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• 1. [Article] Creating Useful and Usable Climate Tools for Sagebrush Land Management Through Scientist and Manager Collaboration

  The sagebrush ecosystem, home to numerous plant and animal species including big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) and the endemic greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), has endured fragmentation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Creating Useful and Usable Climate Tools for Sagebrush Land Management Through Scientist and Manager Collaboration Author: Brown, Melanie The sagebrush ecosystem, home to numerous plant and animal species including big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) and the endemic greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), has endured fragmentation and degradation of both quantity and quality due to the cumulative and synergistic relationships between an abundance of individual disturbances including grazing, invasive annuals and fire. Climate change may now be an additional threat that poses the greatest risk to these imperiled habitats. Natural resource agencies such as the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) seek to conserve sagelands through land management activities that ensure the survival of sage-grouse and continuity of the sagebrush biome. Web-based climate tools can help convey climate information that may be necessary for long-term land management, but these tools may not agree with the needs of land managers, may be too complex, or may be misinterpreted. To overcome barriers of user compatibility, the participation of both climate scientists and land managers is necessary during tool development. With the collaboration of Oregon and Idaho BLM sagebrush land managers and climate scientists, this study sought to assess land manager needs and define the criteria for useful and useable climate tools. Using an initial online survey, individual phone interviews with land managers, and a follow-up online survey, a series of land management activities and related climate variables were identified, and several web-based climate tools were assessed. Most managers perform vegetation management through a variety of means including seeding and herbicide application. Such activities are affected by the magnitude and timing of precipitation and temperature, as well as other variables, on seasonal and annual timeframes. For planning purposes land managers also need information on long-term 10-20 year climate trends. The act of listening to the needs of land managers uncovered communication barriers, and provided feedback on existing climate tools emphasizing accessibility, dependability and consistency, clear explanation of terminology, effective visualizations, and relevant spatial and temporal scales to the scope of management activities. We also identified a need for basic information and education on the location of existing climate tools and climate impacts, and a need for near-term forecasting tools that could bridge the gap between weather (≤ 6 months) and climate (≥ 30 years) projections. Title: Creating Useful and Usable Climate Tools for Sagebrush Land Management Through Scientist and Manager Collaboration Author: Brown, Melanie The sagebrush ecosystem, home to numerous plant and animal species including big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) and the endemic greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), has endured fragmentation and degradation of both quantity and quality due to the cumulative and synergistic relationships between an abundance of individual disturbances including grazing, invasive annuals and fire. Climate change may now be an additional threat that poses the greatest risk to these imperiled habitats. Natural resource agencies such as the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) seek to conserve sagelands through land management activities that ensure the survival of sage-grouse and continuity of the sagebrush biome. Web-based climate tools can help convey climate information that may be necessary for long-term land management, but these tools may not agree with the needs of land managers, may be too complex, or may be misinterpreted. To overcome barriers of user compatibility, the participation of both climate scientists and land managers is necessary during tool development. With the collaboration of Oregon and Idaho BLM sagebrush land managers and climate scientists, this study sought to assess land manager needs and define the criteria for useful and useable climate tools. Using an initial online survey, individual phone interviews with land managers, and a follow-up online survey, a series of land management activities and related climate variables were identified, and several web-based climate tools were assessed. Most managers perform vegetation management through a variety of means including seeding and herbicide application. Such activities are affected by the magnitude and timing of precipitation and temperature, as well as other variables, on seasonal and annual timeframes. For planning purposes land managers also need information on long-term 10-20 year climate trends. The act of listening to the needs of land managers uncovered communication barriers, and provided feedback on existing climate tools emphasizing accessibility, dependability and consistency, clear explanation of terminology, effective visualizations, and relevant spatial and temporal scales to the scope of management activities. We also identified a need for basic information and education on the location of existing climate tools and climate impacts, and a need for near-term forecasting tools that could bridge the gap between weather (≤ 6 months) and climate (≥ 30 years) projections. Close

• 2. [Article] Broad-scale patterns of invertebrate richness and community composition in temporary rivers: effects of flow intermittence

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Broad-scale patterns of invertebrate richness and community composition in temporary rivers: effects of flow intermittence Author: Larned, S. T., Bogan, M. T., Wood, P. J., Santos, A. N., Meyer, E. I., Datry, T., Fritz, K. M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1600-0587. Title: Broad-scale patterns of invertebrate richness and community composition in temporary rivers: effects of flow intermittence Author: Larned, S. T., Bogan, M. T., Wood, P. J., Santos, A. N., Meyer, E. I., Datry, T., Fritz, K. M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1600-0587. Close

• 3. [Article] Managing wildlife habitats in forested ecosystems

  Published March 1996. Reprinted August 2006. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Managing wildlife habitats in forested ecosystems Author: Edge, W. Daniel, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published March 1996. Reprinted August 2006. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Managing wildlife habitats in forested ecosystems Author: Edge, W. Daniel, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published March 1996. Reprinted August 2006. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 4. [Article] Intercomparison of MODIS albedo retrievals and in situ measurements across the global FLUXNET network

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/remote-sensing-of-environment/#description. To the best of our ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Intercomparison of MODIS albedo retrievals and in situ measurements across the global FLUXNET network Author: Yang, Xiaoyuan, Vannan, Suresh K. Santhana, Law, Beverly E., Richardson, Andrew D., Roman, Miguel O., Moors, Eddy, Matteucci, Giorgio, Migliavacca, Mirco, Seufert, Guenther, Ciais, Philippe, Cook, Robert B., Schaaf, Crystal B., Pan, Jerry Yun, Cescatti, Alessandro, Marcolla, Barbara This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/remote-sensing-of-environment/#description. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Intercomparison of MODIS albedo retrievals and in situ measurements across the global FLUXNET network Author: Yang, Xiaoyuan, Vannan, Suresh K. Santhana, Law, Beverly E., Richardson, Andrew D., Roman, Miguel O., Moors, Eddy, Matteucci, Giorgio, Migliavacca, Mirco, Seufert, Guenther, Ciais, Philippe, Cook, Robert B., Schaaf, Crystal B., Pan, Jerry Yun, Cescatti, Alessandro, Marcolla, Barbara This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/remote-sensing-of-environment/#description. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 5. [Article] Historical change in channel form and riparian vegetation of the McKenzie River, Oregon

  This study examined channel structure and position and riparian vegetation and land use on the upper 70 km of the McKenzie River, Oregon in the 1940s, compared the 1940s conditions to present conditions, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical change in channel form and riparian vegetation of the McKenzie River, Oregon Author: Minear, Paula J. This study examined channel structure and position and riparian vegetation and land use on the upper 70 km of the McKenzie River, Oregon in the 1940s, compared the 1940s conditions to present conditions, and explored the processes driving change in this system and the implications for aquatic habitat. The hydrologic record was analyzed, and field surveys were conducted and compared to historical habitat surveys. Riparian characteristics and channel features were digitized from aerial photographs from 1945/49 and 1986 and imported into Arcinfo GIS for analysis. Types of data digitized from the aerial photos included locations and length or area of wetted channel, active channel, tributaries, side channels, large woody debris, exposed gravel bars, roads, and dominant vegetation or land use within 200 m of the active channel. Construction of dams on the mainstem Mckenzie River and two major tributaries, Blue River and South Fork, in the 1960s has altered the flow regime and sediment supply to the mainstem Mckenzie, decreasing the frequency, mean and variation of peak flows, reducing the competence of flows to move existing bedload, and cutting off sediment from over half of the drainage area. Mean peak flows decreased 44% and competence of peak flows with a 2-yr recurrence interval declined approximately 29% after dams were constructed upriver. Adjustments to reduced sediment supply and flow alteration by dams in this system included 57% decrease in exposed gravel bars, 40% decrease in side channel length, and possible substrate coarsening (as compared to historical estimates). Channel straightening occurred in each of three instances of channel change during the study period, and sinuosity decreased one half of the amount needed to produce a straight channel in the most susceptible, unconstrained reach. Human actions prior to high flow events played a role in the direction of channel change in each case. Over the entire study area, 7% of the main channel changed position by 30 m or more and little or no change in channel position was noted in reaches constrained by valley floors. Additional channel constraint has been produced by road construction near the channel and riprapping for roads, bridges, and residences. Less large woody debris was observed in the 1986 channel than in the 1949 channel, indicating a reduction in pool-forming agents and channel roughness elements. Frequency of large pools ([greater than or equal to] 2 m depth and >40 m² area) decreased 19% over the study area. The greatest loss in pools (73%) was noted in the unconstrained reach that exhibited two areas of channel change and an increase in exposed gravel bars. Increased human use of the riparian area for roads and residential purposes has led to an increased fragmentation of the riparian landscape. Density of residential or developed patches within the riparian area has increased 215% as more and smaller areas are converted from natural vegetation to human use. Riparian area devoted to roads and residential uses has nearly doubled since the 1940s. Mean vegetation or land-use patch size has decreased from 2.2 ha to 1.6 ha as larger patches have been sub-divided, and patch and edge densities have increased. Agriculture and clearcuts for timber removal have decreased within the riparian area while continuing upslope. Riparian area in mature conifers has decreased 44% from levels in the 1940s while hardwoods have increased 45% in the riparian area. Future wood loading to the channel is reduced by a decline in mature riparian vegetation, especially mature conifers. Channel and riparian changes noted in this study have implications for fish populations. Channel straightening, reduction in side channels, and loss of pool-forming agents reduce habitat heterogeneity and off-channel refugia. Ecosystem management of watersheds requires evaluation of conditions across scales of time and space. The use of GIS in this study made it possible to detect changes in channel form and riparian conditions during four decades, along a 70-m channel and 90-m riparian area and to analyze the large data sets relevant to understanding functions and change in channels and riparian areas. Title: Historical change in channel form and riparian vegetation of the McKenzie River, Oregon Author: Minear, Paula J. This study examined channel structure and position and riparian vegetation and land use on the upper 70 km of the McKenzie River, Oregon in the 1940s, compared the 1940s conditions to present conditions, and explored the processes driving change in this system and the implications for aquatic habitat. The hydrologic record was analyzed, and field surveys were conducted and compared to historical habitat surveys. Riparian characteristics and channel features were digitized from aerial photographs from 1945/49 and 1986 and imported into Arcinfo GIS for analysis. Types of data digitized from the aerial photos included locations and length or area of wetted channel, active channel, tributaries, side channels, large woody debris, exposed gravel bars, roads, and dominant vegetation or land use within 200 m of the active channel. Construction of dams on the mainstem Mckenzie River and two major tributaries, Blue River and South Fork, in the 1960s has altered the flow regime and sediment supply to the mainstem Mckenzie, decreasing the frequency, mean and variation of peak flows, reducing the competence of flows to move existing bedload, and cutting off sediment from over half of the drainage area. Mean peak flows decreased 44% and competence of peak flows with a 2-yr recurrence interval declined approximately 29% after dams were constructed upriver. Adjustments to reduced sediment supply and flow alteration by dams in this system included 57% decrease in exposed gravel bars, 40% decrease in side channel length, and possible substrate coarsening (as compared to historical estimates). Channel straightening occurred in each of three instances of channel change during the study period, and sinuosity decreased one half of the amount needed to produce a straight channel in the most susceptible, unconstrained reach. Human actions prior to high flow events played a role in the direction of channel change in each case. Over the entire study area, 7% of the main channel changed position by 30 m or more and little or no change in channel position was noted in reaches constrained by valley floors. Additional channel constraint has been produced by road construction near the channel and riprapping for roads, bridges, and residences. Less large woody debris was observed in the 1986 channel than in the 1949 channel, indicating a reduction in pool-forming agents and channel roughness elements. Frequency of large pools ([greater than or equal to] 2 m depth and >40 m² area) decreased 19% over the study area. The greatest loss in pools (73%) was noted in the unconstrained reach that exhibited two areas of channel change and an increase in exposed gravel bars. Increased human use of the riparian area for roads and residential purposes has led to an increased fragmentation of the riparian landscape. Density of residential or developed patches within the riparian area has increased 215% as more and smaller areas are converted from natural vegetation to human use. Riparian area devoted to roads and residential uses has nearly doubled since the 1940s. Mean vegetation or land-use patch size has decreased from 2.2 ha to 1.6 ha as larger patches have been sub-divided, and patch and edge densities have increased. Agriculture and clearcuts for timber removal have decreased within the riparian area while continuing upslope. Riparian area in mature conifers has decreased 44% from levels in the 1940s while hardwoods have increased 45% in the riparian area. Future wood loading to the channel is reduced by a decline in mature riparian vegetation, especially mature conifers. Channel and riparian changes noted in this study have implications for fish populations. Channel straightening, reduction in side channels, and loss of pool-forming agents reduce habitat heterogeneity and off-channel refugia. Ecosystem management of watersheds requires evaluation of conditions across scales of time and space. The use of GIS in this study made it possible to detect changes in channel form and riparian conditions during four decades, along a 70-m channel and 90-m riparian area and to analyze the large data sets relevant to understanding functions and change in channels and riparian areas. Close

• 6. [Article] Regional changes in landscape pattern and carbon stores in the interior of British Columbia as determined by satellite imagery

  The detection and mapping of large scale changes to forested landscapes is increasingly important in ecology and management. I used Landsat TM and MSS imagery to map forest cover in 1992 for a 4.2 million ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Regional changes in landscape pattern and carbon stores in the interior of British Columbia as determined by satellite imagery Author: Sachs, Donald The detection and mapping of large scale changes to forested landscapes is increasingly important in ecology and management. I used Landsat TM and MSS imagery to map forest cover in 1992 for a 4.2 million ha area of the interior of British Columbia with an overall classification accuracy of 79%. A combination of unsupervised and supervised classification allowed mapping of forested pixels into closed conifer, semi-open conifer, deciduous, and mixed deciduous and coniferous forest classes. The closed conifer class was further subdivided into old (> 140 years), mature (60 - 140 years), and young (< 60 years) age classes. Unsupervised classification of a combined image containing the Tasseled Cap indices from 1975 and 1992 imagery allowed accurate mapping of disturbances during the period. I examined changes in landscape pattern from 1975 - 1992 by calculating indices that describe overall landscape pattern and that of each cover class. The B.C. biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification map was used as an overlay to calculate landscape pattern and changes by biogeoclimatic zone. Analysis showed that 11.4% of the forested area outside provincial parks was disturbed during the 17 - year period. Disturbed areas were consistently much smaller than conifer patches in all biogeoclimatic zones and had a lower percentage of interior area. Conifer patch shape complexity varied between zones, but the size and shape of disturbed areas were similar in all zones. Results indicated the early stages of fragmentation of this landscape. Models of stand level carbon storage and carbon stores in forest products were used in conjunction with British Columbia Ministry of Forests inventory data to calculate a carbon budget for the Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir forests of the study area. Based on inventory data, the net flux of carbon from these forests to the atmosphere averaged 0.14 Mg ha⁻¹year⁻¹ between 1975 and 1992. Assuming no harvesting during this period, these forests would have been a net carbon sink averaging 0.39 Mg ha⁻¹year⁻¹. Calculating the carbon budget using satellite data showed a slight net carbon sink of 0.15 Mg ha⁻¹year⁻¹ for 1975 - 1992. The major difference between satellite- and inventory-based carbon budgets was due to differences in the simulation of the detrital carbon pool and timing of harvests. The satellite-based estimate failed to account for recovering areas harvested before 1975, and assumed a constant harvest rate. Title: Regional changes in landscape pattern and carbon stores in the interior of British Columbia as determined by satellite imagery Author: Sachs, Donald The detection and mapping of large scale changes to forested landscapes is increasingly important in ecology and management. I used Landsat TM and MSS imagery to map forest cover in 1992 for a 4.2 million ha area of the interior of British Columbia with an overall classification accuracy of 79%. A combination of unsupervised and supervised classification allowed mapping of forested pixels into closed conifer, semi-open conifer, deciduous, and mixed deciduous and coniferous forest classes. The closed conifer class was further subdivided into old (> 140 years), mature (60 - 140 years), and young (< 60 years) age classes. Unsupervised classification of a combined image containing the Tasseled Cap indices from 1975 and 1992 imagery allowed accurate mapping of disturbances during the period. I examined changes in landscape pattern from 1975 - 1992 by calculating indices that describe overall landscape pattern and that of each cover class. The B.C. biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification map was used as an overlay to calculate landscape pattern and changes by biogeoclimatic zone. Analysis showed that 11.4% of the forested area outside provincial parks was disturbed during the 17 - year period. Disturbed areas were consistently much smaller than conifer patches in all biogeoclimatic zones and had a lower percentage of interior area. Conifer patch shape complexity varied between zones, but the size and shape of disturbed areas were similar in all zones. Results indicated the early stages of fragmentation of this landscape. Models of stand level carbon storage and carbon stores in forest products were used in conjunction with British Columbia Ministry of Forests inventory data to calculate a carbon budget for the Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir forests of the study area. Based on inventory data, the net flux of carbon from these forests to the atmosphere averaged 0.14 Mg ha⁻¹year⁻¹ between 1975 and 1992. Assuming no harvesting during this period, these forests would have been a net carbon sink averaging 0.39 Mg ha⁻¹year⁻¹. Calculating the carbon budget using satellite data showed a slight net carbon sink of 0.15 Mg ha⁻¹year⁻¹ for 1975 - 1992. The major difference between satellite- and inventory-based carbon budgets was due to differences in the simulation of the detrital carbon pool and timing of harvests. The satellite-based estimate failed to account for recovering areas harvested before 1975, and assumed a constant harvest rate. Close

• 7. [Article] Forest macro-arthropods as potential indicators of ecosystem conditions in Western Idaho : an analysis of community composition, biological diversity, and community structure

  Adaptive ecosystem management is a new paradigm for managing federal forests which requires regular monitoring of ecosystem function and diversity to measure the effects of management. Managers need new ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forest macro-arthropods as potential indicators of ecosystem conditions in Western Idaho : an analysis of community composition, biological diversity, and community structure Author: Ruby, Margaret E. Adaptive ecosystem management is a new paradigm for managing federal forests which requires regular monitoring of ecosystem function and diversity to measure the effects of management. Managers need new strategies and tools to help them assess their progress in maintaining healthy, productive and biologically diverse forests. Biomonitoring of select forest macro-arthropod species can provide useful information on the effects of management on forest biodiversity and ecosystem function. The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) to inventory the macro-arthropod community and important environmental variables in the Bear Creek and Indian Creek study area within the Payette National Forest (PNF) in Western Idaho; (2) to compare measures of community composition, diversity, and structure in forest macro-arthropod communities between patches of different sizes and treatment; and (3) to assist PNF managers in their ecosystem management efforts by providing principles to guide the use of macro-arthropods as indicators of changing forest conditions. Transects with pitfall traps were used to collect macro-arthropods at 22 sites in the Bear Creek and Indian Creek study area during the summer of 1994. Five forest patch types in Abies grandis habitat types were sampled. Intact forest patches of 100 or more hectares, and large patches of 50-100 hectares, ranged in age between 50 and 250 years old with multistoried structure. Small patches up to 10 hectares were remnants or fragments of formerly intact forest isolated by logging. A plantation patch was 15 years old with patchy understory and forb cover. Clearcut patches had little or no overstory, and variable understory, and forb layers. At each transect, soil samples were collected and six environmental descriptor variables were analyzed according to patch treatment and patch size. These site descriptors were: basal area (ft²/acre); percent canopy cover for the overstory, understory; and forb layers; litter depth (cm), and percent soil moisture content. Differences detected using an ANOVA and T-tests are discussed in the Results section. Arthropod community composition, diversity, and structure were described according to relative abundance, and four measures of diversity. They were also described by membership in seventeen orders and/or super-families; ten functional groups; two disperser classes (long or short distance); and three species indicator classes. A total of 5455 macro-arthropod individuals, representing 17 orders and/or super-families and 219 species were collected in the Bear Creek and Indian Creek study area. While macro-arthropod fauna relative abundance did not vary significantly by treatment (ANOVA p<0.3), it did vary significantly by patch size (ANOVA p<0.03). Fauna relative abundance was 35% greater in clearcut patches than in large patches (T-test p<0.09). Fauna relative abundance in small patches was twice that of intact (T-test p<0.03) and large (T-test p<0.02) patches. Taxonomic diversity (number of genera/taxa) of beetle, ant, and bug taxa differed significantly according to treatment type(each ANOVA p<0.05). For the top four taxa (beetles, ants, spiders, and bugs), taxonomic diversity was highest in the plantation and clearcut patches. Ants and bugs had their highest taxonomic diversity in the plantation patch (separate T-tests p<0.05) while the taxonomic diversity of beetles was highest in clear-cut patches (T-test p<0.05). Beetle and ant taxonomic diversity varied significantly by patch size (each ANOVA p<0.05). For beetles and bugs, small patches were twice as diverse as intact patches (separate T-tests p<0.04) and 1.5 times that of large patches. Ant diversity was similarly distributed amongst the patch sizes, with significant differences between small and intact and between small and large patches (separate T-tests p<0.05). Of the four species diversity measures employed, only two, [alpha] and JK1 (both measures of richness), were found to vary significantly by patch treatment and size. Evenness (E) and the Shannon Diversity Index (H') failed to detect differences in the majority of tests. Fauna [alpha] and JK1 differed significantly by treatment type (each ANOVA p<0.05). Richness in clearcut patches was nearly twice in intact and large patches, followed by plantation and large patches. Fauna [alpha] and JKl also differed significantly by patch size (each ANOVA p <0.001), with small patch fauna twice as rich as that in large and intact patches (separate T-tests p <0.01). Of the top four functional groups, predators were the most abundant and had the highest taxonomic diversity (number of genera/functional group), followed by herbivores, fungivores and parasites. Predators and herbivores showed increasing taxonomic diversity with decreasing patch size, from intact to large to small (ANOVA p< 0.05). Similarly, predators and herbivores exhibited increasing taxonomic diversity with increasing levels of management: from intact and large to plantation and clear-cuts (ANOVA p< 0.05). Predators and herbivores were most numerous in the managed and small patches. Fungivore taxonomic diversity was also highest in the small and managed patches, though neither patch size nor treatment differences were significant (ANOVA p<0.85). Parasite taxonomic diversity differed by patch size with highest generic diversity in the small patches (ANOVA p<0.l) and by treatment type with generic diversity highest in plantations and clearcuts followed in order by large and intact patches (ANOVA p<0.l). Twice as many genera were long distance dispersers as were short distance dispersers. Relative abundance of long distance dispersers varied significantly by patch treatment and patch size (each ANOVA p<0.0l). Long distance dispersers were most numerous in clear-cut patches, followed in order by plantation, small, large, and intact patches. Relative abundance of short distance dispersers was not significantly different between treatment types (ANOVA p<0.20) but was significantly different between patch sizes (ANOVA p<0.0l). Short distance dispersers were most numerous in small patches followed by plantation, large, and intact and least numerous in clearcut patches. An indicator species analysis of 121 Bear Creek and Indian Creek genera (Dufrene and Legendre 1997), revealed sub-groups of species with 75 to 100 percent "perfect indication" or affiliation for specific patch types. When intact and large patches were pooled and analyzed against all treated patches (plantation and clearcut patches), a list of 36 genera with 75 to 100 percent "perfect affiliation" for intact or large patches was produced (MRPP p<0.05). Small patches had 42 indicators with 75 to 100 percent "perfect indication" when compared with the pooled intact and large patches (MRPP p<0.l). Conclusions Macro-arthropod community composition, diversity and structure did vary, usually significantly, by patch treatment and size. Useful measures of generic diversity include richness estimators [alpha], [beta], and JK1. Examination of taxonomic diversity was also useful, especially for the more mobile arthropods. Pitfall traps provided copious data on the structure of the community in regards to predators and herbivores. Pitfalls, however, did not provide much information about the status of fungivores and parasites in the various different patches. Another trapping method such as the berlaise funnel, would likely provide more information about those functional groups which are likely operating at a finer scale of resolution than that tested by the pitfall trap. Employing both methods would provide a much better assessment of the community of arthropods living on the forest floor. The indicator species analysis program also provided very useful lists of species which are affiliated with particular patch conditions. Taken together, these measures could be adopted for use by forest managers to allow them to assess and monitor the effects of a management regime on the structure and composition of macro-arthropod communities as part of a comprehensive adaptive management plan. Title: Forest macro-arthropods as potential indicators of ecosystem conditions in Western Idaho : an analysis of community composition, biological diversity, and community structure Author: Ruby, Margaret E. Adaptive ecosystem management is a new paradigm for managing federal forests which requires regular monitoring of ecosystem function and diversity to measure the effects of management. Managers need new strategies and tools to help them assess their progress in maintaining healthy, productive and biologically diverse forests. Biomonitoring of select forest macro-arthropod species can provide useful information on the effects of management on forest biodiversity and ecosystem function. The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) to inventory the macro-arthropod community and important environmental variables in the Bear Creek and Indian Creek study area within the Payette National Forest (PNF) in Western Idaho; (2) to compare measures of community composition, diversity, and structure in forest macro-arthropod communities between patches of different sizes and treatment; and (3) to assist PNF managers in their ecosystem management efforts by providing principles to guide the use of macro-arthropods as indicators of changing forest conditions. Transects with pitfall traps were used to collect macro-arthropods at 22 sites in the Bear Creek and Indian Creek study area during the summer of 1994. Five forest patch types in Abies grandis habitat types were sampled. Intact forest patches of 100 or more hectares, and large patches of 50-100 hectares, ranged in age between 50 and 250 years old with multistoried structure. Small patches up to 10 hectares were remnants or fragments of formerly intact forest isolated by logging. A plantation patch was 15 years old with patchy understory and forb cover. Clearcut patches had little or no overstory, and variable understory, and forb layers. At each transect, soil samples were collected and six environmental descriptor variables were analyzed according to patch treatment and patch size. These site descriptors were: basal area (ft²/acre); percent canopy cover for the overstory, understory; and forb layers; litter depth (cm), and percent soil moisture content. Differences detected using an ANOVA and T-tests are discussed in the Results section. Arthropod community composition, diversity, and structure were described according to relative abundance, and four measures of diversity. They were also described by membership in seventeen orders and/or super-families; ten functional groups; two disperser classes (long or short distance); and three species indicator classes. A total of 5455 macro-arthropod individuals, representing 17 orders and/or super-families and 219 species were collected in the Bear Creek and Indian Creek study area. While macro-arthropod fauna relative abundance did not vary significantly by treatment (ANOVA p<0.3), it did vary significantly by patch size (ANOVA p<0.03). Fauna relative abundance was 35% greater in clearcut patches than in large patches (T-test p<0.09). Fauna relative abundance in small patches was twice that of intact (T-test p<0.03) and large (T-test p<0.02) patches. Taxonomic diversity (number of genera/taxa) of beetle, ant, and bug taxa differed significantly according to treatment type(each ANOVA p<0.05). For the top four taxa (beetles, ants, spiders, and bugs), taxonomic diversity was highest in the plantation and clearcut patches. Ants and bugs had their highest taxonomic diversity in the plantation patch (separate T-tests p<0.05) while the taxonomic diversity of beetles was highest in clear-cut patches (T-test p<0.05). Beetle and ant taxonomic diversity varied significantly by patch size (each ANOVA p<0.05). For beetles and bugs, small patches were twice as diverse as intact patches (separate T-tests p<0.04) and 1.5 times that of large patches. Ant diversity was similarly distributed amongst the patch sizes, with significant differences between small and intact and between small and large patches (separate T-tests p<0.05). Of the four species diversity measures employed, only two, [alpha] and JK1 (both measures of richness), were found to vary significantly by patch treatment and size. Evenness (E) and the Shannon Diversity Index (H') failed to detect differences in the majority of tests. Fauna [alpha] and JK1 differed significantly by treatment type (each ANOVA p<0.05). Richness in clearcut patches was nearly twice in intact and large patches, followed by plantation and large patches. Fauna [alpha] and JKl also differed significantly by patch size (each ANOVA p <0.001), with small patch fauna twice as rich as that in large and intact patches (separate T-tests p <0.01). Of the top four functional groups, predators were the most abundant and had the highest taxonomic diversity (number of genera/functional group), followed by herbivores, fungivores and parasites. Predators and herbivores showed increasing taxonomic diversity with decreasing patch size, from intact to large to small (ANOVA p< 0.05). Similarly, predators and herbivores exhibited increasing taxonomic diversity with increasing levels of management: from intact and large to plantation and clear-cuts (ANOVA p< 0.05). Predators and herbivores were most numerous in the managed and small patches. Fungivore taxonomic diversity was also highest in the small and managed patches, though neither patch size nor treatment differences were significant (ANOVA p<0.85). Parasite taxonomic diversity differed by patch size with highest generic diversity in the small patches (ANOVA p<0.l) and by treatment type with generic diversity highest in plantations and clearcuts followed in order by large and intact patches (ANOVA p<0.l). Twice as many genera were long distance dispersers as were short distance dispersers. Relative abundance of long distance dispersers varied significantly by patch treatment and patch size (each ANOVA p<0.0l). Long distance dispersers were most numerous in clear-cut patches, followed in order by plantation, small, large, and intact patches. Relative abundance of short distance dispersers was not significantly different between treatment types (ANOVA p<0.20) but was significantly different between patch sizes (ANOVA p<0.0l). Short distance dispersers were most numerous in small patches followed by plantation, large, and intact and least numerous in clearcut patches. An indicator species analysis of 121 Bear Creek and Indian Creek genera (Dufrene and Legendre 1997), revealed sub-groups of species with 75 to 100 percent "perfect indication" or affiliation for specific patch types. When intact and large patches were pooled and analyzed against all treated patches (plantation and clearcut patches), a list of 36 genera with 75 to 100 percent "perfect affiliation" for intact or large patches was produced (MRPP p<0.05). Small patches had 42 indicators with 75 to 100 percent "perfect indication" when compared with the pooled intact and large patches (MRPP p<0.l). Conclusions Macro-arthropod community composition, diversity and structure did vary, usually significantly, by patch treatment and size. Useful measures of generic diversity include richness estimators [alpha], [beta], and JK1. Examination of taxonomic diversity was also useful, especially for the more mobile arthropods. Pitfall traps provided copious data on the structure of the community in regards to predators and herbivores. Pitfalls, however, did not provide much information about the status of fungivores and parasites in the various different patches. Another trapping method such as the berlaise funnel, would likely provide more information about those functional groups which are likely operating at a finer scale of resolution than that tested by the pitfall trap. Employing both methods would provide a much better assessment of the community of arthropods living on the forest floor. The indicator species analysis program also provided very useful lists of species which are affiliated with particular patch conditions. Taken together, these measures could be adopted for use by forest managers to allow them to assess and monitor the effects of a management regime on the structure and composition of macro-arthropod communities as part of a comprehensive adaptive management plan. Close

• 8. [Article] The Icelandic Pelagic Sector and its Development under an ITQ Management System

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Icelandic Pelagic Sector and its Development under an ITQ Management System Author: Saevaldsson, Hordur, Gunnlaugsson, Stefan B. Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: The Icelandic Pelagic Sector and its Development under an ITQ Management System Author: Saevaldsson, Hordur, Gunnlaugsson, Stefan B. Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 9. [Article] Community profiles of ammonia oxidizers across high-elevation forest-to-meadow transects

  In recent years considerable interest has been shown in the diversity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in soil communities. The majority of the research has been carried out in Northern Europe where soils ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Community profiles of ammonia oxidizers across high-elevation forest-to-meadow transects Author: Mintie, Ann In recent years considerable interest has been shown in the diversity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in soil communities. The majority of the research has been carried out in Northern Europe where soils have received high atmospheric inputs of nitrogen over the past two centuries. In contrast, although much work has been conducted on nitrogen cycling processes in nitrogen limited forest ecosystems in western North America, no studies have examined the characteristics of ammonia-oxidizing communities in those environments. I was interested in measuring nitrification potential along a high-elevation temperate meadow-to-forest gradient, and characterizing the ammonia-oxidizing communities along that gradient using both molecular and culturing methods. Two experimental sites (Lookout and Carpenter) were chosen in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, located in the western Cascade Range of Oregon, at elevations of approximately 1500 meters. Although nitrification potential rates (NPRs) between sites were not significantly different (P=0.544), variation was observed both within and between sites for specific vegetation types. NPRs were significantly lower in forest (F) soil samples than in meadow (M) soil samples, averaging 5 and 2% of meadow NPRs at Lookout and Carpenter, respectively. In meadow soil samples, most probable number (MPN) population densities of ammonia-oxidizers ranged from 0.6 to 2.6 x 10⁴ cells gram⁻¹ of oven dry soil and 0.9 x 10³ to 1.1 x 10⁵ cells g⁻¹ OD soil at Lookout and Carpenter, respectively. In forest soil samples, population densities ranged from undetectable to 1.1 x 10⁴ cells g⁻¹ OD soil, and 0.9 x 10² to 2.3 x 10³ cells g⁻¹ OD soil at Lookout and Carpenter, respectively. Microbial community DNA was amplified using primers to the ammonia monooxygenase subunit A. Terminal restriction fragments polymorphism analysis with three different restriction enzymes (CfoI, TaqI, and AluI) revealed community profiles dominated by Nitrosospira species. One fragment from CfoI (66 bp) and one fragment from AluI (392-bp) were prominent in 47 soil samples from both sites, and represented between 32 to 100% of the Genescan fragment analyses of PCR products. A full length fragment from AluI digests (491-bp), and three fragments from CfoI (68, 100, and 135- bp) were found sporadically in fewer soil sample T-RFLPs, and within those samples represented smaller percentages of total peak areas. The CfoI 135-bp fragment length was associated primarily with M and meadow/forest (M/F) soils where it was observed in approximately 58 and 100% of the respective transect locations. Eight isolates recovered from soil samples were analyzed using the same molecular methods as the field samples. The T-RFLP patterns of the isolates corresponded with many of those found in the community fingerprints. Four unique amoA sequences were identified among these isolates, including one that possessed the dominant T-RFLP amoA fingerprint in soil samples. This sequence shared 99.8% similarity with Nitrosospira sp. Ka4, a cluster 4 ammonia oxidizer isolated in Norway. Sequence analysis phylogenetically associated the other three isolates (with unique amoA sequences) near Nitrosospira sp. Nsp 1 and Nitrosospira briensis, both cluster 3 ammonia oxidizers. Cloning and sequencing of soil DNA confirmed that ammonia oxidizers with these amoA sequences were present in the soil samples. Two additional amoA sequences were identified in clones that were 95% similar and paraphylogenetically positioned between representatives of clusters 3 and 4. So far, these sequences have not been found in any of the isolates analyzed. Title: Community profiles of ammonia oxidizers across high-elevation forest-to-meadow transects Author: Mintie, Ann In recent years considerable interest has been shown in the diversity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in soil communities. The majority of the research has been carried out in Northern Europe where soils have received high atmospheric inputs of nitrogen over the past two centuries. In contrast, although much work has been conducted on nitrogen cycling processes in nitrogen limited forest ecosystems in western North America, no studies have examined the characteristics of ammonia-oxidizing communities in those environments. I was interested in measuring nitrification potential along a high-elevation temperate meadow-to-forest gradient, and characterizing the ammonia-oxidizing communities along that gradient using both molecular and culturing methods. Two experimental sites (Lookout and Carpenter) were chosen in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, located in the western Cascade Range of Oregon, at elevations of approximately 1500 meters. Although nitrification potential rates (NPRs) between sites were not significantly different (P=0.544), variation was observed both within and between sites for specific vegetation types. NPRs were significantly lower in forest (F) soil samples than in meadow (M) soil samples, averaging 5 and 2% of meadow NPRs at Lookout and Carpenter, respectively. In meadow soil samples, most probable number (MPN) population densities of ammonia-oxidizers ranged from 0.6 to 2.6 x 10⁴ cells gram⁻¹ of oven dry soil and 0.9 x 10³ to 1.1 x 10⁵ cells g⁻¹ OD soil at Lookout and Carpenter, respectively. In forest soil samples, population densities ranged from undetectable to 1.1 x 10⁴ cells g⁻¹ OD soil, and 0.9 x 10² to 2.3 x 10³ cells g⁻¹ OD soil at Lookout and Carpenter, respectively. Microbial community DNA was amplified using primers to the ammonia monooxygenase subunit A. Terminal restriction fragments polymorphism analysis with three different restriction enzymes (CfoI, TaqI, and AluI) revealed community profiles dominated by Nitrosospira species. One fragment from CfoI (66 bp) and one fragment from AluI (392-bp) were prominent in 47 soil samples from both sites, and represented between 32 to 100% of the Genescan fragment analyses of PCR products. A full length fragment from AluI digests (491-bp), and three fragments from CfoI (68, 100, and 135- bp) were found sporadically in fewer soil sample T-RFLPs, and within those samples represented smaller percentages of total peak areas. The CfoI 135-bp fragment length was associated primarily with M and meadow/forest (M/F) soils where it was observed in approximately 58 and 100% of the respective transect locations. Eight isolates recovered from soil samples were analyzed using the same molecular methods as the field samples. The T-RFLP patterns of the isolates corresponded with many of those found in the community fingerprints. Four unique amoA sequences were identified among these isolates, including one that possessed the dominant T-RFLP amoA fingerprint in soil samples. This sequence shared 99.8% similarity with Nitrosospira sp. Ka4, a cluster 4 ammonia oxidizer isolated in Norway. Sequence analysis phylogenetically associated the other three isolates (with unique amoA sequences) near Nitrosospira sp. Nsp 1 and Nitrosospira briensis, both cluster 3 ammonia oxidizers. Cloning and sequencing of soil DNA confirmed that ammonia oxidizers with these amoA sequences were present in the soil samples. Two additional amoA sequences were identified in clones that were 95% similar and paraphylogenetically positioned between representatives of clusters 3 and 4. So far, these sequences have not been found in any of the isolates analyzed. Close

• 10. [Article] Landscape features affecting genetic diversity and structure in East African ungulate species

  Habitat loss and fragmentation is a crisis affecting wildlife worldwide. In Tanzania, East Africa, a dramatic and recent (<80 years) expansion in human settlement and agriculture threatens to reduce gene ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Landscape features affecting genetic diversity and structure in East African ungulate species Author: Crowhurst, Rachel Selena Habitat loss and fragmentation is a crisis affecting wildlife worldwide. In Tanzania, East Africa, a dramatic and recent (<80 years) expansion in human settlement and agriculture threatens to reduce gene flow among protected areas for many species of large mammals. Wildlife linkages can mitigate population isolation, but linkage designs lacking empirical justification may be controversial and ineffective. Connectivity conservation requires an understanding of how biogeographic factors shaped gene flow prior to habitat loss or fragmentation, however the history of interaction among populations is rarely known. The goal of my study was to provide context for connectivity conservation in central and southern Tanzania by identifying landscape features that have shaped gene flow for three ungulate species with different dispersal capabilities. I investigated historical patterns of connectivity for Maasai giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi), impala (Aepyceros melampus), and eland (Tragelaphus oryx) by estimating genetic structure among four to eight protected areas per species. Genetic structure changes very slowly among large populations and thus is likely to reflect historical processes instead of recent anthropogenic influences. I collected noninvasive DNA samples and generated microsatellite genotypes at 8 to 15 loci per species, then estimated genetic diversity metrics (allelic richness, AR, and expected heterozygosity, H[subscript E]) for each population (defined by reserve). I also calculated genetic distance (F[subscript ST] and Nei's unbiased genetic distance, D[subscript hat]) and an estimate of gene flow (Nm) between all population pairs for each species. To elucidate the possible causes of genetic structure between these populations, I tested for isolation by distance and isolation by resistance based on a suite of biogeographic factors hypothesized to affect gene flow. To do this, I created GIS-based resistance surfaces that assigned different costs of movement to landscape features. I created one or more resistance surfaces for each hypothesis of landscape effect. I used circuit theory to estimate the cumulative resistance between each pair of reserves for each weighting scheme, and then performed Mantel tests to calculate the correlation between these resistances and the observed population pairwise genetic distances (D[subscript hat]). I chose the optimal resistance model for each species as the model that was most highly correlated with observed genetic patterns. To verify that the correlation of resistance models with genetic distance was not an artefact of geographic distance, I performed partial Mantel tests to calculate correlation while controlling for the effect of geographic distance. Finally, I compared historical gene flow patterns to the distribution of contemporary human activity to predict areas that are at risk of a loss of connectivity. Indices of genetic diversity were moderate for all three species and comparable to previously reported values for other savannah ungulates. Diversity (both H[subscript E] and A[subscript R]) was highest in eland and lowest in giraffe for these populations, and was not consistently correlated with reserve size as has been reported for other species in East Africa. Although patterns in genetic distance were broadly similar across all three species there were also striking differences in connectivity, highlighting the importance of cross-species comparisons in connectivity conservation. At this scale, resistance models based on slope strongly predicted population structure for all three species; distance to water was also highly correlated with genetic distance in eland. For all three species, the greatest genetic distances occurred between populations separated by the Eastern Arc Mountains, suggesting that the topography of this area has long acted as a barrier to gene flow, but this effect is present in varying degrees for each species. I observed high levels of historical gene flow between centrally located populations (Ruaha National Park and Rungwa Game Reserve) and those in the southwest (Katavi National Park and Rukwa Game Reserve). Although human settlement in this area has been low relative to other areas, the connection between the Katavi/Rukwa and Ruaha ecosystems may be threatened by increased human activity and warrants conservation. High levels of historical gene flow were also seen between reserves in the northeast (Tarangire National Park, Swagaswaga Game Reserve) and the central and southwest populations. These connections appear highly threatened due to current land use practices, and may have already suffered a loss of gene flow. Field surveys in the lands surrounding the northeastern reserves are needed to quantify current levels of connectivity and determine whether corridors could be established to maintain or restore gene flow with other reserves. Title: Landscape features affecting genetic diversity and structure in East African ungulate species Author: Crowhurst, Rachel Selena Habitat loss and fragmentation is a crisis affecting wildlife worldwide. In Tanzania, East Africa, a dramatic and recent (<80 years) expansion in human settlement and agriculture threatens to reduce gene flow among protected areas for many species of large mammals. Wildlife linkages can mitigate population isolation, but linkage designs lacking empirical justification may be controversial and ineffective. Connectivity conservation requires an understanding of how biogeographic factors shaped gene flow prior to habitat loss or fragmentation, however the history of interaction among populations is rarely known. The goal of my study was to provide context for connectivity conservation in central and southern Tanzania by identifying landscape features that have shaped gene flow for three ungulate species with different dispersal capabilities. I investigated historical patterns of connectivity for Maasai giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi), impala (Aepyceros melampus), and eland (Tragelaphus oryx) by estimating genetic structure among four to eight protected areas per species. Genetic structure changes very slowly among large populations and thus is likely to reflect historical processes instead of recent anthropogenic influences. I collected noninvasive DNA samples and generated microsatellite genotypes at 8 to 15 loci per species, then estimated genetic diversity metrics (allelic richness, AR, and expected heterozygosity, H[subscript E]) for each population (defined by reserve). I also calculated genetic distance (F[subscript ST] and Nei's unbiased genetic distance, D[subscript hat]) and an estimate of gene flow (Nm) between all population pairs for each species. To elucidate the possible causes of genetic structure between these populations, I tested for isolation by distance and isolation by resistance based on a suite of biogeographic factors hypothesized to affect gene flow. To do this, I created GIS-based resistance surfaces that assigned different costs of movement to landscape features. I created one or more resistance surfaces for each hypothesis of landscape effect. I used circuit theory to estimate the cumulative resistance between each pair of reserves for each weighting scheme, and then performed Mantel tests to calculate the correlation between these resistances and the observed population pairwise genetic distances (D[subscript hat]). I chose the optimal resistance model for each species as the model that was most highly correlated with observed genetic patterns. To verify that the correlation of resistance models with genetic distance was not an artefact of geographic distance, I performed partial Mantel tests to calculate correlation while controlling for the effect of geographic distance. Finally, I compared historical gene flow patterns to the distribution of contemporary human activity to predict areas that are at risk of a loss of connectivity. Indices of genetic diversity were moderate for all three species and comparable to previously reported values for other savannah ungulates. Diversity (both H[subscript E] and A[subscript R]) was highest in eland and lowest in giraffe for these populations, and was not consistently correlated with reserve size as has been reported for other species in East Africa. Although patterns in genetic distance were broadly similar across all three species there were also striking differences in connectivity, highlighting the importance of cross-species comparisons in connectivity conservation. At this scale, resistance models based on slope strongly predicted population structure for all three species; distance to water was also highly correlated with genetic distance in eland. For all three species, the greatest genetic distances occurred between populations separated by the Eastern Arc Mountains, suggesting that the topography of this area has long acted as a barrier to gene flow, but this effect is present in varying degrees for each species. I observed high levels of historical gene flow between centrally located populations (Ruaha National Park and Rungwa Game Reserve) and those in the southwest (Katavi National Park and Rukwa Game Reserve). Although human settlement in this area has been low relative to other areas, the connection between the Katavi/Rukwa and Ruaha ecosystems may be threatened by increased human activity and warrants conservation. High levels of historical gene flow were also seen between reserves in the northeast (Tarangire National Park, Swagaswaga Game Reserve) and the central and southwest populations. These connections appear highly threatened due to current land use practices, and may have already suffered a loss of gene flow. Field surveys in the lands surrounding the northeastern reserves are needed to quantify current levels of connectivity and determine whether corridors could be established to maintain or restore gene flow with other reserves. Close