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• 1. [Article] Conservation for Sale: A Dynamic Common Agency Model of Natural Resource Regulation

  This paper considers the regulation of a natural resource within a dynamic common agency framework. In setting harvest quotas, the regulator responds to lobbying pressure (contributions) from harvesters ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conservation for Sale: A Dynamic Common Agency Model of Natural Resource Regulation Author: Boyce, John R. Year: 2001 This paper considers the regulation of a natural resource within a dynamic common agency framework. In setting harvest quotas, the regulator responds to lobbying pressure (contributions) from harvesters and conservationists. The truthful Markov perfect equilibrium stock is then an increasing function of the effective political weight for conservationists. Since the contributions to the regulator are independent of the no-regulation equilibrium, both individual and aggregate welfare may decline by adopting regulation. Indeed, harvesters operating under private property will always oppose regulation, and harvesters operating under common property will oppose regulation if their welfare is not valued highly enough by the regulator. Since conservationists’ gross welfare is always improved by regulation, and since the regulator cannot fully capture their rents, conservationists will support regulation. For regulation to be supported by harvesters and conservationists, it is more important that the welfare of harvesters be taken into account by the regulator. This is because harvesters, like conservationists, value the stock, but conservationists, unlike harvesters, place no value on the harvests. Title: Conservation for Sale: A Dynamic Common Agency Model of Natural Resource Regulation Author: Boyce, John R. Year: 2001 This paper considers the regulation of a natural resource within a dynamic common agency framework. In setting harvest quotas, the regulator responds to lobbying pressure (contributions) from harvesters and conservationists. The truthful Markov perfect equilibrium stock is then an increasing function of the effective political weight for conservationists. Since the contributions to the regulator are independent of the no-regulation equilibrium, both individual and aggregate welfare may decline by adopting regulation. Indeed, harvesters operating under private property will always oppose regulation, and harvesters operating under common property will oppose regulation if their welfare is not valued highly enough by the regulator. Since conservationists’ gross welfare is always improved by regulation, and since the regulator cannot fully capture their rents, conservationists will support regulation. For regulation to be supported by harvesters and conservationists, it is more important that the welfare of harvesters be taken into account by the regulator. This is because harvesters, like conservationists, value the stock, but conservationists, unlike harvesters, place no value on the harvests. Close

• 2. [Article] The Political Game of European Fisheries Management

  European fisheries activities are subject to a hierarchy of regulatory authorities. This raises questions regarding the implications of strategic interaction between different authority levels concerning ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Political Game of European Fisheries Management Author: Armstrong, Claire, Aanesen, Margrethe Year: 2016 European fisheries activities are subject to a hierarchy of regulatory authorities. This raises questions regarding the implications of strategic interaction between different authority levels concerning the regulation of these activities. We apply a bio-economic objective function where fishers and regulators have environmental, economic and social preferences, and where fishers are subject to the aggregate of the regulations set by the various authorities. We analyse one situation where EU authorities set their regulation first, followed by national authorities' regulation, and one situation where the two regulators set their regulations simultaneously. Using data from a survey on preferences among fisheries stakeholders combined with data from the UK nephrops fisheries, this study shows that a hierarchy of regulators with similar preferences will yield higher unit regulations, i.e. higher taxes or higher subsidies than a situation with one regulating authority. When regulators have unequal preferences we may get a situation where one regulator induces a tax on effort, whereas the other offers a subsidy. In this situation the aggregate unit regulation becomes uncertain. Title: The Political Game of European Fisheries Management Author: Armstrong, Claire, Aanesen, Margrethe Year: 2016 European fisheries activities are subject to a hierarchy of regulatory authorities. This raises questions regarding the implications of strategic interaction between different authority levels concerning the regulation of these activities. We apply a bio-economic objective function where fishers and regulators have environmental, economic and social preferences, and where fishers are subject to the aggregate of the regulations set by the various authorities. We analyse one situation where EU authorities set their regulation first, followed by national authorities' regulation, and one situation where the two regulators set their regulations simultaneously. Using data from a survey on preferences among fisheries stakeholders combined with data from the UK nephrops fisheries, this study shows that a hierarchy of regulators with similar preferences will yield higher unit regulations, i.e. higher taxes or higher subsidies than a situation with one regulating authority. When regulators have unequal preferences we may get a situation where one regulator induces a tax on effort, whereas the other offers a subsidy. In this situation the aggregate unit regulation becomes uncertain. Close

• 3. [Article] Consumer attitudes toward potentially restrictive energy conservation regulations

  A sample of 893 Oregon individuals from a Western Regional Agricultural Experiment Station Project (W-159 "Consequences of Energy Conservation Policies for Western Region Households") was used to analyze ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Consumer attitudes toward potentially restrictive energy conservation regulations Author: Merfeld, Michele Kay A sample of 893 Oregon individuals from a Western Regional Agricultural Experiment Station Project (W-159 "Consequences of Energy Conservation Policies for Western Region Households") was used to analyze consumer attitudes toward potentially restrictive energy conservation regulations. Belief in the seriousness of the energy problem, a psychological measure of internal control (internality), and eight socio-demographic characteristics were examined in relation to consumer attitudes toward these regulations. Logistic regression was used to determine the probability that a respondent would oppose or favor seven different energy conservation regulations, not believe or believe in the seriousness of the energy problem, and have a low or high degree of internality, and what the related function of eight socio-demographic characteristics were. Log-linear analysis was used to obtain descriptions of the relationships among all the variables included in a high order contingency table. The significant socio-demographic characteristics in the logistic regression analyses varied depending on the regulation, indicating that personal impact or inconvenience determined respondents' attitudes. The regulation with the greatest opposition and the greatest number of significant socio-demographic variables and interactions, was "discourage building homes away from towns and cities to lessen travel by car." Those who did not believe in the seriousness of the energy problem were over 50 years of age, male, had less than a college degree, and opposed mandatory energy conservation regulations related to home thermostat settings. Homeowners opposed the regulation requiring their homes to pass an energy audit. Opposition to regulations appeared to be related only to an individual's perception of the consequences of the regulation, and not to belief in the energy problem or locus of control. Those with low internality scores included females, rural residents, respondents over 50, and those with less than a college degree. Social exchange theory is proposed as an explanation of beliefs, attitudes and practices related to energy conservation. An expert Delphi Panel ranked the energy conservation regulations on degree of restrictiveness. The Kendall Tau Coefficient tested for associations between the Delphi Panel ranking of the regulations and respondents' perceptions of the restrictiveness of the regulations and level of opposition. All associations were low, indicating that policymakers and respondents had different views on energy regulations. Title: Consumer attitudes toward potentially restrictive energy conservation regulations Author: Merfeld, Michele Kay A sample of 893 Oregon individuals from a Western Regional Agricultural Experiment Station Project (W-159 "Consequences of Energy Conservation Policies for Western Region Households") was used to analyze consumer attitudes toward potentially restrictive energy conservation regulations. Belief in the seriousness of the energy problem, a psychological measure of internal control (internality), and eight socio-demographic characteristics were examined in relation to consumer attitudes toward these regulations. Logistic regression was used to determine the probability that a respondent would oppose or favor seven different energy conservation regulations, not believe or believe in the seriousness of the energy problem, and have a low or high degree of internality, and what the related function of eight socio-demographic characteristics were. Log-linear analysis was used to obtain descriptions of the relationships among all the variables included in a high order contingency table. The significant socio-demographic characteristics in the logistic regression analyses varied depending on the regulation, indicating that personal impact or inconvenience determined respondents' attitudes. The regulation with the greatest opposition and the greatest number of significant socio-demographic variables and interactions, was "discourage building homes away from towns and cities to lessen travel by car." Those who did not believe in the seriousness of the energy problem were over 50 years of age, male, had less than a college degree, and opposed mandatory energy conservation regulations related to home thermostat settings. Homeowners opposed the regulation requiring their homes to pass an energy audit. Opposition to regulations appeared to be related only to an individual's perception of the consequences of the regulation, and not to belief in the energy problem or locus of control. Those with low internality scores included females, rural residents, respondents over 50, and those with less than a college degree. Social exchange theory is proposed as an explanation of beliefs, attitudes and practices related to energy conservation. An expert Delphi Panel ranked the energy conservation regulations on degree of restrictiveness. The Kendall Tau Coefficient tested for associations between the Delphi Panel ranking of the regulations and respondents' perceptions of the restrictiveness of the regulations and level of opposition. All associations were low, indicating that policymakers and respondents had different views on energy regulations. Close

• 4. [Article] Emotion regulation and hyperactivity during the transition into adolescence

  This study posited that maturational growth in emotion regulation should be associated with reduction in hyperactivity during the transition into adolescence. The longitudinal design assessed emotion regulation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Emotion regulation and hyperactivity during the transition into adolescence Author: Lewis, Kendra M. This study posited that maturational growth in emotion regulation should be associated with reduction in hyperactivity during the transition into adolescence. The longitudinal design assessed emotion regulation and hyperactivity in an urban community sample of children in three waves, at ages 10.6, 11.6, and 12.6 years. A parallel growth curve model tested whether the initial level and growth in emotion regulation were associated with decreases in hyperactivity. The analysis statistically controlled for gender, parent education, and externalizing behaviors. Results indicated that increases in emotion regulation across the 3-year study were associated with substantial decreases in hyperactivity. Initial level of hyperactivity was associated with growth in emotion regulation. Thus there was some evidence of a reciprocal effect. Covariates had some significant associations on initial levels. This is the first study to find a strong dynamic linkage between emotion regulation and hyperactivity during the transition to adolescence. Future research should focus on the nature of reciprocal effects between emotion regulation and hyperactivity. Implications of the study are also discussed. Title: Emotion regulation and hyperactivity during the transition into adolescence Author: Lewis, Kendra M. This study posited that maturational growth in emotion regulation should be associated with reduction in hyperactivity during the transition into adolescence. The longitudinal design assessed emotion regulation and hyperactivity in an urban community sample of children in three waves, at ages 10.6, 11.6, and 12.6 years. A parallel growth curve model tested whether the initial level and growth in emotion regulation were associated with decreases in hyperactivity. The analysis statistically controlled for gender, parent education, and externalizing behaviors. Results indicated that increases in emotion regulation across the 3-year study were associated with substantial decreases in hyperactivity. Initial level of hyperactivity was associated with growth in emotion regulation. Thus there was some evidence of a reciprocal effect. Covariates had some significant associations on initial levels. This is the first study to find a strong dynamic linkage between emotion regulation and hyperactivity during the transition to adolescence. Future research should focus on the nature of reciprocal effects between emotion regulation and hyperactivity. Implications of the study are also discussed. Close

• 5. [Article] Parental marital status and child self-regulation

  Parents play an essential role in their child’s development of the skills needed for self-regulation. The current study examined the relationship between parental marital status and child self-regulation. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Parental marital status and child self-regulation Author: Gooding, Elisa K., Schmitt, Sara, McClelland, Megan M. Parents play an essential role in their child’s development of the skills needed for self-regulation. The current study examined the relationship between parental marital status and child self-regulation. Analyzing a sample of 328 preschool children, results indicate having married parents is related to higher self-regulation in children. These results suggest that living in a single-parent or married parent household Title: Parental marital status and child self-regulation Author: Gooding, Elisa K., Schmitt, Sara, McClelland, Megan M. Parents play an essential role in their child’s development of the skills needed for self-regulation. The current study examined the relationship between parental marital status and child self-regulation. Analyzing a sample of 328 preschool children, results indicate having married parents is related to higher self-regulation in children. These results suggest that living in a single-parent or married parent household Close

• 6. [Article] Supporting children who struggle with self-regulation : the role of early family risk and child care quality

  Children's early self-regulation skills have long-term implications for a variety of academic, social, and health outcomes. Unfortunately, children facing multiple family risk factors (e.g., harsh parenting, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Supporting children who struggle with self-regulation : the role of early family risk and child care quality Author: Pratt, Megan E. Children's early self-regulation skills have long-term implications for a variety of academic, social, and health outcomes. Unfortunately, children facing multiple family risk factors (e.g., harsh parenting, economic disadvantage) are more likely to struggle with early self-regulation. Despite early disparities in self-regulation, promising intervention evidence suggests that high quality prekindergarten experiences can improve children's self-regulation skills, especially for children with self-regulatory challenges. At this point, few studies have examined how children's self-regulation may differ according to the unique combinations of family risks they experience during their first three years of life. Furthermore, it remains largely unknown how children's experiences in typical early care and education settings relate to their self-regulation development. To address these gaps in the literature, this dissertation includes two studies focused on understanding children with low early self-regulation. The first study addressed how distinct combinations of family risk factors (i.e., family risk profiles), as experienced during the first three years of life, predicted children's self-regulation at 36-months. Person-centered analyses indicated children's family risk experiences were captured by three distinct family risk profiles: 1) low risk, 2) low-income/low cognitive stimulation/single parent (ICS), and 3) low-income/low cognitive stimulation/high parental harshness (ICH). Each of the three profiles predicted significant differences in children's early self-regulation, with children characterized by the profile including high harshness (ICH) exhibiting the lowest self-regulation skills. Study 2 examined how two dimensions of early care and education process quality (positivity/responsivity and cognitive stimulation) experienced during children's prekindergarten year predicted their subsequent self-regulation in the fall of kindergarten. This study also considered children's earlier self-regulation as a moderator of both quality dimensions. Results indicated that higher positivity/responsivity predicted stronger self-regulation in the fall of kindergarten for children with low early self-regulation, but not for the overall sample. Cognitive stimulation did not predict children's self-regulation in kindergarten, regardless of early self-regulation skills. Overall, findings from these studies help explain why some children struggle more with early self-regulation than others, and how high quality early care and education can support children's transition to kindergarten, particularly for children with low early self-regulation. Title: Supporting children who struggle with self-regulation : the role of early family risk and child care quality Author: Pratt, Megan E. Children's early self-regulation skills have long-term implications for a variety of academic, social, and health outcomes. Unfortunately, children facing multiple family risk factors (e.g., harsh parenting, economic disadvantage) are more likely to struggle with early self-regulation. Despite early disparities in self-regulation, promising intervention evidence suggests that high quality prekindergarten experiences can improve children's self-regulation skills, especially for children with self-regulatory challenges. At this point, few studies have examined how children's self-regulation may differ according to the unique combinations of family risks they experience during their first three years of life. Furthermore, it remains largely unknown how children's experiences in typical early care and education settings relate to their self-regulation development. To address these gaps in the literature, this dissertation includes two studies focused on understanding children with low early self-regulation. The first study addressed how distinct combinations of family risk factors (i.e., family risk profiles), as experienced during the first three years of life, predicted children's self-regulation at 36-months. Person-centered analyses indicated children's family risk experiences were captured by three distinct family risk profiles: 1) low risk, 2) low-income/low cognitive stimulation/single parent (ICS), and 3) low-income/low cognitive stimulation/high parental harshness (ICH). Each of the three profiles predicted significant differences in children's early self-regulation, with children characterized by the profile including high harshness (ICH) exhibiting the lowest self-regulation skills. Study 2 examined how two dimensions of early care and education process quality (positivity/responsivity and cognitive stimulation) experienced during children's prekindergarten year predicted their subsequent self-regulation in the fall of kindergarten. This study also considered children's earlier self-regulation as a moderator of both quality dimensions. Results indicated that higher positivity/responsivity predicted stronger self-regulation in the fall of kindergarten for children with low early self-regulation, but not for the overall sample. Cognitive stimulation did not predict children's self-regulation in kindergarten, regardless of early self-regulation skills. Overall, findings from these studies help explain why some children struggle more with early self-regulation than others, and how high quality early care and education can support children's transition to kindergarten, particularly for children with low early self-regulation. Close

• 7. [Article] "And when they woke up... they were monkeys!" Using classroom games to improve preschoolers's behavioral self-regulation

  Behavioral self-regulation has emerged as an important predictor of academic success as early as preschool. Few studies, however, have examined ways to improve children's behavioral self-regulation in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "And when they woke up... they were monkeys!" Using classroom games to improve preschoolers's behavioral self-regulation Author: Tominey, Shauna L. M. Behavioral self-regulation has emerged as an important predictor of academic success as early as preschool. Few studies, however, have examined ways to improve children's behavioral self-regulation in preschool, prior to formal school entry. This dissertation includes two studies examining a pilot intervention using classroom games to improve behavioral self-regulation with 65 prekindergarteners. Study 1 examined if participating in the intervention group significantly improved behavioral self-regulation and early academic outcomes. Results indicated that participation in the intervention predicted significant gains on a direct measure of behavioral self-regulation for children beginning the year with low levels of these skills. Additionally, intervention participation predicted significant reading gains in the overall sample of children. Study 2 examined quantitative and qualitative factors related to intervention effectiveness. Results suggest that low maternal education significantly predicted that children would begin the year with low behavioral self-regulation and thus be in the group most likely to benefit from intervention participation. Moreover, qualitative analyses indicated that children from low-income families had more difficulty paying attention and exhibited more off-task behaviors during intervention sessions, which may have contributed to the smaller behavioral self-regulation gains they experienced in comparison to their more-advantaged peers. Together these studies support the effectiveness of a pilot behavioral self-regulation intervention and provide implications for future applications of the intervention, including increasing the number of intervention sessions and embedding behavioral self-regulation activities into prekindergarten classrooms as a means of facilitating academic achievement. Title: "And when they woke up... they were monkeys!" Using classroom games to improve preschoolers's behavioral self-regulation Author: Tominey, Shauna L. M. Behavioral self-regulation has emerged as an important predictor of academic success as early as preschool. Few studies, however, have examined ways to improve children's behavioral self-regulation in preschool, prior to formal school entry. This dissertation includes two studies examining a pilot intervention using classroom games to improve behavioral self-regulation with 65 prekindergarteners. Study 1 examined if participating in the intervention group significantly improved behavioral self-regulation and early academic outcomes. Results indicated that participation in the intervention predicted significant gains on a direct measure of behavioral self-regulation for children beginning the year with low levels of these skills. Additionally, intervention participation predicted significant reading gains in the overall sample of children. Study 2 examined quantitative and qualitative factors related to intervention effectiveness. Results suggest that low maternal education significantly predicted that children would begin the year with low behavioral self-regulation and thus be in the group most likely to benefit from intervention participation. Moreover, qualitative analyses indicated that children from low-income families had more difficulty paying attention and exhibited more off-task behaviors during intervention sessions, which may have contributed to the smaller behavioral self-regulation gains they experienced in comparison to their more-advantaged peers. Together these studies support the effectiveness of a pilot behavioral self-regulation intervention and provide implications for future applications of the intervention, including increasing the number of intervention sessions and embedding behavioral self-regulation activities into prekindergarten classrooms as a means of facilitating academic achievement. Close

• 8. [Article] Exploring gender differences in self regulation among Head Start and non-Head Start kids

  Children’s self-regulation and socio-economic status are important factors in predicting later academic outcomes and kindergarten readiness. This study examined relationships between socio-economic status ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Exploring gender differences in self regulation among Head Start and non-Head Start kids Author: Gilmore, Brittany D., Duncan, Rob, McClelland, Megan M. Children’s self-regulation and socio-economic status are important factors in predicting later academic outcomes and kindergarten readiness. This study examined relationships between socio-economic status (SES), gender differences, and performance on the Heads-Toes-Knees-Shoulders (HTKS) self-regulation assessment. Using a diverse sample of 408 preschool children, results indicated: Low-income children in Head Start displayed significantly lower self-regulation than children not enrolled in Head Start. The gender gap in self-regulation was significantly larger in Non-Head Start children when compared to Head Start children. Title: Exploring gender differences in self regulation among Head Start and non-Head Start kids Author: Gilmore, Brittany D., Duncan, Rob, McClelland, Megan M. Children’s self-regulation and socio-economic status are important factors in predicting later academic outcomes and kindergarten readiness. This study examined relationships between socio-economic status (SES), gender differences, and performance on the Heads-Toes-Knees-Shoulders (HTKS) self-regulation assessment. Using a diverse sample of 408 preschool children, results indicated: Low-income children in Head Start displayed significantly lower self-regulation than children not enrolled in Head Start. The gender gap in self-regulation was significantly larger in Non-Head Start children when compared to Head Start children. Close

• 9. [Article] Frequent Family Mobility and Child Self - Regulation

  Children’s self-regulation has been found to be an important predictor of later school success. This study examined relations between family mobility and children’s self-regulation in preschool. Using ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Frequent Family Mobility and Child Self - Regulation Author: McClelland, Megan, Schmitt, Sara, Lane, Jennifer Children’s self-regulation has been found to be an important predictor of later school success. This study examined relations between family mobility and children’s self-regulation in preschool. Using a diverse sample of 477 preschool children, results indicated that the number of moves a family made in the past five years was significantly related to lower self-regulation scores in children. The same pattern of results was found after controlling for child gender, age, and Head Start status. These results indicate that higher family mobility is associated with lower self-regulation skills in young children and document the importance of housing stability for children’s positive development. Title: Frequent Family Mobility and Child Self - Regulation Author: McClelland, Megan, Schmitt, Sara, Lane, Jennifer Children’s self-regulation has been found to be an important predictor of later school success. This study examined relations between family mobility and children’s self-regulation in preschool. Using a diverse sample of 477 preschool children, results indicated that the number of moves a family made in the past five years was significantly related to lower self-regulation scores in children. The same pattern of results was found after controlling for child gender, age, and Head Start status. These results indicate that higher family mobility is associated with lower self-regulation skills in young children and document the importance of housing stability for children’s positive development. Close

• 10. [Article] Cryptocurrencies and the Anonymous Nature of Transactions on the Internet

  Bitcoin is a digital cryptocurrency, meaning that it is a currency that is not backed by any government, uses cryptography for security and is difficult to counterfeit. Bitcoin’s popularity stems from ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cryptocurrencies and the Anonymous Nature of Transactions on the Internet Author: Casale, Elizabeth Anne Bitcoin is a digital cryptocurrency, meaning that it is a currency that is not backed by any government, uses cryptography for security and is difficult to counterfeit. Bitcoin’s popularity stems from the fact that it has little regulation and affords some degree of anonymity in transactions. Bitcoin currently has little governmental regulation but greater regulation is expected, as Bitcoin has come under scrutiny from federal regulators because of its role as a medium of exchange for illicit activities and the high degree of anonymity it gives users. Some proponents of Bitcoin welcome regulation, but others feel that it inherently goes against the liberatarian aim of a cryptocurrency. Title: Cryptocurrencies and the Anonymous Nature of Transactions on the Internet Author: Casale, Elizabeth Anne Bitcoin is a digital cryptocurrency, meaning that it is a currency that is not backed by any government, uses cryptography for security and is difficult to counterfeit. Bitcoin’s popularity stems from the fact that it has little regulation and affords some degree of anonymity in transactions. Bitcoin currently has little governmental regulation but greater regulation is expected, as Bitcoin has come under scrutiny from federal regulators because of its role as a medium of exchange for illicit activities and the high degree of anonymity it gives users. Some proponents of Bitcoin welcome regulation, but others feel that it inherently goes against the liberatarian aim of a cryptocurrency. Close