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• 1. [Article] The conservation genetics juggling act: integrating genetics and ecology, science and policy

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The conservation genetics juggling act: integrating genetics and ecology, science and policy Author: Mullins, Thomas D., Draheim, Hope M., Bellinger, Renee, Haig, Susan M., Mercer, Dacey M., Miller, Mark. P. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291752-4571/ Title: The conservation genetics juggling act: integrating genetics and ecology, science and policy Author: Mullins, Thomas D., Draheim, Hope M., Bellinger, Renee, Haig, Susan M., Mercer, Dacey M., Miller, Mark. P. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291752-4571/ Close

• 2. [Article] The More Things Change...: Oysters, Public Policy, and Species Decline in the Pamlico Sound, 1880-1900

  This paper is a case study of the interrelationship between public policy and species decline in the oyster industry of Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, in the late 19th century, with some attention paid ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The More Things Change...: Oysters, Public Policy, and Species Decline in the Pamlico Sound, 1880-1900 Author: Carter, Kathleen S. Year: 2001 This paper is a case study of the interrelationship between public policy and species decline in the oyster industry of Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, in the late 19th century, with some attention paid to the first decade of the 20th century. It examines the nature of the many regulatory shifts that occurred at the hands of the state legislature in the period, and it offers explanation for why these policies were ultimately less than successful at protecting and expanding the commercial viability of oystering. Tensions between smaller, local oystermen and outsiders from the Chesapeake Bay played a role, as did the influence of civic leadership in coastal communities hoping to ride the crest of economic development they hoped oysters would bring to the region. The oystermen themselves, in addition, were invited into the regulatory process rather late in the period and therefore were not inclined to work as partners with the state in efforts to preserve and restore oyster numbers. In large measure, however, the state of North Carolina sealed the fate of the oyster by responding with short-term view in its many regulatory revisions, rather than adopting a long-range mentality that might have resulted in greater stability of the species and of the coastal economy. Title: The More Things Change...: Oysters, Public Policy, and Species Decline in the Pamlico Sound, 1880-1900 Author: Carter, Kathleen S. Year: 2001 This paper is a case study of the interrelationship between public policy and species decline in the oyster industry of Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, in the late 19th century, with some attention paid to the first decade of the 20th century. It examines the nature of the many regulatory shifts that occurred at the hands of the state legislature in the period, and it offers explanation for why these policies were ultimately less than successful at protecting and expanding the commercial viability of oystering. Tensions between smaller, local oystermen and outsiders from the Chesapeake Bay played a role, as did the influence of civic leadership in coastal communities hoping to ride the crest of economic development they hoped oysters would bring to the region. The oystermen themselves, in addition, were invited into the regulatory process rather late in the period and therefore were not inclined to work as partners with the state in efforts to preserve and restore oyster numbers. In large measure, however, the state of North Carolina sealed the fate of the oyster by responding with short-term view in its many regulatory revisions, rather than adopting a long-range mentality that might have resulted in greater stability of the species and of the coastal economy. Close

• 3. [Article] Intraperitoneal implantation of life-long telemetry transmitters in otariids

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by BioMed Central Ltd. and can be found at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcvetres/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Intraperitoneal implantation of life-long telemetry transmitters in otariids Author: Haulena, Martin, Mellish, Jo-Ann E., Tuomi, Pamela A, Horning, Markus This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by BioMed Central Ltd. and can be found at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcvetres/. Title: Intraperitoneal implantation of life-long telemetry transmitters in otariids Author: Haulena, Martin, Mellish, Jo-Ann E., Tuomi, Pamela A, Horning, Markus This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by BioMed Central Ltd. and can be found at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcvetres/. Close

• 4. [Article] Ten Principles for Managing Fisheries to Facilitate Adaptation to Uncertain Effects of Climate Change

  Climate change may cause significant changes in the distribution, abundance, and species mix of commercial fishery resources. In any given area stocks of some species may decline; stocks of other species ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ten Principles for Managing Fisheries to Facilitate Adaptation to Uncertain Effects of Climate Change Author: Knapp, Gunnar Climate change may cause significant changes in the distribution, abundance, and species mix of commercial fishery resources. In any given area stocks of some species may decline; stocks of other species may increase; and new species may appear in commercially significant volumes. However, it is difficult to predict what specific changes may occur or when they will occur. This paper suggests ten principles for managing fisheries in ways that facilitate adaptation to uncertain future effects of climate change. These are (1) Expect change; (2) Conduct research; (3) Disseminate research results; (4) Give managers flexibility; (5) Allow for change in allocation agreements; (6) Reconsider restrictions on mobility of fishermen and processors; (7) Consider defining long-term access privileges more broadly; (8) Consider alternative rights-based systems which may facilitate adjustment to change; (9) Create mechanisms for managing new fisheries; and (10) Plan responses to resource decline. Title: Ten Principles for Managing Fisheries to Facilitate Adaptation to Uncertain Effects of Climate Change Author: Knapp, Gunnar Climate change may cause significant changes in the distribution, abundance, and species mix of commercial fishery resources. In any given area stocks of some species may decline; stocks of other species may increase; and new species may appear in commercially significant volumes. However, it is difficult to predict what specific changes may occur or when they will occur. This paper suggests ten principles for managing fisheries in ways that facilitate adaptation to uncertain future effects of climate change. These are (1) Expect change; (2) Conduct research; (3) Disseminate research results; (4) Give managers flexibility; (5) Allow for change in allocation agreements; (6) Reconsider restrictions on mobility of fishermen and processors; (7) Consider defining long-term access privileges more broadly; (8) Consider alternative rights-based systems which may facilitate adjustment to change; (9) Create mechanisms for managing new fisheries; and (10) Plan responses to resource decline. Close

• 5. [Article] Marbled murrelet monitoring research, 1997 : studies on distribution and productivity of marbled murrelets at sea in Oregon : final report to the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife

  "The value of marine surveys in obtaining critical information on the biology of the Marbled Murrelet has recently been appreciated, largely due to the decline of the species and the need to develop recovery ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Marbled murrelet monitoring research, 1997 : studies on distribution and productivity of marbled murrelets at sea in Oregon : final report to the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Author: Fisher, Mark R., Strong, Craig S., Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife "The value of marine surveys in obtaining critical information on the biology of the Marbled Murrelet has recently been appreciated, largely due to the decline of the species and the need to develop recovery and management plans (Ralph et al. 1995, USFWS 1997). This report summarizes the results of 1997 research on at sea abundance, distribution, and productivity of Marbled Murrelets in relation to prior years, and examines population trends in central Oregon over the 6 year period. Included for comparison with Marbled Murrelets are productivity indices of Common Murres, Pigeon Guillemots, and Rhinoceros Auklets." (From Introduction) Title: Marbled murrelet monitoring research, 1997 : studies on distribution and productivity of marbled murrelets at sea in Oregon : final report to the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Author: Fisher, Mark R., Strong, Craig S., Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife "The value of marine surveys in obtaining critical information on the biology of the Marbled Murrelet has recently been appreciated, largely due to the decline of the species and the need to develop recovery and management plans (Ralph et al. 1995, USFWS 1997). This report summarizes the results of 1997 research on at sea abundance, distribution, and productivity of Marbled Murrelets in relation to prior years, and examines population trends in central Oregon over the 6 year period. Included for comparison with Marbled Murrelets are productivity indices of Common Murres, Pigeon Guillemots, and Rhinoceros Auklets." (From Introduction) Close

• 6. [Article] The Role of Intraspecific Functional Trait Variation in the Differential Decline of Meadow Species Following Conifer Encroachment

  In the Oregon Cascade Range, conifer encroachment has reduced the extent of mountain meadows by as much as 50% since the mid-1940s. Although encroachment results in a general decline of meadow species ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Role of Intraspecific Functional Trait Variation in the Differential Decline of Meadow Species Following Conifer Encroachment Author: Celis, Jessica In the Oregon Cascade Range, conifer encroachment has reduced the extent of mountain meadows by as much as 50% since the mid-1940s. Although encroachment results in a general decline of meadow species abundance and diversity, species differ in their sensitivities to encroachment: some show rapid declines whereas others persist in the understory for many decades. Here, we explore whether this variability can be explained by intraspecific variation in morphological traits associated with the capture of light, the resource assumed to be most limiting in the understory. These include specific leaf area (SLA; ratio of leaf area to mass), allocation of biomass to above- vs. below-ground structures, maximum shoot height, and clonality. We hypothesized that sensitivity to encroachment is greater in non-clonal species and in those that show less variation in trait expression across the light gradient. From a larger set of meadow species at Bunchgrass Ridge, Oregon, we chose 13 (10 forbs and three grasses) that varied in their rates of decline across a chronosequence of encroachment states. For each species we estimated cover and light availability at multiple locations representing the encroachment gradient (open meadow to >100-year-old forest). We modeled the relationship between cover and light and computed an index of sensitivity to encroachment, SEI, as the coefficient of variation (CV) of predicted cover across the range of light values. We then measured the morphological traits of 15-17 mature individuals of each species in locations representing the range of light environments. For each species, variation in a trait (trait variability) was expressed by the linear slope of the relationship with light. Clonality was treated as an ordinal variable with one of three value, 0 (non-clonal), 0.5 (limited clonality), or 1 (strongly clonal). To test the hypothesized relationship between sensitivity to encroachment and trait variability, we computed for each trait, the correlation between SEI and trait variability (n = 13). Clonality and intraspecific trait variability explained little variation in SEI. Although SLA increased in the shade for all meadow species (an adaptive response to shade) the magnitude of response (slope of SLA-light relationship) did not correlate with sensitivity to encroachment (r = 0.24, p = 0.46). Analyses of the components of SLA revealed a significant correlation with SEI for leaf area, but not leaf mass. Leaf area increased in the shade for less sensitive species, but declined in the shade for more sensitive species. The adaptive significance of this pattern is not clear given that leaf area and plant cover (upon which SEI is based) likely co-vary. Sensitivity to conifer encroachment may relate more to variation in the physiological traits of species (e.g., adjustment of photosynthetic systems) or in the ability of species to respond to changes in resources or limiting factors other than light. Title: The Role of Intraspecific Functional Trait Variation in the Differential Decline of Meadow Species Following Conifer Encroachment Author: Celis, Jessica In the Oregon Cascade Range, conifer encroachment has reduced the extent of mountain meadows by as much as 50% since the mid-1940s. Although encroachment results in a general decline of meadow species abundance and diversity, species differ in their sensitivities to encroachment: some show rapid declines whereas others persist in the understory for many decades. Here, we explore whether this variability can be explained by intraspecific variation in morphological traits associated with the capture of light, the resource assumed to be most limiting in the understory. These include specific leaf area (SLA; ratio of leaf area to mass), allocation of biomass to above- vs. below-ground structures, maximum shoot height, and clonality. We hypothesized that sensitivity to encroachment is greater in non-clonal species and in those that show less variation in trait expression across the light gradient. From a larger set of meadow species at Bunchgrass Ridge, Oregon, we chose 13 (10 forbs and three grasses) that varied in their rates of decline across a chronosequence of encroachment states. For each species we estimated cover and light availability at multiple locations representing the encroachment gradient (open meadow to >100-year-old forest). We modeled the relationship between cover and light and computed an index of sensitivity to encroachment, SEI, as the coefficient of variation (CV) of predicted cover across the range of light values. We then measured the morphological traits of 15-17 mature individuals of each species in locations representing the range of light environments. For each species, variation in a trait (trait variability) was expressed by the linear slope of the relationship with light. Clonality was treated as an ordinal variable with one of three value, 0 (non-clonal), 0.5 (limited clonality), or 1 (strongly clonal). To test the hypothesized relationship between sensitivity to encroachment and trait variability, we computed for each trait, the correlation between SEI and trait variability (n = 13). Clonality and intraspecific trait variability explained little variation in SEI. Although SLA increased in the shade for all meadow species (an adaptive response to shade) the magnitude of response (slope of SLA-light relationship) did not correlate with sensitivity to encroachment (r = 0.24, p = 0.46). Analyses of the components of SLA revealed a significant correlation with SEI for leaf area, but not leaf mass. Leaf area increased in the shade for less sensitive species, but declined in the shade for more sensitive species. The adaptive significance of this pattern is not clear given that leaf area and plant cover (upon which SEI is based) likely co-vary. Sensitivity to conifer encroachment may relate more to variation in the physiological traits of species (e.g., adjustment of photosynthetic systems) or in the ability of species to respond to changes in resources or limiting factors other than light. Close

• 7. [Article] The Challenges and Opportunities of a Proactive Endangered Species Act : A Case Study of the Greater Sage Grouse

  The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) is considered by many to be among the most powerful and most contentious environmental laws in the United States. Persistent challenges to the Act’s implementation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Challenges and Opportunities of a Proactive Endangered Species Act : A Case Study of the Greater Sage Grouse Author: Taylor, Casey Lynn The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) is considered by many to be among the most powerful and most contentious environmental laws in the United States. Persistent challenges to the Act’s implementation make reaching conservation goals problematic. Most notably, the very nature of the law—providing protections for species already at risk of extinction—means its protections are offered only when the situation is already dire, when conservation efforts will be the most difficult, costly, and controversial. Impacted industries and rural communities have frequently chafed under the regulations imposed by the Act, while environmentalists have seen the ESA as a reliable tool for slowing or stopping unwanted development. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) has begun altering its approach to species conservation by pursuing a series of more proactive tools within the ESA in an effort to address declining species before emergency action under the Act is required. These efforts, including working collaboratively with state governments, federal management agencies, and private landowners, were highly visible in the case of the Greater Sage Grouse, a recent candidate for ESA protection in the western United States. Using the sage grouse as a focal case study, this dissertation evaluates some of the challenges and opportunities involved in these proactive, collaborative conservation efforts. In particular, analysis focuses on one of the key components of the ESA process—the selection, interpretation, and application of scientific evidence. Interviews with stakeholders across three sage grouse states—Idaho, Oregon, and Wyoming—as well as planning documents, government reports, and media accounts in these states were collected in order to understand the relationship between collaboration and the use of science in proactive conservation efforts for the sage grouse. Evidence from the three studies in this dissertation suggests that in such efforts, discussion and negotiation surrounding the nature of species threats and possible conservation actions can be hampered by the lack of trust between stakeholders and administrative agencies. The first study (Chapter 2) examines three different conservation efforts in Oregon, and finds that organizational goals, history, and scale of operations influence the degree of collaboration within a particular effort, when then influences the manner in which science is utilized in the process. The second study (Chapter 3) compares the development of voluntary conservation agreements between private landowners and FWS across three states and finds that positive working relationships and trust are critical in effectively negotiating species threats, conservation actions, and monitoring protocols. That being said, when relationships and trust are still being developed, as they often are for the FWS with regard to the ESA, these can be supplemented by partnering with other agencies and organizations with better relationships with communities on the ground, such as the NRCS. The third study (Chapter 4) asks participants from the two earlier portions of the dissertation to define the term ‘best available science,’ an ambiguous concept which is often used as a metric for decision-making in environmental law. Analysis of these responses finds substantial common ground regarding how ‘best available science’ should be defined and identified, but also points to areas of concern with the practice of science-based decision-making. Title: The Challenges and Opportunities of a Proactive Endangered Species Act : A Case Study of the Greater Sage Grouse Author: Taylor, Casey Lynn The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) is considered by many to be among the most powerful and most contentious environmental laws in the United States. Persistent challenges to the Act’s implementation make reaching conservation goals problematic. Most notably, the very nature of the law—providing protections for species already at risk of extinction—means its protections are offered only when the situation is already dire, when conservation efforts will be the most difficult, costly, and controversial. Impacted industries and rural communities have frequently chafed under the regulations imposed by the Act, while environmentalists have seen the ESA as a reliable tool for slowing or stopping unwanted development. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) has begun altering its approach to species conservation by pursuing a series of more proactive tools within the ESA in an effort to address declining species before emergency action under the Act is required. These efforts, including working collaboratively with state governments, federal management agencies, and private landowners, were highly visible in the case of the Greater Sage Grouse, a recent candidate for ESA protection in the western United States. Using the sage grouse as a focal case study, this dissertation evaluates some of the challenges and opportunities involved in these proactive, collaborative conservation efforts. In particular, analysis focuses on one of the key components of the ESA process—the selection, interpretation, and application of scientific evidence. Interviews with stakeholders across three sage grouse states—Idaho, Oregon, and Wyoming—as well as planning documents, government reports, and media accounts in these states were collected in order to understand the relationship between collaboration and the use of science in proactive conservation efforts for the sage grouse. Evidence from the three studies in this dissertation suggests that in such efforts, discussion and negotiation surrounding the nature of species threats and possible conservation actions can be hampered by the lack of trust between stakeholders and administrative agencies. The first study (Chapter 2) examines three different conservation efforts in Oregon, and finds that organizational goals, history, and scale of operations influence the degree of collaboration within a particular effort, when then influences the manner in which science is utilized in the process. The second study (Chapter 3) compares the development of voluntary conservation agreements between private landowners and FWS across three states and finds that positive working relationships and trust are critical in effectively negotiating species threats, conservation actions, and monitoring protocols. That being said, when relationships and trust are still being developed, as they often are for the FWS with regard to the ESA, these can be supplemented by partnering with other agencies and organizations with better relationships with communities on the ground, such as the NRCS. The third study (Chapter 4) asks participants from the two earlier portions of the dissertation to define the term ‘best available science,’ an ambiguous concept which is often used as a metric for decision-making in environmental law. Analysis of these responses finds substantial common ground regarding how ‘best available science’ should be defined and identified, but also points to areas of concern with the practice of science-based decision-making. Close

• 8. [Article] Nesting season ecology of marbled murrelets at a remote mainland fjord in southeast Alaska

  This thesis focuses on the nesting ecology and marine space use of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) during the 2007 and 2008 nesting seasons in and around Port Snettisham, a remote mainland ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nesting season ecology of marbled murrelets at a remote mainland fjord in southeast Alaska Author: Barbaree, Blake A. This thesis focuses on the nesting ecology and marine space use of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) during the 2007 and 2008 nesting seasons in and around Port Snettisham, a remote mainland fjord in Southeast Alaska. Marbled Murrelets (murrelets) are a declining species throughout most of their range, and their conservation is a challenging endeavor because they rely on relatively large expanses of terrestrial habitat for nesting and marine habitat for food. Murrelets are especially difficult to study because they place their nests at variable and often considerable distance from the sea in largely inaccessible locations; consequently, we know relatively little about their breeding ecology and overall life history compared to other seabirds. I used radio-telemetry to gather data on reproduction, behavior, and at-sea locations of murrelets. Herein, I describe individual and population-level marine space use, identify nesting habitat, estimate reproductive success, and characterize patterns of nest visits. Mean marine home range size for adult murrelets was significantly larger in 2008 (158.6 ± 103.7 km²) than 2007 (97.8 ± 59.4 km²), suggesting that foraging conditions were relatively poor in 2008. Similarly, mean commuting distance from at-sea location to nest sites was significantly longer in 2008 (20.0 ± 2.0 km) than 2007 (12.0 ± 0.9 km), and murrelets nesting further from the coast likely reduced their foraging ranges in 2008. Central foraging hot spots were identified throughout Port Snettisham and near Holkham Bay and Tracy Arm to the south. Boundaries of these hot spots can be used to guide management of commercial fishing and tourism, and designation of marine protected areas. I located 33 active nests in mostly inaccessible sites within forest and non-forest habitat, including visually confirmed nest sites on the branches of large conifer trees and on ledges of steep cliffs near water (e.g., waterfall, lake, river, or glacier). Widespread use of rock cliff and subalpine nesting habitats (≥ 48.5% of located nests) indicated that nesting habitat models in Southeast Alaska should include these types of habitats. Nests were located further inland (range 1.0 - 52.0 km) and at higher elevations (range 42 - 1100 m) than previously documented in Alaska, including two nest sites > 15 km east of the USA/Canada border in British Columbia, Canada. The nesting season was ca. 113 days long (25 May - 16 September), and four late-season re-nesting attempts were documented. Apparent fledge success, derived by inference from behavior of radio-tagged adults, was 17.6% (n = 6 of 34). The low reproductive success at Port Snettisham was similar to estimates from south of Alaska, and unexpected because the area has relatively high densities of murrelets and seemingly ideal conditions for nesting. This information is noteworthy to future conservation planning because it provides evidence that murrelet reproduction may be low even when conditions for nesting are relatively good. Despite an adaptation to high adult survival, murrelet populations cannot sustain themselves with similarly low levels of reproduction. Based on my results future research should focus on monitoring regional population trends, identifying causes of nest failure, estimating adult survival rates, and identifying sources of adult mortality. Title: Nesting season ecology of marbled murrelets at a remote mainland fjord in southeast Alaska Author: Barbaree, Blake A. This thesis focuses on the nesting ecology and marine space use of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) during the 2007 and 2008 nesting seasons in and around Port Snettisham, a remote mainland fjord in Southeast Alaska. Marbled Murrelets (murrelets) are a declining species throughout most of their range, and their conservation is a challenging endeavor because they rely on relatively large expanses of terrestrial habitat for nesting and marine habitat for food. Murrelets are especially difficult to study because they place their nests at variable and often considerable distance from the sea in largely inaccessible locations; consequently, we know relatively little about their breeding ecology and overall life history compared to other seabirds. I used radio-telemetry to gather data on reproduction, behavior, and at-sea locations of murrelets. Herein, I describe individual and population-level marine space use, identify nesting habitat, estimate reproductive success, and characterize patterns of nest visits. Mean marine home range size for adult murrelets was significantly larger in 2008 (158.6 ± 103.7 km²) than 2007 (97.8 ± 59.4 km²), suggesting that foraging conditions were relatively poor in 2008. Similarly, mean commuting distance from at-sea location to nest sites was significantly longer in 2008 (20.0 ± 2.0 km) than 2007 (12.0 ± 0.9 km), and murrelets nesting further from the coast likely reduced their foraging ranges in 2008. Central foraging hot spots were identified throughout Port Snettisham and near Holkham Bay and Tracy Arm to the south. Boundaries of these hot spots can be used to guide management of commercial fishing and tourism, and designation of marine protected areas. I located 33 active nests in mostly inaccessible sites within forest and non-forest habitat, including visually confirmed nest sites on the branches of large conifer trees and on ledges of steep cliffs near water (e.g., waterfall, lake, river, or glacier). Widespread use of rock cliff and subalpine nesting habitats (≥ 48.5% of located nests) indicated that nesting habitat models in Southeast Alaska should include these types of habitats. Nests were located further inland (range 1.0 - 52.0 km) and at higher elevations (range 42 - 1100 m) than previously documented in Alaska, including two nest sites > 15 km east of the USA/Canada border in British Columbia, Canada. The nesting season was ca. 113 days long (25 May - 16 September), and four late-season re-nesting attempts were documented. Apparent fledge success, derived by inference from behavior of radio-tagged adults, was 17.6% (n = 6 of 34). The low reproductive success at Port Snettisham was similar to estimates from south of Alaska, and unexpected because the area has relatively high densities of murrelets and seemingly ideal conditions for nesting. This information is noteworthy to future conservation planning because it provides evidence that murrelet reproduction may be low even when conditions for nesting are relatively good. Despite an adaptation to high adult survival, murrelet populations cannot sustain themselves with similarly low levels of reproduction. Based on my results future research should focus on monitoring regional population trends, identifying causes of nest failure, estimating adult survival rates, and identifying sources of adult mortality. Close

• 9. [Article] Rethinking Fisheries Management: Why Fisheries Management Fails

  Fisheries management as we know it today is in a perpetual state of crisis because it is fatally flawed. Fisheries management will increasingly fail to prevent species decline, and even exacerbate those ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rethinking Fisheries Management: Why Fisheries Management Fails Author: Spain, Glen Year: 2001 Fisheries management as we know it today is in a perpetual state of crisis because it is fatally flawed. Fisheries management will increasingly fail to prevent species decline, and even exacerbate those declines, unless it adopts new institutional priorities and methodologies based not on the prevalent “Industrial Model,” which is driven primarily by economic utility, but instead based on the “Biological Model,” which is primarily driven by the whole range of species’ biological needs, including limits placed by interactions with other species and by the ecosystem’s carrying capacity at each stage of a species’s lifecycle. In other words, fisheries managers – including fisheries economists – must stop just managing fishermen and learn to manage fish ecosystems by thinking more like biologists than economists. To do this, concepts such as “efficient use” and “optimization” of the resource must now be legally redefined primarily in biological and ecosystem conservation terms, and fisheries management agencies must adopt the tools of conservation biology, including investing far more heavily in the basic biological monitoring that makes such management possible. Failure to make these changes will simply lead to more stock crashes, unnecessary and probably fatal stresses on fishing-dependent communities, and ultimately extinction of whole species. Title: Rethinking Fisheries Management: Why Fisheries Management Fails Author: Spain, Glen Year: 2001 Fisheries management as we know it today is in a perpetual state of crisis because it is fatally flawed. Fisheries management will increasingly fail to prevent species decline, and even exacerbate those declines, unless it adopts new institutional priorities and methodologies based not on the prevalent “Industrial Model,” which is driven primarily by economic utility, but instead based on the “Biological Model,” which is primarily driven by the whole range of species’ biological needs, including limits placed by interactions with other species and by the ecosystem’s carrying capacity at each stage of a species’s lifecycle. In other words, fisheries managers – including fisheries economists – must stop just managing fishermen and learn to manage fish ecosystems by thinking more like biologists than economists. To do this, concepts such as “efficient use” and “optimization” of the resource must now be legally redefined primarily in biological and ecosystem conservation terms, and fisheries management agencies must adopt the tools of conservation biology, including investing far more heavily in the basic biological monitoring that makes such management possible. Failure to make these changes will simply lead to more stock crashes, unnecessary and probably fatal stresses on fishing-dependent communities, and ultimately extinction of whole species. Close

• 10. [Article] An exploratory study of the social factors of small dam removal : Chiloquin Dam at Sprague River Mile 0.87, Oregon

  Several reports related to dams and dam removal have been released this decade by non-governmental organizations including Dam Removal: Science and Decision Making by The Heinz Center which focused on ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An exploratory study of the social factors of small dam removal : Chiloquin Dam at Sprague River Mile 0.87, Oregon Author: Hatch, Jason M. Several reports related to dams and dam removal have been released this decade by non-governmental organizations including Dam Removal: Science and Decision Making by The Heinz Center which focused on small dams, since most of the dams removed to date as well as those likely to be removed in the near future fall into this category. The report found that there is a need for case study social research on small dam removal. Accordingly, this thesis seeks to identify the social and policy factors that influenced the decision to remove Chiloquin Dam on the Sprague River, Oregon. This irrigation diversion dam was constructed from 1914-1918 for the Klamath Tribes under the federal Indian Irrigation Service program and subsequently transferred to the Modoc Point Irrigation District in 1973, after termination of the Tribes by the federal Government. Chiloquin Dam was identified in a 1988 Endangered Species Act listing as a primary factor in Lost River and shortnose sucker species decline, a species of cultural significance for the Klamath Tribes. Although early reports, including those by Klamath Project irrigators, called for improved fish passage at Chiloquin Dam, it was not until jeopardy biological opinions triggered a shut off of water to the federal irrigation project in 2001, that Chiloquin Dam became a priority. Directed by legislation, the United States Bureau of Reclamation convened stakeholders in the Chiloquin Dam Fish Passage Study for nine months in 2002-2003 to determine a preferred alternative for fish passage, of which dam removal was recommended. To identify the social and policy factors that influenced the Chiloquin Dam removal decision, 21 informants were interviewed including participants in the Fish Passage Study as well as those involved in the 1988 Endangered Species Act (ESA) listing. Among the findings, respondents perceived that the ESA was the driving policy force, along with tribal restoration (the tribal trust responsibility) in the dam removal decision. Modoc Point Irrigation District members (Off-project) and tribal respondents believe that the dam removal was motivated by political support for Klamath Project irrigators. Despite these beliefs and divergent expectations for Chiloquin Dam fish passage, with the political imperative and resources, an agreement was reached in which each party had their needs addressed. An analysis using the social construction model found that the events of 2001 threatened to push irrigation interests from a powerful advantaged political position. The Fish Passage Study presented capacity and inducement instruments that responded to irrigation and tribal concerns and may also serve to restore the irrigation position as an advantaged social construction. Overall, uncertain science, differing beliefs of what dam removal would mean, and a lack of political priority served to delay action on fish passage at Chiloquin Dam from the ESA listing in 1988. Title: An exploratory study of the social factors of small dam removal : Chiloquin Dam at Sprague River Mile 0.87, Oregon Author: Hatch, Jason M. Several reports related to dams and dam removal have been released this decade by non-governmental organizations including Dam Removal: Science and Decision Making by The Heinz Center which focused on small dams, since most of the dams removed to date as well as those likely to be removed in the near future fall into this category. The report found that there is a need for case study social research on small dam removal. Accordingly, this thesis seeks to identify the social and policy factors that influenced the decision to remove Chiloquin Dam on the Sprague River, Oregon. This irrigation diversion dam was constructed from 1914-1918 for the Klamath Tribes under the federal Indian Irrigation Service program and subsequently transferred to the Modoc Point Irrigation District in 1973, after termination of the Tribes by the federal Government. Chiloquin Dam was identified in a 1988 Endangered Species Act listing as a primary factor in Lost River and shortnose sucker species decline, a species of cultural significance for the Klamath Tribes. Although early reports, including those by Klamath Project irrigators, called for improved fish passage at Chiloquin Dam, it was not until jeopardy biological opinions triggered a shut off of water to the federal irrigation project in 2001, that Chiloquin Dam became a priority. Directed by legislation, the United States Bureau of Reclamation convened stakeholders in the Chiloquin Dam Fish Passage Study for nine months in 2002-2003 to determine a preferred alternative for fish passage, of which dam removal was recommended. To identify the social and policy factors that influenced the Chiloquin Dam removal decision, 21 informants were interviewed including participants in the Fish Passage Study as well as those involved in the 1988 Endangered Species Act (ESA) listing. Among the findings, respondents perceived that the ESA was the driving policy force, along with tribal restoration (the tribal trust responsibility) in the dam removal decision. Modoc Point Irrigation District members (Off-project) and tribal respondents believe that the dam removal was motivated by political support for Klamath Project irrigators. Despite these beliefs and divergent expectations for Chiloquin Dam fish passage, with the political imperative and resources, an agreement was reached in which each party had their needs addressed. An analysis using the social construction model found that the events of 2001 threatened to push irrigation interests from a powerful advantaged political position. The Fish Passage Study presented capacity and inducement instruments that responded to irrigation and tribal concerns and may also serve to restore the irrigation position as an advantaged social construction. Overall, uncertain science, differing beliefs of what dam removal would mean, and a lack of political priority served to delay action on fish passage at Chiloquin Dam from the ESA listing in 1988. Close