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• 1. [Article] A mathematical model for adsorptive bubble-separation processes

  Adsorptive bubble-separation processes are used to remove adsorptive contaminants from wastewater. A mathematical model was developed for the adsorptive bubble separation processes in a countercurrent ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A mathematical model for adsorptive bubble-separation processes Author: Tʻang, Li Adsorptive bubble-separation processes are used to remove adsorptive contaminants from wastewater. A mathematical model was developed for the adsorptive bubble separation processes in a countercurrent column. The model included an assumption that linear adsorption of the solute occurred on the gas bubbles. Predictions indicated that aqueous column height has less effect on the solute removal efficiency than water flow rates, gas flow rates or bubble size. Increased water flow rates reduce removal efficiency; greater gas flow rates increase removal efficiency. The maximum removal efficiency is determined by adsorption characteristics of the solute; the removal rate is controlled by mass-transfer rate. However, influent concentrations of the solute in the water phase do not affect removal efficiency. These predictions were tested by means of solvent sublation experiments conducted in a laboratory setting. The data were collected from the sublation of Triton-X100 in a water-ethyl acetate-nitrogen system. Linear regression was used to compare predictions and experimental data with respect to column height. Five column heights ranged from 30 to 100 cm were compared at three water flow rates, 3.0, 5.5 and 13.0 ml/min. The calculated column heights agreed the observed column heights well. As the model predicted, the effect of influent concentraion on the removal efficiency was not significant. The surface excess of Triton-X100 (0.75 E-10 to 7.5 E-10 g mole/cm²) estimated from the adsorption constant in the model agrees with other published values (2.6 E-10 to 2.8 E-10 g mole/cm²). The mass-transfer coefficients of Triton-X100 in water (kL, which ranged from 0.50 to 0.60 cm/min) determined from the model and experimental data at 3.0, 5.5, 8.0 and 13.0 ml/min water flows (Qw) are proportional to the 0.124 power of the water flow rates. kL = 0.0441 Qw⁰.¹²⁴ This empirical exponent correlation between mass-transfer coefficients and water flow rates for the adsorption processes is similar to the correlation determined from previous absorption models. Title: A mathematical model for adsorptive bubble-separation processes Author: Tʻang, Li Adsorptive bubble-separation processes are used to remove adsorptive contaminants from wastewater. A mathematical model was developed for the adsorptive bubble separation processes in a countercurrent column. The model included an assumption that linear adsorption of the solute occurred on the gas bubbles. Predictions indicated that aqueous column height has less effect on the solute removal efficiency than water flow rates, gas flow rates or bubble size. Increased water flow rates reduce removal efficiency; greater gas flow rates increase removal efficiency. The maximum removal efficiency is determined by adsorption characteristics of the solute; the removal rate is controlled by mass-transfer rate. However, influent concentrations of the solute in the water phase do not affect removal efficiency. These predictions were tested by means of solvent sublation experiments conducted in a laboratory setting. The data were collected from the sublation of Triton-X100 in a water-ethyl acetate-nitrogen system. Linear regression was used to compare predictions and experimental data with respect to column height. Five column heights ranged from 30 to 100 cm were compared at three water flow rates, 3.0, 5.5 and 13.0 ml/min. The calculated column heights agreed the observed column heights well. As the model predicted, the effect of influent concentraion on the removal efficiency was not significant. The surface excess of Triton-X100 (0.75 E-10 to 7.5 E-10 g mole/cm²) estimated from the adsorption constant in the model agrees with other published values (2.6 E-10 to 2.8 E-10 g mole/cm²). The mass-transfer coefficients of Triton-X100 in water (kL, which ranged from 0.50 to 0.60 cm/min) determined from the model and experimental data at 3.0, 5.5, 8.0 and 13.0 ml/min water flows (Qw) are proportional to the 0.124 power of the water flow rates. kL = 0.0441 Qw⁰.¹²⁴ This empirical exponent correlation between mass-transfer coefficients and water flow rates for the adsorption processes is similar to the correlation determined from previous absorption models. Close

• 2. [Article] Cardiac output and respiratory measurements in the rainbow trout and their application to the study of blood and water flow limitations on chemical flux at the gill

  A method has been developed for the continuous automated monitoring of cardiac output in adult rainbow trout. Average cardiac output measured under control conditions and varied environmental conditions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cardiac output and respiratory measurements in the rainbow trout and their application to the study of blood and water flow limitations on chemical flux at the gill Author: Schmieder, Patricia K. (Patricia Kathleen) A method has been developed for the continuous automated monitoring of cardiac output in adult rainbow trout. Average cardiac output measured under control conditions and varied environmental conditions of hypoxia and post-hypoxia was significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) in male than female trout. The cardiac output of trout in spawning condition was significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) than that of trout not in spawning condition. Measurements of pulsatile cardiac output were made simultaneously with trout ventilation, and revealed ventilatory interactions with blood flow that varied depending on environmental oxygen condition. The method for monitoring gill blood flow was used with methods for automated measurement of gill water flow, oxygen uptake, and chemical flux in vivo. An experimental protocol was developed in which environmental oxygen was varied to obtain maximum increases in water flow over the gills without blood flow changes, and subsequent attainment of maximum increases in blood flow through the gills with decreasing water flow. The protocol was used as a probe to study variations in chemical flux with varied blood or water flow. The changes in gill flux of butanol (Log octanol/water partition coefficient (P) = 0.88) measured during control, hypoxia, and post-hypoxia correlated with observed changes in blood flow. A 70% increase in butanol flux was noted with a 50% increase in cardiac output, but there was no increase in butanol flux with a 100% increase in ventilation volume. Changes observed in the gill flux of decanol (Log P = 4.57) measured under varied environmental oxygen conditions correlated with observed changes in ventilation volume. A 100% increase in decanol flux was noted with a 160% increase in ventilation volume. The observed blood flow limitations to uptake of the low Log P butanol, and the water flow limitations to uptake of the high Log P decanol helped to verify assumptions made in recently proposed flow-limited models for prediction of chemical flux across fish gills. Title: Cardiac output and respiratory measurements in the rainbow trout and their application to the study of blood and water flow limitations on chemical flux at the gill Author: Schmieder, Patricia K. (Patricia Kathleen) A method has been developed for the continuous automated monitoring of cardiac output in adult rainbow trout. Average cardiac output measured under control conditions and varied environmental conditions of hypoxia and post-hypoxia was significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) in male than female trout. The cardiac output of trout in spawning condition was significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) than that of trout not in spawning condition. Measurements of pulsatile cardiac output were made simultaneously with trout ventilation, and revealed ventilatory interactions with blood flow that varied depending on environmental oxygen condition. The method for monitoring gill blood flow was used with methods for automated measurement of gill water flow, oxygen uptake, and chemical flux in vivo. An experimental protocol was developed in which environmental oxygen was varied to obtain maximum increases in water flow over the gills without blood flow changes, and subsequent attainment of maximum increases in blood flow through the gills with decreasing water flow. The protocol was used as a probe to study variations in chemical flux with varied blood or water flow. The changes in gill flux of butanol (Log octanol/water partition coefficient (P) = 0.88) measured during control, hypoxia, and post-hypoxia correlated with observed changes in blood flow. A 70% increase in butanol flux was noted with a 50% increase in cardiac output, but there was no increase in butanol flux with a 100% increase in ventilation volume. Changes observed in the gill flux of decanol (Log P = 4.57) measured under varied environmental oxygen conditions correlated with observed changes in ventilation volume. A 100% increase in decanol flux was noted with a 160% increase in ventilation volume. The observed blood flow limitations to uptake of the low Log P butanol, and the water flow limitations to uptake of the high Log P decanol helped to verify assumptions made in recently proposed flow-limited models for prediction of chemical flux across fish gills. Close

• 3. [Article] Thesis Appendices.zip

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thesis Appendices.zip Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. Title: Thesis Appendices.zip Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. Close

• 4. [Article] Evaporator analysis for application to water-source and ice-maker heat pumps

  Water-source and ice-maker heat pumps share many characteristics. However, each presents different technical difficulties that have prevented them from being used more widely. In a water-source heat pump ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaporator analysis for application to water-source and ice-maker heat pumps Author: Aceves, Salvador M. Water-source and ice-maker heat pumps share many characteristics. However, each presents different technical difficulties that have prevented them from being used more widely. In a water-source heat pump a very important consideration is to reduce water consumption, while in an ice-maker heat pump a major concern is to reduce the number of deicing cycles while keeping a high performance. Previous research by this author has indicated that the use of the flow reversal method (reversing periodically the water flow direction in the evaporator) has the effect of partly deicing the evaporator, reducing pressure drop and enhancing heat transfer. This thesis shows the development and application of analytical and numerical models to study the effect of different evaporator parameters on heat pump efficiency, as well as the possible advantages of using the flow reversal method in a water-source or ice-maker heat pump. The conclusion reached from these studies is that periodic water flow reversals inside an evaporator with freezing help improve the performance of a heat pump system in two different ways. First, periodic water flow direction reversals serve to enhance heat transfer in the evaporator. Second, reversing the water flow direction also delays ice blockage in the evaporator, or totally prevents blockage from happening. Delaying ice blockage represents a substantial improvement for ice-maker heat pumps, since these may then operate for a longer time without deicing. Preventing ice blockage represents a substantial improvement for water-source heat pumps, since these may then operate at lower water flow rates. Suggestions for future work include further testing of the flow reversal method for different evaporator geometries, as well as an experimental evaluation of the flow reversal method. Title: Evaporator analysis for application to water-source and ice-maker heat pumps Author: Aceves, Salvador M. Water-source and ice-maker heat pumps share many characteristics. However, each presents different technical difficulties that have prevented them from being used more widely. In a water-source heat pump a very important consideration is to reduce water consumption, while in an ice-maker heat pump a major concern is to reduce the number of deicing cycles while keeping a high performance. Previous research by this author has indicated that the use of the flow reversal method (reversing periodically the water flow direction in the evaporator) has the effect of partly deicing the evaporator, reducing pressure drop and enhancing heat transfer. This thesis shows the development and application of analytical and numerical models to study the effect of different evaporator parameters on heat pump efficiency, as well as the possible advantages of using the flow reversal method in a water-source or ice-maker heat pump. The conclusion reached from these studies is that periodic water flow reversals inside an evaporator with freezing help improve the performance of a heat pump system in two different ways. First, periodic water flow direction reversals serve to enhance heat transfer in the evaporator. Second, reversing the water flow direction also delays ice blockage in the evaporator, or totally prevents blockage from happening. Delaying ice blockage represents a substantial improvement for ice-maker heat pumps, since these may then operate for a longer time without deicing. Preventing ice blockage represents a substantial improvement for water-source heat pumps, since these may then operate at lower water flow rates. Suggestions for future work include further testing of the flow reversal method for different evaporator geometries, as well as an experimental evaluation of the flow reversal method. Close

• 5. [Article] Numerical computation of free surface water flow

  The present thesis is a report of investigations on a model for computing the water flow in the wave tank of the OSU Wave Laboratory. A wave board, established at one end of the 100 m long, 4 m wide and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Numerical computation of free surface water flow Author: Kuhnert, Jorg The present thesis is a report of investigations on a model for computing the water flow in the wave tank of the OSU Wave Laboratory. A wave board, established at one end of the 100 m long, 4 m wide and 6 m deep wave tank, produces water waves by periodically moving back and forth. The resulting free surface water flow will be modeled physically. This physical model will be transformed into a mathematical model which is implemented on a computer. The goal is to approximately compute the velocity distribution of the fluid modeled as a linear combination of basis functions. Certain well known mathematical tools such as the Galerkin method or the idea of finite elements are employed. The theoretical developments are done for the three-dimensional case. However, numerical experiments are performed in two dimensions only. Two different types of basis functions will be introduced and investigated. Their advantages, disadvantages and capability to compute realistic results will clearly be shown and demonstrated in practice. Several problems occured during the development of the computation algorithms. These problems are outlined in this thesis, and several solutions are suggested. For example, a method how to deal with rising and falling water surface at a vertical boundary will be presented. The results of five numerical test runs will be exhibited, underlining what the theory predicts. Title: Numerical computation of free surface water flow Author: Kuhnert, Jorg The present thesis is a report of investigations on a model for computing the water flow in the wave tank of the OSU Wave Laboratory. A wave board, established at one end of the 100 m long, 4 m wide and 6 m deep wave tank, produces water waves by periodically moving back and forth. The resulting free surface water flow will be modeled physically. This physical model will be transformed into a mathematical model which is implemented on a computer. The goal is to approximately compute the velocity distribution of the fluid modeled as a linear combination of basis functions. Certain well known mathematical tools such as the Galerkin method or the idea of finite elements are employed. The theoretical developments are done for the three-dimensional case. However, numerical experiments are performed in two dimensions only. Two different types of basis functions will be introduced and investigated. Their advantages, disadvantages and capability to compute realistic results will clearly be shown and demonstrated in practice. Several problems occured during the development of the computation algorithms. These problems are outlined in this thesis, and several solutions are suggested. For example, a method how to deal with rising and falling water surface at a vertical boundary will be presented. The results of five numerical test runs will be exhibited, underlining what the theory predicts. Close

• 6. [Article] Estimating water flow rates

  Declared out of print December 2009. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonst...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating water flow rates Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Trimmer, Walter L. Declared out of print December 2009. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Estimating water flow rates Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Trimmer, Walter L. Declared out of print December 2009. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 7. [Article] The development of a hydrological model for the Walla Walla Basin using IWFM.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The development of a hydrological model for the Walla Walla Basin using IWFM.pdf Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. Title: The development of a hydrological model for the Walla Walla Basin using IWFM.pdf Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. Close

• 8. [Article] Effects of estuarine circulation patterns and stress on the migratory behavior of juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus sp.)

  For the first objective of this thesis, we attempt to understand the role of water flow and directionality in determining steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and spring/summer and fall Chinook (O. tschawytscha) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of estuarine circulation patterns and stress on the migratory behavior of juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus sp.) Author: Truelove, Nathan Kobun For the first objective of this thesis, we attempt to understand the role of water flow and directionality in determining steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and spring/summer and fall Chinook (O. tschawytscha) migration patterns within the Columbia River Estuary and plume by integrating recent advances in biotelemetry and environmental observation and forecasting systems (EOFS). The underlying methodology included analysis of the spatial and temporal movements of juvenile outmigrant salmonids with hydrological data from the CORIE modeling system (http://www.ccalmr.ogi.edu/CORIE). The CORIE modeling system, an EOFS for the Columbia River and nearshore environment, integrates a real-time sensor network, data management system and advanced 3-dimensional numerical models. Numerical simulations of key physical variables (water level, velocities, and directionality) were generated for the precise time and location that individual juvenile salmonids implanted with radio transmitters were present in the Columbia River Estuary. Five general behavioral trends were evident from these simulations: i) passive movement (drifting) during ebb tides, ii) active swimming with the current during ebb tides, iii) active swimming against the current during flood tides, iv) active swimming cross current during flood tides, and v) passive drifting during flood tide. Direction of water flow had a significant effect on fish velocity. All fish types showed a positive relationship between fish velocity and simulated drifter velocity with outgoing water flow. During slack water flow (< 0.25 m/s), this relationship was only observed in barged fall Chinook. With incoming water flow, spring/summer and fall Chinook fish types showed no relationship, whereas steelhead did. Analysis over a three-year period suggested that data from the CORIE modeling system corresponded well with juvenile salmonid migratory behavior and that the model may be a useful tool for evaluating the impact of different hydrological regimes on fish movement. The secondary objective of this thesis evaluated the effects of both acute and chronic crowding stressors on the migratory behavior of hatchery reared juvenile steelhead released into Abernathy Creek, a tributary of the Columbia River Estuary, Washington. The acute stress treatment consisted of surgical implantation of a NanoTag radio transmitter (Lotek Wireless, Canada), followed by 6 hours of crowding immediately prior to release. The chronic stress treatment consisted of surgical implantation of a PIT-tag (Digital Angel Corporation), 36 days of acclimation, followed by 3 weeks of crowding in low water conditions prior to release. Short-term migratory success of steelhead that received the acute stress treatment was determined by radio telemetry. Numbers of migrating fish that received experimental stress treatments and their speed was determined by both mobile radio telemetry and stationary PIT-tag and radio-tag interrogation systems already established on Abernathy Creek. Acute and chronic stress treatments both significantly delayed migration by 2 to 10 days, respectively, compared to controls. Furthermore, the acute stress treatment significantly decreased the both the rate of migration and numbers of juvenile steelhead that successfully migrated out of Abernathy creek. Title: Effects of estuarine circulation patterns and stress on the migratory behavior of juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus sp.) Author: Truelove, Nathan Kobun For the first objective of this thesis, we attempt to understand the role of water flow and directionality in determining steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and spring/summer and fall Chinook (O. tschawytscha) migration patterns within the Columbia River Estuary and plume by integrating recent advances in biotelemetry and environmental observation and forecasting systems (EOFS). The underlying methodology included analysis of the spatial and temporal movements of juvenile outmigrant salmonids with hydrological data from the CORIE modeling system (http://www.ccalmr.ogi.edu/CORIE). The CORIE modeling system, an EOFS for the Columbia River and nearshore environment, integrates a real-time sensor network, data management system and advanced 3-dimensional numerical models. Numerical simulations of key physical variables (water level, velocities, and directionality) were generated for the precise time and location that individual juvenile salmonids implanted with radio transmitters were present in the Columbia River Estuary. Five general behavioral trends were evident from these simulations: i) passive movement (drifting) during ebb tides, ii) active swimming with the current during ebb tides, iii) active swimming against the current during flood tides, iv) active swimming cross current during flood tides, and v) passive drifting during flood tide. Direction of water flow had a significant effect on fish velocity. All fish types showed a positive relationship between fish velocity and simulated drifter velocity with outgoing water flow. During slack water flow (< 0.25 m/s), this relationship was only observed in barged fall Chinook. With incoming water flow, spring/summer and fall Chinook fish types showed no relationship, whereas steelhead did. Analysis over a three-year period suggested that data from the CORIE modeling system corresponded well with juvenile salmonid migratory behavior and that the model may be a useful tool for evaluating the impact of different hydrological regimes on fish movement. The secondary objective of this thesis evaluated the effects of both acute and chronic crowding stressors on the migratory behavior of hatchery reared juvenile steelhead released into Abernathy Creek, a tributary of the Columbia River Estuary, Washington. The acute stress treatment consisted of surgical implantation of a NanoTag radio transmitter (Lotek Wireless, Canada), followed by 6 hours of crowding immediately prior to release. The chronic stress treatment consisted of surgical implantation of a PIT-tag (Digital Angel Corporation), 36 days of acclimation, followed by 3 weeks of crowding in low water conditions prior to release. Short-term migratory success of steelhead that received the acute stress treatment was determined by radio telemetry. Numbers of migrating fish that received experimental stress treatments and their speed was determined by both mobile radio telemetry and stationary PIT-tag and radio-tag interrogation systems already established on Abernathy Creek. Acute and chronic stress treatments both significantly delayed migration by 2 to 10 days, respectively, compared to controls. Furthermore, the acute stress treatment significantly decreased the both the rate of migration and numbers of juvenile steelhead that successfully migrated out of Abernathy creek. Close

• 9. [Article] Impact of microbial growth on water flow and solute transport in unsaturated porous media

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impact of microbial growth on water flow and solute transport in unsaturated porous media Author: Niemet, M. R., Selker, J. S., Rockhold, M. L., Bottomley, P. J., Yarwood, R. R. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/. Title: Impact of microbial growth on water flow and solute transport in unsaturated porous media Author: Niemet, M. R., Selker, J. S., Rockhold, M. L., Bottomley, P. J., Yarwood, R. R. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/. Close

• 10. [Article] Report on "Yaquina River" : Investigation sponsored by Oregon State Fish Commission, July, 1936

  Reports on potential sites for a salmon hatchery on the Yaquina River. "Each tributary has been carefully studied and special attention given to those creeks on which possible hatchery sites were found. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Report on "Yaquina River" : Investigation sponsored by Oregon State Fish Commission, July, 1936 Author: Reynolds, John, Ledgerwood, Edgar, Oregon. Fish Commission Reports on potential sites for a salmon hatchery on the Yaquina River. "Each tributary has been carefully studied and special attention given to those creeks on which possible hatchery sites were found. Items given consideration on each stream were: pond site locations, flow of water, drop of stream bed, nature of creek bottom, temperature of water, flow of water, flood water levels, salmon run, obstructions to salmon run, stranded fingerlings, ownership of land, water rights, irrigation projects, etc." (From the Introduction) Includes hand-drawn maps. Title: Report on "Yaquina River" : Investigation sponsored by Oregon State Fish Commission, July, 1936 Author: Reynolds, John, Ledgerwood, Edgar, Oregon. Fish Commission Reports on potential sites for a salmon hatchery on the Yaquina River. "Each tributary has been carefully studied and special attention given to those creeks on which possible hatchery sites were found. Items given consideration on each stream were: pond site locations, flow of water, drop of stream bed, nature of creek bottom, temperature of water, flow of water, flood water levels, salmon run, obstructions to salmon run, stranded fingerlings, ownership of land, water rights, irrigation projects, etc." (From the Introduction) Includes hand-drawn maps. Close

• 11. [Article] Friction losses for water flowing in non-circular ducts

  Friction factors were measured for water flowing in ducts made up of two rods held between two flat plates. Three rod diameters of 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 inches were used. The spacings between rods varied ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Friction losses for water flowing in non-circular ducts Author: Mohandes, Abdolhosein Friction factors were measured for water flowing in ducts made up of two rods held between two flat plates. Three rod diameters of 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 inches were used. The spacings between rods varied from 0.0 to 0.32 inch. It was found that the concept of hydraulic diameter was adequate to correlate data and equations of the forms corresponding the Blasius power form and the Nikuradse-Von-Karman logarithmic form were obtained. The friction factor values are almost 40% less than values of circular tubes at the same Reynolds number. The correlations obtained have a maximum of 5% variation over 215 experimental data points. Analysis of data also showed that 2-8% of the cross-sectional area of duct can be considered laminar flow and the remainder to be in turbulent flow. This division of two regions is nearly constant at an angle of 20-30° which is the angle subtended by the laminar portion of the stream at the center of a rod. This angle is defined in Figure 7. Reynolds number range from 2,000 to 30,000. Title: Friction losses for water flowing in non-circular ducts Author: Mohandes, Abdolhosein Friction factors were measured for water flowing in ducts made up of two rods held between two flat plates. Three rod diameters of 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 inches were used. The spacings between rods varied from 0.0 to 0.32 inch. It was found that the concept of hydraulic diameter was adequate to correlate data and equations of the forms corresponding the Blasius power form and the Nikuradse-Von-Karman logarithmic form were obtained. The friction factor values are almost 40% less than values of circular tubes at the same Reynolds number. The correlations obtained have a maximum of 5% variation over 215 experimental data points. Analysis of data also showed that 2-8% of the cross-sectional area of duct can be considered laminar flow and the remainder to be in turbulent flow. This division of two regions is nearly constant at an angle of 20-30° which is the angle subtended by the laminar portion of the stream at the center of a rod. This angle is defined in Figure 7. Reynolds number range from 2,000 to 30,000. Close

• 12. [Article] Incipient boiling and burnout heat flux for subcooled water flowing in annuli containing heated concentric wires

  Incipient boiling and burnout heat fluxes were studied for sub-cooled forced convection annular flow. Small wires varying from 0.010 to 0.020 inch in diameter were used as the inner core of the annulus and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Incipient boiling and burnout heat flux for subcooled water flowing in annuli containing heated concentric wires Author: Nolan, Lawrence Lyle Incipient boiling and burnout heat fluxes were studied for sub-cooled forced convection annular flow. Small wires varying from 0.010 to 0.020 inch in diameter were used as the inner core of the annulus and a one inch ID glass tube 24 inches long was used as the outer tube. This gave diameter ratios from 100:1 to 50:1. The water flow rate varied from 685,000 to 2,710,000 LBM/(hr.ft.²) at a constant temperature of 208.4°F and a constant pressure of 18.7 psia. Alternating current was supplied to the wires, and the power required for incipient boiling and burnout heat flux measured. Incipient boiling heat fluxes varied from 70,200 to 254,000 BTU/(hr.ft.²) while burnout heat fluxes ranged from 638,000 to 921,000 BTU/(hr.ft.²). For the range of operating conditions considered it was found that the heat transfer coefficient for incipient boiling was much less than predicted by other investigators. Measured burnout heat flux agreed well with an empirical relationship developed by Weatherhead. Title: Incipient boiling and burnout heat flux for subcooled water flowing in annuli containing heated concentric wires Author: Nolan, Lawrence Lyle Incipient boiling and burnout heat fluxes were studied for sub-cooled forced convection annular flow. Small wires varying from 0.010 to 0.020 inch in diameter were used as the inner core of the annulus and a one inch ID glass tube 24 inches long was used as the outer tube. This gave diameter ratios from 100:1 to 50:1. The water flow rate varied from 685,000 to 2,710,000 LBM/(hr.ft.²) at a constant temperature of 208.4°F and a constant pressure of 18.7 psia. Alternating current was supplied to the wires, and the power required for incipient boiling and burnout heat flux measured. Incipient boiling heat fluxes varied from 70,200 to 254,000 BTU/(hr.ft.²) while burnout heat fluxes ranged from 638,000 to 921,000 BTU/(hr.ft.²). For the range of operating conditions considered it was found that the heat transfer coefficient for incipient boiling was much less than predicted by other investigators. Measured burnout heat flux agreed well with an empirical relationship developed by Weatherhead. Close

• 13. [Article] Water rights and summer stream conditions

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water rights and summer stream conditions Title: Water rights and summer stream conditions Close

• 14. [Article] Soil suitability for on-site waste disposal : development of genetically marked Escherichia coli strains as tracers of subsurface water flow : completion report for Project A-039-ORE

  The work upon which this publication is based was supported in part by funds provided by the Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington D.C., as authorized by the Water ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil suitability for on-site waste disposal : development of genetically marked Escherichia coli strains as tracers of subsurface water flow : completion report for Project A-039-ORE Author: McCoy, Edward L., Hagedorn, Charles The work upon which this publication is based was supported in part by funds provided by the Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington D.C., as authorized by the Water Research and Development Act of 1978. Title: Soil suitability for on-site waste disposal : development of genetically marked Escherichia coli strains as tracers of subsurface water flow : completion report for Project A-039-ORE Author: McCoy, Edward L., Hagedorn, Charles The work upon which this publication is based was supported in part by funds provided by the Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington D.C., as authorized by the Water Research and Development Act of 1978. Close

• 15. [Article] Freshwater resources, Oregon Coastal Zone : a natural resource inventory report to the Oregon Coastal Conservation & Development Commission

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Freshwater resources, Oregon Coastal Zone : a natural resource inventory report to the Oregon Coastal Conservation & Development Commission Author: Oregon. State Water Resources Board, Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission Title: Freshwater resources, Oregon Coastal Zone : a natural resource inventory report to the Oregon Coastal Conservation & Development Commission Author: Oregon. State Water Resources Board, Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission Close

• 16. [Article] Spatial patterns in land use and water quality in the Tillamook Bay Watershed : a GIS mapping project

  No publishing date on piece.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial patterns in land use and water quality in the Tillamook Bay Watershed : a GIS mapping project Author: Frost, Pamela A., Garono, Ralph J., Strittholt, James R. No publishing date on piece. Title: Spatial patterns in land use and water quality in the Tillamook Bay Watershed : a GIS mapping project Author: Frost, Pamela A., Garono, Ralph J., Strittholt, James R. No publishing date on piece. Close

• 17. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 18. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 19. [Article] Tillamook Bay, Oregon, geographic response plan (GRP)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tillamook Bay, Oregon, geographic response plan (GRP) Title: Tillamook Bay, Oregon, geographic response plan (GRP) Close

• 20. [Article] The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish Author: Souder, Jon A., Giannico, Guillermo R. Title: The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish Author: Souder, Jon A., Giannico, Guillermo R. Close

• 21. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 22. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 23. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 24. [Article] A physical description of the Salmon River estuary

  A student report for a Civil Engineering 572 class, this document is an extensive description of the Salmon River estuary, including water flow, quality, predictions for the estuary’s future, and numerous ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A physical description of the Salmon River estuary Author: Noble, Scott, Higgins, Bruce, Pratt, Robert, Askren, David, Hansen, Robert A student report for a Civil Engineering 572 class, this document is an extensive description of the Salmon River estuary, including water flow, quality, predictions for the estuary’s future, and numerous charts and graphs. Title: A physical description of the Salmon River estuary Author: Noble, Scott, Higgins, Bruce, Pratt, Robert, Askren, David, Hansen, Robert A student report for a Civil Engineering 572 class, this document is an extensive description of the Salmon River estuary, including water flow, quality, predictions for the estuary’s future, and numerous charts and graphs. Close

• 25. [Article] Modeling the hydrological aspects of the Fern Lake Watershed : annual report 1971

  Data collected from the Fern Lake watershed between 1958 and 1971 include measurements of the rate of flow of water into the lake through a single inlet stream. The objective of the work presented here ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling the hydrological aspects of the Fern Lake Watershed : annual report 1971 Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Fowler, Charles W. (Charles Winsor), 1941-, University of Washington Data collected from the Fern Lake watershed between 1958 and 1971 include measurements of the rate of flow of water into the lake through a single inlet stream. The objective of the work presented here is to develop a model of this flow using the climatological data available from the watershed. Measurements of air temperature, wind movement, air pressure, relative humidity, insolation, and precipitation were used to estimate the potential evapotranspiration through the use of the Penman equation (Penman 1948). A model based on relationships found in the published literature and some empirical relationships was developed to simulate the dynamics of the soil water. This submodel was incorporated into the larger model to link the climatological input variables to streamflow. Output from the computer program developed for the model includes soil water content, underground flow, evaporation, transpiration, and streamflow. In its tentative form, the model is sufficiently realistic to be used for further modeling of the dynamics of other aspects of the watershed involving water flow. Title: Modeling the hydrological aspects of the Fern Lake Watershed : annual report 1971 Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Fowler, Charles W. (Charles Winsor), 1941-, University of Washington Data collected from the Fern Lake watershed between 1958 and 1971 include measurements of the rate of flow of water into the lake through a single inlet stream. The objective of the work presented here is to develop a model of this flow using the climatological data available from the watershed. Measurements of air temperature, wind movement, air pressure, relative humidity, insolation, and precipitation were used to estimate the potential evapotranspiration through the use of the Penman equation (Penman 1948). A model based on relationships found in the published literature and some empirical relationships was developed to simulate the dynamics of the soil water. This submodel was incorporated into the larger model to link the climatological input variables to streamflow. Output from the computer program developed for the model includes soil water content, underground flow, evaporation, transpiration, and streamflow. In its tentative form, the model is sufficiently realistic to be used for further modeling of the dynamics of other aspects of the watershed involving water flow. Close

• 26. [Article] Water and anion movement in selected soils of western Oregon

  Experiments were carried out to study the movement of water and halide anions in perched water tables or saturated zones in the soil and upper rock mantle of eight different experimental sites located on ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water and anion movement in selected soils of western Oregon Author: Hammermeister, Dale P. Experiments were carried out to study the movement of water and halide anions in perched water tables or saturated zones in the soil and upper rock mantle of eight different experimental sites located on low hills near the western border of the Willamette Valley. At each site the experimental procedure consisted of first injecting a solution of either KBr or KI into one of three line sources located at different depths in the soil-rock mantle. Ground water samples were then periodically collected from both saturated and unsaturated depths in the soilrock mantle at points both upslope and downslope from the line source. These samples were analyzed for either I⁻ or Br⁻ by specific ion electrodes. Tensiometers and piezometers were monitored at different depths in the soil-rock mantle at each site to determine water pressure potentials (P's) which were used to calculate hydraulic gradients both in the vertical and downslope directions. Saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements were made on intact cores of soil and weathered rock from different depths at each site. In situ conductivity measurements were made where possible at depths where intact cores could not be obtained. Conductivities of intact cores were found to be log normally distributed in the A horizons, B horizons, and also possibly in the C horizons. Further, an exponential relationship was found between the percent pore space occupied by pores drained by P = -50 cm of water and the conductivity of intact cores taken from different depths at all sites. Assuming that pores drained by P = -50 cm transmit most of the water flowing through the soil-rock mantle expressions were obtained for an average pore velocity (μ) of water flowing through pores drained by P = -50 cm, and for an average pore velocity (vi) of water flowing through different pore size increments (assuming a capillary bundle model) within this pore space. Plots of P's and rainfall vs. time indicated that impermeable regions of rock near or below the 110 cm depth are mainly responsible for the development of perched water tables at most sites. Similar plots indicated that subsurface flow contributed water to sites located on lower hill slope positions. Halide anions were found to move rapidly downslope by saturated flow at all experimental sites. These rapid rates of anion movement as well as other observed characteristics of anion movement suggested that water may move through the soil-rock mantle at these sites by laminar flow through interconnected regions of high conductivity and/or via turbulent flow through macroscopic voids. To attempt to describe the maximum rates of anion movement at several sites, pore water velocity vectors μ and Vi were calculated by resolving these vectors into vertical and downslope components. μ vectors failed to account for the maximum rates of anion movement even when conductivity coefficients were selected to maximize μ in the downslope direction. However, vi vectors when maximized in the downslope direction roughly approximated the maximum rates of anion movement. This together with some additional evidence concerning the apparent or effective diffusion of halide anions in the B horizon at site 8 suggested that the capillary bundle model of the soil-rock mantle may be a good approximation of the laminar flow paths in at least several sites. However, the possibility that turbulent flow occurs through macroscopic voids in the soil-rock mantle must also be considered as a possible flow mechanism in all experimental sites. Title: Water and anion movement in selected soils of western Oregon Author: Hammermeister, Dale P. Experiments were carried out to study the movement of water and halide anions in perched water tables or saturated zones in the soil and upper rock mantle of eight different experimental sites located on low hills near the western border of the Willamette Valley. At each site the experimental procedure consisted of first injecting a solution of either KBr or KI into one of three line sources located at different depths in the soil-rock mantle. Ground water samples were then periodically collected from both saturated and unsaturated depths in the soilrock mantle at points both upslope and downslope from the line source. These samples were analyzed for either I⁻ or Br⁻ by specific ion electrodes. Tensiometers and piezometers were monitored at different depths in the soil-rock mantle at each site to determine water pressure potentials (P's) which were used to calculate hydraulic gradients both in the vertical and downslope directions. Saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements were made on intact cores of soil and weathered rock from different depths at each site. In situ conductivity measurements were made where possible at depths where intact cores could not be obtained. Conductivities of intact cores were found to be log normally distributed in the A horizons, B horizons, and also possibly in the C horizons. Further, an exponential relationship was found between the percent pore space occupied by pores drained by P = -50 cm of water and the conductivity of intact cores taken from different depths at all sites. Assuming that pores drained by P = -50 cm transmit most of the water flowing through the soil-rock mantle expressions were obtained for an average pore velocity (μ) of water flowing through pores drained by P = -50 cm, and for an average pore velocity (vi) of water flowing through different pore size increments (assuming a capillary bundle model) within this pore space. Plots of P's and rainfall vs. time indicated that impermeable regions of rock near or below the 110 cm depth are mainly responsible for the development of perched water tables at most sites. Similar plots indicated that subsurface flow contributed water to sites located on lower hill slope positions. Halide anions were found to move rapidly downslope by saturated flow at all experimental sites. These rapid rates of anion movement as well as other observed characteristics of anion movement suggested that water may move through the soil-rock mantle at these sites by laminar flow through interconnected regions of high conductivity and/or via turbulent flow through macroscopic voids. To attempt to describe the maximum rates of anion movement at several sites, pore water velocity vectors μ and Vi were calculated by resolving these vectors into vertical and downslope components. μ vectors failed to account for the maximum rates of anion movement even when conductivity coefficients were selected to maximize μ in the downslope direction. However, vi vectors when maximized in the downslope direction roughly approximated the maximum rates of anion movement. This together with some additional evidence concerning the apparent or effective diffusion of halide anions in the B horizon at site 8 suggested that the capillary bundle model of the soil-rock mantle may be a good approximation of the laminar flow paths in at least several sites. However, the possibility that turbulent flow occurs through macroscopic voids in the soil-rock mantle must also be considered as a possible flow mechanism in all experimental sites. Close

• 27. [Article] Tracing Pacific water in the North Atlantic Ocean

  copyrighted by American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tracing Pacific water in the North Atlantic Ocean Author: McLaughlin, F. A., Civitarese, G., Jones, E. P., Kattner, G., Lipizer, M., Anderson, L. G., Falkner, Kelly, Swift, J. H. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Title: Tracing Pacific water in the North Atlantic Ocean Author: McLaughlin, F. A., Civitarese, G., Jones, E. P., Kattner, G., Lipizer, M., Anderson, L. G., Falkner, Kelly, Swift, J. H. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Close

• 28. [Article] Lower Deschutes River, Oregon: discharge and the fish environment

  This is a report of data and observations gathered during the Lower Deschutes Flow Study. The authors describe the area’s geography, topography, and geology. The work covers Deschutes River stream discharges ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Deschutes River, Oregon: discharge and the fish environment Author: Montgomery, Monty L., Aney, Warren W., Lichens, Allan B. This is a report of data and observations gathered during the Lower Deschutes Flow Study. The authors describe the area’s geography, topography, and geology. The work covers Deschutes River stream discharges and regulations, as well as its biological contents. It continues with a focus on salmonid spawning, including a study of water flow over spawning gravels, dissolved oxygen, gravel permeability, and temperatures for water around spawning beds. There are extensive maps, charts, tables, and photographs. Title: Lower Deschutes River, Oregon: discharge and the fish environment Author: Montgomery, Monty L., Aney, Warren W., Lichens, Allan B. This is a report of data and observations gathered during the Lower Deschutes Flow Study. The authors describe the area’s geography, topography, and geology. The work covers Deschutes River stream discharges and regulations, as well as its biological contents. It continues with a focus on salmonid spawning, including a study of water flow over spawning gravels, dissolved oxygen, gravel permeability, and temperatures for water around spawning beds. There are extensive maps, charts, tables, and photographs. Close

• 29. [Article] Automated water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases based on soil moisture

  Based on the determination of the zero-flux plane, a water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases was automated to estimate the soil water balance based on soil water content distribution ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Automated water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases based on soil moisture Author: Grayson, Susana Maria Based on the determination of the zero-flux plane, a water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases was automated to estimate the soil water balance based on soil water content distribution with depth through time. The automated procedure was verified using data from the BOREAS project obtained in three Intensive Field Campaigns during the spring and summer of 1994. The data used correspond to four tower sites measuring atmospheric fluxes above the forest canopy from the Northern and Southern Study Areas and are designated according to the predominant vegetation in the area as Old Jack Pine and Young Jack Pine. The total hydraulic head through time at these sites is determined to identify the position of the zero-flux plane, which separates that part of the soil profile in which water flow is upward from the region in which the water flow is downward. In conjunction with precipitation and soil water content data, the procedure allows estimation of the actual soil water balance, the water used from the region above the zero-flux plane being evapotranspiration, and the change in soil water content below the mean zero-flux plane being drainage. Prior to this study, no published attempt had been made to automate a water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases based on the position of the zero-flux plane and soil water content distribution through time. Title: Automated water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases based on soil moisture Author: Grayson, Susana Maria Based on the determination of the zero-flux plane, a water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases was automated to estimate the soil water balance based on soil water content distribution with depth through time. The automated procedure was verified using data from the BOREAS project obtained in three Intensive Field Campaigns during the spring and summer of 1994. The data used correspond to four tower sites measuring atmospheric fluxes above the forest canopy from the Northern and Southern Study Areas and are designated according to the predominant vegetation in the area as Old Jack Pine and Young Jack Pine. The total hydraulic head through time at these sites is determined to identify the position of the zero-flux plane, which separates that part of the soil profile in which water flow is upward from the region in which the water flow is downward. In conjunction with precipitation and soil water content data, the procedure allows estimation of the actual soil water balance, the water used from the region above the zero-flux plane being evapotranspiration, and the change in soil water content below the mean zero-flux plane being drainage. Prior to this study, no published attempt had been made to automate a water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases based on the position of the zero-flux plane and soil water content distribution through time. Close

• 30. [Article] The Cromwell Current on the east side of the Galapagos Islands

  Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Cromwell Current on the east side of the Galapagos Islands Author: Pak, Hasong, Zaneveld, J. Ronald Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Title: The Cromwell Current on the east side of the Galapagos Islands Author: Pak, Hasong, Zaneveld, J. Ronald Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Close

• 31. [Article] A new multisource and high-frequency approach to measuring δ²H and δ¹⁸O in hydrological field studies

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291944-7973.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A new multisource and high-frequency approach to measuring δ²H and δ¹⁸O in hydrological field studies Author: Klaus, Julian, McDonnell, Jeffrey J., Gupta, Manish, Berman, Elena S. F., Pangle, Luke A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291944-7973. Title: A new multisource and high-frequency approach to measuring δ²H and δ¹⁸O in hydrological field studies Author: Klaus, Julian, McDonnell, Jeffrey J., Gupta, Manish, Berman, Elena S. F., Pangle, Luke A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291944-7973. Close

• 32. [Article] The development of a hydrological model of the Walla Walla Basin using Integrated Water Flow Model

  The Walla Walla basin lies in an arid region of Eastern Washington and Oregon. A large portion of the area is devoted to agricultural production, relying on irrigation water diverted from the Walla Walla ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The development of a hydrological model of the Walla Walla Basin using Integrated Water Flow Model Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. The Walla Walla basin lies in an arid region of Eastern Washington and Oregon. A large portion of the area is devoted to agricultural production, relying on irrigation water diverted from the Walla Walla River and underlying aquifers occurring within Quaternary and Mio-pliocene era gravel deposits, as well as a supplemental source from the Columbia River Basalt formation. Heavy water demand over summer months has resulted in a fully allocated surface water supply and significant drawdown in groundwater levels. The Walla Walla River also hosts two salmonid species listed as threatened under the endangered species act and entitled to federal protection. Specific questions have emerged regarding regional water supply as stakeholders work towards management strategies that meet water user demands, well also addressing concerns such as groundwater depletion and fish habitat. Currently, there are proposals aimed at increasing water use efficiency such as the lining of permeable canal beds and the expansion of a shallow aquifer recharge program. Effective implementation of such strategies, in part, relies on understanding the interactions between surface water and groundwater within this region. This project used the distributed hydrologic model, Integrated Water Flow Model (IWFM), for simulating surface and subsurface flows over a portion of the Walla Walla River basin spanning from Milton Freewater, Oregon to west of Touchet, Washington. This application of IWFM uses a grid with an average spacing of 100 x 100 meters over the 230 square kilometer model area. The model was developed and calibrated using data from 2007 through 2009, with 2010 data to be used as a data set for validation. Data collection has been a collaborative effort between a research team from Oregon State University and the Walla Walla Basin Watershed Council (WWBWC). This thesis provides explanation and documentation of model development. This includes details of data collection and processing for groundwater and surface water conditions, estimation of initial and boundary conditions, parameter calibration, model validation, and error analysis. Data sources include federal and state agencies, a gauge network managed by the WWBWC, and geologic research primarily performed by Kevin Lindsey of GSI Water Solutions with support of the WWBWC. Parameters have been independently determined from field measurements whenever possible. Otherwise they were estimated using established methods of hydrologic analysis, values drawn from previous regional studies, or the process of model calibration. Outputs include detailed hydrological budgets and hydrographs for groundwater and surface water gauges. The calibrated model has an overall correlation coefficient of 0.59 for groundwater and 0.63 for surface water. The standard deviation for groundwater is 3.2 meters at 62 well locations and surface water has a mean relative error of 22.3 percent at 34 gauges. This model intended as a tool for formulating water budgets for the basin under present conditions and making predictions of systemic responses to hypothetical water management scenarios. Scenarios of increased inputs into the Locher Road aquifer recharge site and conversion of irrigation district canals into pipelines are presented. Title: The development of a hydrological model of the Walla Walla Basin using Integrated Water Flow Model Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. The Walla Walla basin lies in an arid region of Eastern Washington and Oregon. A large portion of the area is devoted to agricultural production, relying on irrigation water diverted from the Walla Walla River and underlying aquifers occurring within Quaternary and Mio-pliocene era gravel deposits, as well as a supplemental source from the Columbia River Basalt formation. Heavy water demand over summer months has resulted in a fully allocated surface water supply and significant drawdown in groundwater levels. The Walla Walla River also hosts two salmonid species listed as threatened under the endangered species act and entitled to federal protection. Specific questions have emerged regarding regional water supply as stakeholders work towards management strategies that meet water user demands, well also addressing concerns such as groundwater depletion and fish habitat. Currently, there are proposals aimed at increasing water use efficiency such as the lining of permeable canal beds and the expansion of a shallow aquifer recharge program. Effective implementation of such strategies, in part, relies on understanding the interactions between surface water and groundwater within this region. This project used the distributed hydrologic model, Integrated Water Flow Model (IWFM), for simulating surface and subsurface flows over a portion of the Walla Walla River basin spanning from Milton Freewater, Oregon to west of Touchet, Washington. This application of IWFM uses a grid with an average spacing of 100 x 100 meters over the 230 square kilometer model area. The model was developed and calibrated using data from 2007 through 2009, with 2010 data to be used as a data set for validation. Data collection has been a collaborative effort between a research team from Oregon State University and the Walla Walla Basin Watershed Council (WWBWC). This thesis provides explanation and documentation of model development. This includes details of data collection and processing for groundwater and surface water conditions, estimation of initial and boundary conditions, parameter calibration, model validation, and error analysis. Data sources include federal and state agencies, a gauge network managed by the WWBWC, and geologic research primarily performed by Kevin Lindsey of GSI Water Solutions with support of the WWBWC. Parameters have been independently determined from field measurements whenever possible. Otherwise they were estimated using established methods of hydrologic analysis, values drawn from previous regional studies, or the process of model calibration. Outputs include detailed hydrological budgets and hydrographs for groundwater and surface water gauges. The calibrated model has an overall correlation coefficient of 0.59 for groundwater and 0.63 for surface water. The standard deviation for groundwater is 3.2 meters at 62 well locations and surface water has a mean relative error of 22.3 percent at 34 gauges. This model intended as a tool for formulating water budgets for the basin under present conditions and making predictions of systemic responses to hypothetical water management scenarios. Scenarios of increased inputs into the Locher Road aquifer recharge site and conversion of irrigation district canals into pipelines are presented. Close

• 33. [Article] Conifer, a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : documentation

  CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conifer, a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : documentation Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Coniferous Forest Biome Modeling Group CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed. Water and energy variables are updated daily; carbon variables are updated weekly. This report contains a detailed description of the model including all equations, parameter values, and initial conditions. Cross-reference tables list the equations in which each variable and parameter appear. Listings of the driving variable data, computer implementation, and corresponding output are also provided. Information sources and model behavior are discussed elsewhere. Title: Conifer, a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : documentation Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Coniferous Forest Biome Modeling Group CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed. Water and energy variables are updated daily; carbon variables are updated weekly. This report contains a detailed description of the model including all equations, parameter values, and initial conditions. Cross-reference tables list the equations in which each variable and parameter appear. Listings of the driving variable data, computer implementation, and corresponding output are also provided. Information sources and model behavior are discussed elsewhere. Close

• 34. [Article] A real-time digital control system for two hydroelectric power plants

  The objective of this paper is to describe the design of a real-time system to control two hydroelectric power plants by a digital computer. The two controlling relations are stated as the continuity of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A real-time digital control system for two hydroelectric power plants Author: Hwang, John Dzen The objective of this paper is to describe the design of a real-time system to control two hydroelectric power plants by a digital computer. The two controlling relations are stated as the continuity of water flow and the inequality of power generation requirements. It contains the logical sequence in finding the solution of the allocation of power under the optimized condition, which is to use the least amount of discharge to generate any requested load, as the operation involves a pump-storage scheme. Theoretical proofs of existence and uniqueness of solutions are presented, which are based on the characteristics of the convexity of the performance curves of the generators. Finally, a set of FORTRAN programs is furnished to simulate the real-time situation for one specific example. Title: A real-time digital control system for two hydroelectric power plants Author: Hwang, John Dzen The objective of this paper is to describe the design of a real-time system to control two hydroelectric power plants by a digital computer. The two controlling relations are stated as the continuity of water flow and the inequality of power generation requirements. It contains the logical sequence in finding the solution of the allocation of power under the optimized condition, which is to use the least amount of discharge to generate any requested load, as the operation involves a pump-storage scheme. Theoretical proofs of existence and uniqueness of solutions are presented, which are based on the characteristics of the convexity of the performance curves of the generators. Finally, a set of FORTRAN programs is furnished to simulate the real-time situation for one specific example. Close

• 35. [Article] Crayfish management in the Ljungan river: Managing with shocks

  The noble crayfish fishery in the Ljungan river system in Sweden has been subjected to two major shocks; hydropower development in the 1970s, which reduced water flow throughout the system with attendant ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crayfish management in the Ljungan river: Managing with shocks Author: Zimmerman, Jenny, Stage, Jesper The noble crayfish fishery in the Ljungan river system in Sweden has been subjected to two major shocks; hydropower development in the 1970s, which reduced water flow throughout the system with attendant effects on the crayfish stocks, and an outbreak of crayfish plague in the 1990s which wiped out the noble crayfish in most of the river system. Differing ownership structures for the fishing rights in different parts of the river system have led to different management systems, ranging from sole private ownership through management by fishermen's associations through to effective open access fishing. We study how these different systems of management have affected the crayfish, and compare the outcomes to those from the hydropower development in the 1970s. Title: Crayfish management in the Ljungan river: Managing with shocks Author: Zimmerman, Jenny, Stage, Jesper The noble crayfish fishery in the Ljungan river system in Sweden has been subjected to two major shocks; hydropower development in the 1970s, which reduced water flow throughout the system with attendant effects on the crayfish stocks, and an outbreak of crayfish plague in the 1990s which wiped out the noble crayfish in most of the river system. Differing ownership structures for the fishing rights in different parts of the river system have led to different management systems, ranging from sole private ownership through management by fishermen's associations through to effective open access fishing. We study how these different systems of management have affected the crayfish, and compare the outcomes to those from the hydropower development in the 1970s. Close

• 36. [Article] Sedimentation within the Cocos Gap, Panama Basin

  The Cocos Gap is a deeper portion, or saddle, of the Cocos Ridge and forms part of the western boundary of the Panama Basing It is probably typical of saddles within most submarine ridges, In order to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sedimentation within the Cocos Gap, Panama Basin Author: Dowding, Lynn Gretton The Cocos Gap is a deeper portion, or saddle, of the Cocos Ridge and forms part of the western boundary of the Panama Basing It is probably typical of saddles within most submarine ridges, In order to determine the mechanisms controlling sediment dispersal, the nature and sources of the sediments at 23 core locations were defined by hydrodynamic size separation (> 63, 2- 63, <2 micron) and microscopic or X-ray diffraction analysis of the individual fractions. In addition, calcium carbonate, organic carbon, opal and quartz determinations were made for the total sediment. The silt sized fraction was resolved into eight textural modes, The coarse modes reflect the progressive breakage and winnowing of the corase fraction (foraminifera) under the influence of bottom currents and gravity. Above 2000 m mechanical breakdown, winnowing and relocation by bottom currents mask the effects of depth related dissolution of the carbonate fraction, Intermediate modes in general represent a transitional facies with both biogenic and terrigenous influences, while the finest modes characterize a distal regime of clay deposition, The clay fraction is amorphous material with very low percentages of well crystallized clays. Three main sources and transport paths were recognized, including one associated with the circulation of the Panama Basin. Sedimentation within the Gap is controlled by local processes, predominantly the interaction between tidally induced intensification of bottom water flow and directional (thermohaline) flow. The steep' ness of the sea floor slope is a major factor controlling the efficiency of winnowing of the sediment away from certain higher elevations (biogenic source areas) to the sheltered parts and flanks of the ridge. Superimposed upon this sediment dispersal is the influx of terrigenous material carried by directional bottom currents that operate as postulated upper and lower contour currents along the flanks of the ridge. The crest of the Cocos Gap acts as a catchment area for the biogenic components, while the adjacent more sloping region, the sub-plateau, acts as a source area. The extreme breakage of the foraminifera is most likely a function of the tidally induced intensification of the bottom water flow, characteristic of many shallow ridges, and is probably most significant in the subplateau. Hydrographic data indicates that there is no significant transport of bottom water across the Cocos Gap into the Panama Basin, but downslope transport of carbonate and siliceous fragments and minerals from the Gap into the basin is associated with cyclical tidal bottom water flow. Title: Sedimentation within the Cocos Gap, Panama Basin Author: Dowding, Lynn Gretton The Cocos Gap is a deeper portion, or saddle, of the Cocos Ridge and forms part of the western boundary of the Panama Basing It is probably typical of saddles within most submarine ridges, In order to determine the mechanisms controlling sediment dispersal, the nature and sources of the sediments at 23 core locations were defined by hydrodynamic size separation (> 63, 2- 63, <2 micron) and microscopic or X-ray diffraction analysis of the individual fractions. In addition, calcium carbonate, organic carbon, opal and quartz determinations were made for the total sediment. The silt sized fraction was resolved into eight textural modes, The coarse modes reflect the progressive breakage and winnowing of the corase fraction (foraminifera) under the influence of bottom currents and gravity. Above 2000 m mechanical breakdown, winnowing and relocation by bottom currents mask the effects of depth related dissolution of the carbonate fraction, Intermediate modes in general represent a transitional facies with both biogenic and terrigenous influences, while the finest modes characterize a distal regime of clay deposition, The clay fraction is amorphous material with very low percentages of well crystallized clays. Three main sources and transport paths were recognized, including one associated with the circulation of the Panama Basin. Sedimentation within the Gap is controlled by local processes, predominantly the interaction between tidally induced intensification of bottom water flow and directional (thermohaline) flow. The steep' ness of the sea floor slope is a major factor controlling the efficiency of winnowing of the sediment away from certain higher elevations (biogenic source areas) to the sheltered parts and flanks of the ridge. Superimposed upon this sediment dispersal is the influx of terrigenous material carried by directional bottom currents that operate as postulated upper and lower contour currents along the flanks of the ridge. The crest of the Cocos Gap acts as a catchment area for the biogenic components, while the adjacent more sloping region, the sub-plateau, acts as a source area. The extreme breakage of the foraminifera is most likely a function of the tidally induced intensification of the bottom water flow, characteristic of many shallow ridges, and is probably most significant in the subplateau. Hydrographic data indicates that there is no significant transport of bottom water across the Cocos Gap into the Panama Basin, but downslope transport of carbonate and siliceous fragments and minerals from the Gap into the basin is associated with cyclical tidal bottom water flow. Close

• 37. [Article] Flux of ground water and nitrogen through the floodplain of a fourth-order stream

  Changes in the concentrations of dissolved ammonia (NH4+1), nitrate (NO3-1), organic nitrogen (DON) were monitored along ground water flow paths to determine the importance of the ground water system to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Flux of ground water and nitrogen through the floodplain of a fourth-order stream Author: Wondzell, Steve Changes in the concentrations of dissolved ammonia (NH4+1), nitrate (NO3-1), organic nitrogen (DON) were monitored along ground water flow paths to determine the importance of the ground water system to the stream nitrogen budget. The study site was located on a wide floodplain along a fourth-order stream in the Oregon Cascades. A network of wells was installed during the summers of 1989 and 1990. Water table elevations and nitrogen chemistry was sampled seasonally and within individual storm events. Subsurface flows were dominated by the flow of advected channel water through the gravel bar. Flow rates were correlated to stream discharge during base-flow periods, but did not increase during storms. In contrast, ground-water flows through the aquifer beneath the floodplain were small during base flow, but nearly doubled during storm events. The mean residence time of water stored within the aquifer was long, exceeding 10 days for the gravel bar and 30 days for the floodplain. Even though precipitation inputs to the aquifer during storms equaled 12% of the water stored in the gravel bar and 23% of the water stored in the floodplain, the mean residence time of water remained long. Subsurface flow through the aquifer adjacent to the stream was a net source of nitrogen to the stream in all seasons of the year and during storms. Flows of water through the conifer forested floodplain supplied most of the nitrogen per unit length of stream - accounting for approximately two-thirds of the estimated flux, most of which is DON. The gravel bar was colonized by red alder, a nitrogen fixing tree, and on a unit area basis, supplied 2.5 times more nitrogen to the stream than did the floodplain. I estimate that 2 kg ha-1 yr-1 are leached from riparian forests into the aquifer, and transported to the stream. The study site covered only one-half of the valley floor. Assuming that similar fluxes occurred from the opposite side of the valley, I estimate that 17 g of nitrogen yr-1 m-1 channel length are input to the stream. The stream is approximately 10 m wide, thus these inputs equal 1.7 g N m2 streambed yr-1. Title: Flux of ground water and nitrogen through the floodplain of a fourth-order stream Author: Wondzell, Steve Changes in the concentrations of dissolved ammonia (NH4+1), nitrate (NO3-1), organic nitrogen (DON) were monitored along ground water flow paths to determine the importance of the ground water system to the stream nitrogen budget. The study site was located on a wide floodplain along a fourth-order stream in the Oregon Cascades. A network of wells was installed during the summers of 1989 and 1990. Water table elevations and nitrogen chemistry was sampled seasonally and within individual storm events. Subsurface flows were dominated by the flow of advected channel water through the gravel bar. Flow rates were correlated to stream discharge during base-flow periods, but did not increase during storms. In contrast, ground-water flows through the aquifer beneath the floodplain were small during base flow, but nearly doubled during storm events. The mean residence time of water stored within the aquifer was long, exceeding 10 days for the gravel bar and 30 days for the floodplain. Even though precipitation inputs to the aquifer during storms equaled 12% of the water stored in the gravel bar and 23% of the water stored in the floodplain, the mean residence time of water remained long. Subsurface flow through the aquifer adjacent to the stream was a net source of nitrogen to the stream in all seasons of the year and during storms. Flows of water through the conifer forested floodplain supplied most of the nitrogen per unit length of stream - accounting for approximately two-thirds of the estimated flux, most of which is DON. The gravel bar was colonized by red alder, a nitrogen fixing tree, and on a unit area basis, supplied 2.5 times more nitrogen to the stream than did the floodplain. I estimate that 2 kg ha-1 yr-1 are leached from riparian forests into the aquifer, and transported to the stream. The study site covered only one-half of the valley floor. Assuming that similar fluxes occurred from the opposite side of the valley, I estimate that 17 g of nitrogen yr-1 m-1 channel length are input to the stream. The stream is approximately 10 m wide, thus these inputs equal 1.7 g N m2 streambed yr-1. Close

• 38. [Article] Modeling surface water and groundwater interactions near Milton- Freewater, Oregon

  The gravel aquifer of the Oregon side of Walla Walla River Basin has a strong hydrologic connection to surface water through a series of springs, unlined irrigation canals, the Walla Walla River, numerous ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling surface water and groundwater interactions near Milton- Freewater, Oregon Author: Petrides Jimenez, Aristides Crisostomos The gravel aquifer of the Oregon side of Walla Walla River Basin has a strong hydrologic connection to surface water through a series of springs, unlined irrigation canals, the Walla Walla River, numerous wells and, since 2004, artificial recharge to the shallow aquifer using infiltration basins. The finite element Integrated Water Flow Model (IWFM) developed by California Department of Water Resources was used to quantify all of the major hydrologic features of the basin. Using the information provided by the Walla Walla Basin Watershed Council, irrigation districts, and previous studies conducted at Oregon State University and by consultants, the model was setup and calibrated, and a water budget simulation was performed for the years of 2003 to 2006. It is shown that close to 96 percent of the land use water demand goes to agriculture growing 16 major crops. 60 percent of the water comes from surface water diversions flowing through unlined irrigation canals , which themselves lose 28 percent of their inflow to the unconfined gravel aquifer. The calibrated and validated model was used to simulate the flow of the Johnson Creek Springs, which were shown to have increased flow due to the artificial recharge project. Title: Modeling surface water and groundwater interactions near Milton- Freewater, Oregon Author: Petrides Jimenez, Aristides Crisostomos The gravel aquifer of the Oregon side of Walla Walla River Basin has a strong hydrologic connection to surface water through a series of springs, unlined irrigation canals, the Walla Walla River, numerous wells and, since 2004, artificial recharge to the shallow aquifer using infiltration basins. The finite element Integrated Water Flow Model (IWFM) developed by California Department of Water Resources was used to quantify all of the major hydrologic features of the basin. Using the information provided by the Walla Walla Basin Watershed Council, irrigation districts, and previous studies conducted at Oregon State University and by consultants, the model was setup and calibrated, and a water budget simulation was performed for the years of 2003 to 2006. It is shown that close to 96 percent of the land use water demand goes to agriculture growing 16 major crops. 60 percent of the water comes from surface water diversions flowing through unlined irrigation canals , which themselves lose 28 percent of their inflow to the unconfined gravel aquifer. The calibrated and validated model was used to simulate the flow of the Johnson Creek Springs, which were shown to have increased flow due to the artificial recharge project. Close

• 39. [Article] Change in Hydraulic Conductivity of Expansive Soils

  Swelling soils cause millions of dollars of damage to buildings every year in the Unites States alone. One essential piece to understanding these soils is to understand how water moves through them. Hydraulic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Change in Hydraulic Conductivity of Expansive Soils Author: Hesseltine, Johnathon Swelling soils cause millions of dollars of damage to buildings every year in the Unites States alone. One essential piece to understanding these soils is to understand how water moves through them. Hydraulic conductivity is a measure of how easily water flows through a soil. Currently, the most common method of finding the hydraulic conductivity of a saturated soil is to confine the sample in a rigid container and saturate it for 24 hours, then measure the value and assume that it is constant. This method assumes that the hydraulic conductivity of the soil is not dependent on the swelling of the soil or the length of time that it is saturated. The validity of this assumption was evaluated in this project. The goal of this project is to quantify how the hydraulic conductivity and swelling of the Chilean soil changes over time with continuous saturation, when the soil is allowed to swell freely. A standard soil core was wrapped in latex and submerged it in a sealed jar full of water. Water was then allowed to flow from one end of the soil to the other, and a container was connected to the jar, that allowed water to flow between the two as water was displaced. The hydraulic conductivity of the soil was be calculated at each point in time using mass, pressure, and temperature measurements. The three significant samples used in this experiment each expanded about 10-15% initially then decreased in volume by about 2-3% slowly over time. A total of 90-100 pore volumes were flowed through each sample. Each of the samples initially increased in hydraulic conductivity during the first 24 hours then slowly decreased by about a factor of two in hydraulic conductivity from 1 day to 5-8 days. These data show that the assumption that saturated hydraulic conductivity is constant is violated by real soil. Title: Change in Hydraulic Conductivity of Expansive Soils Author: Hesseltine, Johnathon Swelling soils cause millions of dollars of damage to buildings every year in the Unites States alone. One essential piece to understanding these soils is to understand how water moves through them. Hydraulic conductivity is a measure of how easily water flows through a soil. Currently, the most common method of finding the hydraulic conductivity of a saturated soil is to confine the sample in a rigid container and saturate it for 24 hours, then measure the value and assume that it is constant. This method assumes that the hydraulic conductivity of the soil is not dependent on the swelling of the soil or the length of time that it is saturated. The validity of this assumption was evaluated in this project. The goal of this project is to quantify how the hydraulic conductivity and swelling of the Chilean soil changes over time with continuous saturation, when the soil is allowed to swell freely. A standard soil core was wrapped in latex and submerged it in a sealed jar full of water. Water was then allowed to flow from one end of the soil to the other, and a container was connected to the jar, that allowed water to flow between the two as water was displaced. The hydraulic conductivity of the soil was be calculated at each point in time using mass, pressure, and temperature measurements. The three significant samples used in this experiment each expanded about 10-15% initially then decreased in volume by about 2-3% slowly over time. A total of 90-100 pore volumes were flowed through each sample. Each of the samples initially increased in hydraulic conductivity during the first 24 hours then slowly decreased by about a factor of two in hydraulic conductivity from 1 day to 5-8 days. These data show that the assumption that saturated hydraulic conductivity is constant is violated by real soil. Close

• 40. [Article] Conservation of Mass in a Piping Network

  Using returnable bottles within a brewery setting can lower costs associated with purchasing new bottles as well as reduce the energy associated with recycling glass bottles. A commercial dishwasher was ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conservation of Mass in a Piping Network Author: Heim, Samantha Using returnable bottles within a brewery setting can lower costs associated with purchasing new bottles as well as reduce the energy associated with recycling glass bottles. A commercial dishwasher was retrofit specifically to wash bottles. The design and assembly of the piping flow network, testing of water flow through the network and testing of the cleanliness of the bottles post washing are presented in this study. This requires simultaneous analyses of mass and energy conservation equations. The flow out of the piping network was examined by running water through the network and collecting the exiting water in beakers for a specified period of time. These data were used to determine the exiting velocity and report the variations in nozzle mass flow rate. The measured exit velocity of water was found to vary from nozzle to nozzle by as much as 11%. All measured velocities were within 5.7% of those predicted from theory. The outer nozzles had a lower velocity than the nozzles closer to the water source. Although the velocity was different than the calculated values, the total mass exiting the piping network was equal to within ±0.25% of the calculated value. The bottles were swabbed to determine compliance with food safety standards. All cleaned bottles met food safety standards. Title: Conservation of Mass in a Piping Network Author: Heim, Samantha Using returnable bottles within a brewery setting can lower costs associated with purchasing new bottles as well as reduce the energy associated with recycling glass bottles. A commercial dishwasher was retrofit specifically to wash bottles. The design and assembly of the piping flow network, testing of water flow through the network and testing of the cleanliness of the bottles post washing are presented in this study. This requires simultaneous analyses of mass and energy conservation equations. The flow out of the piping network was examined by running water through the network and collecting the exiting water in beakers for a specified period of time. These data were used to determine the exiting velocity and report the variations in nozzle mass flow rate. The measured exit velocity of water was found to vary from nozzle to nozzle by as much as 11%. All measured velocities were within 5.7% of those predicted from theory. The outer nozzles had a lower velocity than the nozzles closer to the water source. Although the velocity was different than the calculated values, the total mass exiting the piping network was equal to within ±0.25% of the calculated value. The bottles were swabbed to determine compliance with food safety standards. All cleaned bottles met food safety standards. Close

• 41. [Article] Surface temperature effects on the fouling characteristics of cooling water

  A cooling tower system was built and fouling resistances were studied for cooling water flowing over a heated tubular surface. The cooling water studied was formulated in an effort to match industrial cooling ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surface temperature effects on the fouling characteristics of cooling water Author: Story, Michael Kenneth A cooling tower system was built and fouling resistances were studied for cooling water flowing over a heated tubular surface. The cooling water studied was formulated in an effort to match industrial cooling water quality. The water used in this study had an average Ryznar Stability Index of 6.23 and was formulated by adding calcium chloride and magnesium carbonate to tap water. Fouling resistance versus time was plotted for each experimental run, and the resulting curves indicate a close approximation to industrial conditions can be made in a laboratory environment. Fouling resistances were obtained at surface temperatures from 136°F to 199°F. The flow velocity and water quality were held constant during these runs. A correlation modeled after the Arrhenius temperature function was developed for surface temperature and asymptotic fouling resistance values. The model obtained has a correlation coefficient of .95 and a standard deviation of 4. 08% for data obtained in this study. The Ryznar Stability Index proved to be a poor indicator of water fouling tendency with the cooling water used in the present study. Title: Surface temperature effects on the fouling characteristics of cooling water Author: Story, Michael Kenneth A cooling tower system was built and fouling resistances were studied for cooling water flowing over a heated tubular surface. The cooling water studied was formulated in an effort to match industrial cooling water quality. The water used in this study had an average Ryznar Stability Index of 6.23 and was formulated by adding calcium chloride and magnesium carbonate to tap water. Fouling resistance versus time was plotted for each experimental run, and the resulting curves indicate a close approximation to industrial conditions can be made in a laboratory environment. Fouling resistances were obtained at surface temperatures from 136°F to 199°F. The flow velocity and water quality were held constant during these runs. A correlation modeled after the Arrhenius temperature function was developed for surface temperature and asymptotic fouling resistance values. The model obtained has a correlation coefficient of .95 and a standard deviation of 4. 08% for data obtained in this study. The Ryznar Stability Index proved to be a poor indicator of water fouling tendency with the cooling water used in the present study. Close

• 42. [Article] Design and testing of intrustive conductivity probes for the measurement of two-phase flow parameters

  This thesis examines two techniques for measuring two-phase flow parameters in an air/water system using intrusive conductivity probes. Specifically, the theoretical derivation for measuring void fraction ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Design and testing of intrustive conductivity probes for the measurement of two-phase flow parameters Author: McCreary, David M. This thesis examines two techniques for measuring two-phase flow parameters in an air/water system using intrusive conductivity probes. Specifically, the theoretical derivation for measuring void fraction and interfacial area using a two-sensor needle-type probe is derived, and a statistical analysis of the accuracy using the two-sensor probe for measuring interfacial area will be determined from a comprehensive literature review. The second technique used to measure void fraction in air/water flows is with a half-ring type conductivity probe. This half-ring type probe measures an area-averaged void fraction, while the needle-type probe measures local two-phase parameters. A single-sensor needle-type probe is used to experimentally measure void fraction in a test section, and is then benchmarked with another instrument as well as the drift-flux model. The half-ring type probe is then cross-calibrated with the needle-type probe. A complete system for measurement of local void fraction in an air/water two-phase mixture using two measurement techniques is presented. A detailed design procedure for a single-sensor conductivity probe as well as a half-ring type probe, and the corresponding circuits to power them are discussed. The two techniques discussed are accurate, simple, reliable, and inexpensive. Title: Design and testing of intrustive conductivity probes for the measurement of two-phase flow parameters Author: McCreary, David M. This thesis examines two techniques for measuring two-phase flow parameters in an air/water system using intrusive conductivity probes. Specifically, the theoretical derivation for measuring void fraction and interfacial area using a two-sensor needle-type probe is derived, and a statistical analysis of the accuracy using the two-sensor probe for measuring interfacial area will be determined from a comprehensive literature review. The second technique used to measure void fraction in air/water flows is with a half-ring type conductivity probe. This half-ring type probe measures an area-averaged void fraction, while the needle-type probe measures local two-phase parameters. A single-sensor needle-type probe is used to experimentally measure void fraction in a test section, and is then benchmarked with another instrument as well as the drift-flux model. The half-ring type probe is then cross-calibrated with the needle-type probe. A complete system for measurement of local void fraction in an air/water two-phase mixture using two measurement techniques is presented. A detailed design procedure for a single-sensor conductivity probe as well as a half-ring type probe, and the corresponding circuits to power them are discussed. The two techniques discussed are accurate, simple, reliable, and inexpensive. Close

• 43. [Article] Estuaries in Motion: Teaching Estuarine Flow Concepts through Video

  A video explaining estuarine flow concepts was produced for a target audience of high school students in physics and earth science classes. This honors thesis explains the video production and concepts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estuaries in Motion: Teaching Estuarine Flow Concepts through Video Author: Cameron, Marina R. A video explaining estuarine flow concepts was produced for a target audience of high school students in physics and earth science classes. This honors thesis explains the video production and concepts introduced in the video. Title: Estuaries in Motion: Teaching Estuarine Flow Concepts through Video Author: Cameron, Marina R. A video explaining estuarine flow concepts was produced for a target audience of high school students in physics and earth science classes. This honors thesis explains the video production and concepts introduced in the video. Close

• 44. [Article] Interactions between microbial dynamics, water flow, and solute transport in unsaturated porous media

  Bioremediation in the vadose zone is unpredictable because of poor understanding of factors influencing microbial growth in this environment. A lab-scale experimental system was developed to examine, noninvasively, interactions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interactions between microbial dynamics, water flow, and solute transport in unsaturated porous media Author: Yarwood, Rockie R. Bioremediation in the vadose zone is unpredictable because of poor understanding of factors influencing microbial growth in this environment. A lab-scale experimental system was developed to examine, noninvasively, interactions between microbial growth, water flow, and solute transport in unsaturated porous media. Measurements of microbial colonization, and its impact on hydrology, were facilitated by using the luxCDABE-containing reporter bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens HK44 and digital CCD imaging. Experiments were conducted in glass-walled two-dimensional flow cells (45 x 50 x 1 cm) packed with silica sand. Several bioengineering problems associated with chamber design and function required solution before microbial experiments were successful. These included: choice of materials for chamber components; development of sterilization, packing, and inoculation protocols; and development of procedures for data collection and chamber maintenance during experiments lasting several days. Bacterial growth was mapped daily by quantifying development of salicylate-induced bioluminescence. A model relating the rate of increase in light emission after induction successfully predicted microbial densities over four orders of magnitude (R²=0.95) provided that sufficient oxygen for the bioluminescence reaction was available. Total model-predicted growth during a one-week experiment agreed with potential growth calculated from the mass-balance of the system and previously established kinetic parameters (predicted, 1.2x10¹² cells; calculated, 1.7x10¹² cells). Although the rate of expansion of the colonized zone (and predicted populations in newly colonized regions) remained relatively constant, the proportion of the daily potential growth remaining within the chamber declined over time. Monitoring of bioluminescence revealed the development of an (hypothesized) anaerobic zone associated with microbial growth in the unsaturated porous media. Water content and flow streams were measured using light transmission. Accumulation of microbial growth modified the hydrologic properties of the sand causing up to 50% decrease in saturation within the colonized zone, diversion of flow around the colonized zone, and lowering (5 cm) of the capillary fringe height. Apparent solute velocity through the colonized region was reduced from 0.39 cm min⁻¹ (R²=0.99) to 0.25 cm min⁻¹ (R²=0.99). These experiments provide proof-of-concept for combining light transmission and bioluminescence technologies to study interactions between microbial growth and hydrology in unsaturated porous media. Title: Interactions between microbial dynamics, water flow, and solute transport in unsaturated porous media Author: Yarwood, Rockie R. Bioremediation in the vadose zone is unpredictable because of poor understanding of factors influencing microbial growth in this environment. A lab-scale experimental system was developed to examine, noninvasively, interactions between microbial growth, water flow, and solute transport in unsaturated porous media. Measurements of microbial colonization, and its impact on hydrology, were facilitated by using the luxCDABE-containing reporter bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens HK44 and digital CCD imaging. Experiments were conducted in glass-walled two-dimensional flow cells (45 x 50 x 1 cm) packed with silica sand. Several bioengineering problems associated with chamber design and function required solution before microbial experiments were successful. These included: choice of materials for chamber components; development of sterilization, packing, and inoculation protocols; and development of procedures for data collection and chamber maintenance during experiments lasting several days. Bacterial growth was mapped daily by quantifying development of salicylate-induced bioluminescence. A model relating the rate of increase in light emission after induction successfully predicted microbial densities over four orders of magnitude (R²=0.95) provided that sufficient oxygen for the bioluminescence reaction was available. Total model-predicted growth during a one-week experiment agreed with potential growth calculated from the mass-balance of the system and previously established kinetic parameters (predicted, 1.2x10¹² cells; calculated, 1.7x10¹² cells). Although the rate of expansion of the colonized zone (and predicted populations in newly colonized regions) remained relatively constant, the proportion of the daily potential growth remaining within the chamber declined over time. Monitoring of bioluminescence revealed the development of an (hypothesized) anaerobic zone associated with microbial growth in the unsaturated porous media. Water content and flow streams were measured using light transmission. Accumulation of microbial growth modified the hydrologic properties of the sand causing up to 50% decrease in saturation within the colonized zone, diversion of flow around the colonized zone, and lowering (5 cm) of the capillary fringe height. Apparent solute velocity through the colonized region was reduced from 0.39 cm min⁻¹ (R²=0.99) to 0.25 cm min⁻¹ (R²=0.99). These experiments provide proof-of-concept for combining light transmission and bioluminescence technologies to study interactions between microbial growth and hydrology in unsaturated porous media. Close

• 45. [Article] Documentation for a combined carbon-water flow stand level coniferous forest model

  The following report Introduces a documentation scheme for flow oriented ecosystem models and shows its application to a carbon-water model developed within the coniferous biome. This documentation scheme has ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation for a combined carbon-water flow stand level coniferous forest model Author: Sollins, P., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Swartzman, G. L. (Gordon L.), University of Washington The following report Introduces a documentation scheme for flow oriented ecosystem models and shows its application to a carbon-water model developed within the coniferous biome. This documentation scheme has remained operative through revision of this model and expansion of It to include nutrient flows. This model and subsequent versions are operative simulations on the CDC 6400 at the University of Washington using SIMCOMP (Gustafson S Innis (1971)).and give reasonable output. The purpose of this report is mainly to introduce the reader to the documentation scheme which we have found so effective in maintaining a running history of the modeling process for large scale models. We hope that it will lead to the adoption of this or a similar documentation scheme as a standard for ecological modeling. Title: Documentation for a combined carbon-water flow stand level coniferous forest model Author: Sollins, P., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Swartzman, G. L. (Gordon L.), University of Washington The following report Introduces a documentation scheme for flow oriented ecosystem models and shows its application to a carbon-water model developed within the coniferous biome. This documentation scheme has remained operative through revision of this model and expansion of It to include nutrient flows. This model and subsequent versions are operative simulations on the CDC 6400 at the University of Washington using SIMCOMP (Gustafson S Innis (1971)).and give reasonable output. The purpose of this report is mainly to introduce the reader to the documentation scheme which we have found so effective in maintaining a running history of the modeling process for large scale models. We hope that it will lead to the adoption of this or a similar documentation scheme as a standard for ecological modeling. Close

• 46. [Article] Experimental evaluation and numerical modeling of a water source heat pump evaporator

  Water source heat pumps are increasingly being used for residential and commercial space heating. Typically, these heat pumps are capable of both heating and cooling, and historically the design emphasis has ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Experimental evaluation and numerical modeling of a water source heat pump evaporator Author: Means, Paul Morency Water source heat pumps are increasingly being used for residential and commercial space heating. Typically, these heat pumps are capable of both heating and cooling, and historically the design emphasis has been on improving the units' cooling performance. Recently, there has been more interest in improving the heating performance, however, in order to optimize the design for improved heating performance data on the heat pump components operating in the heating mode are required. These data have not been available for the waterto- refrigerant heat exchangers typically installed in unitary water source heat pumps. The purpose of this work is to provide performance data on such heat exchangers operating as evaporators (data is available for the heat exchangers operating as condensers) and to provide a numerical model by which a limited amount of evaporator data might be expanded for system modeling and optimization studies. A well instrumented water-to-water heat pump was assembled for the purpose of testing two such water-to-refrigerant heat exchangers to determine their heat transfer and refrigerant pressure drop characteristics as evaporators. The overall heat transfer coefficient for each of the two heat exchangers was found to be a strong function of both the water and refrigerant flow rates and a relatively weak function of the refrigerant evaporation temperature. The refrigerant pressure drop was determined to be highly dependent on the refrigerant flow rate and only slightly dependent on the evaporator temperature. The overall heat transfer coefficient showed an apparent difference between parallel and counter flow conditions. This coefficient, as defined by the log-mean temperature difference, was slightly higher for the counter flow condition. A numerical model of the evaporator was developed and compared with the experimental results. The model follows a numerical solution in which the governing equations (continuity, momentum, and energy) are solved for a finite control volume and an appropriate finitedifference scheme is used to continue the solution step-wise along the length of the heat exchanger. The numerical model accurately predicts the effect of flow rate and temperature on refrigerant pressure drop and the effect of water flow rate and direction on the overall heat transfer coefficient. The model does not accurately predict the effect of evaporator temperature and refrigerant flow rate on the heat transfer coefficient. Title: Experimental evaluation and numerical modeling of a water source heat pump evaporator Author: Means, Paul Morency Water source heat pumps are increasingly being used for residential and commercial space heating. Typically, these heat pumps are capable of both heating and cooling, and historically the design emphasis has been on improving the units' cooling performance. Recently, there has been more interest in improving the heating performance, however, in order to optimize the design for improved heating performance data on the heat pump components operating in the heating mode are required. These data have not been available for the waterto- refrigerant heat exchangers typically installed in unitary water source heat pumps. The purpose of this work is to provide performance data on such heat exchangers operating as evaporators (data is available for the heat exchangers operating as condensers) and to provide a numerical model by which a limited amount of evaporator data might be expanded for system modeling and optimization studies. A well instrumented water-to-water heat pump was assembled for the purpose of testing two such water-to-refrigerant heat exchangers to determine their heat transfer and refrigerant pressure drop characteristics as evaporators. The overall heat transfer coefficient for each of the two heat exchangers was found to be a strong function of both the water and refrigerant flow rates and a relatively weak function of the refrigerant evaporation temperature. The refrigerant pressure drop was determined to be highly dependent on the refrigerant flow rate and only slightly dependent on the evaporator temperature. The overall heat transfer coefficient showed an apparent difference between parallel and counter flow conditions. This coefficient, as defined by the log-mean temperature difference, was slightly higher for the counter flow condition. A numerical model of the evaporator was developed and compared with the experimental results. The model follows a numerical solution in which the governing equations (continuity, momentum, and energy) are solved for a finite control volume and an appropriate finitedifference scheme is used to continue the solution step-wise along the length of the heat exchanger. The numerical model accurately predicts the effect of flow rate and temperature on refrigerant pressure drop and the effect of water flow rate and direction on the overall heat transfer coefficient. The model does not accurately predict the effect of evaporator temperature and refrigerant flow rate on the heat transfer coefficient. Close

• 47. [Article] A numerical model for the fate and transport of chlorinated phenols in groundwater

  The objective of this study was to develop a numerical model for the movement and fate of chlorinated phenols in groundwater. In the first part, a numerical model for several different equilibrium and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A numerical model for the fate and transport of chlorinated phenols in groundwater Author: Lee, Sang Bong The objective of this study was to develop a numerical model for the movement and fate of chlorinated phenols in groundwater. In the first part, a numerical model for several different equilibrium and nonequilibrium sorption processes under isothermal conditions is developed for one-dimensional, steady-state water flow in soil columns. The simulated breakthrough curves can be used to estimate sorption parameters from the results of column experiments. The second part presents a one-dimensional numerical model for the fate and transport of chlorinated phenols for one-dimensional, steady-state groundwater flow. The numerical model includes the transport processes of advection, dispersion, sorption, biological degradation, and decay. The set of governing differential equations is solved by Newton-Raphson iteration and the finite difference method. Two different groups of microorganisms are assumed to be involved in the degradation; one group for the reductive dechlorination of the electron acceptor/donor pair and the other group for the fermentation of the electron donor. Inhibition effects due to presence of multiple substrates are included in the Monod kinetics. Simulated breakthrough curves are presented for a range of assumed model parameters and will be compared with measured concentrations in a series of miscible displacement experiments in laboratory columns. Title: A numerical model for the fate and transport of chlorinated phenols in groundwater Author: Lee, Sang Bong The objective of this study was to develop a numerical model for the movement and fate of chlorinated phenols in groundwater. In the first part, a numerical model for several different equilibrium and nonequilibrium sorption processes under isothermal conditions is developed for one-dimensional, steady-state water flow in soil columns. The simulated breakthrough curves can be used to estimate sorption parameters from the results of column experiments. The second part presents a one-dimensional numerical model for the fate and transport of chlorinated phenols for one-dimensional, steady-state groundwater flow. The numerical model includes the transport processes of advection, dispersion, sorption, biological degradation, and decay. The set of governing differential equations is solved by Newton-Raphson iteration and the finite difference method. Two different groups of microorganisms are assumed to be involved in the degradation; one group for the reductive dechlorination of the electron acceptor/donor pair and the other group for the fermentation of the electron donor. Inhibition effects due to presence of multiple substrates are included in the Monod kinetics. Simulated breakthrough curves are presented for a range of assumed model parameters and will be compared with measured concentrations in a series of miscible displacement experiments in laboratory columns. Close

• 48. [Article] Sub-regional detention siting : a methodology using GIS

  The Mt. Scott watershed in northern Clackamas County, Oregon is an urban watershed that lies inside the Portland metropolitan urban growth boundary. Urbanization of the watershed began in the early 1970s ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sub-regional detention siting : a methodology using GIS Author: Murdock, Carol L. The Mt. Scott watershed in northern Clackamas County, Oregon is an urban watershed that lies inside the Portland metropolitan urban growth boundary. Urbanization of the watershed began in the early 1970s and has recently accelerated. A landscape level analysis of the urbanization process was combined with the results of a recently completed storm water master plan for the area. The project resulted in the identification of potential locations for combined detention and water quality facilities. It also served to further justify the recent revision of surface water management rules and regulations to include requirements for lower release rates from detention facilities and riparian and wetland buffers. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was used extensively throughout the project to provide data input into the XPSWMM model that was used to analyze storm water flows and to identify infrastructure needs and requirements. In addition, GIS played a pivotal role in identifying factors which may be contributing to changes in stream condition in the basin. The results of this analysis project will be used by surface water managers in their continuing effort to refine current surface water management rules and regulations in the face of on-going development and continued urbanization. Title: Sub-regional detention siting : a methodology using GIS Author: Murdock, Carol L. The Mt. Scott watershed in northern Clackamas County, Oregon is an urban watershed that lies inside the Portland metropolitan urban growth boundary. Urbanization of the watershed began in the early 1970s and has recently accelerated. A landscape level analysis of the urbanization process was combined with the results of a recently completed storm water master plan for the area. The project resulted in the identification of potential locations for combined detention and water quality facilities. It also served to further justify the recent revision of surface water management rules and regulations to include requirements for lower release rates from detention facilities and riparian and wetland buffers. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was used extensively throughout the project to provide data input into the XPSWMM model that was used to analyze storm water flows and to identify infrastructure needs and requirements. In addition, GIS played a pivotal role in identifying factors which may be contributing to changes in stream condition in the basin. The results of this analysis project will be used by surface water managers in their continuing effort to refine current surface water management rules and regulations in the face of on-going development and continued urbanization. Close

• 49. [Article] Tillamook Bay comprehensive conservation and mangement plan : restoring the balance

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tillamook Bay comprehensive conservation and mangement plan : restoring the balance Title: Tillamook Bay comprehensive conservation and mangement plan : restoring the balance Close

• 50. [Article] Shelfbreak upwelling induced by alongshore currents: analytical and numerical results

  This is the publisher's version of record. The original submission is copyrighted by Cambridge University Press and can be found here: http://www.tos.org/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Shelfbreak upwelling induced by alongshore currents: analytical and numerical results Author: Palma, Elbio D., Miller, Robert N., Matano, Ricardo P. This is the publisher's version of record. The original submission is copyrighted by Cambridge University Press and can be found here: http://www.tos.org/ Title: Shelfbreak upwelling induced by alongshore currents: analytical and numerical results Author: Palma, Elbio D., Miller, Robert N., Matano, Ricardo P. This is the publisher's version of record. The original submission is copyrighted by Cambridge University Press and can be found here: http://www.tos.org/ Close