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• 1. [Article] Fallow-cropping systems in the Pacific Northwest

  Information contained within documents may be obsolete. Please check for recent information at the OSU Extension Service website: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/results.php?cat=Agriculture

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fallow-cropping systems in the Pacific Northwest Author: Glenn, David Michael, Bolton, Floyd E. Information contained within documents may be obsolete. Please check for recent information at the OSU Extension Service website: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/results.php?cat=Agriculture Title: Fallow-cropping systems in the Pacific Northwest Author: Glenn, David Michael, Bolton, Floyd E. Information contained within documents may be obsolete. Please check for recent information at the OSU Extension Service website: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/results.php?cat=Agriculture Close

• 2. [Article] Western spruce budworm defoliation trend relative to weather in the Northern Region, 1969-1979

  Western spruce budworm defoliated area in the Northern Region has differed significantly across three discrete geographic zones during the past decade. Aerially visible defoliation in northern Idaho increased ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Western spruce budworm defoliation trend relative to weather in the Northern Region, 1969-1979 Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Hard, John S., Eder, Robert G., Tunnock, Scott Western spruce budworm defoliated area in the Northern Region has differed significantly across three discrete geographic zones during the past decade. Aerially visible defoliation in northern Idaho increased from 1.7 million acres in 1969 to a high of 2.2 million acres in 1974, and declined to none in 1979. Defoliated area in western Montana increased from 1.8 million acres in 1969 to a high of 2.8 million acres in 1972 and declined to 0.6 million acres in 1979. Conversely, defoliated area in eastern Montana fluctuated at low levels between 0.1 and 0.7 million acres between 1969 and 1974, and then rose to a high of 1.6 million acres in 1979. Analysis of defoliation trend, the ratio of acres defoliated in the current year by acres defoliated the prior year, and weather during budworm larval and pupal periods during the past decade revealed the following relationships: Defoliation trend in all three geographic areas varied (a) directly with mean maximum temperature during May, June, and July of the year before, and (b) inversely with frequency of measurable precipitation during May, June, and July of the year before. Based on warm, dry conditions throughout the Region in 1979, we predict a general increase in budworm populations in the Northern Region in 1980. Title: Western spruce budworm defoliation trend relative to weather in the Northern Region, 1969-1979 Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Hard, John S., Eder, Robert G., Tunnock, Scott Western spruce budworm defoliated area in the Northern Region has differed significantly across three discrete geographic zones during the past decade. Aerially visible defoliation in northern Idaho increased from 1.7 million acres in 1969 to a high of 2.2 million acres in 1974, and declined to none in 1979. Defoliated area in western Montana increased from 1.8 million acres in 1969 to a high of 2.8 million acres in 1972 and declined to 0.6 million acres in 1979. Conversely, defoliated area in eastern Montana fluctuated at low levels between 0.1 and 0.7 million acres between 1969 and 1974, and then rose to a high of 1.6 million acres in 1979. Analysis of defoliation trend, the ratio of acres defoliated in the current year by acres defoliated the prior year, and weather during budworm larval and pupal periods during the past decade revealed the following relationships: Defoliation trend in all three geographic areas varied (a) directly with mean maximum temperature during May, June, and July of the year before, and (b) inversely with frequency of measurable precipitation during May, June, and July of the year before. Based on warm, dry conditions throughout the Region in 1979, we predict a general increase in budworm populations in the Northern Region in 1980. Close

• 3. [Article] Climate change and forest disturbances

  Studies of the effects of climate change on forests have focused on the ability of species to tolerate temperature and moisture changes and to disperse, but they have ignored the effects of disturbances ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Climate change and forest disturbances Author: Peterson, Chris J., Hanson, Paul J., Joyce, Linda A., Swanson, Frederick J., McNulty, Steve, Simberloff, Daniel, Lugo, Ariel E., Neilson, Ronald P., Ayres, Matthew P., Stocks, Brian J., Irland, Lloyd C., Flannigan, Michael D., Wotton, B. Michael, Dale, Virginia H. Studies of the effects of climate change on forests have focused on the ability of species to tolerate temperature and moisture changes and to disperse, but they have ignored the effects of disturbances caused by climate change (e.g., Ojima et al. 1991).Yet modeling studies indicate the importance of climate effects on disturbance regimes (He et al. 1999). Local, regional, and global changes in temperature and precipitation can influence the occurrence, timing, frequency, duration, extent, and intensity of disturbances (Baker 1995, Turner et al. 1998). Because trees can survive from decades to centuries and take years to become established, climate-change impacts are expressed in forests, in part, through alterations in disturbance regimes (Franklin et al. 1992, Dale et al. 2000). Title: Climate change and forest disturbances Author: Peterson, Chris J., Hanson, Paul J., Joyce, Linda A., Swanson, Frederick J., McNulty, Steve, Simberloff, Daniel, Lugo, Ariel E., Neilson, Ronald P., Ayres, Matthew P., Stocks, Brian J., Irland, Lloyd C., Flannigan, Michael D., Wotton, B. Michael, Dale, Virginia H. Studies of the effects of climate change on forests have focused on the ability of species to tolerate temperature and moisture changes and to disperse, but they have ignored the effects of disturbances caused by climate change (e.g., Ojima et al. 1991).Yet modeling studies indicate the importance of climate effects on disturbance regimes (He et al. 1999). Local, regional, and global changes in temperature and precipitation can influence the occurrence, timing, frequency, duration, extent, and intensity of disturbances (Baker 1995, Turner et al. 1998). Because trees can survive from decades to centuries and take years to become established, climate-change impacts are expressed in forests, in part, through alterations in disturbance regimes (Franklin et al. 1992, Dale et al. 2000). Close

• 4. [Article] Ecosystem Processes and Human Influences Regulate Streamflow Response to Climate Change at Long-Term Ecological Research Sites

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Institute of Biological Sciences and can be found at: http://www.aibs.org/home/index.html.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecosystem Processes and Human Influences Regulate Streamflow Response to Climate Change at Long-Term Ecological Research Sites Author: Miles, Evan S., Creed, Irena F., Sebestyen, Stephen D., Dahm, Clifford N., Boose, Emery, Jones, Julia A., Stone, Asa B., Campbell, John L., Warren, Robert J., Ford, Chelcy R., Henshaw, Donald L., Miles, Kathleen M., Spargo, Adam T., Brown, Warren A., Adams, Mary Beth, Benson, Melinda H., Vose, James M., Clow, David W., Hatcher, Kendra L., Williams, Mark W., Larson, Kelli L., Covich, Alan, Grimm, Nancy B., Elder, Kelly This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Institute of Biological Sciences and can be found at: http://www.aibs.org/home/index.html. Title: Ecosystem Processes and Human Influences Regulate Streamflow Response to Climate Change at Long-Term Ecological Research Sites Author: Miles, Evan S., Creed, Irena F., Sebestyen, Stephen D., Dahm, Clifford N., Boose, Emery, Jones, Julia A., Stone, Asa B., Campbell, John L., Warren, Robert J., Ford, Chelcy R., Henshaw, Donald L., Miles, Kathleen M., Spargo, Adam T., Brown, Warren A., Adams, Mary Beth, Benson, Melinda H., Vose, James M., Clow, David W., Hatcher, Kendra L., Williams, Mark W., Larson, Kelli L., Covich, Alan, Grimm, Nancy B., Elder, Kelly This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Institute of Biological Sciences and can be found at: http://www.aibs.org/home/index.html. Close

• 5. [Article] A comparison of ship and satellite measurements of cloud properties with global climate model simulations in the southeast Pacific stratus deck

  Here, liquid water path (LWP), cloud fraction, cloud top height, and cloud base height retrieved by a suite of A-train satellite instruments (the CPR aboard CloudSat, CALIOP aboard CALIPSO, and MODIS aboard ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparison of ship and satellite measurements of cloud properties with global climate model simulations in the southeast Pacific stratus deck Author: Zuidema, P., de Szoeke, Simon P., Brunke, M. A., Zeng, X. Here, liquid water path (LWP), cloud fraction, cloud top height, and cloud base height retrieved by a suite of A-train satellite instruments (the CPR aboard CloudSat, CALIOP aboard CALIPSO, and MODIS aboard Aqua) are compared to ship observations from research cruises made in 2001 and 2003–2007 into the stratus/stratocumulus deck over the southeast Pacific Ocean. It is found that CloudSat radar-only LWP is generally too high over this region and the CloudSat/CALIPSO cloud bases are too low. This results in a relationship (LWP~h⁹) between CloudSat LWP and CALIPSO cloud thickness (h) that is very different from the adiabatic relationship (LWP~h²) from in situ observations. Such biases can be reduced if LWPs suspected to be contaminated by precipitation are eliminated, as determined by the maximum radar reflectivity Zmax>−15 dBZ in the apparent lower half of the cloud, and if cloud bases are determined based upon the adiabatically-determined cloud thickness (h~LWP¹/²). Furthermore, comparing results from a global model (CAM3.1) to ship observations reveals that, while the simulated LWP is quite reasonable, the model cloud is too thick and too low, allowing the model to have LWPs that are almost independent of h. This model can also obtain a reasonable diurnal cycle in LWP and cloud fraction at a location roughly in the centre of this region (20° S, 85° W) but has an opposite diurnal cycle to those observed aboard ship at a location closer to the coast (20° S, 75° W). The diurnal cycle at the latter location is slightly improved in the newest version of the model (CAM4). However, the simulated clouds remain too thick and too low, as cloud bases are usually at or near the surface. Title: A comparison of ship and satellite measurements of cloud properties with global climate model simulations in the southeast Pacific stratus deck Author: Zuidema, P., de Szoeke, Simon P., Brunke, M. A., Zeng, X. Here, liquid water path (LWP), cloud fraction, cloud top height, and cloud base height retrieved by a suite of A-train satellite instruments (the CPR aboard CloudSat, CALIOP aboard CALIPSO, and MODIS aboard Aqua) are compared to ship observations from research cruises made in 2001 and 2003–2007 into the stratus/stratocumulus deck over the southeast Pacific Ocean. It is found that CloudSat radar-only LWP is generally too high over this region and the CloudSat/CALIPSO cloud bases are too low. This results in a relationship (LWP~h⁹) between CloudSat LWP and CALIPSO cloud thickness (h) that is very different from the adiabatic relationship (LWP~h²) from in situ observations. Such biases can be reduced if LWPs suspected to be contaminated by precipitation are eliminated, as determined by the maximum radar reflectivity Zmax>−15 dBZ in the apparent lower half of the cloud, and if cloud bases are determined based upon the adiabatically-determined cloud thickness (h~LWP¹/²). Furthermore, comparing results from a global model (CAM3.1) to ship observations reveals that, while the simulated LWP is quite reasonable, the model cloud is too thick and too low, allowing the model to have LWPs that are almost independent of h. This model can also obtain a reasonable diurnal cycle in LWP and cloud fraction at a location roughly in the centre of this region (20° S, 85° W) but has an opposite diurnal cycle to those observed aboard ship at a location closer to the coast (20° S, 75° W). The diurnal cycle at the latter location is slightly improved in the newest version of the model (CAM4). However, the simulated clouds remain too thick and too low, as cloud bases are usually at or near the surface. Close

• 6. [Article] Atmospheric sulfur cycling in the southeastern Pacific – longitudinal distribution, vertical profile, and diel variability observed during VOCALS-REx

  Dimethylsulfide (DMS) emitted from the ocean is a biogenic precursor gas for sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and non-sea-salt sulfate aerosols (SO₄²⁻). During the VAMOS-Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Atmospheric sulfur cycling in the southeastern Pacific – longitudinal distribution, vertical profile, and diel variability observed during VOCALS-REx Author: Shank, L. M., Hawkins, L. N., Zagorac, N., Blomquist, B. W., Bates, T. S., Coffman, D. J., Yang, M., Brewer, W. A., Huebert, B. J., Zuidema, P. D., Howell, S. G., Quinn, P. K., Benedict, K. B., Bandy, A. R., Covert, D. S., Tucker, S. C., McNaughton, C. S., Clarke, A. D., de Szoeke, Simon P., Collett, J. L., Russell, L. M. Dimethylsulfide (DMS) emitted from the ocean is a biogenic precursor gas for sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and non-sea-salt sulfate aerosols (SO₄²⁻). During the VAMOS-Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx) in 2008, multiple instrumented platforms were deployed in the Southeastern Pacific (SEP) off the coast of Chile and Peru to study the linkage between aerosols and stratocumulus clouds. We present here observations from the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown and the NSF/NCAR C-130 aircraft along ~20° S from the coast (70° W) to a remote marine atmosphere (85° W). While SO₄²⁻ and SO₂ concentrations were distinctly elevated above background levels in the coastal marine boundary layer (MBL) due to anthropogenic influence (~800 and 80 pptv, respectively), their concentrations rapidly decreased west of 78° W (~100 and 25 pptv). In the remote region, entrainment from the free troposphere (FT) increased MBL SO₂ burden at a rate of 0.05 ± 0.02 μmoles m⁻² day⁻¹ and diluted MBL SO₄² burden at a rate of 0.5 ± 0.3 μmoles m⁻² day⁻¹, while the sea-to-air DMS flux (3.8 ± 0.4 μmoles m⁻² day⁻¹) remained the predominant source of sulfur mass to the MBL. In-cloud oxidation was found to be the most important mechanism for SO₂ removal and in situ SO₄²⁻ production. Surface SO₄²⁻ concentration in the remote MBL displayed pronounced diel variability, increasing rapidly in the first few hours after sunset and decaying for the rest of the day. We theorize that the increase in SO₄²⁻ was due to nighttime recoupling of the MBL that mixed down cloud-processed air, while decoupling and sporadic precipitation scavenging were responsible for the daytime decline in SO₄²⁻. Title: Atmospheric sulfur cycling in the southeastern Pacific – longitudinal distribution, vertical profile, and diel variability observed during VOCALS-REx Author: Shank, L. M., Hawkins, L. N., Zagorac, N., Blomquist, B. W., Bates, T. S., Coffman, D. J., Yang, M., Brewer, W. A., Huebert, B. J., Zuidema, P. D., Howell, S. G., Quinn, P. K., Benedict, K. B., Bandy, A. R., Covert, D. S., Tucker, S. C., McNaughton, C. S., Clarke, A. D., de Szoeke, Simon P., Collett, J. L., Russell, L. M. Dimethylsulfide (DMS) emitted from the ocean is a biogenic precursor gas for sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and non-sea-salt sulfate aerosols (SO₄²⁻). During the VAMOS-Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx) in 2008, multiple instrumented platforms were deployed in the Southeastern Pacific (SEP) off the coast of Chile and Peru to study the linkage between aerosols and stratocumulus clouds. We present here observations from the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown and the NSF/NCAR C-130 aircraft along ~20° S from the coast (70° W) to a remote marine atmosphere (85° W). While SO₄²⁻ and SO₂ concentrations were distinctly elevated above background levels in the coastal marine boundary layer (MBL) due to anthropogenic influence (~800 and 80 pptv, respectively), their concentrations rapidly decreased west of 78° W (~100 and 25 pptv). In the remote region, entrainment from the free troposphere (FT) increased MBL SO₂ burden at a rate of 0.05 ± 0.02 μmoles m⁻² day⁻¹ and diluted MBL SO₄² burden at a rate of 0.5 ± 0.3 μmoles m⁻² day⁻¹, while the sea-to-air DMS flux (3.8 ± 0.4 μmoles m⁻² day⁻¹) remained the predominant source of sulfur mass to the MBL. In-cloud oxidation was found to be the most important mechanism for SO₂ removal and in situ SO₄²⁻ production. Surface SO₄²⁻ concentration in the remote MBL displayed pronounced diel variability, increasing rapidly in the first few hours after sunset and decaying for the rest of the day. We theorize that the increase in SO₄²⁻ was due to nighttime recoupling of the MBL that mixed down cloud-processed air, while decoupling and sporadic precipitation scavenging were responsible for the daytime decline in SO₄²⁻. Close

• 7. [Article] Evaluation of a present-day climate simulation with a new coupled atmosphere-ocean model GENMOM

  We present a new, non-flux corrected AOGCM, GENMOM, that combines the GENESIS version 3 atmospheric GCM (Global Environmental and Ecological Simulation of Interactive Systems) and MOM2 (Modular Ocean Model ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of a present-day climate simulation with a new coupled atmosphere-ocean model GENMOM Author: Hostetler, S. W., Alder, J. R., Pollard, D., Schmittner, A. We present a new, non-flux corrected AOGCM, GENMOM, that combines the GENESIS version 3 atmospheric GCM (Global Environmental and Ecological Simulation of Interactive Systems) and MOM2 (Modular Ocean Model version 2) nominally at T31 resolution. We evaluate GENMOM by comparison with reanalysis products (e.g., NCEP2) and three models used in the IPCC AR4 assessment. GENMOM produces a global temperature bias of 0.6 °C. Atmospheric features such as the jet stream structure and major semi-permanent sea level pressure centers are well simulated as is the mean planetary-scale wind structure that is needed to produce the correct position of stormtracks. Most ocean surface currents are reproduced except where they are not resolvable at T31 resolution. Overall, GENMOM captures reasonably well the observed gradients and spatial distributions of annual surface temperature and precipitation and the simulations are on par with other AOGCMs. Deficiencies in the GENMOM simulations include a warm bias in the surface temperature over the southern oceans, a split in the ITCZ and weaker-than-observed overturning circulation. Title: Evaluation of a present-day climate simulation with a new coupled atmosphere-ocean model GENMOM Author: Hostetler, S. W., Alder, J. R., Pollard, D., Schmittner, A. We present a new, non-flux corrected AOGCM, GENMOM, that combines the GENESIS version 3 atmospheric GCM (Global Environmental and Ecological Simulation of Interactive Systems) and MOM2 (Modular Ocean Model version 2) nominally at T31 resolution. We evaluate GENMOM by comparison with reanalysis products (e.g., NCEP2) and three models used in the IPCC AR4 assessment. GENMOM produces a global temperature bias of 0.6 °C. Atmospheric features such as the jet stream structure and major semi-permanent sea level pressure centers are well simulated as is the mean planetary-scale wind structure that is needed to produce the correct position of stormtracks. Most ocean surface currents are reproduced except where they are not resolvable at T31 resolution. Overall, GENMOM captures reasonably well the observed gradients and spatial distributions of annual surface temperature and precipitation and the simulations are on par with other AOGCMs. Deficiencies in the GENMOM simulations include a warm bias in the surface temperature over the southern oceans, a split in the ITCZ and weaker-than-observed overturning circulation. Close

• 8. [Article] The effects of wildfire on the sediment yield of a coastal California watershed

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Geological Society of America and can be found at: http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of wildfire on the sediment yield of a coastal California watershed Author: Goni, M. A., Pasternack, G. B., Gray, A. B., Hatten, J. A., Wheatcroft, R. A., Warrick, J. A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Geological Society of America and can be found at: http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: The effects of wildfire on the sediment yield of a coastal California watershed Author: Goni, M. A., Pasternack, G. B., Gray, A. B., Hatten, J. A., Wheatcroft, R. A., Warrick, J. A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Geological Society of America and can be found at: http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 9. [Article] Applying GIS analysis to herbarium georeferencing

  In March 2005 the Oregon State University Herbarium launched its new, free online Oregon Vascular Plant Atlas for public use. This Atlas allows users to access location information from over 385,000 vascular ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Applying GIS analysis to herbarium georeferencing Author: Buonopane, Michelle In March 2005 the Oregon State University Herbarium launched its new, free online Oregon Vascular Plant Atlas for public use. This Atlas allows users to access location information from over 385,000 vascular plant specimen and observation records in the state of Oregon. The potential applications of such spatial information are almost limitless; users can examine the spatial relationships between plants and a variety of environmental variables within plant communities (soils, precipitation, elevation etc.). The maintenance and accuracy of this database is therefore critically important in order to provide the highest quality information to Atlas users. Several projects were identified to increase the accuracy and precision of the Plant Atlas spatial data including: (1) correction of points with mismatched township/range and county information, (2) comparison of Oregon State University (OSU) Herbarium and Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center (ORNHIC) georeferencing results, (3) creation of quarter section and quarter-quarter section location names, and (4) analysis of elevation information using digital elevation models. These projects were completed using geographic information system (GIS) software, as well as Microsoft Access data management software. New location names, or LocNames, were created for township/ranges bisected by county lines, increasing the accuracy of the referenced location. LocNames were also created for specimens with quarter section and quarter-quarter section information. These combined projects resulted in the creation of 1,876,587 new location names. Analysis of the ORNHIC and OSU Herbarium georeferencing results showed the majority of points were similarly georeferenced, however, one-third had some quality issue. Finally, the quality of the elevation information stored in the Vascular Plant Atlas database was shown to include potential data entry conflicts between meters and feet, as well as potential georeferencing problems. The results of these projects will help increase the accuracy of georeferenced specimen locations, as well as provide important information to help herbarium staff identify areas of needed quality control. Title: Applying GIS analysis to herbarium georeferencing Author: Buonopane, Michelle In March 2005 the Oregon State University Herbarium launched its new, free online Oregon Vascular Plant Atlas for public use. This Atlas allows users to access location information from over 385,000 vascular plant specimen and observation records in the state of Oregon. The potential applications of such spatial information are almost limitless; users can examine the spatial relationships between plants and a variety of environmental variables within plant communities (soils, precipitation, elevation etc.). The maintenance and accuracy of this database is therefore critically important in order to provide the highest quality information to Atlas users. Several projects were identified to increase the accuracy and precision of the Plant Atlas spatial data including: (1) correction of points with mismatched township/range and county information, (2) comparison of Oregon State University (OSU) Herbarium and Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center (ORNHIC) georeferencing results, (3) creation of quarter section and quarter-quarter section location names, and (4) analysis of elevation information using digital elevation models. These projects were completed using geographic information system (GIS) software, as well as Microsoft Access data management software. New location names, or LocNames, were created for township/ranges bisected by county lines, increasing the accuracy of the referenced location. LocNames were also created for specimens with quarter section and quarter-quarter section information. These combined projects resulted in the creation of 1,876,587 new location names. Analysis of the ORNHIC and OSU Herbarium georeferencing results showed the majority of points were similarly georeferenced, however, one-third had some quality issue. Finally, the quality of the elevation information stored in the Vascular Plant Atlas database was shown to include potential data entry conflicts between meters and feet, as well as potential georeferencing problems. The results of these projects will help increase the accuracy of georeferenced specimen locations, as well as provide important information to help herbarium staff identify areas of needed quality control. Close

• 10. [Article] Evaluation of CMIP5 20th century climate simulations for the Pacific Northwest USA

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2169-8996.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of CMIP5 20th century climate simulations for the Pacific Northwest USA Author: Hegewisch, Katherine C., Rupp, David E., Abatzoglou, John T., Mote, Philip W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2169-8996. Title: Evaluation of CMIP5 20th century climate simulations for the Pacific Northwest USA Author: Hegewisch, Katherine C., Rupp, David E., Abatzoglou, John T., Mote, Philip W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2169-8996. Close