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• 1. [Article] Instructions for making timber surveys in the national forests : including standard classification of forest types / U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Instructions for making timber surveys in the national forests : including standard classification of forest types / U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Author: United States. Forest Service Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Instructions for making timber surveys in the national forests : including standard classification of forest types / U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Author: United States. Forest Service Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 2. [Article] Succession functions of forest pathogens and insects : ecosections M332a and M333d in northern Idaho and western Montana ; summary

  We analyzed the effects of pathogens and insects on forest succession in the absence of fire or management, addressing a number of related questions: 1. What is the rate of change in such forests? 2. How ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Succession functions of forest pathogens and insects : ecosections M332a and M333d in northern Idaho and western Montana ; summary Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Hagle, Susan K., Byler, James W., United States. Forest Health Protection We analyzed the effects of pathogens and insects on forest succession in the absence of fire or management, addressing a number of related questions: 1. What is the rate of change in such forests? 2. How significant are the roles of pathogens and insects in the forest change? 3. How do pathogens and insects influence forest succession? Vegetation change was measured using a geographic information system (GIS) analysis method that overlaid 1935-era and 1975-era maps of sample subcompartments on national forest land in two ecoregions in northern Idaho and western Montana. This 40-year period was, coincidentally, the time in which white pine blister rust became epidemic and in which fire suppression policies were implemented. Stand hazard ratings were used to classify stand susceptibility to insects and most pathogens; root disease severity was rated from aerial photographs. We considered an insect or pathogen to be a cause of successional change when the following conditions were met: the insect or disease hazard or severity rating for a cover type/structure stage class was high or moderate; a transition from one class to another was consistent with the expected function of the agent; and the change was not explained by advancing succession in the absence of pathogen or insect influence. We found high rates of change from pathogens and insects in forests that had no evidence of recent active management or fire. More than 90 percent of the sample stands changed to a different cover type, structure stage, or both during the 40-year period. Insects and pathogens were associated with 75 percent or more of that change. Root pathogens, white pine blister rust, and bark beetles were the cause of most of the observed changes. The most significant pathogen and insect influences on cover type were to accelerate succession of western white pine, ponderosa pine, and lodgepole pine to later successional, more shade-tolerant species. The effects on structure were to reduce stand density or prevent canopy closure. Grand fir, Douglasfir, and subalpine fir were the predominant cover types at the end of the period, and were highly susceptible to root diseases, bark beetles, fire, and drought. The trend toward mature, dense, climax forest is projected to decrease substantially during the next 40 years, with greater accumulations occurring in low-density mature and younger pole-sized stands that result from root disease- and bark beetle-caused mortality. Our results underscore the relevance of pathogens and insects to forest planning and forest management. The introduction of white pine blister rust has drastically and perhaps permanently altered succession in this once-significant type. In the absence of fire or management, native pathogens, and insects continue to bring about change in forest composition and structure. This change is different from that produced by fire, as early seral species are usually not regenerated as a result of pathogen or insect activity. The ecological outcomes of pathogen and insect activities are sometimes desirable and sometimes not desirable. We should consider whether or not their effects create desired conditions for the landscape in deciding whether or not to alter their influence through management. This information on long-term effects of pathogens and insects on succession can be used to address forest health in forest plans, to analyze alternative actions, and to more accurately communicate outcomes of those alternatives to various stakeholders. We found that pathogens and insects can have large effects on forest succession. The economic impacts of pathogens and insects have been well documented; with this analysis, we have begun to understand and quantify their successional effects. Title: Succession functions of forest pathogens and insects : ecosections M332a and M333d in northern Idaho and western Montana ; summary Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Hagle, Susan K., Byler, James W., United States. Forest Health Protection We analyzed the effects of pathogens and insects on forest succession in the absence of fire or management, addressing a number of related questions: 1. What is the rate of change in such forests? 2. How significant are the roles of pathogens and insects in the forest change? 3. How do pathogens and insects influence forest succession? Vegetation change was measured using a geographic information system (GIS) analysis method that overlaid 1935-era and 1975-era maps of sample subcompartments on national forest land in two ecoregions in northern Idaho and western Montana. This 40-year period was, coincidentally, the time in which white pine blister rust became epidemic and in which fire suppression policies were implemented. Stand hazard ratings were used to classify stand susceptibility to insects and most pathogens; root disease severity was rated from aerial photographs. We considered an insect or pathogen to be a cause of successional change when the following conditions were met: the insect or disease hazard or severity rating for a cover type/structure stage class was high or moderate; a transition from one class to another was consistent with the expected function of the agent; and the change was not explained by advancing succession in the absence of pathogen or insect influence. We found high rates of change from pathogens and insects in forests that had no evidence of recent active management or fire. More than 90 percent of the sample stands changed to a different cover type, structure stage, or both during the 40-year period. Insects and pathogens were associated with 75 percent or more of that change. Root pathogens, white pine blister rust, and bark beetles were the cause of most of the observed changes. The most significant pathogen and insect influences on cover type were to accelerate succession of western white pine, ponderosa pine, and lodgepole pine to later successional, more shade-tolerant species. The effects on structure were to reduce stand density or prevent canopy closure. Grand fir, Douglasfir, and subalpine fir were the predominant cover types at the end of the period, and were highly susceptible to root diseases, bark beetles, fire, and drought. The trend toward mature, dense, climax forest is projected to decrease substantially during the next 40 years, with greater accumulations occurring in low-density mature and younger pole-sized stands that result from root disease- and bark beetle-caused mortality. Our results underscore the relevance of pathogens and insects to forest planning and forest management. The introduction of white pine blister rust has drastically and perhaps permanently altered succession in this once-significant type. In the absence of fire or management, native pathogens, and insects continue to bring about change in forest composition and structure. This change is different from that produced by fire, as early seral species are usually not regenerated as a result of pathogen or insect activity. The ecological outcomes of pathogen and insect activities are sometimes desirable and sometimes not desirable. We should consider whether or not their effects create desired conditions for the landscape in deciding whether or not to alter their influence through management. This information on long-term effects of pathogens and insects on succession can be used to address forest health in forest plans, to analyze alternative actions, and to more accurately communicate outcomes of those alternatives to various stakeholders. We found that pathogens and insects can have large effects on forest succession. The economic impacts of pathogens and insects have been well documented; with this analysis, we have begun to understand and quantify their successional effects. Close

• 3. [Article] Monitoring fluoride pollution in Flathead National Forest and Glacier National Park, 1972

  During August 1972, 15 vegetation plots monitered for foliar fluoride concentrations in 1971 were resampled near the Anaconda aluminum plant at Columbia Falls, Montana. Statistical analysis of the data ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring fluoride pollution in Flathead National Forest and Glacier National Park, 1972 Author: Carlson, Clinton E., United States. Forest Service. Division of State and Private Forestry During August 1972, 15 vegetation plots monitered for foliar fluoride concentrations in 1971 were resampled near the Anaconda aluminum plant at Columbia Falls, Montana. Statistical analysis of the data showed that essentially the same amount of fluoride was taken in by conifers, shrubs, and grasses in 1972 as in 1971. It is concluded that the area over which plants accumulated fluoride and resultant damage occurred remained unchanged from 1971 at 179,000 acres and 15,000 acres, respectively. Vegetation in Glacier National Park continued to show some fluoride injury and to accumulate abnormally high amounts of fluoride. Title: Monitoring fluoride pollution in Flathead National Forest and Glacier National Park, 1972 Author: Carlson, Clinton E., United States. Forest Service. Division of State and Private Forestry During August 1972, 15 vegetation plots monitered for foliar fluoride concentrations in 1971 were resampled near the Anaconda aluminum plant at Columbia Falls, Montana. Statistical analysis of the data showed that essentially the same amount of fluoride was taken in by conifers, shrubs, and grasses in 1972 as in 1971. It is concluded that the area over which plants accumulated fluoride and resultant damage occurred remained unchanged from 1971 at 179,000 acres and 15,000 acres, respectively. Vegetation in Glacier National Park continued to show some fluoride injury and to accumulate abnormally high amounts of fluoride. Close

• 4. [Article] Sensitive plants and noxious weeds of the Wenatchee National Forest

  R6-WEN-93-014

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sensitive plants and noxious weeds of the Wenatchee National Forest Author: Smith-Kuebel, Cynthia Ann, 1959-, United States. Bonneville Power Administration. Cultural Resources and Vegetation Management Division, United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region, Lillybridge, Terry R. R6-WEN-93-014 Title: Sensitive plants and noxious weeds of the Wenatchee National Forest Author: Smith-Kuebel, Cynthia Ann, 1959-, United States. Bonneville Power Administration. Cultural Resources and Vegetation Management Division, United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region, Lillybridge, Terry R. R6-WEN-93-014 Close

• 5. [Article] Grand fir series of northeastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington : successional stages and management guide

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Grand fir series of northeastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington : successional stages and management guide Author: United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., Clausnitzer, Rodrick R. Title: Grand fir series of northeastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington : successional stages and management guide Author: United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., Clausnitzer, Rodrick R. Close

• 6. [Article] Potential for infestation by mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine stands, Hungry Horse District, Flathead National Forest, 1977

  Ground surveys on the Hungry Horse District indicate a potential for mountain pine beetle infestation in lodgepole pine. Based on elevation-latitude, mean d.b.h. and phloem thickness, and age, stands were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential for infestation by mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine stands, Hungry Horse District, Flathead National Forest, 1977 Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Oakes, Robert D., Hamel, Dennis R., Hothem, R. Ground surveys on the Hungry Horse District indicate a potential for mountain pine beetle infestation in lodgepole pine. Based on elevation-latitude, mean d.b.h. and phloem thickness, and age, stands were given a susceptibility classification of high risk. An infestation in Glacier National Park may provide the beetle source. Management alternatives are discussed and long-term management goals are recommended. Title: Potential for infestation by mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine stands, Hungry Horse District, Flathead National Forest, 1977 Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Oakes, Robert D., Hamel, Dennis R., Hothem, R. Ground surveys on the Hungry Horse District indicate a potential for mountain pine beetle infestation in lodgepole pine. Based on elevation-latitude, mean d.b.h. and phloem thickness, and age, stands were given a susceptibility classification of high risk. An infestation in Glacier National Park may provide the beetle source. Management alternatives are discussed and long-term management goals are recommended. Close

• 7. [Article] Forested plant associations of the Olympic National Forest

  A potential vegetation classification system is presented for the Olympic National Forest. It is based on a sample of 1046 Reconnaissance and 408 Intensive plots. The hierarchical classification includes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forested plant associations of the Olympic National Forest Author: Henderson, Jan A., Shaw, David C., Peter, David H., Lesher, Robin D. A potential vegetation classification system is presented for the Olympic National Forest. It is based on a sample of 1046 Reconnaissance and 408 Intensive plots. The hierarchical classification includes sixvegetation series and 64 plant associations. Diagnostickeys are presented to aid in the identification of series and associations. Descriptions are presented for each series and association which are oriented toward the application of this classification for land management objectives. Association descriptions include information about plant species occurrences, including mosses and lichens, mammals, birds, insect pests and diseases. Most descriptions include information on timber productivity and soils. Background information is also presented on the ecology, geology, soils and history of the Olympic Mountains. Key words: vegetation classification, climax vegetation, climax plant communities, plant association, vegetation series, plant community ecology, forest ecology, mosses, lichens, birds, mammals, forest diseases, timber productivity, soil, Olympic Mountains. Title: Forested plant associations of the Olympic National Forest Author: Henderson, Jan A., Shaw, David C., Peter, David H., Lesher, Robin D. A potential vegetation classification system is presented for the Olympic National Forest. It is based on a sample of 1046 Reconnaissance and 408 Intensive plots. The hierarchical classification includes sixvegetation series and 64 plant associations. Diagnostickeys are presented to aid in the identification of series and associations. Descriptions are presented for each series and association which are oriented toward the application of this classification for land management objectives. Association descriptions include information about plant species occurrences, including mosses and lichens, mammals, birds, insect pests and diseases. Most descriptions include information on timber productivity and soils. Background information is also presented on the ecology, geology, soils and history of the Olympic Mountains. Key words: vegetation classification, climax vegetation, climax plant communities, plant association, vegetation series, plant community ecology, forest ecology, mosses, lichens, birds, mammals, forest diseases, timber productivity, soil, Olympic Mountains. Close

• 8. [Article] Warm spring reduced carbon cycle impact of the 2012 US summer drought

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is published by National Academy of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Warm spring reduced carbon cycle impact of the 2012 US summer drought Author: Peters, Wouter, Desai, Ankur R., Law, Beverly E., Richardson, Andrew D., Keenan, Trevor F., Litvak, Marcy E., van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T., Scott, Russell L., Brunsell, Nathaniel A., Fisher, Joshua B., Baldocchi, Dennis D., Wolf, Sebastian To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is published by National Academy of Sciences and can be found at: http://www.pnas.org/ Title: Warm spring reduced carbon cycle impact of the 2012 US summer drought Author: Peters, Wouter, Desai, Ankur R., Law, Beverly E., Richardson, Andrew D., Keenan, Trevor F., Litvak, Marcy E., van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T., Scott, Russell L., Brunsell, Nathaniel A., Fisher, Joshua B., Baldocchi, Dennis D., Wolf, Sebastian To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is published by National Academy of Sciences and can be found at: http://www.pnas.org/ Close

• 9. [Article] American pika in a low-elevation lava landscape: expanding the known distribution of a temperature-sensitive species

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/j...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: American pika in a low-elevation lava landscape: expanding the known distribution of a temperature-sensitive species Author: Shinderman, Matt This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292045-7758 Title: American pika in a low-elevation lava landscape: expanding the known distribution of a temperature-sensitive species Author: Shinderman, Matt This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292045-7758 Close

• 10. [Article] New developments in ecological hydrology expand research opportunities

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/pubs/eos-news/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: New developments in ecological hydrology expand research opportunities Author: Post, D. A., Jones, J. A., Grant, G. E. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/pubs/eos-news/. Title: New developments in ecological hydrology expand research opportunities Author: Post, D. A., Jones, J. A., Grant, G. E. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/pubs/eos-news/. Close