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• 1. [Article] Economic Outlook of Finnish Fishery Enterprises in 2000-2004

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic Outlook of Finnish Fishery Enterprises in 2000-2004 Author: Honkanen, Asmo, Ahvonen, Anssi Research Paper Title: Economic Outlook of Finnish Fishery Enterprises in 2000-2004 Author: Honkanen, Asmo, Ahvonen, Anssi Research Paper Close

• 2. [Article] Seasonal forage production and quality on four native and improved plant communites in Eastern Oregon

  Information contained within documents may be obsolete. Please check for recent information at the OSU Extension Service website: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/results.php?cat=Agriculture

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal forage production and quality on four native and improved plant communites in Eastern Oregon Author: Svejcar, Tony, Vavra, Martin Information contained within documents may be obsolete. Please check for recent information at the OSU Extension Service website: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/results.php?cat=Agriculture Title: Seasonal forage production and quality on four native and improved plant communites in Eastern Oregon Author: Svejcar, Tony, Vavra, Martin Information contained within documents may be obsolete. Please check for recent information at the OSU Extension Service website: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/results.php?cat=Agriculture Close

• 3. [Article] Evaluation of mountain pine beetle infestations, Lap, Cool, Lang, and Caribou Creek drainages, Yaak Ranger District, Kootenai National Forest, Montana

  Mountain pine beetle reached epidemic levels in the Lap, Cool, Lang, and Caribou Creek drainages in 1974. From 1973 to 1975, approximately 56,282 trees with an estimated volume of 4,365,660 board feet ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of mountain pine beetle infestations, Lap, Cool, Lang, and Caribou Creek drainages, Yaak Ranger District, Kootenai National Forest, Montana Author: McGregor, Mark D., Hamel, Dennis R., United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry Mountain pine beetle reached epidemic levels in the Lap, Cool, Lang, and Caribou Creek drainages in 1974. From 1973 to 1975, approximately 56,282 trees with an estimated volume of 4,365,660 board feet were killed in these areas. An additional 61,721 trees are predicted to be killed in 1976. Currently infested acreage on the Yaak Ranger District equals 5,110 ac. (2,068 ha), This represents 5% of the 118,345 ac. (47,894 ha) risk rated high and given Priority 1 for management treatment. Selective logging to remove infested and susceptible trees is recommended to reduce the epidemic trend. Title: Evaluation of mountain pine beetle infestations, Lap, Cool, Lang, and Caribou Creek drainages, Yaak Ranger District, Kootenai National Forest, Montana Author: McGregor, Mark D., Hamel, Dennis R., United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry Mountain pine beetle reached epidemic levels in the Lap, Cool, Lang, and Caribou Creek drainages in 1974. From 1973 to 1975, approximately 56,282 trees with an estimated volume of 4,365,660 board feet were killed in these areas. An additional 61,721 trees are predicted to be killed in 1976. Currently infested acreage on the Yaak Ranger District equals 5,110 ac. (2,068 ha), This represents 5% of the 118,345 ac. (47,894 ha) risk rated high and given Priority 1 for management treatment. Selective logging to remove infested and susceptible trees is recommended to reduce the epidemic trend. Close

• 4. [Article] Control of the western pine shoot borer Eucosma sonomana kearfott in selected ponderosa pine plantations in northern Idaho and western Montana : progress report no. 2

  Two blends (Natural and Phillips) of the western pine shoot borer pheromone, formulated as Hercon Luretape, were applied to six ponderosa pine plantations in northern Idaho and western Montana in 1984. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Control of the western pine shoot borer Eucosma sonomana kearfott in selected ponderosa pine plantations in northern Idaho and western Montana : progress report no. 2 Author: Dewey, Jerald E., United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry Two blends (Natural and Phillips) of the western pine shoot borer pheromone, formulated as Hercon Luretape, were applied to six ponderosa pine plantations in northern Idaho and western Montana in 1984. The treatment was approximately 21.6 grams of pheromone per hectare. Significant reductions in damage have occurred in all treated plantations. Damage has been reduced most in plantations that are not surrounded by pine stands which provide a reservoir of moths that can reinvade treated areas. The best results to date have been a reduction of infested terminals from 50.9 to 1.6 percent after 2 years of treatment. Population trends in nearby check areas were either static or increasing. Treatment effects of both the Natural and Phillips formulations were significantly different from the control at the 99 percent level. However, these treatments were not different from each other. Title: Control of the western pine shoot borer Eucosma sonomana kearfott in selected ponderosa pine plantations in northern Idaho and western Montana : progress report no. 2 Author: Dewey, Jerald E., United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry Two blends (Natural and Phillips) of the western pine shoot borer pheromone, formulated as Hercon Luretape, were applied to six ponderosa pine plantations in northern Idaho and western Montana in 1984. The treatment was approximately 21.6 grams of pheromone per hectare. Significant reductions in damage have occurred in all treated plantations. Damage has been reduced most in plantations that are not surrounded by pine stands which provide a reservoir of moths that can reinvade treated areas. The best results to date have been a reduction of infested terminals from 50.9 to 1.6 percent after 2 years of treatment. Population trends in nearby check areas were either static or increasing. Treatment effects of both the Natural and Phillips formulations were significantly different from the control at the 99 percent level. However, these treatments were not different from each other. Close

• 5. [Article] Permanent mountain pine beetle population trend plots : an update, 1981

  Six Montana areas in which permanent mountain pine beetle trend plots were established in 1979 were revisited in 1980. Results of the visit show infestation intensity decreased significantly in Centennial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Permanent mountain pine beetle population trend plots : an update, 1981 Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Gibson, K. E. (Kenneth E.) Six Montana areas in which permanent mountain pine beetle trend plots were established in 1979 were revisited in 1980. Results of the visit show infestation intensity decreased significantly in Centennial Valley, decreased slightly in the Madison River plot area, and increased almost threefold in the Murr Creek area. Beetle populations remained essentially static in Boulder Creek, Dunsire Creek, and near Spotted Bear. Title: Permanent mountain pine beetle population trend plots : an update, 1981 Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Gibson, K. E. (Kenneth E.) Six Montana areas in which permanent mountain pine beetle trend plots were established in 1979 were revisited in 1980. Results of the visit show infestation intensity decreased significantly in Centennial Valley, decreased slightly in the Madison River plot area, and increased almost threefold in the Murr Creek area. Beetle populations remained essentially static in Boulder Creek, Dunsire Creek, and near Spotted Bear. Close

• 6. [Article] Succession functions of forest pathogens and insects : ecosections M332a and M333d in northern Idaho and western Montana ; summary

  We analyzed the effects of pathogens and insects on forest succession in the absence of fire or management, addressing a number of related questions: 1. What is the rate of change in such forests? 2. How ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Succession functions of forest pathogens and insects : ecosections M332a and M333d in northern Idaho and western Montana ; summary Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Hagle, Susan K., Byler, James W., United States. Forest Health Protection We analyzed the effects of pathogens and insects on forest succession in the absence of fire or management, addressing a number of related questions: 1. What is the rate of change in such forests? 2. How significant are the roles of pathogens and insects in the forest change? 3. How do pathogens and insects influence forest succession? Vegetation change was measured using a geographic information system (GIS) analysis method that overlaid 1935-era and 1975-era maps of sample subcompartments on national forest land in two ecoregions in northern Idaho and western Montana. This 40-year period was, coincidentally, the time in which white pine blister rust became epidemic and in which fire suppression policies were implemented. Stand hazard ratings were used to classify stand susceptibility to insects and most pathogens; root disease severity was rated from aerial photographs. We considered an insect or pathogen to be a cause of successional change when the following conditions were met: the insect or disease hazard or severity rating for a cover type/structure stage class was high or moderate; a transition from one class to another was consistent with the expected function of the agent; and the change was not explained by advancing succession in the absence of pathogen or insect influence. We found high rates of change from pathogens and insects in forests that had no evidence of recent active management or fire. More than 90 percent of the sample stands changed to a different cover type, structure stage, or both during the 40-year period. Insects and pathogens were associated with 75 percent or more of that change. Root pathogens, white pine blister rust, and bark beetles were the cause of most of the observed changes. The most significant pathogen and insect influences on cover type were to accelerate succession of western white pine, ponderosa pine, and lodgepole pine to later successional, more shade-tolerant species. The effects on structure were to reduce stand density or prevent canopy closure. Grand fir, Douglasfir, and subalpine fir were the predominant cover types at the end of the period, and were highly susceptible to root diseases, bark beetles, fire, and drought. The trend toward mature, dense, climax forest is projected to decrease substantially during the next 40 years, with greater accumulations occurring in low-density mature and younger pole-sized stands that result from root disease- and bark beetle-caused mortality. Our results underscore the relevance of pathogens and insects to forest planning and forest management. The introduction of white pine blister rust has drastically and perhaps permanently altered succession in this once-significant type. In the absence of fire or management, native pathogens, and insects continue to bring about change in forest composition and structure. This change is different from that produced by fire, as early seral species are usually not regenerated as a result of pathogen or insect activity. The ecological outcomes of pathogen and insect activities are sometimes desirable and sometimes not desirable. We should consider whether or not their effects create desired conditions for the landscape in deciding whether or not to alter their influence through management. This information on long-term effects of pathogens and insects on succession can be used to address forest health in forest plans, to analyze alternative actions, and to more accurately communicate outcomes of those alternatives to various stakeholders. We found that pathogens and insects can have large effects on forest succession. The economic impacts of pathogens and insects have been well documented; with this analysis, we have begun to understand and quantify their successional effects. Title: Succession functions of forest pathogens and insects : ecosections M332a and M333d in northern Idaho and western Montana ; summary Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Hagle, Susan K., Byler, James W., United States. Forest Health Protection We analyzed the effects of pathogens and insects on forest succession in the absence of fire or management, addressing a number of related questions: 1. What is the rate of change in such forests? 2. How significant are the roles of pathogens and insects in the forest change? 3. How do pathogens and insects influence forest succession? Vegetation change was measured using a geographic information system (GIS) analysis method that overlaid 1935-era and 1975-era maps of sample subcompartments on national forest land in two ecoregions in northern Idaho and western Montana. This 40-year period was, coincidentally, the time in which white pine blister rust became epidemic and in which fire suppression policies were implemented. Stand hazard ratings were used to classify stand susceptibility to insects and most pathogens; root disease severity was rated from aerial photographs. We considered an insect or pathogen to be a cause of successional change when the following conditions were met: the insect or disease hazard or severity rating for a cover type/structure stage class was high or moderate; a transition from one class to another was consistent with the expected function of the agent; and the change was not explained by advancing succession in the absence of pathogen or insect influence. We found high rates of change from pathogens and insects in forests that had no evidence of recent active management or fire. More than 90 percent of the sample stands changed to a different cover type, structure stage, or both during the 40-year period. Insects and pathogens were associated with 75 percent or more of that change. Root pathogens, white pine blister rust, and bark beetles were the cause of most of the observed changes. The most significant pathogen and insect influences on cover type were to accelerate succession of western white pine, ponderosa pine, and lodgepole pine to later successional, more shade-tolerant species. The effects on structure were to reduce stand density or prevent canopy closure. Grand fir, Douglasfir, and subalpine fir were the predominant cover types at the end of the period, and were highly susceptible to root diseases, bark beetles, fire, and drought. The trend toward mature, dense, climax forest is projected to decrease substantially during the next 40 years, with greater accumulations occurring in low-density mature and younger pole-sized stands that result from root disease- and bark beetle-caused mortality. Our results underscore the relevance of pathogens and insects to forest planning and forest management. The introduction of white pine blister rust has drastically and perhaps permanently altered succession in this once-significant type. In the absence of fire or management, native pathogens, and insects continue to bring about change in forest composition and structure. This change is different from that produced by fire, as early seral species are usually not regenerated as a result of pathogen or insect activity. The ecological outcomes of pathogen and insect activities are sometimes desirable and sometimes not desirable. We should consider whether or not their effects create desired conditions for the landscape in deciding whether or not to alter their influence through management. This information on long-term effects of pathogens and insects on succession can be used to address forest health in forest plans, to analyze alternative actions, and to more accurately communicate outcomes of those alternatives to various stakeholders. We found that pathogens and insects can have large effects on forest succession. The economic impacts of pathogens and insects have been well documented; with this analysis, we have begun to understand and quantify their successional effects. Close

• 7. [Article] Western spruce budworm defoliation trend relative to weather in the Northern Region, 1969-1979

  Western spruce budworm defoliated area in the Northern Region has differed significantly across three discrete geographic zones during the past decade. Aerially visible defoliation in northern Idaho increased ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Western spruce budworm defoliation trend relative to weather in the Northern Region, 1969-1979 Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Hard, John S., Eder, Robert G., Tunnock, Scott Western spruce budworm defoliated area in the Northern Region has differed significantly across three discrete geographic zones during the past decade. Aerially visible defoliation in northern Idaho increased from 1.7 million acres in 1969 to a high of 2.2 million acres in 1974, and declined to none in 1979. Defoliated area in western Montana increased from 1.8 million acres in 1969 to a high of 2.8 million acres in 1972 and declined to 0.6 million acres in 1979. Conversely, defoliated area in eastern Montana fluctuated at low levels between 0.1 and 0.7 million acres between 1969 and 1974, and then rose to a high of 1.6 million acres in 1979. Analysis of defoliation trend, the ratio of acres defoliated in the current year by acres defoliated the prior year, and weather during budworm larval and pupal periods during the past decade revealed the following relationships: Defoliation trend in all three geographic areas varied (a) directly with mean maximum temperature during May, June, and July of the year before, and (b) inversely with frequency of measurable precipitation during May, June, and July of the year before. Based on warm, dry conditions throughout the Region in 1979, we predict a general increase in budworm populations in the Northern Region in 1980. Title: Western spruce budworm defoliation trend relative to weather in the Northern Region, 1969-1979 Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Hard, John S., Eder, Robert G., Tunnock, Scott Western spruce budworm defoliated area in the Northern Region has differed significantly across three discrete geographic zones during the past decade. Aerially visible defoliation in northern Idaho increased from 1.7 million acres in 1969 to a high of 2.2 million acres in 1974, and declined to none in 1979. Defoliated area in western Montana increased from 1.8 million acres in 1969 to a high of 2.8 million acres in 1972 and declined to 0.6 million acres in 1979. Conversely, defoliated area in eastern Montana fluctuated at low levels between 0.1 and 0.7 million acres between 1969 and 1974, and then rose to a high of 1.6 million acres in 1979. Analysis of defoliation trend, the ratio of acres defoliated in the current year by acres defoliated the prior year, and weather during budworm larval and pupal periods during the past decade revealed the following relationships: Defoliation trend in all three geographic areas varied (a) directly with mean maximum temperature during May, June, and July of the year before, and (b) inversely with frequency of measurable precipitation during May, June, and July of the year before. Based on warm, dry conditions throughout the Region in 1979, we predict a general increase in budworm populations in the Northern Region in 1980. Close

• 8. [Article] Establishment report : permanent mountain pine beetle population trend plots, Montana, 1979

  Thirty permanent mountain pine beetle population trend plots were established in each of six areas in the state in 1979. Infestation levels ranged from 0 to 47.8 new attacks per acre. The potential for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Establishment report : permanent mountain pine beetle population trend plots, Montana, 1979 Author: Bennett, D. D., Gibson, K. E. (Kenneth E.), United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, McGregor, Mark D. Thirty permanent mountain pine beetle population trend plots were established in each of six areas in the state in 1979. Infestation levels ranged from 0 to 47.8 new attacks per acre. The potential for increased mortality is considered high for all areas. Each area will be evaluated for 5 years to determine the course of the infestation and resultant impact to the stands. Title: Establishment report : permanent mountain pine beetle population trend plots, Montana, 1979 Author: Bennett, D. D., Gibson, K. E. (Kenneth E.), United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, McGregor, Mark D. Thirty permanent mountain pine beetle population trend plots were established in each of six areas in the state in 1979. Infestation levels ranged from 0 to 47.8 new attacks per acre. The potential for increased mortality is considered high for all areas. Each area will be evaluated for 5 years to determine the course of the infestation and resultant impact to the stands. Close

• 9. [Article] Douglas-fir tussock moth in northern Idaho and western Montana : current activity and historical patterns

  The objective of this report is to describe the current increase in Douglas-fir tussock moth (Orgyia pseudotsugata McDunnough) activity in northern Idaho and Montana. The report also relates current conditions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Douglas-fir tussock moth in northern Idaho and western Montana : current activity and historical patterns Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region, Sturdevant, Nancy J., United States. Forest Health Protection The objective of this report is to describe the current increase in Douglas-fir tussock moth (Orgyia pseudotsugata McDunnough) activity in northern Idaho and Montana. The report also relates current conditions to historical and future trends and larger scale increasing tussock moth activity in surrounding western states. Title: Douglas-fir tussock moth in northern Idaho and western Montana : current activity and historical patterns Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region, Sturdevant, Nancy J., United States. Forest Health Protection The objective of this report is to describe the current increase in Douglas-fir tussock moth (Orgyia pseudotsugata McDunnough) activity in northern Idaho and Montana. The report also relates current conditions to historical and future trends and larger scale increasing tussock moth activity in surrounding western states. Close

• 10. [Article] Potential for larch casebearer defoliation in the Northern Region, 1972

  The larch casebearer Coleophora laricella (Hbn.) is now established throughout all western larch stands in Region 1. Population levels have begun to fluctuate in some of the older infested stands; however, it ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential for larch casebearer defoliation in the Northern Region, 1972 Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Bousfield, Wayne E. The larch casebearer Coleophora laricella (Hbn.) is now established throughout all western larch stands in Region 1. Population levels have begun to fluctuate in some of the older infested stands; however, it is still on the increase in more recently invaded territory. During the past 2 years work was begun to develop a method to forecast defoliation and tg ollow trends of the larch casebearer (Ciesla and Bousfield 1971).111/ The purpose of these evaluations was to establish the relationship between the overwintering population and subsequent defoliation for prediction purposes. Title: Potential for larch casebearer defoliation in the Northern Region, 1972 Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Bousfield, Wayne E. The larch casebearer Coleophora laricella (Hbn.) is now established throughout all western larch stands in Region 1. Population levels have begun to fluctuate in some of the older infested stands; however, it is still on the increase in more recently invaded territory. During the past 2 years work was begun to develop a method to forecast defoliation and tg ollow trends of the larch casebearer (Ciesla and Bousfield 1971).111/ The purpose of these evaluations was to establish the relationship between the overwintering population and subsequent defoliation for prediction purposes. Close