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• 1. [Article] What Do Stakeholders Know About Salmon and Steelhead Recovery in the Willamette Basin?

  In August 2011, the final Upper Willamette River basin salmon and steelhead recovery plan was adopted by NOAA Fisheries and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. The plan highlights a variety of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: What Do Stakeholders Know About Salmon and Steelhead Recovery in the Willamette Basin? Author: Fellas, Christy In August 2011, the final Upper Willamette River basin salmon and steelhead recovery plan was adopted by NOAA Fisheries and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. The plan highlights a variety of activities that need to be taken by both public and private entities in order to recover these listed species. The Willamette River basin is a diverse and complicated system that encompasses urban, forest and agricultural uses on public and private lands. It is the largest basin in Oregon, housing 70% of the state’s population and includes 16,000 miles of stream. Recovery cannot be achieved on public land alone - over 60% of land in the basin is in private ownership. All parts of the basin provide important areas for rearing, migration and spawning of salmon and steelhead. Information is lacking about how stakeholders view the Willamette River basin salmon and steelhead recovery plan. Through 25 interviews, I collected data from stakeholders to understand their knowledge of and engagement in Willamette River basin salmon recovery efforts. Interview themes came from a Delphi review of recovery plan themes provided by NOAA personnel. I found that recovery cannot be successful in the Willamette River basin unless private landowners are better informed and willing to participate in the process. I determined a baseline understanding of stakeholders while providing a roadmap for future education, outreach and restoration efforts. Title: What Do Stakeholders Know About Salmon and Steelhead Recovery in the Willamette Basin? Author: Fellas, Christy In August 2011, the final Upper Willamette River basin salmon and steelhead recovery plan was adopted by NOAA Fisheries and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. The plan highlights a variety of activities that need to be taken by both public and private entities in order to recover these listed species. The Willamette River basin is a diverse and complicated system that encompasses urban, forest and agricultural uses on public and private lands. It is the largest basin in Oregon, housing 70% of the state’s population and includes 16,000 miles of stream. Recovery cannot be achieved on public land alone - over 60% of land in the basin is in private ownership. All parts of the basin provide important areas for rearing, migration and spawning of salmon and steelhead. Information is lacking about how stakeholders view the Willamette River basin salmon and steelhead recovery plan. Through 25 interviews, I collected data from stakeholders to understand their knowledge of and engagement in Willamette River basin salmon recovery efforts. Interview themes came from a Delphi review of recovery plan themes provided by NOAA personnel. I found that recovery cannot be successful in the Willamette River basin unless private landowners are better informed and willing to participate in the process. I determined a baseline understanding of stakeholders while providing a roadmap for future education, outreach and restoration efforts. Close

• 2. [Article] Using Spatial Resampling to Assess Redd Count Survey Length Requirements for Pacific Lamprey

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using Spatial Resampling to Assess Redd Count Survey Length Requirements for Pacific Lamprey Author: Schultz, L. D., Colvin, M. E., Mayfield, M. P., Wyss, L. A., Schreck, C. B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujfm20#.VJnE_s_AAA. Title: Using Spatial Resampling to Assess Redd Count Survey Length Requirements for Pacific Lamprey Author: Schultz, L. D., Colvin, M. E., Mayfield, M. P., Wyss, L. A., Schreck, C. B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujfm20#.VJnE_s_AAA. Close

• 3. [Article] Short-term response of Dicamptodon tenebrosus larvae to timber management in southwestern Oregon

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by The Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291937-2817. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Short-term response of Dicamptodon tenebrosus larvae to timber management in southwestern Oregon Author: Adams, Michael J., Hayes, John P., Leuthold, Niels This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by The Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291937-2817. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Short-term response of Dicamptodon tenebrosus larvae to timber management in southwestern Oregon Author: Adams, Michael J., Hayes, John P., Leuthold, Niels This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by The Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291937-2817. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 4. [Article] Pre-spawning migration of adult Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus, in the Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A.

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by [publisher] and can be found at: http://www.springerlink.com/publications/e/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pre-spawning migration of adult Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus, in the Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A. Author: Schreck, Carl B., Clemens, Benjamin J., Mesa, Matthew G., Young, Douglas A., Magie, Robert J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by [publisher] and can be found at: http://www.springerlink.com/publications/e/. Title: Pre-spawning migration of adult Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus, in the Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A. Author: Schreck, Carl B., Clemens, Benjamin J., Mesa, Matthew G., Young, Douglas A., Magie, Robert J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by [publisher] and can be found at: http://www.springerlink.com/publications/e/. Close

• 5. [Article] Factors influencing density, distribution, and mesohabitat selection of juvenile wild salmonids and residual hatchery winter steelhead

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/aquaculture/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors influencing density, distribution, and mesohabitat selection of juvenile wild salmonids and residual hatchery winter steelhead Author: Schreck, Carl B., Olson, Douglas E., Schaller, Howard A., Brignon, William R. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/aquaculture/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Factors influencing density, distribution, and mesohabitat selection of juvenile wild salmonids and residual hatchery winter steelhead Author: Schreck, Carl B., Olson, Douglas E., Schaller, Howard A., Brignon, William R. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/aquaculture/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 6. [Article] Patterns in stream geomorphology and implications for hyporheic exchange flow

  Longitudinal water surface profiles from high-gradient mountain streams provide useful indicators of the relative potential for hyporheic exchange flow in stream reaches with varying morphology. The spacing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patterns in stream geomorphology and implications for hyporheic exchange flow Author: Anderson, Justin K. Longitudinal water surface profiles from high-gradient mountain streams provide useful indicators of the relative potential for hyporheic exchange flow in stream reaches with varying morphology. The spacing between slope breaks in step-pool and pool-riffle streams provides a geomorphic scaling metric that indicates how the length of average hyporheic flow paths change throughout the river continuum. Twelve stream reaches were randomly selected and surveyed in the Lookout Creek basin at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the western Cascades Mountains of Oregon. Stream reach morphology was examined for patterns that are expressed over a continuum ranging from headwater to mid-order streams that can be predicted from easily measured drainage basin characteristics. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to predict changes in lateral complexity in stream reaches, and to predict how the general shape of the water surface profile changes as drainage basin area increases from 0.6 km² to 62.3 km². Patterns in the lateral complexity of stream reaches were associated with the degree of channel confinement in valley segments, and longitudinal patterns in bed configuration were strongly associated with the position of a stream reach within the river continuum. Stream reach longitudinal profiles were evaluated to determine how patterns in slope breaks change throughout the portion of the river continuum represented by the study area. Channel units were defined according to slope categories for flat water, steep water, and step units (FLATs, STEEPs and STEPs). A set of regression models was used to predict how slope break spacing and the general shape of the water surface profile change as drainage basin area increases from 0.6 km² to 62.3 km². Output from these regression equations was tested against independent field data to evaluate model performance. The models generally performed well. Longitudinal transects of piezometers were installed along the thalweg of a second order, and a third order stream reach. Longitudinal profiles in the piezometer transects were surveyed, and piezometers were used to measure hydraulic head in stream beds. Data were used to test a theoretical model that predicts downwelling where stream profiles are convex, and upwelling where stream profiles are concave. Overall, the shape of the water surface profile explained 38% of the variation in the distribution of hydraulic pressure head in the streambed. Results demonstrated the usefulness of quantifying the magnitude of concavities and convexities in stream profiles. A metric for expressing the average water surface concavity (AWSC) is proposed. I demonstrated that this metric could be useful for comparing the potential for hyporheic exchange in stream reaches with varying degrees of stream profile roughness. Results showed a decreasing trend in AWSC as drainage basin area increased. Upwelling and downwelling zones were identified in piezometer transects, and their longitudinal lengths were measured. The lengths of downwelling zones were compared to the spacing between slope breaks in the water surface profile. Average lengths of downwelling zones and FLAT channel slope units increased with increasing basin area at a similar rate, indicating that slope break spacing was a useful indicator for average downwelling zone length. My results demonstrate that patterns in stream morphology are useful for predicting patterns in hyporheic exchange flow throughout the river continuum. I suggest that the potential for gravity driven exchange flow decreases along the river continuum as AWSC decreases. I also suggest that the frequency of hydrologic exchange between the stream and the hyporheic zone decreases, and that the average length of hyporheic flow paths increase, across the river continuum. Title: Patterns in stream geomorphology and implications for hyporheic exchange flow Author: Anderson, Justin K. Longitudinal water surface profiles from high-gradient mountain streams provide useful indicators of the relative potential for hyporheic exchange flow in stream reaches with varying morphology. The spacing between slope breaks in step-pool and pool-riffle streams provides a geomorphic scaling metric that indicates how the length of average hyporheic flow paths change throughout the river continuum. Twelve stream reaches were randomly selected and surveyed in the Lookout Creek basin at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the western Cascades Mountains of Oregon. Stream reach morphology was examined for patterns that are expressed over a continuum ranging from headwater to mid-order streams that can be predicted from easily measured drainage basin characteristics. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to predict changes in lateral complexity in stream reaches, and to predict how the general shape of the water surface profile changes as drainage basin area increases from 0.6 km² to 62.3 km². Patterns in the lateral complexity of stream reaches were associated with the degree of channel confinement in valley segments, and longitudinal patterns in bed configuration were strongly associated with the position of a stream reach within the river continuum. Stream reach longitudinal profiles were evaluated to determine how patterns in slope breaks change throughout the portion of the river continuum represented by the study area. Channel units were defined according to slope categories for flat water, steep water, and step units (FLATs, STEEPs and STEPs). A set of regression models was used to predict how slope break spacing and the general shape of the water surface profile change as drainage basin area increases from 0.6 km² to 62.3 km². Output from these regression equations was tested against independent field data to evaluate model performance. The models generally performed well. Longitudinal transects of piezometers were installed along the thalweg of a second order, and a third order stream reach. Longitudinal profiles in the piezometer transects were surveyed, and piezometers were used to measure hydraulic head in stream beds. Data were used to test a theoretical model that predicts downwelling where stream profiles are convex, and upwelling where stream profiles are concave. Overall, the shape of the water surface profile explained 38% of the variation in the distribution of hydraulic pressure head in the streambed. Results demonstrated the usefulness of quantifying the magnitude of concavities and convexities in stream profiles. A metric for expressing the average water surface concavity (AWSC) is proposed. I demonstrated that this metric could be useful for comparing the potential for hyporheic exchange in stream reaches with varying degrees of stream profile roughness. Results showed a decreasing trend in AWSC as drainage basin area increased. Upwelling and downwelling zones were identified in piezometer transects, and their longitudinal lengths were measured. The lengths of downwelling zones were compared to the spacing between slope breaks in the water surface profile. Average lengths of downwelling zones and FLAT channel slope units increased with increasing basin area at a similar rate, indicating that slope break spacing was a useful indicator for average downwelling zone length. My results demonstrate that patterns in stream morphology are useful for predicting patterns in hyporheic exchange flow throughout the river continuum. I suggest that the potential for gravity driven exchange flow decreases along the river continuum as AWSC decreases. I also suggest that the frequency of hydrologic exchange between the stream and the hyporheic zone decreases, and that the average length of hyporheic flow paths increase, across the river continuum. Close

• 7. [Article] Stream channel stability and sensitivity to landscape history and land use changes in Kelley Creek, Portland, Oregon

  This study examines stream channel erosion processes in a small urbanizing watershed influenced by deposits of the Columbia Basin catastrophic floods: Kelley Creek, a 12-km² tributary of Johnson Creek, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stream channel stability and sensitivity to landscape history and land use changes in Kelley Creek, Portland, Oregon Author: Murphy, Yarrow M. This study examines stream channel erosion processes in a small urbanizing watershed influenced by deposits of the Columbia Basin catastrophic floods: Kelley Creek, a 12-km² tributary of Johnson Creek, located just east of Portland, Oregon. Information on landscape history, stream channels, and sediment dynamics was compiled. The effects of future land use changes on stream channel response were projected. The likely effects of engineered solutions (stormwater management detention or infiltration facilities) are compared to land-use controls in mitigating the impact of future development on channel erosion. The geology of Kelley Creek is shaped by volcanic processes and Missoula floods, leading to fine-textured soils and streambeds that are susceptible to erosion. Headwaters are buttes of the Boring Lava formation overlain by Springwater Formation mudflow deposits. Alluvial silts deposited during late Pleistocene catastrophic floods mantle the low-relief valley floor. Land use in Kelley Creek transitioned from forestry to agriculture in the 20th century, and more recently to urban expansion, increasing concerns of watershed managers about effects of development on sediment dynamics. Since 1930, land use on the valley floor of Kelley Creek has been dominated by nursery and berry agricultural production. Forested headwaters have been impacted by roads, culverts, and timber harvest. Seven percent of watershed area is currently impervious, with housing and commercial uses projected to increase following the incorporation of Kelley Creek into Portland's metropolitan urban growth boundary. Field surveys and engineering calculations were used to estimate sediment transport under current and future conditions in the watershed. Cross sectional geometry, slope and sediment size distributions were obtained from 15 locations in first to second-order channels in the watershed, and data were analyzed with sediment transport equations to simulate annual sediment transport rates given current and post-development flow patterns. Results indicate that the stream channel is most sensitive to altered discharge patterns where gravel-sized (D₅₀ > 10 mm) sediments currently are mobilized during annual peak events. In locations where fine (D₅₀ < 5 mm) particles dominate the stream bed, particles mobilize throughout the year and changes in discharge patterns do not increase the duration of transport or overall bedload yields. Because most of the sensitive locations with gravel sediments are located within or near the forested headwaters, preserving these headwater forests will protect sensitive stream channels as effectively as engineered stormwater retention or infiltration approaches. Kelley Creek's stream channel is still adjusting to recent mudflows and catastrophic floods, which provided abundant supplies of fine, erodible materials. Allowing this adjustment to continue without accelerating erosion in the face of rapid urban development poses an unusual challenge for managing geomorphic processes. Title: Stream channel stability and sensitivity to landscape history and land use changes in Kelley Creek, Portland, Oregon Author: Murphy, Yarrow M. This study examines stream channel erosion processes in a small urbanizing watershed influenced by deposits of the Columbia Basin catastrophic floods: Kelley Creek, a 12-km² tributary of Johnson Creek, located just east of Portland, Oregon. Information on landscape history, stream channels, and sediment dynamics was compiled. The effects of future land use changes on stream channel response were projected. The likely effects of engineered solutions (stormwater management detention or infiltration facilities) are compared to land-use controls in mitigating the impact of future development on channel erosion. The geology of Kelley Creek is shaped by volcanic processes and Missoula floods, leading to fine-textured soils and streambeds that are susceptible to erosion. Headwaters are buttes of the Boring Lava formation overlain by Springwater Formation mudflow deposits. Alluvial silts deposited during late Pleistocene catastrophic floods mantle the low-relief valley floor. Land use in Kelley Creek transitioned from forestry to agriculture in the 20th century, and more recently to urban expansion, increasing concerns of watershed managers about effects of development on sediment dynamics. Since 1930, land use on the valley floor of Kelley Creek has been dominated by nursery and berry agricultural production. Forested headwaters have been impacted by roads, culverts, and timber harvest. Seven percent of watershed area is currently impervious, with housing and commercial uses projected to increase following the incorporation of Kelley Creek into Portland's metropolitan urban growth boundary. Field surveys and engineering calculations were used to estimate sediment transport under current and future conditions in the watershed. Cross sectional geometry, slope and sediment size distributions were obtained from 15 locations in first to second-order channels in the watershed, and data were analyzed with sediment transport equations to simulate annual sediment transport rates given current and post-development flow patterns. Results indicate that the stream channel is most sensitive to altered discharge patterns where gravel-sized (D₅₀ > 10 mm) sediments currently are mobilized during annual peak events. In locations where fine (D₅₀ < 5 mm) particles dominate the stream bed, particles mobilize throughout the year and changes in discharge patterns do not increase the duration of transport or overall bedload yields. Because most of the sensitive locations with gravel sediments are located within or near the forested headwaters, preserving these headwater forests will protect sensitive stream channels as effectively as engineered stormwater retention or infiltration approaches. Kelley Creek's stream channel is still adjusting to recent mudflows and catastrophic floods, which provided abundant supplies of fine, erodible materials. Allowing this adjustment to continue without accelerating erosion in the face of rapid urban development poses an unusual challenge for managing geomorphic processes. Close

• 8. [Article] Innate and adaptive immune responses in migrating spring-run adult chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Innate and adaptive immune responses in migrating spring-run adult chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Author: Schreck, Carl B., Kent, Michael L., Dolan, Brian P., Colvin, Michael E., Fisher, Kathleen M., Benda, Susan E., Peterson, James T. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/fish-and-shellfish-immunology/ Title: Innate and adaptive immune responses in migrating spring-run adult chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Author: Schreck, Carl B., Kent, Michael L., Dolan, Brian P., Colvin, Michael E., Fisher, Kathleen M., Benda, Susan E., Peterson, James T. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/fish-and-shellfish-immunology/ Close

• 9. [Article] Effects of beaver on streams, streamside habitat, and coho salmon fry populations in two coastal Oregon streams

  The effects of beaver (Castor canadensis) on stream morphology, riparian zones, and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fry in Cape and Cummins Creeks, Oregon, were examined using stream surveys, vegetation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of beaver on streams, streamside habitat, and coho salmon fry populations in two coastal Oregon streams Author: Bruner, Karen L. The effects of beaver (Castor canadensis) on stream morphology, riparian zones, and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fry in Cape and Cummins Creeks, Oregon, were examined using stream surveys, vegetation transects, and coho salmon fry counts in 1987. The basin around Cape Creek has been extensively logged since the late 1940's. Cummins Creek is surrounded by primarily old-growth forest. Cape Creek had higher densities of coho fry (P < 0.0004) than Cummins Creek. Coho fry were two to ten times more numerous in pools (P < 0.001) than in glides or riffles, respectively. The density of beaver dams in the autumn on the two streams was 1.2 and 1.1 dams/km on Cummins and Cape Creeks, respectively. By building dams, beaver added 7% and 14% more pool habitat in Cummins and Cape Creeks, respectively. This extra pool habitat was used by coho fry. Beaver ponds were larger than non-beaver ponds and thus contained more coho fry per pond. Densities of coho fry were, however, the same between beaver and non-beaver ponds. Beaver preferred to cut salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), alder (Alnus rubra), and vine maple (Acer circinatum) stems 2-9 cm in diameter for food and dam construction. Mean distance from the stream for foraging was 17.5 m (SDS=10.1). Beaver foraged up to 90 in from the stream bank along tributaries. The percentage of available stems (for salmonberry, alder, and vine maple) cut for the small size class (0.5-3 cm) decreased after 5 in from the stream, after 20 in for the medium size class (3-9 cm) and remained stable out to 30 m for the large size class ( > 9 cm). Most cutting tended to be upstream of the dam site. The mean area affected by cutting around the dam site was 1944 sq. in (SD=921 sq. m). Proximity to a logjam, tributary, or debris slide; midstory conifer cover; overstory conifer cover; and vine maple cover were factors that separated used beaver sites from unused random sites using stepwise discriminant analysis. Proximity to a logjam, tributary, or debris slide was positively associated with the discriminant function and accounted for 50% of the variability in the discriminant function. Vine maple cover was also positively associated with dam location in the discriminant function, while midstory and overstory conifer covers were negatively associated with the dam location. Based on the results of this study, I believe beaver provide extra coho salmon rearing habitat, especially in late summer during reduced water flows. In heavily managed streams, beaver may be able to provide structure and stability in the stream at a much lower cost than stream rehabilitation projects. Title: Effects of beaver on streams, streamside habitat, and coho salmon fry populations in two coastal Oregon streams Author: Bruner, Karen L. The effects of beaver (Castor canadensis) on stream morphology, riparian zones, and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fry in Cape and Cummins Creeks, Oregon, were examined using stream surveys, vegetation transects, and coho salmon fry counts in 1987. The basin around Cape Creek has been extensively logged since the late 1940's. Cummins Creek is surrounded by primarily old-growth forest. Cape Creek had higher densities of coho fry (P < 0.0004) than Cummins Creek. Coho fry were two to ten times more numerous in pools (P < 0.001) than in glides or riffles, respectively. The density of beaver dams in the autumn on the two streams was 1.2 and 1.1 dams/km on Cummins and Cape Creeks, respectively. By building dams, beaver added 7% and 14% more pool habitat in Cummins and Cape Creeks, respectively. This extra pool habitat was used by coho fry. Beaver ponds were larger than non-beaver ponds and thus contained more coho fry per pond. Densities of coho fry were, however, the same between beaver and non-beaver ponds. Beaver preferred to cut salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), alder (Alnus rubra), and vine maple (Acer circinatum) stems 2-9 cm in diameter for food and dam construction. Mean distance from the stream for foraging was 17.5 m (SDS=10.1). Beaver foraged up to 90 in from the stream bank along tributaries. The percentage of available stems (for salmonberry, alder, and vine maple) cut for the small size class (0.5-3 cm) decreased after 5 in from the stream, after 20 in for the medium size class (3-9 cm) and remained stable out to 30 m for the large size class ( > 9 cm). Most cutting tended to be upstream of the dam site. The mean area affected by cutting around the dam site was 1944 sq. in (SD=921 sq. m). Proximity to a logjam, tributary, or debris slide; midstory conifer cover; overstory conifer cover; and vine maple cover were factors that separated used beaver sites from unused random sites using stepwise discriminant analysis. Proximity to a logjam, tributary, or debris slide was positively associated with the discriminant function and accounted for 50% of the variability in the discriminant function. Vine maple cover was also positively associated with dam location in the discriminant function, while midstory and overstory conifer covers were negatively associated with the dam location. Based on the results of this study, I believe beaver provide extra coho salmon rearing habitat, especially in late summer during reduced water flows. In heavily managed streams, beaver may be able to provide structure and stability in the stream at a much lower cost than stream rehabilitation projects. Close

• 10. [Article] Influences of landslides, floods and land use on channel changes of the upper Middle Fork Willamette River, Oregon 1936-1980

  Time trends in flow and channel characteristics were evaluated for the Middle Fork Willamette (MFW) River, which drains a 668 km2 forested watershed in the Cascade Mountains of western Oregon. Timber production ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influences of landslides, floods and land use on channel changes of the upper Middle Fork Willamette River, Oregon 1936-1980 Author: Lyons, Joseph Kevin Time trends in flow and channel characteristics were evaluated for the Middle Fork Willamette (MFW) River, which drains a 668 km2 forested watershed in the Cascade Mountains of western Oregon. Timber production is the primary land use in the watershed. Analysis of precipitation and peak flow data from 1959 to 1980 suggests that peak flows (greater than 0.15 m3skm2) increased 2% per year as timber harvesting and road building expanded in the basin. Landslides associated with roads and clearcuts, based on an inventory of aerial photographs dating from 1959 to 1972, were 27 and 23 times more frequent (respectively) than in forested situations. The majority of landslides appear to have been initiated during the relatively large flood of December 22, 1964. Changes in channel planform morphology from 1936 to 1980 were documented from aerial photographs. Based on the photographic record, channel width increased prior to 1967 followed by a decreasing trend from 1967 to 1980. Sixty-five channel cross-sectional profiles were surveyed during summer low flows in 1979 and 1980 to provide detailed measurements of existing channel conditions. The presence or absence of aggradational features was noted at each cross section. Regression analysis revealed that significantly greater (c= 0.05) channel widths were recorded for 62% of the aggraded reaches compared to the dimensions of nonaggraded reaches. The results of the cross-section surveys, combined with the channel morphology and landslide measurements, suggest three conclusions: (1) major aggradation along the NW River occurred during the 1964 flood, (2) landslides associated with the 1964 flood contributed to the development of aggraded locations along the river, and (3) the majority of landslides during this period occurred within one geologic zone and were associated with land use activities, thus suggesting management activities, particularly roads, influenced changes in channel morphology. Title: Influences of landslides, floods and land use on channel changes of the upper Middle Fork Willamette River, Oregon 1936-1980 Author: Lyons, Joseph Kevin Time trends in flow and channel characteristics were evaluated for the Middle Fork Willamette (MFW) River, which drains a 668 km2 forested watershed in the Cascade Mountains of western Oregon. Timber production is the primary land use in the watershed. Analysis of precipitation and peak flow data from 1959 to 1980 suggests that peak flows (greater than 0.15 m3skm2) increased 2% per year as timber harvesting and road building expanded in the basin. Landslides associated with roads and clearcuts, based on an inventory of aerial photographs dating from 1959 to 1972, were 27 and 23 times more frequent (respectively) than in forested situations. The majority of landslides appear to have been initiated during the relatively large flood of December 22, 1964. Changes in channel planform morphology from 1936 to 1980 were documented from aerial photographs. Based on the photographic record, channel width increased prior to 1967 followed by a decreasing trend from 1967 to 1980. Sixty-five channel cross-sectional profiles were surveyed during summer low flows in 1979 and 1980 to provide detailed measurements of existing channel conditions. The presence or absence of aggradational features was noted at each cross section. Regression analysis revealed that significantly greater (c= 0.05) channel widths were recorded for 62% of the aggraded reaches compared to the dimensions of nonaggraded reaches. The results of the cross-section surveys, combined with the channel morphology and landslide measurements, suggest three conclusions: (1) major aggradation along the NW River occurred during the 1964 flood, (2) landslides associated with the 1964 flood contributed to the development of aggraded locations along the river, and (3) the majority of landslides during this period occurred within one geologic zone and were associated with land use activities, thus suggesting management activities, particularly roads, influenced changes in channel morphology. Close