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• 1. [Article] The experience of southeast Asian refugee families : an exploration of family identity

  Every year thousands of families experience a major life-changing event when they are torn from their homeland and become refugees. Little is known about how the refugee experience impacts the family and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The experience of southeast Asian refugee families : an exploration of family identity Author: Lynch, Maureen Jessica Every year thousands of families experience a major life-changing event when they are torn from their homeland and become refugees. Little is known about how the refugee experience impacts the family and how members perceive it affects their sense of family identity. The construct of family identity as proposed by Bennett, Wolin, & McAvity (1988) includes: (a) family membership, (b) quality of day to day life, and (c) an elusive historical dynamic that includes recollections and beliefs about a family's past. The purpose of this study was to explore the third component, that is, how family history affects family identity. This was done by asking family members how they perceive that their experience, the discrete event of being refugees, shaped, and continues to shape, their sense of family identity. Seventeen members from ten refugee families who fled Cambodia and Vietnam and who subsequently resettled in the United States between 1975 and 1990, were interviewed. Transcripts were qualitatively analyzed. Findings support the two primary components of the family identity construct as well as the existence of a third component. The experience of being a refugee influences (in both expected and unexpected ways) how members perceive their family identity. Title: The experience of southeast Asian refugee families : an exploration of family identity Author: Lynch, Maureen Jessica Every year thousands of families experience a major life-changing event when they are torn from their homeland and become refugees. Little is known about how the refugee experience impacts the family and how members perceive it affects their sense of family identity. The construct of family identity as proposed by Bennett, Wolin, & McAvity (1988) includes: (a) family membership, (b) quality of day to day life, and (c) an elusive historical dynamic that includes recollections and beliefs about a family's past. The purpose of this study was to explore the third component, that is, how family history affects family identity. This was done by asking family members how they perceive that their experience, the discrete event of being refugees, shaped, and continues to shape, their sense of family identity. Seventeen members from ten refugee families who fled Cambodia and Vietnam and who subsequently resettled in the United States between 1975 and 1990, were interviewed. Transcripts were qualitatively analyzed. Findings support the two primary components of the family identity construct as well as the existence of a third component. The experience of being a refugee influences (in both expected and unexpected ways) how members perceive their family identity. Close

• 2. [Article] Housing for nuclear and single parent families : a comparison by two methods

  The vast majority of housing in the United States today has been created to conform to a family definition that does not match current demographic realities. The "traditional family" - a married couple ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Housing for nuclear and single parent families : a comparison by two methods Author: Asam, Susan Lynn The vast majority of housing in the United States today has been created to conform to a family definition that does not match current demographic realities. The "traditional family" - a married couple with an employed husband, a homemaker wife, and several children has been the model family that housing designers have strived to accommodate on a grand scale since at least the mid-1940's. This type of family, however, comprises only 10% of all American families; the remaining 90%, despite being a majority, have had their housing needs ignored. One family group often considered to be non-traditional and often left out of housing considerations is the single parent family. This family type is an established household form in the United States; currently nearly one third of all American families are single parent families, most of which are headed by women. During the past few years housing projects have begun to appear that are designed to house "non-traditional families" such as single parent families. It has been generally assumed that the spatial needs of single parent families are different from those of nuclear families or the "traditional family". This research will focus on the analysis of housing as designed for single parent families in comparison to housing as designed for the American nuclear family. Floor plans of the two housing types were obtained from the following cities: Denver, CO, Hayward, CA, Providence, RI, and Minneapolis, MN. The intent of this study is to examine what, if any, differences occur in the spatial orientation of housing designed for single parent families and housing designed for the nuclear family: the single family detached home. The study examined room layout in relation to use and commonly accepted social function. Two methods of analysis were employed: gamma analysis as developed by Hillier and Hanson and annotated analysis developed specifically for this research. The method of gamma analysis was used to determine if the housing as designed for the two family types is different in form and social function, while the annotated analysis was used to measure the "fit" of the housing for each of the family types. It was originally expected that the single parent family dwellings would exhibit a higher degree of integration than the single family detached homes based on predictions gleaned form the literature. However, the gamma analysis revealed a lower mean relative asymmetry value for the single family detached houses (0.308), indicating a higher degree of integration, than the mean relative asymmetry value for the single parent family dwellings (0.368). This difference was not found to be significant (p = 0.276). The annotated analysis results indicated single family detached houses scored a better fit to their intended family type (mean annotated analysis score = 0.638) than did the single parent family dwellings to their intended family type (mean annotated analysis score = 0.533). Again, this difference was not found to be significant (p = 0.385). The findings of this study provide a glimpse at the interior spatial arrangements of housing as designed for the two family types in question. While the results of the two analysis methods seems to indicate that the interior spatial arrangement of housing is not meeting the needs of either family type, more research should be conducted to further substantiate the findings. These findings will be of interest to designers of homes, housing developers, planners and policy makers, and researchers in the field of housing, all of whom can have an effect on the shape of the housing environment and can help make it more suitable for all family types. Title: Housing for nuclear and single parent families : a comparison by two methods Author: Asam, Susan Lynn The vast majority of housing in the United States today has been created to conform to a family definition that does not match current demographic realities. The "traditional family" - a married couple with an employed husband, a homemaker wife, and several children has been the model family that housing designers have strived to accommodate on a grand scale since at least the mid-1940's. This type of family, however, comprises only 10% of all American families; the remaining 90%, despite being a majority, have had their housing needs ignored. One family group often considered to be non-traditional and often left out of housing considerations is the single parent family. This family type is an established household form in the United States; currently nearly one third of all American families are single parent families, most of which are headed by women. During the past few years housing projects have begun to appear that are designed to house "non-traditional families" such as single parent families. It has been generally assumed that the spatial needs of single parent families are different from those of nuclear families or the "traditional family". This research will focus on the analysis of housing as designed for single parent families in comparison to housing as designed for the American nuclear family. Floor plans of the two housing types were obtained from the following cities: Denver, CO, Hayward, CA, Providence, RI, and Minneapolis, MN. The intent of this study is to examine what, if any, differences occur in the spatial orientation of housing designed for single parent families and housing designed for the nuclear family: the single family detached home. The study examined room layout in relation to use and commonly accepted social function. Two methods of analysis were employed: gamma analysis as developed by Hillier and Hanson and annotated analysis developed specifically for this research. The method of gamma analysis was used to determine if the housing as designed for the two family types is different in form and social function, while the annotated analysis was used to measure the "fit" of the housing for each of the family types. It was originally expected that the single parent family dwellings would exhibit a higher degree of integration than the single family detached homes based on predictions gleaned form the literature. However, the gamma analysis revealed a lower mean relative asymmetry value for the single family detached houses (0.308), indicating a higher degree of integration, than the mean relative asymmetry value for the single parent family dwellings (0.368). This difference was not found to be significant (p = 0.276). The annotated analysis results indicated single family detached houses scored a better fit to their intended family type (mean annotated analysis score = 0.638) than did the single parent family dwellings to their intended family type (mean annotated analysis score = 0.533). Again, this difference was not found to be significant (p = 0.385). The findings of this study provide a glimpse at the interior spatial arrangements of housing as designed for the two family types in question. While the results of the two analysis methods seems to indicate that the interior spatial arrangement of housing is not meeting the needs of either family type, more research should be conducted to further substantiate the findings. These findings will be of interest to designers of homes, housing developers, planners and policy makers, and researchers in the field of housing, all of whom can have an effect on the shape of the housing environment and can help make it more suitable for all family types. Close

• 3. [Article] Linking generations : the family legacies of older Armenian mothers

  Families stay connected over time through the intergenerational transmission of legacies. Legacies help family members to articulate family identity, learn more about family history, and provide succeeding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Linking generations : the family legacies of older Armenian mothers Author: Manoogian, Margaret M. Families stay connected over time through the intergenerational transmission of legacies. Legacies help family members to articulate family identity, learn more about family history, and provide succeeding generations with information about family culture and ethnicity. This qualitative study examines how older mothers transmit family meanings, history, and culture to family members through legacies and how ethnic histories influenced this process. Thirty older Armenian American mothers residing in California were interviewed. A life course perspective provides the overarching framework for analysis. Participants described the legacies they received and those they planned to pass on to family members. Emphasis was given to those legacies that symbolized connection to family, underscored family cohesion, and accentuated Armenian cultural roots. Individual age, larger historical events, and the gendered construction of family life influenced both the receipt of legacies and those that were passed on to family members. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Armenian families were forced to leave their native homeland. Because of these events, Armenian families passed few physical legacies on to family members. Legacies took on other forms such as stories, rituals, family gatherings, religious participation, cooking, and service to others. Women viewed their legacies within the context of motherhood and worked to ensure that certain legacies would be valued and remembered by future generations. Shaped by age, generational position, and ethnic identity, women expressed variation in types of legacies and the ways they planned to share them with family members. Women reported tension when certain legacies lacked meaning for their children (in-law) and grandchildren due to the influences of assimilation, intermarriage, changes in family and paid work patterns, and the characteristics and interests of adult children. A focus on legacies provides a useful lens for understanding how families transmit family identity, culture, and ethnicity to succeeding generations. Title: Linking generations : the family legacies of older Armenian mothers Author: Manoogian, Margaret M. Families stay connected over time through the intergenerational transmission of legacies. Legacies help family members to articulate family identity, learn more about family history, and provide succeeding generations with information about family culture and ethnicity. This qualitative study examines how older mothers transmit family meanings, history, and culture to family members through legacies and how ethnic histories influenced this process. Thirty older Armenian American mothers residing in California were interviewed. A life course perspective provides the overarching framework for analysis. Participants described the legacies they received and those they planned to pass on to family members. Emphasis was given to those legacies that symbolized connection to family, underscored family cohesion, and accentuated Armenian cultural roots. Individual age, larger historical events, and the gendered construction of family life influenced both the receipt of legacies and those that were passed on to family members. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Armenian families were forced to leave their native homeland. Because of these events, Armenian families passed few physical legacies on to family members. Legacies took on other forms such as stories, rituals, family gatherings, religious participation, cooking, and service to others. Women viewed their legacies within the context of motherhood and worked to ensure that certain legacies would be valued and remembered by future generations. Shaped by age, generational position, and ethnic identity, women expressed variation in types of legacies and the ways they planned to share them with family members. Women reported tension when certain legacies lacked meaning for their children (in-law) and grandchildren due to the influences of assimilation, intermarriage, changes in family and paid work patterns, and the characteristics and interests of adult children. A focus on legacies provides a useful lens for understanding how families transmit family identity, culture, and ethnicity to succeeding generations. Close

• 4. [Article] Achievement as a family theme in drama

  The development and maintenance of a family achievement theme was analyzed using two dramas: Long Day's Journey Into Night by Eugene O'Neill and A Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller. Three propositions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Achievement as a family theme in drama Author: Gray, Cecilia D. The development and maintenance of a family achievement theme was analyzed using two dramas: Long Day's Journey Into Night by Eugene O'Neill and A Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller. Three propositions were tested: 1) The development of a family achievement theme involves a transaction between individual personality needs and cultural values; 2) Establishing and maintaining a family achievement theme involves a series of transactions between husband and wife; and 3) Continuity of the achievement theme is maintained through parent-parent, parent-child and sibling interaction. Results indicated the presence of a strong achievement need in the husband-father and various manifestations of the same need in all family members. Family interaction patterns revealed continual support of the theme over time. An analysis of the results revealed that 1) personality need and social role demands encouraged the development of the theme, and 2) family members influenced and were influenced by the theme as they attempted to meet their psycho-social needs in the family group. The need was so strong that other needs generally met through family interaction we re neglected. Future analyses of drama might focus on other factors contributing to theme development, other concepts and propositions delineating family interaction, and other dramas with family themes. The propositions developed might be used in analyzing case studies of family behavior. Title: Achievement as a family theme in drama Author: Gray, Cecilia D. The development and maintenance of a family achievement theme was analyzed using two dramas: Long Day's Journey Into Night by Eugene O'Neill and A Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller. Three propositions were tested: 1) The development of a family achievement theme involves a transaction between individual personality needs and cultural values; 2) Establishing and maintaining a family achievement theme involves a series of transactions between husband and wife; and 3) Continuity of the achievement theme is maintained through parent-parent, parent-child and sibling interaction. Results indicated the presence of a strong achievement need in the husband-father and various manifestations of the same need in all family members. Family interaction patterns revealed continual support of the theme over time. An analysis of the results revealed that 1) personality need and social role demands encouraged the development of the theme, and 2) family members influenced and were influenced by the theme as they attempted to meet their psycho-social needs in the family group. The need was so strong that other needs generally met through family interaction we re neglected. Future analyses of drama might focus on other factors contributing to theme development, other concepts and propositions delineating family interaction, and other dramas with family themes. The propositions developed might be used in analyzing case studies of family behavior. Close

• 5. [Article] An integrated systems framework for analyzing family business planning

  The purpose of this research study was to create an integrated systems framework to analyze the planning process in family businesses. The model was developed from a literature review of family study, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An integrated systems framework for analyzing family business planning Author: Legler, James Richard The purpose of this research study was to create an integrated systems framework to analyze the planning process in family businesses. The model was developed from a literature review of family study, organizational development, and family business research. Major components of the family business planning process were identified. A systems framework for examining family business planning was proposed. A fieldwork research plan was designed using a case study of a family business. The data collected in the case study analysis were used to explain the functioning of the model. The research data were organized within a proposed seven-stage model consisting of Facilitating Conditions, Assessment, Issue Identification, Reconciliation, Congruence, Specific Plan Development, and Plan Output. Individual congruence profiles were developed in relation to family member goal attainment and family business goal attainment. A summary congruence model was presented describing a composite congruence of all family members within the family business. The proposed planning structure provided an effective means of assessing a family business. The congruency structure was instrumental in determining whether the goals of the business and the individual family members were congruent. The model was refined through the use of the case study. Title: An integrated systems framework for analyzing family business planning Author: Legler, James Richard The purpose of this research study was to create an integrated systems framework to analyze the planning process in family businesses. The model was developed from a literature review of family study, organizational development, and family business research. Major components of the family business planning process were identified. A systems framework for examining family business planning was proposed. A fieldwork research plan was designed using a case study of a family business. The data collected in the case study analysis were used to explain the functioning of the model. The research data were organized within a proposed seven-stage model consisting of Facilitating Conditions, Assessment, Issue Identification, Reconciliation, Congruence, Specific Plan Development, and Plan Output. Individual congruence profiles were developed in relation to family member goal attainment and family business goal attainment. A summary congruence model was presented describing a composite congruence of all family members within the family business. The proposed planning structure provided an effective means of assessing a family business. The congruency structure was instrumental in determining whether the goals of the business and the individual family members were congruent. The model was refined through the use of the case study. Close

• 6. [Article] Compulsive-addictive buying behavior : exploring effects of chilhood experiences and family types

  This exploratory study investigates the probable causes of compulsive-addictive buying behavior, employs the family system's theory developed by Constantine (1986) as a theoretical framework, and develops ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Compulsive-addictive buying behavior : exploring effects of chilhood experiences and family types Author: Friese, Susanne, 1967- This exploratory study investigates the probable causes of compulsive-addictive buying behavior, employs the family system's theory developed by Constantine (1986) as a theoretical framework, and develops an appropriate measuring scale in order to classify individuals according to family types. The purpose of the study is to examine the influence of childhood and family experiences on this phenomenon which is emerging in industrialized nations, and to explore the question of whether individuals raised in different family types are more or less likely to become addictive buyers. A questionnaire was administered to 52 clients of the Consumer Credit Counseling Services, in Oregon and Washington, investigating the degree of buying addiction and the family background. In addition, 14 personal interviews provided more detailed information about the family situations of the addicted consumers. No significant difference was found between individuals belonging to a particular family type and their degree of addictive buying behavior, although the mean rank on the addictive buying scale was highest for individuals raised in a closed family and lowest for individuals raised in a random family. A positive relationship was found between five pairs of variables; 1) addictive buying behavior and family discord, 2) addictive buying behavior and obsessive-compulsive personality traits, 3) obsessive-compulsive personality traits and family discord, 4) addictive behavioral tendencies of the subjects' parents and addictive buying behavior of the subjects themselves, and 5) childhood experiences, such as the suppression of feelings, especially the suppression of negative feelings, and high expectations by parents which could not be fulfilled, were associated with a high level of family discord. A high score on the family discord scale indicates that a person perceives his/her parental family life as unpleasant. This was particularly prevalent for individuals raised in a closed family. The results of the study suggest that the development of addictive buying tendencies is influenced by family and childhood experiences and that addicted shoppers often face severe psychological difficulties. Personal interviews also supported these results. The findings indicate that individuals raised in a closed family type are more likely to experience their family lives as less pleasant and more disturbing which may contribute to the development of behavioral problems. Title: Compulsive-addictive buying behavior : exploring effects of chilhood experiences and family types Author: Friese, Susanne, 1967- This exploratory study investigates the probable causes of compulsive-addictive buying behavior, employs the family system's theory developed by Constantine (1986) as a theoretical framework, and develops an appropriate measuring scale in order to classify individuals according to family types. The purpose of the study is to examine the influence of childhood and family experiences on this phenomenon which is emerging in industrialized nations, and to explore the question of whether individuals raised in different family types are more or less likely to become addictive buyers. A questionnaire was administered to 52 clients of the Consumer Credit Counseling Services, in Oregon and Washington, investigating the degree of buying addiction and the family background. In addition, 14 personal interviews provided more detailed information about the family situations of the addicted consumers. No significant difference was found between individuals belonging to a particular family type and their degree of addictive buying behavior, although the mean rank on the addictive buying scale was highest for individuals raised in a closed family and lowest for individuals raised in a random family. A positive relationship was found between five pairs of variables; 1) addictive buying behavior and family discord, 2) addictive buying behavior and obsessive-compulsive personality traits, 3) obsessive-compulsive personality traits and family discord, 4) addictive behavioral tendencies of the subjects' parents and addictive buying behavior of the subjects themselves, and 5) childhood experiences, such as the suppression of feelings, especially the suppression of negative feelings, and high expectations by parents which could not be fulfilled, were associated with a high level of family discord. A high score on the family discord scale indicates that a person perceives his/her parental family life as unpleasant. This was particularly prevalent for individuals raised in a closed family. The results of the study suggest that the development of addictive buying tendencies is influenced by family and childhood experiences and that addicted shoppers often face severe psychological difficulties. Personal interviews also supported these results. The findings indicate that individuals raised in a closed family type are more likely to experience their family lives as less pleasant and more disturbing which may contribute to the development of behavioral problems. Close

• 7. [Article] Effects of selected family characteristics on interrelated components of household asset portfolios

  The effects of selected family characteristics on interrelated components of household asset portfolios over a three-year time period were investigated. Specifically, this study attempted to conceptually ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of selected family characteristics on interrelated components of household asset portfolios Author: Xiao, Jing-jian The effects of selected family characteristics on interrelated components of household asset portfolios over a three-year time period were investigated. Specifically, this study attempted to conceptually define mental accounts, to identify own-adjustment and cross-adjustment characteristics of these mental accounts, to explore influences of selected family characteristics on these mental accounts, and to examine substantial effects of income on family portfolio behavior. Based on the behavioral life-cycle hypothesis, consumer demand theory, household production theory, and the stock adjustment hypothesis, a family portfolio behavior model was formulated for studying family saving behavior as reflected in household asset portfolios. A tobit model was utilized to estimate own- and cross-adjustment coefficients of the portfolio components, and short-term and equilibrium effects of family characteristics. The data were from the Survey of Consumer Finances conducted in 1983 and 1986. Findings strongly support the mental account hierarchy hypothesis which was reflected in the own- and cross-adjustment coefficients estimated. In addition, family income and education of the household head showed positive influences on various mental accounts. Age of the household head, employment status, family life cycle stage, house mortgage, home value, other assets, and other debts showed effects on some mental accounts. Income had a substantial influence on family portfolio behavior. The behavior of middle-income families was more consistent with the hypothesis of a mental account hierarchy than the other income groups, which implies diverse preferences for asset characteristics and varying financial needs of families at different income levels. This study has contributed to the body of knowledge of family saving behavior and increased the understanding of adaptivity and dynamics of family saving behavior. The research findings could be utilized by family finance educators and consultants, financial service marketers, and public policy makers in working successfully with different family types, marketing various financial instruments, and designing effective savings policies. In addition, this study has provided empirical evidence to assess existing theoretical models and to inspire the building of new theories. Title: Effects of selected family characteristics on interrelated components of household asset portfolios Author: Xiao, Jing-jian The effects of selected family characteristics on interrelated components of household asset portfolios over a three-year time period were investigated. Specifically, this study attempted to conceptually define mental accounts, to identify own-adjustment and cross-adjustment characteristics of these mental accounts, to explore influences of selected family characteristics on these mental accounts, and to examine substantial effects of income on family portfolio behavior. Based on the behavioral life-cycle hypothesis, consumer demand theory, household production theory, and the stock adjustment hypothesis, a family portfolio behavior model was formulated for studying family saving behavior as reflected in household asset portfolios. A tobit model was utilized to estimate own- and cross-adjustment coefficients of the portfolio components, and short-term and equilibrium effects of family characteristics. The data were from the Survey of Consumer Finances conducted in 1983 and 1986. Findings strongly support the mental account hierarchy hypothesis which was reflected in the own- and cross-adjustment coefficients estimated. In addition, family income and education of the household head showed positive influences on various mental accounts. Age of the household head, employment status, family life cycle stage, house mortgage, home value, other assets, and other debts showed effects on some mental accounts. Income had a substantial influence on family portfolio behavior. The behavior of middle-income families was more consistent with the hypothesis of a mental account hierarchy than the other income groups, which implies diverse preferences for asset characteristics and varying financial needs of families at different income levels. This study has contributed to the body of knowledge of family saving behavior and increased the understanding of adaptivity and dynamics of family saving behavior. The research findings could be utilized by family finance educators and consultants, financial service marketers, and public policy makers in working successfully with different family types, marketing various financial instruments, and designing effective savings policies. In addition, this study has provided empirical evidence to assess existing theoretical models and to inspire the building of new theories. Close

• 8. [Article] The relationship of families' money management practices and their control of credit card use

  The use of credit cards by young families, their money management practices, and the relationship between money management practices and their control of credit card use was researched in this study. A ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The relationship of families' money management practices and their control of credit card use Author: Wright, Julie Edwards The use of credit cards by young families, their money management practices, and the relationship between money management practices and their control of credit card use was researched in this study. A sample of 60 Oregon families was drawn from the 1975 Johnson's Albany Area City Directory. These families were composed of a married couple living together with at least 1 child between the ages of 6 and 10 years, who used credit cards monthly. The husbands had a mean age of 33 years, and had completed a mean of 14 years of schooling. The wives were younger with a mean age of 30 and had completed a mean of 13 years of schooling. The couples were married a mean of 10 years, and 60 percent had 2 children. The husbands were principally employed in operative and laborer occupations, and the wives were largely homemakers. Sixty-three percent of the families earned a total yearly income between $10, 000 and $22, 000. The mean yearly income was $17, 857. The number of credit cards used by the families in a month ranged from 1 to 21 with a mean of 4 cards. Credit cards were used 1 to 61 times in an average month, with a mean frequency of 9 times per month. The mean number of types of purchases made with credit cards in a month was 6. Sixty-seven percent of the families used an oil company credit card regularly, followed closely by 65 percent who used a retail store card. Clothing was the commodity purchased with credit cards by the largest number of families, gasoline was the second most frequently purchased item. Most families charged under $100 per month with credit cards. Eighty-seven percent of the families reported that both the husband and wife decided upon the purchases to make with credit cards, although 60 percent reported that the wives made the most purchases using credit cards. Most of the wives used a credit card bearing their names, including those whose accounts were in the husbands' names. Spending plans were used by 78 percent of the families; the most common being unwritten plans for a month. Eighty-two percent of the families kept their sales slips from credit card purchases as a means of keeping records of their purchases. A regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses that control of credit card use was linearly related to the money management practices of the families. The money management practices included 1) the number of credit cards used by the families, 2) the number of types of purchases for which the families used a credit card, 3) record keeping practices used by the families, 4) budgeting practices employed by the families, and 5) the frequency with which the families made purchases using a credit card. Hypothesis 1, Hypothesis 1, the number of credit card bills paid in full is linearly related to the money management practices employed by a family, was not supported by the data at the .10 level of significance. Fifty percent of the families paid their credit card bills in full 11 or 12 months of the year. The mean number of months in which all credit card bills were paid in full was 7. Hypothesis 2. Hypothesis 2, the number of monthly credit card billings that are missed is linearly related to the money management practices employed by a family, was not supported at the .10 significance level. Eighty percent of the families reported that they never missed payment on a credit card debt. Hypothesis 3. Hypothesis 3, the degree to which the family buys more with credit cards than if cash were required is linearly related to the money management practices employed by a family was not supported at the .10 level of significance. Sixty-eight percent of the families reported that credit cards caused them to buy no more or just slightly more than if cash were required. Hypothesis 4. Hypothesis 4, the degree to which the family buys more with credit cards than if another loan were required is linearly related to the money management practices employed by a family, was not supported by the data at the .10 level of significance. Fifty percent of the 60 families reported that credit cards caused them to buy no more than if another type of credit were required to make a purchase. Hypothesis 5. Hypothesis 5, the degree to which the family indicates that it feels in control of its credit card use is linearly related to the money management practices employed by a family, was supported at the . 01 level of significance. A strong direct relationship (significant at the .001 level) was shown to exist between the families' feelings of control of credit card use and their budgeting practices. In the presence of all money management practices, the frequency with which families used credit cards was shown to have an inverse effect upon the families' feelings of control, significant at the .05 level. The families in the study demonstrated control of their credit card use, and used them for convenience rather than for installment debt instruments. Credit cards were regarded by a large number of families as a temptation to overspend. Title: The relationship of families' money management practices and their control of credit card use Author: Wright, Julie Edwards The use of credit cards by young families, their money management practices, and the relationship between money management practices and their control of credit card use was researched in this study. A sample of 60 Oregon families was drawn from the 1975 Johnson's Albany Area City Directory. These families were composed of a married couple living together with at least 1 child between the ages of 6 and 10 years, who used credit cards monthly. The husbands had a mean age of 33 years, and had completed a mean of 14 years of schooling. The wives were younger with a mean age of 30 and had completed a mean of 13 years of schooling. The couples were married a mean of 10 years, and 60 percent had 2 children. The husbands were principally employed in operative and laborer occupations, and the wives were largely homemakers. Sixty-three percent of the families earned a total yearly income between $10, 000 and $22, 000. The mean yearly income was $17, 857. The number of credit cards used by the families in a month ranged from 1 to 21 with a mean of 4 cards. Credit cards were used 1 to 61 times in an average month, with a mean frequency of 9 times per month. The mean number of types of purchases made with credit cards in a month was 6. Sixty-seven percent of the families used an oil company credit card regularly, followed closely by 65 percent who used a retail store card. Clothing was the commodity purchased with credit cards by the largest number of families, gasoline was the second most frequently purchased item. Most families charged under $100 per month with credit cards. Eighty-seven percent of the families reported that both the husband and wife decided upon the purchases to make with credit cards, although 60 percent reported that the wives made the most purchases using credit cards. Most of the wives used a credit card bearing their names, including those whose accounts were in the husbands' names. Spending plans were used by 78 percent of the families; the most common being unwritten plans for a month. Eighty-two percent of the families kept their sales slips from credit card purchases as a means of keeping records of their purchases. A regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses that control of credit card use was linearly related to the money management practices of the families. The money management practices included 1) the number of credit cards used by the families, 2) the number of types of purchases for which the families used a credit card, 3) record keeping practices used by the families, 4) budgeting practices employed by the families, and 5) the frequency with which the families made purchases using a credit card. Hypothesis 1, Hypothesis 1, the number of credit card bills paid in full is linearly related to the money management practices employed by a family, was not supported by the data at the .10 level of significance. Fifty percent of the families paid their credit card bills in full 11 or 12 months of the year. The mean number of months in which all credit card bills were paid in full was 7. Hypothesis 2. Hypothesis 2, the number of monthly credit card billings that are missed is linearly related to the money management practices employed by a family, was not supported at the .10 significance level. Eighty percent of the families reported that they never missed payment on a credit card debt. Hypothesis 3. Hypothesis 3, the degree to which the family buys more with credit cards than if cash were required is linearly related to the money management practices employed by a family was not supported at the .10 level of significance. Sixty-eight percent of the families reported that credit cards caused them to buy no more or just slightly more than if cash were required. Hypothesis 4. Hypothesis 4, the degree to which the family buys more with credit cards than if another loan were required is linearly related to the money management practices employed by a family, was not supported by the data at the .10 level of significance. Fifty percent of the 60 families reported that credit cards caused them to buy no more than if another type of credit were required to make a purchase. Hypothesis 5. Hypothesis 5, the degree to which the family indicates that it feels in control of its credit card use is linearly related to the money management practices employed by a family, was supported at the . 01 level of significance. A strong direct relationship (significant at the .001 level) was shown to exist between the families' feelings of control of credit card use and their budgeting practices. In the presence of all money management practices, the frequency with which families used credit cards was shown to have an inverse effect upon the families' feelings of control, significant at the .05 level. The families in the study demonstrated control of their credit card use, and used them for convenience rather than for installment debt instruments. Credit cards were regarded by a large number of families as a temptation to overspend. Close

• 9. [Article] Longitudinal study of the relationship between family coalitions and adolescent antisocial behavior

  Family therapists have proposed that specific types of family interactions are dysfunctional for the family system and can produce long-term negative effects for the child. They further propose that, for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Longitudinal study of the relationship between family coalitions and adolescent antisocial behavior Author: Coughlin, Chris D. Family therapists have proposed that specific types of family interactions are dysfunctional for the family system and can produce long-term negative effects for the child. They further propose that, for healthy family functioning to be maintained, parental alliances must be sustained and excessive cross-generational coalitions (parent-child alliances) must be blocked. This fundamental assumption, proposed by family therapists, has rarely been empirically tested. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between family interactional patterns and the misconduct of adolescent males. Misconduct by the adolescent was defined by the youth having contact with the police due to delinquent behavior. Specifically, this study was concerned with determining if cross-generational coalitions, witnessed in parent-child interactions, were predictive of later antisocial behavior on the part of the adolescent while controlling for family structure, family problem solving, marital satisfaction, parental conflict, and child externality. Subjects were 68 families consisting of mother, father or stepfather, and son. The first family interaction assessment took place in 1984-1985 when the child was 9.7 years old. The second assessment of family interaction occurred two years later. Follow-up data on the adolescent's delinquent behavior, assessed through county court records, was last collected in 1991 when subjects were 15 to 16 years old. Families were paid for their participation as part of their involvement in a larger study (Capaldi & Patterson, 1987). The results of logistic and multiple regression analyses indicated no association between parent-child coalitions and occurrence or the severity of delinquent behavior. Both analyses did, however, find that family problem-solving skills and a non-intact family structure were significant predictors of later delinquency and of the severity of the delinquency by the adolescent. Title: Longitudinal study of the relationship between family coalitions and adolescent antisocial behavior Author: Coughlin, Chris D. Family therapists have proposed that specific types of family interactions are dysfunctional for the family system and can produce long-term negative effects for the child. They further propose that, for healthy family functioning to be maintained, parental alliances must be sustained and excessive cross-generational coalitions (parent-child alliances) must be blocked. This fundamental assumption, proposed by family therapists, has rarely been empirically tested. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between family interactional patterns and the misconduct of adolescent males. Misconduct by the adolescent was defined by the youth having contact with the police due to delinquent behavior. Specifically, this study was concerned with determining if cross-generational coalitions, witnessed in parent-child interactions, were predictive of later antisocial behavior on the part of the adolescent while controlling for family structure, family problem solving, marital satisfaction, parental conflict, and child externality. Subjects were 68 families consisting of mother, father or stepfather, and son. The first family interaction assessment took place in 1984-1985 when the child was 9.7 years old. The second assessment of family interaction occurred two years later. Follow-up data on the adolescent's delinquent behavior, assessed through county court records, was last collected in 1991 when subjects were 15 to 16 years old. Families were paid for their participation as part of their involvement in a larger study (Capaldi & Patterson, 1987). The results of logistic and multiple regression analyses indicated no association between parent-child coalitions and occurrence or the severity of delinquent behavior. Both analyses did, however, find that family problem-solving skills and a non-intact family structure were significant predictors of later delinquency and of the severity of the delinquency by the adolescent. Close

• 10. [Article] Differences between young adult perceptions of family environment, family values, sexual behavior, sexual attitudes and attitude toward divorce by gender and family type

  Four questions were examined concerning student perceptions of their launching family environment, expected family environment, family values, sexual attitudes and behavior, and attitudes toward divorce. A ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Differences between young adult perceptions of family environment, family values, sexual behavior, sexual attitudes and attitude toward divorce by gender and family type Author: Ladd, Linda Darmer Four questions were examined concerning student perceptions of their launching family environment, expected family environment, family values, sexual attitudes and behavior, and attitudes toward divorce. A total of 383 college students from three family types participated in this study: intact (298, 77.8%), divorced (47, 12.3%), and remarried (38, 9.9%). The sample was evenly split between males (185; 48.9%) and females (198; 51.1%). Using a 2 x 3 Manova for gender by family type, no gender differences were found on the Moos Family Environment Scale (R). Differences between family type were revealed on two of ten subscales: Moral-Religious Emphasis and Organization. Student reports of their expectations of their future families were compared on the Moos Family Environment Scale (E), but family type differences were revealed subscale: Control. Gender differences were found on five of the ten Moos FES(E) subscales: Cohesion, Expressiveness, Intellectual-Cultural Orientation, Active-Recreational Orientation, and Moral-Religious emphasis. On a second question, family type differences were found when students evaluated three questions comprising the Attitude Toward Divorce Scale (Ladd & Pratt, 1988). Students from divorced families were more accepting of divorce than students from the other two family groups, and students from remarried families were more accepting of divorce than students from intact families. On a third question, no gender or family type differences were found on the Hudson Short Form of the Sexual Attitude Scale or student first sexual behaviors. A fourth question, an attempt to measure student values on the Family Value Index proved insignificant. Examination of descriptive statistics indicates that students from all three family types consider family values to be very important. In conclusion, it appears that gender is more discriminating than family type on how family social environment is perceived. The experience of living in a particular family type does effect student attitudes toward divorce, but no judgment can be made about future divorce behavior. Title: Differences between young adult perceptions of family environment, family values, sexual behavior, sexual attitudes and attitude toward divorce by gender and family type Author: Ladd, Linda Darmer Four questions were examined concerning student perceptions of their launching family environment, expected family environment, family values, sexual attitudes and behavior, and attitudes toward divorce. A total of 383 college students from three family types participated in this study: intact (298, 77.8%), divorced (47, 12.3%), and remarried (38, 9.9%). The sample was evenly split between males (185; 48.9%) and females (198; 51.1%). Using a 2 x 3 Manova for gender by family type, no gender differences were found on the Moos Family Environment Scale (R). Differences between family type were revealed on two of ten subscales: Moral-Religious Emphasis and Organization. Student reports of their expectations of their future families were compared on the Moos Family Environment Scale (E), but family type differences were revealed subscale: Control. Gender differences were found on five of the ten Moos FES(E) subscales: Cohesion, Expressiveness, Intellectual-Cultural Orientation, Active-Recreational Orientation, and Moral-Religious emphasis. On a second question, family type differences were found when students evaluated three questions comprising the Attitude Toward Divorce Scale (Ladd & Pratt, 1988). Students from divorced families were more accepting of divorce than students from the other two family groups, and students from remarried families were more accepting of divorce than students from intact families. On a third question, no gender or family type differences were found on the Hudson Short Form of the Sexual Attitude Scale or student first sexual behaviors. A fourth question, an attempt to measure student values on the Family Value Index proved insignificant. Examination of descriptive statistics indicates that students from all three family types consider family values to be very important. In conclusion, it appears that gender is more discriminating than family type on how family social environment is perceived. The experience of living in a particular family type does effect student attitudes toward divorce, but no judgment can be made about future divorce behavior. Close