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• 1. [Article] Landsat-based monitoring of annual wetland change in the main-stem Willamette River floodplain of Oregon, USA from 1972 to 2012

  Despite holding substantial ecological value, wetlands in the United States have experienced a significant decline in both area and function over the past century with the majority of freshwater wetland ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Landsat-based monitoring of annual wetland change in the main-stem Willamette River floodplain of Oregon, USA from 1972 to 2012 Author: Fickas, Kate, Colleen Despite holding substantial ecological value, wetlands in the United States have experienced a significant decline in both area and function over the past century with the majority of freshwater wetland loss attributed to agricultural conversion. Agriculture is the second largest industry in the State of Oregon and the State places substantial emphasis in its land use planning goals on the preservation of agricultural land. Oregon’s Willamette Valley accounts for the majority of agricultural output with 53% of the valley bottom classified as agricultural land. Additionally, the valley houses 70% of the state's population. The valley was once comprised of extensive wet prairies and abundant riparian forests along the Willamette River floodplain, but native ecosystems have been reduced to a fraction of their original distribution since Euro-American settlement in the mid 1800s. The few wetlands that remain are at high risk to loss and degradation from agricultural activity. Following national wetland conservation policies, Oregon has since attempted to monitor and regulate losses due to disturbance and modification of the State's remaining wetlands through a "no-net-loss" policy aiming to decrease wetland losses and replace disturbed wetlands through mitigation. The National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) was designed to produce detailed maps and status reports of the characteristics and extent of the nation's wetlands and help determine the efficacy of no-net-loss policy implementation on the nation’s wetlands. In some cases, the NWI has been found to have low categorical and spatial accuracy and coarse temporal resolution, with some maps over two decades old. Although Landsat satellite imagery was originally found to lack the needed spatial resolution for classification detail and wetness designation that aerial photography provided, Landsat has 40 years of freely available, high quality annual imagery and should be explored for use in annual wetland change detection. Our objectives were to: (1) Quantify and characterize spatial and ecological trends in annual wetland change through gain, loss, and conversion in the Willamette Valley; (2) Evaluate the effect of the no-net-loss federal wetland conservation policy change enacted in 1990 on trends in net wetland area; and (3) Describe a new methodology that reaches back through the over 40-year Landsat archive to map fine scale wetland and related land-use changes from 1972-2012. We used annual Landsat MSS and TM/ETM+ images from 1972 to 2012 to manually interpret loss, gain, and type conversion of wetland area in the two-year inundation floodplain of the Main-Stem Willamette River using TimeSync, Google Earth, and ArcMap. By creating Tasseled Cap Brightness, Greenness, and Wetness indices for MSS data that visually match TM/ETM+ Tasseled Cap images, we were able to construct a complete and consistent annual time series and utilize the entire Landsat archive. Additionally, with an extended time series, we were able to compare trends of annual net change in wetland area before and after the no-net-loss policy established under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act in 1990. We found that wetlands experienced annual loss, gain, and type conversion across the entire study period. Vegetated wetlands (emergent and riparian wetlands) experienced a 314 ha net loss of wetland area across the 40 year study period whereas non-vegetated wetlands (lacustrine and riverine wetlands) experienced a 393 ha net gain. All wetland types combined saw a 79 ha net increase in wetland area across the full study period. The majority of both gain and loss in the study area was attributed to and from agricultural conversion followed by urban land use. Time series analysis of the rate of change of net wetland area was calculated using the Theil-Sen (TS) Slope estimate analysis. For annual change of wetland area before and after 1990 no-net-loss policy implementations, the rate of annual wetland area lost slowed for riparian wetlands and reversed into trends of annual net gain in area of emergent wetlands. The rate of annual net area gained for lacustrine wetlands was slowed post-policy. Accuracy assessment of land use change polygons in the field was only able to capture 12% of our interpretations due to access restrictions associated with private land. In spite of a low sample size (n=45), overall accuracy of land use classification through wetland change polygons was at 80%. This accuracy increased to 91.1% when land use classes were aggregated to either wetland or upland categories, indicating that our methodology was more accurate at distinguishing between general upland and wetland than finer categorical classes. Title: Landsat-based monitoring of annual wetland change in the main-stem Willamette River floodplain of Oregon, USA from 1972 to 2012 Author: Fickas, Kate, Colleen Despite holding substantial ecological value, wetlands in the United States have experienced a significant decline in both area and function over the past century with the majority of freshwater wetland loss attributed to agricultural conversion. Agriculture is the second largest industry in the State of Oregon and the State places substantial emphasis in its land use planning goals on the preservation of agricultural land. Oregon’s Willamette Valley accounts for the majority of agricultural output with 53% of the valley bottom classified as agricultural land. Additionally, the valley houses 70% of the state's population. The valley was once comprised of extensive wet prairies and abundant riparian forests along the Willamette River floodplain, but native ecosystems have been reduced to a fraction of their original distribution since Euro-American settlement in the mid 1800s. The few wetlands that remain are at high risk to loss and degradation from agricultural activity. Following national wetland conservation policies, Oregon has since attempted to monitor and regulate losses due to disturbance and modification of the State's remaining wetlands through a "no-net-loss" policy aiming to decrease wetland losses and replace disturbed wetlands through mitigation. The National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) was designed to produce detailed maps and status reports of the characteristics and extent of the nation's wetlands and help determine the efficacy of no-net-loss policy implementation on the nation’s wetlands. In some cases, the NWI has been found to have low categorical and spatial accuracy and coarse temporal resolution, with some maps over two decades old. Although Landsat satellite imagery was originally found to lack the needed spatial resolution for classification detail and wetness designation that aerial photography provided, Landsat has 40 years of freely available, high quality annual imagery and should be explored for use in annual wetland change detection. Our objectives were to: (1) Quantify and characterize spatial and ecological trends in annual wetland change through gain, loss, and conversion in the Willamette Valley; (2) Evaluate the effect of the no-net-loss federal wetland conservation policy change enacted in 1990 on trends in net wetland area; and (3) Describe a new methodology that reaches back through the over 40-year Landsat archive to map fine scale wetland and related land-use changes from 1972-2012. We used annual Landsat MSS and TM/ETM+ images from 1972 to 2012 to manually interpret loss, gain, and type conversion of wetland area in the two-year inundation floodplain of the Main-Stem Willamette River using TimeSync, Google Earth, and ArcMap. By creating Tasseled Cap Brightness, Greenness, and Wetness indices for MSS data that visually match TM/ETM+ Tasseled Cap images, we were able to construct a complete and consistent annual time series and utilize the entire Landsat archive. Additionally, with an extended time series, we were able to compare trends of annual net change in wetland area before and after the no-net-loss policy established under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act in 1990. We found that wetlands experienced annual loss, gain, and type conversion across the entire study period. Vegetated wetlands (emergent and riparian wetlands) experienced a 314 ha net loss of wetland area across the 40 year study period whereas non-vegetated wetlands (lacustrine and riverine wetlands) experienced a 393 ha net gain. All wetland types combined saw a 79 ha net increase in wetland area across the full study period. The majority of both gain and loss in the study area was attributed to and from agricultural conversion followed by urban land use. Time series analysis of the rate of change of net wetland area was calculated using the Theil-Sen (TS) Slope estimate analysis. For annual change of wetland area before and after 1990 no-net-loss policy implementations, the rate of annual wetland area lost slowed for riparian wetlands and reversed into trends of annual net gain in area of emergent wetlands. The rate of annual net area gained for lacustrine wetlands was slowed post-policy. Accuracy assessment of land use change polygons in the field was only able to capture 12% of our interpretations due to access restrictions associated with private land. In spite of a low sample size (n=45), overall accuracy of land use classification through wetland change polygons was at 80%. This accuracy increased to 91.1% when land use classes were aggregated to either wetland or upland categories, indicating that our methodology was more accurate at distinguishing between general upland and wetland than finer categorical classes. Close

• 2. [Article] Phase 1 scoping for Oregon orthoimagery portal application project completion report

  The Department of Administrative Services (DAS) and Oregon State University (OSU) are collaborating to develop an orthoimagery portal application to allow for the distribution of digital aerial imagery ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Phase 1 scoping for Oregon orthoimagery portal application project completion report Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Oregon State University Libraries The Department of Administrative Services (DAS) and Oregon State University (OSU) are collaborating to develop an orthoimagery portal application to allow for the distribution of digital aerial imagery for the State of Oregon. The near-term objective of this project is to develop an Imagery Portal that serves the 2005 half-meter orthoimagery that the State has obtained from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) and other aerial imagery datasets. The targeted primary users for the imagery portal are Federal, State, and local agencies and institutions of higher education. Secondary users include the general public. Title: Phase 1 scoping for Oregon orthoimagery portal application project completion report Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Oregon State University Libraries The Department of Administrative Services (DAS) and Oregon State University (OSU) are collaborating to develop an orthoimagery portal application to allow for the distribution of digital aerial imagery for the State of Oregon. The near-term objective of this project is to develop an Imagery Portal that serves the 2005 half-meter orthoimagery that the State has obtained from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) and other aerial imagery datasets. The targeted primary users for the imagery portal are Federal, State, and local agencies and institutions of higher education. Secondary users include the general public. Close

• 3. [Article] Using advanced spreadsheet features for agricultural GIS applications

  A GIS analysis procedure was developed to explore relationships between imagery, yield data, soil information, and other assessments of a field or orchard. A set of conversion utilities, a spreadsheet, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using advanced spreadsheet features for agricultural GIS applications Author: Halbleib, Michael D. A GIS analysis procedure was developed to explore relationships between imagery, yield data, soil information, and other assessments of a field or orchard. A set of conversion utilities, a spreadsheet, and an inexpensive shape file viewer were used to manipulate, plot, and display data. Specific features described include procedures used to: 1) display automated yield monitoring and aerial imagery data as surface maps for visual analysis, 2) generate maps from gridded soil sampling schemes that display either the collected soil data values or management information derived from further manipulation of the sample values, 3) evaluate relationships among data layers such as yield monitor, imagery, and soil data, 4) conduct an upper boundary line evaluation of potential yield-limiting factors. The analysis process is demonstrated on wheat, meadowfoam, and hazelnut data, from crops grown in Oregon. Title: Using advanced spreadsheet features for agricultural GIS applications Author: Halbleib, Michael D. A GIS analysis procedure was developed to explore relationships between imagery, yield data, soil information, and other assessments of a field or orchard. A set of conversion utilities, a spreadsheet, and an inexpensive shape file viewer were used to manipulate, plot, and display data. Specific features described include procedures used to: 1) display automated yield monitoring and aerial imagery data as surface maps for visual analysis, 2) generate maps from gridded soil sampling schemes that display either the collected soil data values or management information derived from further manipulation of the sample values, 3) evaluate relationships among data layers such as yield monitor, imagery, and soil data, 4) conduct an upper boundary line evaluation of potential yield-limiting factors. The analysis process is demonstrated on wheat, meadowfoam, and hazelnut data, from crops grown in Oregon. Close

• 4. [Article] Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring

  The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring Author: Fiorella, M., Barker, Jerry R., Ringold, P.L., Bradshaw, Gay, Bollman, Mike The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. The multispectral, digital data characterized riparian areas with the intent to develop ecological indicators for long-term monitoring. Title: Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring Author: Fiorella, M., Barker, Jerry R., Ringold, P.L., Bradshaw, Gay, Bollman, Mike The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. The multispectral, digital data characterized riparian areas with the intent to develop ecological indicators for long-term monitoring. Close

• 5. [Article] Oregon Explorer : Natural resources information for current and future decision-makers

  Oregon Explorer (www.oregonexplorer.info), a natural resources digital library developed by Oregon State University Libraries and the Institute for Natural Resources, was created for Oregon’s natural resource ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Explorer : Natural resources information for current and future decision-makers Author: Salwasser, Janine, Wirth, Andrea A. Oregon Explorer (www.oregonexplorer.info), a natural resources digital library developed by Oregon State University Libraries and the Institute for Natural Resources, was created for Oregon’s natural resource decision-makers to promote informed and streamlined public and private decision-making. Examples of projects and successes of the Oregon Explorer include a basin portal for the Umpqua River, developed in conjunction with the Partnership for Umpqua Rivers, as well as topic portals, such as the Land Use Explorer launched in October 2007 to inform Oregonians about land use history and current issues. We have learned that in the natural resources arena, user needs change with different geographies, yet the adaptations made at the local level are useful in expanding the content and services delivered at the statewide level. It is not enough to just provide access to data or documents. Users want access to a wide variety of integrated information resources—digital documents, interactive maps and reports, decision support, high resolution imagery, and access to available expertise. With Oregon Explorer becoming established as a tool for decision-makers and citizens, members of the team are exploring opportunities to use the digital library in classroom settings. Students in Oregon’s K-12 schools and OSU’s undergraduates are groups that we feel could benefit from the natural resources information and tools available. Proposals are being developed to extend Oregon Explorer’s capabilities for use in primary and secondary education. Oregon Explorer is being used in several university classrooms and will become more integrated as the content and tools grow and as strategies for further incorporation are developed. This evolving natural resources digital library will enable current and future decision-makers to learn about Oregon's environment and to actively engage in creating and sharing knowledge before decisions are made. Title: Oregon Explorer : Natural resources information for current and future decision-makers Author: Salwasser, Janine, Wirth, Andrea A. Oregon Explorer (www.oregonexplorer.info), a natural resources digital library developed by Oregon State University Libraries and the Institute for Natural Resources, was created for Oregon’s natural resource decision-makers to promote informed and streamlined public and private decision-making. Examples of projects and successes of the Oregon Explorer include a basin portal for the Umpqua River, developed in conjunction with the Partnership for Umpqua Rivers, as well as topic portals, such as the Land Use Explorer launched in October 2007 to inform Oregonians about land use history and current issues. We have learned that in the natural resources arena, user needs change with different geographies, yet the adaptations made at the local level are useful in expanding the content and services delivered at the statewide level. It is not enough to just provide access to data or documents. Users want access to a wide variety of integrated information resources—digital documents, interactive maps and reports, decision support, high resolution imagery, and access to available expertise. With Oregon Explorer becoming established as a tool for decision-makers and citizens, members of the team are exploring opportunities to use the digital library in classroom settings. Students in Oregon’s K-12 schools and OSU’s undergraduates are groups that we feel could benefit from the natural resources information and tools available. Proposals are being developed to extend Oregon Explorer’s capabilities for use in primary and secondary education. Oregon Explorer is being used in several university classrooms and will become more integrated as the content and tools grow and as strategies for further incorporation are developed. This evolving natural resources digital library will enable current and future decision-makers to learn about Oregon's environment and to actively engage in creating and sharing knowledge before decisions are made. Close

• 6. [Article] Spatial analysis of potato canopy nitrogen content using remotely sensed reflectance measurements

  This study sought to explore the relationship between spatial scale and canopy chemistry through the use of remotely sensed videography data and total nitrogen content of potato petioles. A range of broad ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial analysis of potato canopy nitrogen content using remotely sensed reflectance measurements Author: Stangel, David E. This study sought to explore the relationship between spatial scale and canopy chemistry through the use of remotely sensed videography data and total nitrogen content of potato petioles. A range of broad band spectral indices were employed along with standard red and green wavelengths to define an optimum scale or range of scales in which the accuracy of predicting leaf canopy chemistry could be improved. Difficulties inherent within video imagery due to the method in which the National Television System Committee's (NTSC) analog signal is comprised were studied. Spectral quantification of the video signal was not possible within the study, instead attention centered on showing the consistent and well correlated results that could be obtained using such data. Spectroradiometer measurements were also obtained for comparison with video response. Correlation between the two sensors was low, primarily due to the nature of the respective signals. Multispectral imagery was obtained from SPOT for spatial resolution comparison. The light research aircraft employed to collect the aerial video imagery proved to be a versatile and cost effective alternative to traditional remote sensing platforms. The data produced within the study support the project objectives in defining regions of high to low prediction accuracy. A reduction in spatial scale increases the ground area represented by an individual pixel and reduces the quantity and quality of information available to the sensor. The study illustrated a possible spatial resolution breakoff point at which nitrogen content prediction accuracy is greatly diminished. Title: Spatial analysis of potato canopy nitrogen content using remotely sensed reflectance measurements Author: Stangel, David E. This study sought to explore the relationship between spatial scale and canopy chemistry through the use of remotely sensed videography data and total nitrogen content of potato petioles. A range of broad band spectral indices were employed along with standard red and green wavelengths to define an optimum scale or range of scales in which the accuracy of predicting leaf canopy chemistry could be improved. Difficulties inherent within video imagery due to the method in which the National Television System Committee's (NTSC) analog signal is comprised were studied. Spectral quantification of the video signal was not possible within the study, instead attention centered on showing the consistent and well correlated results that could be obtained using such data. Spectroradiometer measurements were also obtained for comparison with video response. Correlation between the two sensors was low, primarily due to the nature of the respective signals. Multispectral imagery was obtained from SPOT for spatial resolution comparison. The light research aircraft employed to collect the aerial video imagery proved to be a versatile and cost effective alternative to traditional remote sensing platforms. The data produced within the study support the project objectives in defining regions of high to low prediction accuracy. A reduction in spatial scale increases the ground area represented by an individual pixel and reduces the quantity and quality of information available to the sensor. The study illustrated a possible spatial resolution breakoff point at which nitrogen content prediction accuracy is greatly diminished. Close

• 7. [Article] The role of near-stream zones on flow, chemistry and isotopic composition at the headwater scale

  Stream discharge is a key water balance component and important factor in global change evaluations. Nevertheless, the mechanisms for streamflow generation are poorly understood. Near- stream surface saturation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The role of near-stream zones on flow, chemistry and isotopic composition at the headwater scale Author: Frentress, Jay Stream discharge is a key water balance component and important factor in global change evaluations. Nevertheless, the mechanisms for streamflow generation are poorly understood. Near- stream surface saturation during precipitation events is one of the most iconic, visible indicators of rapid runoff production in upland humid catchments around the world. Despite years of study, we lack understanding of what occurs within the near-stream saturated area, its mixing dynamics and how this affects catchment geochemical- and flow-response dynamics during events. This thesis explores the mechanisms that control near-stream saturated area behavior in a headwater catchment. First, I explore the relation between catchment geochemical response and the flow duration curve (FDC) for the 46-ha Weierbach catchment in Luxembourg across 10 years of runoff monitoring. The shape of the Weierbach FDC suggested a two-phase system, a high-flow, precipitation-driven period and a dry, evapotranspiration-driven, low-flow period. I hypothesized that the two phases were correlated with activation of shallow hillslope and subsurface streamflow sources and that the activation of these sources would be reflected in stream chemistry and surface saturation dynamics. During high-flow periods of the FDC, stream geochemistry was largely unchanging, lacking a dilution effect and appeared a mix of the highly variable soil and groundwater. Thermal infrared (TIR) imagery suggested large surface saturation dynamics at high flows. The geochemical signature of streamflow and soil riparian water during low-flow periods most closely resembled groundwater chemistry and led to increasing base cation concentrations and electrical conductivity. Secondly, to better understand the effect of rain falling on saturated areas and the contribution of rainfall to saturation excess overland flow, I quantified surface saturation dynamics in a near- stream area during rainfall events using high-frequency TIR imagery. During 10 rainfall events across a 34-day period starting December 2013, a total of 161 mm of rainfall elicited 133 mm of runoff at the 6-ha outlet. Surface saturation within a 25-m² thermal infrared imaged area increased from 2 to 20% but was highly variable and weakly correlated to discharge and precipitation. Rainfall onto mapped, near-stream saturated areas accounted for little of the flow generated within a headwater reach. Streamflow isotopic composition at the 6-ha, headwater outlet deflected little throughout the 30-day rainfall period, 0.7 and 1.2 ‰ for δ¹⁸O and δ²H, respectively. Groundwater exfiltration within the saturated area generated nearly all of the streamflow as well the persistent saturation throughout the event. Thirdly, I examined the underlying controls on streamwater chemostasis in a forested, headwater catchment. Thermal infrared imagery was simultaneously used to quantify saturation expansion and groundwater exfiltration hotspots within the headwater reach. Streamflow during a series of rainfall events responded chemostatically, most measured geochemical species (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, SiO₂, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻) varied little (< 0.5 mg/L), despite discharge increases from 0.2 to 4 L/s. Groundwater levels within the saturated zone increased after an initial 24 mm of event rainfall and remained within 0.05 m of the soil surface throughout the runoff period. TIR imagery identified consistent groundwater exfiltration zones from temperature differences across the event-period in the saturated zone. This suggested that unlike many headwater systems, the alluvial aquifer was well connected to groundwater outside the riparian zone and the mapped seepage area was a focused discharge point for the catchment-scale groundwater flow system. Overall this work suggests that for this catchment, groundwater exfiltration in the near-stream zone strongly controls stream geochemical response as well as the timing, duration and quantity of streamflow generation. Title: The role of near-stream zones on flow, chemistry and isotopic composition at the headwater scale Author: Frentress, Jay Stream discharge is a key water balance component and important factor in global change evaluations. Nevertheless, the mechanisms for streamflow generation are poorly understood. Near- stream surface saturation during precipitation events is one of the most iconic, visible indicators of rapid runoff production in upland humid catchments around the world. Despite years of study, we lack understanding of what occurs within the near-stream saturated area, its mixing dynamics and how this affects catchment geochemical- and flow-response dynamics during events. This thesis explores the mechanisms that control near-stream saturated area behavior in a headwater catchment. First, I explore the relation between catchment geochemical response and the flow duration curve (FDC) for the 46-ha Weierbach catchment in Luxembourg across 10 years of runoff monitoring. The shape of the Weierbach FDC suggested a two-phase system, a high-flow, precipitation-driven period and a dry, evapotranspiration-driven, low-flow period. I hypothesized that the two phases were correlated with activation of shallow hillslope and subsurface streamflow sources and that the activation of these sources would be reflected in stream chemistry and surface saturation dynamics. During high-flow periods of the FDC, stream geochemistry was largely unchanging, lacking a dilution effect and appeared a mix of the highly variable soil and groundwater. Thermal infrared (TIR) imagery suggested large surface saturation dynamics at high flows. The geochemical signature of streamflow and soil riparian water during low-flow periods most closely resembled groundwater chemistry and led to increasing base cation concentrations and electrical conductivity. Secondly, to better understand the effect of rain falling on saturated areas and the contribution of rainfall to saturation excess overland flow, I quantified surface saturation dynamics in a near- stream area during rainfall events using high-frequency TIR imagery. During 10 rainfall events across a 34-day period starting December 2013, a total of 161 mm of rainfall elicited 133 mm of runoff at the 6-ha outlet. Surface saturation within a 25-m² thermal infrared imaged area increased from 2 to 20% but was highly variable and weakly correlated to discharge and precipitation. Rainfall onto mapped, near-stream saturated areas accounted for little of the flow generated within a headwater reach. Streamflow isotopic composition at the 6-ha, headwater outlet deflected little throughout the 30-day rainfall period, 0.7 and 1.2 ‰ for δ¹⁸O and δ²H, respectively. Groundwater exfiltration within the saturated area generated nearly all of the streamflow as well the persistent saturation throughout the event. Thirdly, I examined the underlying controls on streamwater chemostasis in a forested, headwater catchment. Thermal infrared imagery was simultaneously used to quantify saturation expansion and groundwater exfiltration hotspots within the headwater reach. Streamflow during a series of rainfall events responded chemostatically, most measured geochemical species (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, SiO₂, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻) varied little (< 0.5 mg/L), despite discharge increases from 0.2 to 4 L/s. Groundwater levels within the saturated zone increased after an initial 24 mm of event rainfall and remained within 0.05 m of the soil surface throughout the runoff period. TIR imagery identified consistent groundwater exfiltration zones from temperature differences across the event-period in the saturated zone. This suggested that unlike many headwater systems, the alluvial aquifer was well connected to groundwater outside the riparian zone and the mapped seepage area was a focused discharge point for the catchment-scale groundwater flow system. Overall this work suggests that for this catchment, groundwater exfiltration in the near-stream zone strongly controls stream geochemical response as well as the timing, duration and quantity of streamflow generation. Close

• 8. [Article] Renovations or "miracles"

  Renovations or "Miracles" is a collection of poetry that exposes the miraculous within the mundane by bearing witness to where we come from and where we are going. Ranging in style from the lyric to the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Renovations or "miracles" Author: Bravo, Simon Gabriel Renovations or "Miracles" is a collection of poetry that exposes the miraculous within the mundane by bearing witness to where we come from and where we are going. Ranging in style from the lyric to the narrative, the personal to the political, these poems explore the relationship between individual and collective, often by employing fractal imagery. The sense of time is vast in this collection and while themes such as war, suffering, oppression, service and love are prominent, the poems in Renovations or "Miracles" exalt the transformative nature of renovation—the making of something new and beautiful out of disparate and discarded parts. Title: Renovations or "miracles" Author: Bravo, Simon Gabriel Renovations or "Miracles" is a collection of poetry that exposes the miraculous within the mundane by bearing witness to where we come from and where we are going. Ranging in style from the lyric to the narrative, the personal to the political, these poems explore the relationship between individual and collective, often by employing fractal imagery. The sense of time is vast in this collection and while themes such as war, suffering, oppression, service and love are prominent, the poems in Renovations or "Miracles" exalt the transformative nature of renovation—the making of something new and beautiful out of disparate and discarded parts. Close

• 9. [Article] Her hair is an open hand

  Her Hair is an Open Hand is a collection of free verse poems exploring unity and division through the lens of myth and place. The collection is organized into three sections. The first reflects on division: ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Her hair is an open hand Author: Olson, Rebecca (Rebecca Jean) Her Hair is an Open Hand is a collection of free verse poems exploring unity and division through the lens of myth and place. The collection is organized into three sections. The first reflects on division: alienation between the speaker and physical landscapes, isolation within romantic relationships, and the violation of safe spaces including the body. The second section examines liminal spaces: fragmented landscapes become lovely in their complication, isolation is broken through gestures of uninhibited sexuality and friendship. The final section is a celebration of unity: the speaker reflects on friendship and family legacy, and reconnects with the natural world. Her Hair is an Open Hand draws imagery from Scandinavian myth, the pastoral tradition, and the landscapes of the Pacific Northwest and upper Midwest. Title: Her hair is an open hand Author: Olson, Rebecca (Rebecca Jean) Her Hair is an Open Hand is a collection of free verse poems exploring unity and division through the lens of myth and place. The collection is organized into three sections. The first reflects on division: alienation between the speaker and physical landscapes, isolation within romantic relationships, and the violation of safe spaces including the body. The second section examines liminal spaces: fragmented landscapes become lovely in their complication, isolation is broken through gestures of uninhibited sexuality and friendship. The final section is a celebration of unity: the speaker reflects on friendship and family legacy, and reconnects with the natural world. Her Hair is an Open Hand draws imagery from Scandinavian myth, the pastoral tradition, and the landscapes of the Pacific Northwest and upper Midwest. Close

• 10. [Article] Women's voices : the emergence of female identity in Bleak House and Little Dorrit

  Dedicated to recording, portraying, and indicting the social inequities that he witnessed in nineteenth century Victorian England, one of Charles Dickens' many concerns was the roles assigned to women ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Women's voices : the emergence of female identity in Bleak House and Little Dorrit Author: Van Ras, Tamara L. Dedicated to recording, portraying, and indicting the social inequities that he witnessed in nineteenth century Victorian England, one of Charles Dickens' many concerns was the roles assigned to women both in the public and private spheres. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the narratives of Amy Dorrit and Miss Wade in Dickens' Little Dorrit and Esther Summerson in Bleak House to explore the ways in which each woman conforms to, subverts, or rejects her socially prescribed roles as she seeks to create her own identity while simultaneously complying to the duties and roles assigned her. This study focuses on the oral and written narratives of these women exploring their words, stories, and symbolic imagery. It also contextualizes their narratives while answering the critical question: How does individual identity emerge amid rigorously circumscribed social roles? Title: Women's voices : the emergence of female identity in Bleak House and Little Dorrit Author: Van Ras, Tamara L. Dedicated to recording, portraying, and indicting the social inequities that he witnessed in nineteenth century Victorian England, one of Charles Dickens' many concerns was the roles assigned to women both in the public and private spheres. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the narratives of Amy Dorrit and Miss Wade in Dickens' Little Dorrit and Esther Summerson in Bleak House to explore the ways in which each woman conforms to, subverts, or rejects her socially prescribed roles as she seeks to create her own identity while simultaneously complying to the duties and roles assigned her. This study focuses on the oral and written narratives of these women exploring their words, stories, and symbolic imagery. It also contextualizes their narratives while answering the critical question: How does individual identity emerge amid rigorously circumscribed social roles? Close