1 (76-143)) were estimated to be 47 g m-1 (1-95) more than coniferous sites (63 g m-1 yr-1 (29-97)). Annual inputs at coniferous sites were dominated by deciduous leaves, coniferous needles, and twig litter types. Deciduous leaves, deciduous-other, and small unidentifiable litter types dominated the annual inputs at deciduous sites. When evaluated temporally, November was the most pivotal month differentiating coniferous and deciduous site litter inputs. At deciduous sites, lateral litter movement increased with slope, but we did not see the same relationship for coniferous sites except in spring/summer months. Lateral inputs were quantitatively greatest in autumn months for both overstories, but were proportionately greater in winter. Regardless of slope, there was no indication that understory plants were obstructing annual lateral litter inputs or that annual lateral litter inputs were moving more than 5 m down slope. The percent nitrogen of annual total vertical litter was estimated to be 1.9% N (1.5-2.4) at deciduous sites and 1.2% N (0.8-1.7) at coniferous sites. Average % nitrogen of individual litter types were either greater in deciduous sites or not different among overstories, indicating that one can generally expect coniferous sites to have lower % N litter inputs overall. The annual nitrogen flux entering each meter-length (from above and both sides) of standard 4 m-wide streams at a deciduous sites (42 g N m-1 of stream) was twice that of coniferous sites (21 g N m-1 of stream). Annual total litter carbon flux into each meter-length of 4 m-wide streams was estimated to be 1154 g C m-1 of stream at deciduous sites and 880 g C m-1 of stream at coniferous sites. On average, autumn months (October-December) accounted for 46-59% of annual vertical C flux and 56-70% of annual vertical N flux at coniferous and deciduous sites. Our results suggest that red alder dominated riparian zones of the central Oregon Coast Range have significantly different quantity, timing, and quality of leaf litter inputs to streams than conifer dominated forests. Varied topography adjacent to streams with red alder dominated overstory has greater impact on the quantity, quality, and timing of total inputs than at coniferous sites. The cumulative effects from many small red alder dominated streams exporting to downstream reaches include more pronounced seasonality of litter delivery, with greater carbon and nitrogen loading annually, than expected from conifer dominated streams. Differences in overstory and topography in Oregon Coast Range riparian forests directly impact the delivery of nutrients and can affect the structure and composition of food webs in these ecosystems. Close

• 188. [Article] Ultraviolet radiation as an environmental stressor of amphibians

  My thesis explored the effects of and potential mediating mechanisms for an important environmental stressor, ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation. UVB radiation has negative effects on organisms in both terrestrial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ultraviolet radiation as an environmental stressor of amphibians Author: Bancroft, Betsy A. My thesis explored the effects of and potential mediating mechanisms for an important environmental stressor, ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation. UVB radiation has negative effects on organisms in both terrestrial and aquatic systems. I used meta-analysis to quantify the effects of UVB radiation on a diversity of aquatic organisms (Chapter 2). UVB negatively affects aquatic organisms by reducing both survival and growth. In particular, UVB reduces growth of embryos more than any other life history stage. Some taxonomic groups may be more affected by UVB radiation than others. In our analysis, the growth of members of the kingdom Protozoa was suppressed by UVB radiation to a greater degree than any other kingdom. These analyses suggest that UVB is an important stressor in both freshwater and marine systems. Amphibians are a common component of freshwater systems and are experiencing world-wide population declines. These declines may be due to a number of causes including habitat loss, introduced species, global climate change, disease, toxic chemicals and UVB radiation. I used meta-analytic techniques to quantify the effects of UVB radiation on amphibians. By synthesizing the results of 41 articles on the effects of UVB radiation on amphibians (Chapter 3), I found a nearly 2-fold reduction in survival of amphibians exposed to UVB radiation. Salamanders (caudates) appear to be more susceptible to damage from UVB than frogs or toads (anurans). Moreover, survival of larvae was much lower than survival of embryos or metamorphic individuals under UVB radiation. In addition, I used factorial meta-analytic techniques to explore the interaction between UVB radiation and other stressors in amphibian habitats. UVB radiation acted synergistically with other stressors to reduce survival of amphibians. Behavioral avoidance of UVB radiation may help mediate the negative effects of UVB radiation on amphibians. In aquatic systems, behavioral avoidance usually requires movement out of shallow water, where UVB levels can be high, into deeper waters with lower UVB transmittance. However, these two microhabitats have very different thermal profiles, creating a trade-off between exploiting warm waters with high UVB levels and avoiding UVB by seeking cooler, deeper regions of ponds. I explored the microhabitat use of larvae of four species through a series of laboratory experiments, field experiments, and observational field transects at three different amphibian habitats (Chapter 4). Larvae did not avoid UVB radiation in either the laboratory or field experiments. Larvae in thermal gradients selected relatively high temperatures regardless of the UVB exposure at these temperatures. In field transects, salamander larvae were most common in deeper, cooler waters where UVB levels were lower. In contrast, anuran larvae were frequently observed in the warmer and shallower regions of each habitat. These regions also had the highest UVB levels, suggesting that anuran larvae are exposed to high levels of UVB due to thermoregulatory behavior. Behavioral avoidance of UVB radiation is not the only mechanism amphibians may use to prevent damage from UVB. Pigments such as melanin may allow larvae to exploit warm shallow waters by absorbing harmful UVB radiation before it causes cellular damage. I tested the efficacy of melanin as a photoprotective pigment in the larvae of two species, Rana cascadae and Pseudacris regilla (Chapter 5). I found no evidence of a photoprotective function for melanin in these larvae. In contrast, lighter colored tadpoles grew more under UVB radiation compared to darker colored tadpoles. Overall, exposure to UVB reduced survival of P. regilla larvae and reduced growth of R. cascadae larvae. Larvae of both of these species were frequently observed in very shallow water with intense solar radiation. This thesis emphasizes the importance of UVB radiation as an environmental stressor in aquatic habitats. Many aquatic organisms are negatively affected by UVB exposure. My thesis work quantitatively demonstrated that UVB radiation is one factor that reduces survival of amphibians and suggests that some species are exposed to high levels of UVB radiation in natural habitats. While UVB radiation is not the sole cause of amphibian population declines, my work suggests that UVB radiation is an important stressor for amphibians that should not be overlooked. In addition, UVB radiation is clearly an important stressor for many other aquatic organisms. Future work should consider the effects of UVB in aquatic systems, particularly the effects of UVB radiation on community structure and ecosystem function. Title: Ultraviolet radiation as an environmental stressor of amphibians Author: Bancroft, Betsy A. My thesis explored the effects of and potential mediating mechanisms for an important environmental stressor, ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation. UVB radiation has negative effects on organisms in both terrestrial and aquatic systems. I used meta-analysis to quantify the effects of UVB radiation on a diversity of aquatic organisms (Chapter 2). UVB negatively affects aquatic organisms by reducing both survival and growth. In particular, UVB reduces growth of embryos more than any other life history stage. Some taxonomic groups may be more affected by UVB radiation than others. In our analysis, the growth of members of the kingdom Protozoa was suppressed by UVB radiation to a greater degree than any other kingdom. These analyses suggest that UVB is an important stressor in both freshwater and marine systems. Amphibians are a common component of freshwater systems and are experiencing world-wide population declines. These declines may be due to a number of causes including habitat loss, introduced species, global climate change, disease, toxic chemicals and UVB radiation. I used meta-analytic techniques to quantify the effects of UVB radiation on amphibians. By synthesizing the results of 41 articles on the effects of UVB radiation on amphibians (Chapter 3), I found a nearly 2-fold reduction in survival of amphibians exposed to UVB radiation. Salamanders (caudates) appear to be more susceptible to damage from UVB than frogs or toads (anurans). Moreover, survival of larvae was much lower than survival of embryos or metamorphic individuals under UVB radiation. In addition, I used factorial meta-analytic techniques to explore the interaction between UVB radiation and other stressors in amphibian habitats. UVB radiation acted synergistically with other stressors to reduce survival of amphibians. Behavioral avoidance of UVB radiation may help mediate the negative effects of UVB radiation on amphibians. In aquatic systems, behavioral avoidance usually requires movement out of shallow water, where UVB levels can be high, into deeper waters with lower UVB transmittance. However, these two microhabitats have very different thermal profiles, creating a trade-off between exploiting warm waters with high UVB levels and avoiding UVB by seeking cooler, deeper regions of ponds. I explored the microhabitat use of larvae of four species through a series of laboratory experiments, field experiments, and observational field transects at three different amphibian habitats (Chapter 4). Larvae did not avoid UVB radiation in either the laboratory or field experiments. Larvae in thermal gradients selected relatively high temperatures regardless of the UVB exposure at these temperatures. In field transects, salamander larvae were most common in deeper, cooler waters where UVB levels were lower. In contrast, anuran larvae were frequently observed in the warmer and shallower regions of each habitat. These regions also had the highest UVB levels, suggesting that anuran larvae are exposed to high levels of UVB due to thermoregulatory behavior. Behavioral avoidance of UVB radiation is not the only mechanism amphibians may use to prevent damage from UVB. Pigments such as melanin may allow larvae to exploit warm shallow waters by absorbing harmful UVB radiation before it causes cellular damage. I tested the efficacy of melanin as a photoprotective pigment in the larvae of two species, Rana cascadae and Pseudacris regilla (Chapter 5). I found no evidence of a photoprotective function for melanin in these larvae. In contrast, lighter colored tadpoles grew more under UVB radiation compared to darker colored tadpoles. Overall, exposure to UVB reduced survival of P. regilla larvae and reduced growth of R. cascadae larvae. Larvae of both of these species were frequently observed in very shallow water with intense solar radiation. This thesis emphasizes the importance of UVB radiation as an environmental stressor in aquatic habitats. Many aquatic organisms are negatively affected by UVB exposure. My thesis work quantitatively demonstrated that UVB radiation is one factor that reduces survival of amphibians and suggests that some species are exposed to high levels of UVB radiation in natural habitats. While UVB radiation is not the sole cause of amphibian population declines, my work suggests that UVB radiation is an important stressor for amphibians that should not be overlooked. In addition, UVB radiation is clearly an important stressor for many other aquatic organisms. Future work should consider the effects of UVB in aquatic systems, particularly the effects of UVB radiation on community structure and ecosystem function. Close

• 189. [Image] A report on Crater Lake water quality: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, 1984-1985

  	ill., maps; Report title; Includes appendices: Crater Lake Liminological Studies 1984 and 1985; Includes bibliographical references; "Robert E. Benton, Superintendent Crater Lake National Park." - T.p....
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A report on Crater Lake water quality: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, 1984-1985 Author: Benton, Robert E. Year: 1986, 2008 ill., maps; Report title; Includes appendices: Crater Lake Liminological Studies 1984 and 1985; Includes bibliographical references; "Robert E. Benton, Superintendent Crater Lake National Park." - T.p. Title: A report on Crater Lake water quality: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, 1984-1985 Author: Benton, Robert E. Year: 1986, 2008 ill., maps; Report title; Includes appendices: Crater Lake Liminological Studies 1984 and 1985; Includes bibliographical references; "Robert E. Benton, Superintendent Crater Lake National Park." - T.p. Close

• 190. [Image] Crater Lake limnological studies 1997 annual report

  	1982 - 2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1990-2002; Bibliographic description is based on 1990 annual report; CA 9000-8-0006 Subagreement 8; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake limnological studies 1997 annual report Author: Oregon State University; in collaboration with the National Park Service Year: 1997, 2009 1982 - 2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1990-2002; Bibliographic description is based on 1990 annual report; CA 9000-8-0006 Subagreement 8; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering Title: Crater Lake limnological studies 1997 annual report Author: Oregon State University; in collaboration with the National Park Service Year: 1997, 2009 1982 - 2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1990-2002; Bibliographic description is based on 1990 annual report; CA 9000-8-0006 Subagreement 8; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering Close

• 191. [Image] Crater Lake limnological studies: final report

  	ill., maps; July 1993."; "Cooperative Park Studies Unit, College of Forestry, Oregon State University."; Includes bibliographical references.; This title is a culmination of the first 10-years of the Crater ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake limnological studies: final report Author: Gary L. Larson; McIntire, David C.; Jacobs, Ruth W; Year: 1993, 2009 ill., maps; July 1993."; "Cooperative Park Studies Unit, College of Forestry, Oregon State University."; Includes bibliographical references.; This title is a culmination of the first 10-years of the Crater Lake limnological studies and a long-term monitoring proposal to investigate new hypotheses. Title: Crater Lake limnological studies: final report Author: Gary L. Larson; McIntire, David C.; Jacobs, Ruth W; Year: 1993, 2009 ill., maps; July 1993."; "Cooperative Park Studies Unit, College of Forestry, Oregon State University."; Includes bibliographical references.; This title is a culmination of the first 10-years of the Crater Lake limnological studies and a long-term monitoring proposal to investigate new hypotheses. Close

• 192. [Image] Crater Lake limnological studies 1991-1992 annual reports

  	1982 - 2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1990-2002; Bibliographic description is based on 1990 annual report; CA 9000-8-0006 Subagreement 8; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake limnological studies 1991-1992 annual reports Author: Oregon State University; in collaboration with the National Park Service Year: 1991, 2009 1982 - 2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1990-2002; Bibliographic description is based on 1990 annual report; CA 9000-8-0006 Subagreement 8; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering; Title: Crater Lake limnological studies 1991-1992 annual reports Author: Oregon State University; in collaboration with the National Park Service Year: 1991, 2009 1982 - 2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1990-2002; Bibliographic description is based on 1990 annual report; CA 9000-8-0006 Subagreement 8; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering; Close

• 193. [Image] Crater Lake limnological studies 1993 annual reports

  	1982 - 2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1990-2002; Bibliographic description is based on 1990 annual report; CA 9000-8-0006 Subagreement 8; Includes bibliographic references
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake limnological studies 1993 annual reports Author: Oregon State University; in collaboration with the National Park Service Year: 1993, 2009 1982 - 2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1990-2002; Bibliographic description is based on 1990 annual report; CA 9000-8-0006 Subagreement 8; Includes bibliographic references Title: Crater Lake limnological studies 1993 annual reports Author: Oregon State University; in collaboration with the National Park Service Year: 1993, 2009 1982 - 2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1990-2002; Bibliographic description is based on 1990 annual report; CA 9000-8-0006 Subagreement 8; Includes bibliographic references Close

• 194. [Image] Crater Lake limnological studies 1994 annual reports

  	1982 - 2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1990-2002; Bibliographic description is based on 1990 annual report; CA 9000-8-0006 Subagreement 8; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake limnological studies 1994 annual reports Author: Oregon State University; in collaboration with the National Park Service Year: 1994, 2009 1982 - 2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1990-2002; Bibliographic description is based on 1990 annual report; CA 9000-8-0006 Subagreement 8; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering Title: Crater Lake limnological studies 1994 annual reports Author: Oregon State University; in collaboration with the National Park Service Year: 1994, 2009 1982 - 2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1990-2002; Bibliographic description is based on 1990 annual report; CA 9000-8-0006 Subagreement 8; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering Close

• 195. [Image] A report on Crater Lake water quality: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, 1988-1989

  	1982-2002; ill, maps; Report title; CA 9000-3-0003 Subagreement 8; Includes appendices: Crater Lake Liminological Studies 1988 and 1989; "Submitted by Robert E. Benton, Superintendent Crater Lake National ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A report on Crater Lake water quality: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, 1988-1989 Author: National Park Service, Crater Lake National Park Year: 1988, 2009 1982-2002; ill, maps; Report title; CA 9000-3-0003 Subagreement 8; Includes appendices: Crater Lake Liminological Studies 1988 and 1989; "Submitted by Robert E. Benton, Superintendent Crater Lake National Park." - T.p.; Includes bibliographical references; Issues lack volume numbering Title: A report on Crater Lake water quality: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, 1988-1989 Author: National Park Service, Crater Lake National Park Year: 1988, 2009 1982-2002; ill, maps; Report title; CA 9000-3-0003 Subagreement 8; Includes appendices: Crater Lake Liminological Studies 1988 and 1989; "Submitted by Robert E. Benton, Superintendent Crater Lake National Park." - T.p.; Includes bibliographical references; Issues lack volume numbering Close

• 196. [Image] Programmatic environmental assessment for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office Projects, 2000-2010

  	Programmatic Environmental Assessment Summary This Environmental Assessment (EA) provides compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for restoration actions undertaken by the US Fish ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Programmatic environmental assessment for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office Projects, 2000-2010 Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office. Year: 2000, 2005, 2004 Programmatic Environmental Assessment Summary This Environmental Assessment (EA) provides compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for restoration actions undertaken by the US Fish & Wildlife Service's Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office (ERO) in Klamath Falls, Oregon. These restoration activities are needed due to the large-scale loss of wetland and riparian habitat and degraded water quality. The purpose of these restoration efforts is the improvement of conditions of the watershed with specific regard to habitat and water quality, resulting in, among other benefits, improved conditions for the endangered fish species (bull trout and Lost River and shortnose sucker) populations of the basin. The geographic scope of this EA is defined as the upper Klamath River basin, including the entire watershed from Irongate Dam upstream to the headwaters. This EA is intended to provide NEPA compliance for restoration projects conducted between the years 2000 and 2010. The ERO was established in 1993 to sponsor and assist with a variety of restoration activities in the Klamath Basin. The ERO funds and provides technical assistance to restoration projects involving private landholders, concerned groups, and other state, federal, and tribal agencies. Four alternatives are presented in this EA. The proposed alternative (Alternative 1) consists of a comprehensive program of ecosystem restoration, promoting projects in both riparian areas and in upland habitats. This would continue the current program in effect since 1994. NEPA compliance would primarily be carried out via a single, programmatic document saving time and funds. The Fish & Wildlife Service proposes to fund and administer the following projects types: Riparian Projects: (fencing for livestock management; native plant establishment & diversification; non-native plant removal/control; erosion control; contour re-establishment; impoundment removal; wildlife habitat improvements) Wetland Projects: (fencing; wetland restoration and enhancement; wildlife habitat improvements) Upland or Road Projects: (road abandonment, decommissioning, & obliteration; road drainage improvements and storm proofing, re-establishment of historic contours; silvicultural treatments; native plant establishment/diversification; non-native plant removal/control; fencing; landslide treatments; culvert/stream crossing upgrades; erosion control; wildlife habitat improvements). In-stream Projects: (habitat complexity and diversity improvements; hydrologic regime improvements; coarse woody debris supplementation; natural or artificial barrier removal, modification &/or creation; fish screens installation). Alternative 2 would concentrate restoration efforts only on riparian, instream, and wetland areas. Road projects would be conducted only within the riparian corridor, as defined. NEPA compliance would also be conducted programmatically. Alternative 3 would cease all restoration activities conducted and funded by the ERO in the Klamath Basin. This alternative would serve as a benchmark against which the effects of the restoration alternatives discussed above can be compared. Alternative 4, the "No Action" alternative, would continue current management policies with regard to NEPA compliance, providing compliance on a project by project basis requiring independent analysis for each project. The affected environment of the region is described in detail. The environment has been changed significantly since the 1890's due to logging, agriculture and urban development. An extensive system of dams, canals, and drainage structures has resulted in the conversion of approximately 80% of pre-settlement wetlands to agricultural uses. Riparian corridors have been similarly impacted, and upland forests regions have been affected by logging, road construction and other factors. These changes have contributed to problems with the water quality in the region, contributing to the listing of several fish species as threatened or endangered; loss of habitat has affected a large number of other species as well. The environmental effects of each alternative is analyzed. Some short term negative impacts could occur as a result of the projects authorized by both Alternative 1 and Alternative 2, but these would be strongly offset by the expected beneficial results to water quality and habitat conditions. Alternative 1 would be expected to have a greater overall effect on the environment than Alternative 2, since many of the underlying factors with which restoration efforts are concerned originate in upland conditions (i.e. sedimentation and hydrologic functionality). Alternative 3 would result in conditions remaining much as they are currently, although other programs and organizations are making efforts at restoration activities. The environmental impacts of individual projects anticipated under Alternative 4 would be generally the same as for similar projects under Alternative 1. The primary difference between the two alternatives would be the higher efficiency and improved cumulative analysis resulting from a programmatic approach as proposed in Alternative 1. Public participation in the NEPA process has been, and will continue to be, solicited and welcomed. Compliance with state and federal laws and regulations such as the Clean Water Act, National Historic Preservation Act, and the Endangered Species Act, as well as guidelines for contaminant surveys, will be carried out as detailed. While these projects are expected to play an important role in the restoration of the region, none of these alternatives are expected to have a significant impact when compared with the loss of wetland, riparian and upland habitats over the past century, impacts which do occur would be of a cumulatively beneficial nature. Other restoration efforts are being carried out in the area by other governmental and private groups, and it is expected that these combined efforts will achieve important beneficial results for the ecosystem. Title: Programmatic environmental assessment for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office Projects, 2000-2010 Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office. Year: 2000, 2005, 2004 Programmatic Environmental Assessment Summary This Environmental Assessment (EA) provides compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for restoration actions undertaken by the US Fish & Wildlife Service's Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office (ERO) in Klamath Falls, Oregon. These restoration activities are needed due to the large-scale loss of wetland and riparian habitat and degraded water quality. The purpose of these restoration efforts is the improvement of conditions of the watershed with specific regard to habitat and water quality, resulting in, among other benefits, improved conditions for the endangered fish species (bull trout and Lost River and shortnose sucker) populations of the basin. The geographic scope of this EA is defined as the upper Klamath River basin, including the entire watershed from Irongate Dam upstream to the headwaters. This EA is intended to provide NEPA compliance for restoration projects conducted between the years 2000 and 2010. The ERO was established in 1993 to sponsor and assist with a variety of restoration activities in the Klamath Basin. The ERO funds and provides technical assistance to restoration projects involving private landholders, concerned groups, and other state, federal, and tribal agencies. Four alternatives are presented in this EA. The proposed alternative (Alternative 1) consists of a comprehensive program of ecosystem restoration, promoting projects in both riparian areas and in upland habitats. This would continue the current program in effect since 1994. NEPA compliance would primarily be carried out via a single, programmatic document saving time and funds. The Fish & Wildlife Service proposes to fund and administer the following projects types: Riparian Projects: (fencing for livestock management; native plant establishment & diversification; non-native plant removal/control; erosion control; contour re-establishment; impoundment removal; wildlife habitat improvements) Wetland Projects: (fencing; wetland restoration and enhancement; wildlife habitat improvements) Upland or Road Projects: (road abandonment, decommissioning, & obliteration; road drainage improvements and storm proofing, re-establishment of historic contours; silvicultural treatments; native plant establishment/diversification; non-native plant removal/control; fencing; landslide treatments; culvert/stream crossing upgrades; erosion control; wildlife habitat improvements). In-stream Projects: (habitat complexity and diversity improvements; hydrologic regime improvements; coarse woody debris supplementation; natural or artificial barrier removal, modification &/or creation; fish screens installation). Alternative 2 would concentrate restoration efforts only on riparian, instream, and wetland areas. Road projects would be conducted only within the riparian corridor, as defined. NEPA compliance would also be conducted programmatically. Alternative 3 would cease all restoration activities conducted and funded by the ERO in the Klamath Basin. This alternative would serve as a benchmark against which the effects of the restoration alternatives discussed above can be compared. Alternative 4, the "No Action" alternative, would continue current management policies with regard to NEPA compliance, providing compliance on a project by project basis requiring independent analysis for each project. The affected environment of the region is described in detail. The environment has been changed significantly since the 1890's due to logging, agriculture and urban development. An extensive system of dams, canals, and drainage structures has resulted in the conversion of approximately 80% of pre-settlement wetlands to agricultural uses. Riparian corridors have been similarly impacted, and upland forests regions have been affected by logging, road construction and other factors. These changes have contributed to problems with the water quality in the region, contributing to the listing of several fish species as threatened or endangered; loss of habitat has affected a large number of other species as well. The environmental effects of each alternative is analyzed. Some short term negative impacts could occur as a result of the projects authorized by both Alternative 1 and Alternative 2, but these would be strongly offset by the expected beneficial results to water quality and habitat conditions. Alternative 1 would be expected to have a greater overall effect on the environment than Alternative 2, since many of the underlying factors with which restoration efforts are concerned originate in upland conditions (i.e. sedimentation and hydrologic functionality). Alternative 3 would result in conditions remaining much as they are currently, although other programs and organizations are making efforts at restoration activities. The environmental impacts of individual projects anticipated under Alternative 4 would be generally the same as for similar projects under Alternative 1. The primary difference between the two alternatives would be the higher efficiency and improved cumulative analysis resulting from a programmatic approach as proposed in Alternative 1. Public participation in the NEPA process has been, and will continue to be, solicited and welcomed. Compliance with state and federal laws and regulations such as the Clean Water Act, National Historic Preservation Act, and the Endangered Species Act, as well as guidelines for contaminant surveys, will be carried out as detailed. While these projects are expected to play an important role in the restoration of the region, none of these alternatives are expected to have a significant impact when compared with the loss of wetland, riparian and upland habitats over the past century, impacts which do occur would be of a cumulatively beneficial nature. Other restoration efforts are being carried out in the area by other governmental and private groups, and it is expected that these combined efforts will achieve important beneficial results for the ecosystem. Close

• 197. [Image] Vegetative ecology of a montane mire, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill., maps (1 col.); Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1980; Includes bibliographical references
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetative ecology of a montane mire, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Seyer, Susan C. Year: 1979, 2009 ill., maps (1 col.); Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1980; Includes bibliographical references Title: Vegetative ecology of a montane mire, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Seyer, Susan C. Year: 1979, 2009 ill., maps (1 col.); Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1980; Includes bibliographical references Close

• 198. [Image] ESA basics: 30 years of protecting endangered species

  	Electronic resource; Title from title screen;
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: ESA basics: 30 years of protecting endangered species Year: 2004, 2006, 2005 Electronic resource; Title from title screen; Title: ESA basics: 30 years of protecting endangered species Year: 2004, 2006, 2005 Electronic resource; Title from title screen; Close

• 199. [Image] Final supplemental environmental impact statement: for clarification of language in the 1994 record of decision for the Northwest Forest Plan; national forests and Bureau of Land Management districts within the range of the northern spotted owl: proposal to amend wording about the aquatic conservation strategy

  	Abstract The Secretaries of Agriculture and the Interior propose limited changes to language about how to demonstrate that projects follow the Aquatic Conservation Strategy, part of the Northwest Forest ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Final supplemental environmental impact statement: for clarification of language in the 1994 record of decision for the Northwest Forest Plan; national forests and Bureau of Land Management districts within the range of the northern spotted owl: proposal to amend wording about the aquatic conservation strategy Author: United States. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service; United States. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Managemen Year: 2003, 2006, 2005 Abstract The Secretaries of Agriculture and the Interior propose limited changes to language about how to demonstrate that projects follow the Aquatic Conservation Strategy, part of the Northwest Forest Plan. Projects needed to achieve Northwest Forest Plan goals have been delayed or stopped due to misapplication of certain passages in the Aquatic Conservation Strategy. The agencies are responding to the underlying need for increased agency success planning and implementing projects, to the extent that the current wording has hindered the agencies ability to follow Northwest Forest Plan principles and achieve its goals. The goals of the Northwest Forest Plan cannot be achieved without project implementation. Three alternatives are considered in the Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement, No Action, the Proposed Action, and Alternative A. No Action would not change existing language within the Aquatic Conservation Strategy. The Proposed Action and Alternative A would make l Title: Final supplemental environmental impact statement: for clarification of language in the 1994 record of decision for the Northwest Forest Plan; national forests and Bureau of Land Management districts within the range of the northern spotted owl: proposal to amend wording about the aquatic conservation strategy Author: United States. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service; United States. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Managemen Year: 2003, 2006, 2005 Abstract The Secretaries of Agriculture and the Interior propose limited changes to language about how to demonstrate that projects follow the Aquatic Conservation Strategy, part of the Northwest Forest Plan. Projects needed to achieve Northwest Forest Plan goals have been delayed or stopped due to misapplication of certain passages in the Aquatic Conservation Strategy. The agencies are responding to the underlying need for increased agency success planning and implementing projects, to the extent that the current wording has hindered the agencies ability to follow Northwest Forest Plan principles and achieve its goals. The goals of the Northwest Forest Plan cannot be achieved without project implementation. Three alternatives are considered in the Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement, No Action, the Proposed Action, and Alternative A. No Action would not change existing language within the Aquatic Conservation Strategy. The Proposed Action and Alternative A would make l Close

• 200. [Image] The Third Klamath Basin Watershed Restoration and Research Conference

  	Cover title; "March 1999."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Third Klamath Basin Watershed Restoration and Research Conference Year: 1999, 2004 Cover title; "March 1999." Title: The Third Klamath Basin Watershed Restoration and Research Conference Year: 1999, 2004 Cover title; "March 1999." Close