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• 1. [Article] Beyond arctic and alpine: the influence of winter climate on temperate ecosystems

  Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/10.1890/15-0153.1/suppinfo

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beyond arctic and alpine: the influence of winter climate on temperate ecosystems Author: Ratajczak, Zak R., Petrie, Matthew D., Smith, Jane G., Kazanski, Clare E., Ladwig, Laura M., Churchill, Amber C., Muñoz, Juan D., Ocheltree, Troy W., Reinmann, Andrew B., Hafich, Katya A., Fuss, Colin B., Frey, Sarah J. K. Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/10.1890/15-0153.1/suppinfo Title: Beyond arctic and alpine: the influence of winter climate on temperate ecosystems Author: Ratajczak, Zak R., Petrie, Matthew D., Smith, Jane G., Kazanski, Clare E., Ladwig, Laura M., Churchill, Amber C., Muñoz, Juan D., Ocheltree, Troy W., Reinmann, Andrew B., Hafich, Katya A., Fuss, Colin B., Frey, Sarah J. K. Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/10.1890/15-0153.1/suppinfo Close

• 2. [Article] What eddy-covariance measurements tell us about prior land flux errors in CO₂-flux inversion schemes

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/gb/index.shtml.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: What eddy-covariance measurements tell us about prior land flux errors in CO₂-flux inversion schemes Author: Moors, Eddy J., Cescatti, Alessandro, Dolman, A. Johannes, Bocquet, Marc, Maignan, Fabienne, Chevallier, Frederic, Margolis, Hank A., Wang, Tao, Ciais, Philippe, Arain, M. Altaf, Law, Beverly E., Chen, Jiquan, Montagnani, Leonardo This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/gb/index.shtml. Title: What eddy-covariance measurements tell us about prior land flux errors in CO₂-flux inversion schemes Author: Moors, Eddy J., Cescatti, Alessandro, Dolman, A. Johannes, Bocquet, Marc, Maignan, Fabienne, Chevallier, Frederic, Margolis, Hank A., Wang, Tao, Ciais, Philippe, Arain, M. Altaf, Law, Beverly E., Chen, Jiquan, Montagnani, Leonardo This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/gb/index.shtml. Close

• 3. [Article] Coniferous Forest Biome : progress report, July 1974 - August 1975

  The specific objectives of the program are: (1) To understand the relative behavior of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in various environments in the biome. (2) To develop conceptual and computer simulation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coniferous Forest Biome : progress report, July 1974 - August 1975 Author: Edmonds, Robert L., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, University of Washington The specific objectives of the program are: (1) To understand the relative behavior of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in various environments in the biome. (2) To develop conceptual and computer simulation models that describe nutrient, carbon, and waterflows on a short-term basis (fewer than ten years) and which integrate research results and increase our understanding of coniferous forests and associated aquatic ecosystems. These models are being developed at the process, forest stand or water column, and watershed levels. (3) To develop conceptual and computer simulation models that describe the long-term behavior of coniferous forest ecosystems involving succession and erosion. (4) To understand the linkages between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. (5) To determine the effect of manipulations, such as clearcutting, fertilization, and defoliation on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Title: Coniferous Forest Biome : progress report, July 1974 - August 1975 Author: Edmonds, Robert L., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, University of Washington The specific objectives of the program are: (1) To understand the relative behavior of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in various environments in the biome. (2) To develop conceptual and computer simulation models that describe nutrient, carbon, and waterflows on a short-term basis (fewer than ten years) and which integrate research results and increase our understanding of coniferous forests and associated aquatic ecosystems. These models are being developed at the process, forest stand or water column, and watershed levels. (3) To develop conceptual and computer simulation models that describe the long-term behavior of coniferous forest ecosystems involving succession and erosion. (4) To understand the linkages between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. (5) To determine the effect of manipulations, such as clearcutting, fertilization, and defoliation on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Close

• 4. [Article] Ecosystems at Risk: The Contribution of Ecosystem Approaches to Fisheries to Identify Problems and Evaluate Potential Solutions

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecosystems at Risk: The Contribution of Ecosystem Approaches to Fisheries to Identify Problems and Evaluate Potential Solutions Author: Villanueva, Maria Concepcion, Christensen, Villy, Aiken, Karl A. Research Paper Title: Ecosystems at Risk: The Contribution of Ecosystem Approaches to Fisheries to Identify Problems and Evaluate Potential Solutions Author: Villanueva, Maria Concepcion, Christensen, Villy, Aiken, Karl A. Research Paper Close

• 5. [Article] Foundations for Effective Marine Ecosystem Management

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Foundations for Effective Marine Ecosystem Management Author: McClurg, Tom Research Paper Title: Foundations for Effective Marine Ecosystem Management Author: McClurg, Tom Research Paper Close

• 6. [Article] An evaluation of the establishment and continued effectiveness of the Galápagos National Park and Marine Reserve in Ecuador

  Conservation of natural resources has become a new watchword of the scientific community. While many terrestrial ecosystems are well protected, marine ecosystems have only recently come to the forefront. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An evaluation of the establishment and continued effectiveness of the Galápagos National Park and Marine Reserve in Ecuador Author: Asson, Danielle Conservation of natural resources has become a new watchword of the scientific community. While many terrestrial ecosystems are well protected, marine ecosystems have only recently come to the forefront. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been introduced as a means of protecting biodiversity, commercial stocks, and ecosystem services. There are many social, ecological, and economic considerations to be addressed for a marine reserve to be effective from a biological and social perspective. In 1998 the Special Law of the Galápagos created the Galápagos Marine Reserve, and instituted a participatory management scheme for local and governmental cooperation in management. The foundations of the Special Law are strong, however many problems plague the islands, including rapid growth of the population and the tourism industry, and a great deal of non-compliance with reserve regulations in the form of violent protests and illegal fisheries. Feelings of legitimacy must be fostered among the local populations through significant improvements in education to enhance stakeholder participation, and increased funding to the National Park to allow for effective enforcement of the regulations. Increasing visitor fees is a potential source of new income to be used for park management and improving local resources, especially education. Title: An evaluation of the establishment and continued effectiveness of the Galápagos National Park and Marine Reserve in Ecuador Author: Asson, Danielle Conservation of natural resources has become a new watchword of the scientific community. While many terrestrial ecosystems are well protected, marine ecosystems have only recently come to the forefront. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been introduced as a means of protecting biodiversity, commercial stocks, and ecosystem services. There are many social, ecological, and economic considerations to be addressed for a marine reserve to be effective from a biological and social perspective. In 1998 the Special Law of the Galápagos created the Galápagos Marine Reserve, and instituted a participatory management scheme for local and governmental cooperation in management. The foundations of the Special Law are strong, however many problems plague the islands, including rapid growth of the population and the tourism industry, and a great deal of non-compliance with reserve regulations in the form of violent protests and illegal fisheries. Feelings of legitimacy must be fostered among the local populations through significant improvements in education to enhance stakeholder participation, and increased funding to the National Park to allow for effective enforcement of the regulations. Increasing visitor fees is a potential source of new income to be used for park management and improving local resources, especially education. Close

• 7. [Article] Under the Sea: An evaluation of the establishment and continued effectiveness of the Galápagos National Park and Marine Reserve in Ecuador

  Conservation of natural resources has become a new watchword of the scientific community. While many terrestrial ecosystems are well protected, marine ecosystems have only recently come to the forefront. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Under the Sea: An evaluation of the establishment and continued effectiveness of the Galápagos National Park and Marine Reserve in Ecuador Author: Asson, Danielle C. Conservation of natural resources has become a new watchword of the scientific community. While many terrestrial ecosystems are well protected, marine ecosystems have only recently come to the forefront. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been introduced as a means of protecting biodiversity, commercial stocks, and ecosystem services. There are many social, ecological, and economic considerations to be addressed for a marine reserve to be effective from a biological and social perspective. In 1998 the Special Law of the Galápagos created the Galápagos Marine Reserve, and instituted a participatory management scheme for local and governmental cooperation in management. The foundations of the Special Law are strong, however many problems plague the islands, including rapid growth of the population and the tourism industry, and a great deal of non-compliance with reserve regulations in the form of violent protests and illegal fisheries. Feelings of legitimacy must be fostered among the local populations through significant improvements in education to enhance stakeholder participation, and increased funding to the National Park to allow for effective enforcement of the regulations. Increasing visitor fees is a potential source of new income to be used for park management and improving local resources, especially education. Title: Under the Sea: An evaluation of the establishment and continued effectiveness of the Galápagos National Park and Marine Reserve in Ecuador Author: Asson, Danielle C. Conservation of natural resources has become a new watchword of the scientific community. While many terrestrial ecosystems are well protected, marine ecosystems have only recently come to the forefront. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been introduced as a means of protecting biodiversity, commercial stocks, and ecosystem services. There are many social, ecological, and economic considerations to be addressed for a marine reserve to be effective from a biological and social perspective. In 1998 the Special Law of the Galápagos created the Galápagos Marine Reserve, and instituted a participatory management scheme for local and governmental cooperation in management. The foundations of the Special Law are strong, however many problems plague the islands, including rapid growth of the population and the tourism industry, and a great deal of non-compliance with reserve regulations in the form of violent protests and illegal fisheries. Feelings of legitimacy must be fostered among the local populations through significant improvements in education to enhance stakeholder participation, and increased funding to the National Park to allow for effective enforcement of the regulations. Increasing visitor fees is a potential source of new income to be used for park management and improving local resources, especially education. Close

• 8. [Article] Coniferous Forest Biome : summary of research and synthesis activities July 1975-August 1976

  Research activities in the post-IBP phase of the Biome program prior to July 1975 were reported in Internal Report 162. Summaries of research and synthesis activities from July 1975 to August 1976 are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coniferous Forest Biome : summary of research and synthesis activities July 1975-August 1976 Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, University of Washington, Edmonds, Robert L. Research activities in the post-IBP phase of the Biome program prior to July 1975 were reported in Internal Report 162. Summaries of research and synthesis activities from July 1975 to August 1976 are presented here. The reports are arranged in the following order: Analysis of individual terrestrial ecosystems, which has three components (behavior and Strategies of Individual Ecosystems, Environment and Plant Succession and the Land-Use Model); Analysis of Watersheds, which has two components (Watershed 10 and Findley Lake); and Analysis of aquatic ecosystems, which is divided into two components (Lakes and Streams). A total list of Biome publications is included in the Appendix. A more specific list of open literature publications is available from the Biome Office. Progress of the synthesis activities is discussed in Section 5. Title: Coniferous Forest Biome : summary of research and synthesis activities July 1975-August 1976 Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, University of Washington, Edmonds, Robert L. Research activities in the post-IBP phase of the Biome program prior to July 1975 were reported in Internal Report 162. Summaries of research and synthesis activities from July 1975 to August 1976 are presented here. The reports are arranged in the following order: Analysis of individual terrestrial ecosystems, which has three components (behavior and Strategies of Individual Ecosystems, Environment and Plant Succession and the Land-Use Model); Analysis of Watersheds, which has two components (Watershed 10 and Findley Lake); and Analysis of aquatic ecosystems, which is divided into two components (Lakes and Streams). A total list of Biome publications is included in the Appendix. A more specific list of open literature publications is available from the Biome Office. Progress of the synthesis activities is discussed in Section 5. Close

• 9. [Article] Findley Lake watershed a terrestrial-lake interface program

  Includes supplemental reports 25-A, B & C.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Findley Lake watershed a terrestrial-lake interface program Author: Olson, R. R., Del Moral, Roger, U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Bockheim, James G., Tsukada, M., Welch, E. B. (Eugene B.), University of Washington, Ugolini, Fiorenzo C. Includes supplemental reports 25-A, B & C. Title: Findley Lake watershed a terrestrial-lake interface program Author: Olson, R. R., Del Moral, Roger, U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Bockheim, James G., Tsukada, M., Welch, E. B. (Eugene B.), University of Washington, Ugolini, Fiorenzo C. Includes supplemental reports 25-A, B & C. Close

• 10. [Article] Focus on Forestry ; Winter 1990

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Focus on Forestry ; Winter 1990 Author: Wells, Gail; Brown, George W., Oregon State University. College of Forestry Title: Focus on Forestry ; Winter 1990 Author: Wells, Gail; Brown, George W., Oregon State University. College of Forestry Close

• 11. [Article] Persistence of aromatic compounds in soils and sediments : a molecular perspective

  This thesis explores open questions regarding molecular forms and interactions of natural and synthetic aromatic compounds present in soils and sediments. Plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar) generated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Persistence of aromatic compounds in soils and sediments : a molecular perspective Author: Keiluweit, Marco This thesis explores open questions regarding molecular forms and interactions of natural and synthetic aromatic compounds present in soils and sediments. Plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar) generated through incomplete natural and anthropogenic combustion processes is a major source of aromaticity in terrestrial ecosystems. Chapter one represents a detailed account of the variations in the chemical and physical nature of aromatic components of char black carbon. Despite reports showing that aromatic compounds are degraded with relative ease, they are relatively persistent in subsurface environments. Chapter two highlights unique mechanisms of interaction of aromatic π-systems (i.e., π-electron donor-acceptor interactions) by which aromatic molecules adsorb to mineral and organic phases. It is discussed how these interactions may contribute to the sequestration of aromatic compounds in soils and sediments. Title: Persistence of aromatic compounds in soils and sediments : a molecular perspective Author: Keiluweit, Marco This thesis explores open questions regarding molecular forms and interactions of natural and synthetic aromatic compounds present in soils and sediments. Plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar) generated through incomplete natural and anthropogenic combustion processes is a major source of aromaticity in terrestrial ecosystems. Chapter one represents a detailed account of the variations in the chemical and physical nature of aromatic components of char black carbon. Despite reports showing that aromatic compounds are degraded with relative ease, they are relatively persistent in subsurface environments. Chapter two highlights unique mechanisms of interaction of aromatic π-systems (i.e., π-electron donor-acceptor interactions) by which aromatic molecules adsorb to mineral and organic phases. It is discussed how these interactions may contribute to the sequestration of aromatic compounds in soils and sediments. Close

• 12. [Article] Early retreat of the Alaska Peninsula Glacier Complex and the implications for coastal migrations of First Americans

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/quaternary-science-reviews/. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Early retreat of the Alaska Peninsula Glacier Complex and the implications for coastal migrations of First Americans Author: Shapley, Mark D., Maschner, Herbert D. G., Addison, Jason A., Beget, James E., Jordan, James W., Misarti, Nicole, Finney, Bruce P., Krumhardt, Andrea This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/quaternary-science-reviews/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Early retreat of the Alaska Peninsula Glacier Complex and the implications for coastal migrations of First Americans Author: Shapley, Mark D., Maschner, Herbert D. G., Addison, Jason A., Beget, James E., Jordan, James W., Misarti, Nicole, Finney, Bruce P., Krumhardt, Andrea This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/quaternary-science-reviews/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 13. [Article] A comparison of shark and wolf research reveals similar behavioral responses by prey

  Please note: This article was downloaded from Frontierse-View, a service that publishes fully edited and formatted manuscripts before they appear in print in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparison of shark and wolf research reveals similar behavioral responses by prey Author: Wirsing, Aaron J., Ripple, William J. Please note: This article was downloaded from Frontierse-View, a service that publishes fully edited and formatted manuscripts before they appear in print in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. Readers are strongly advised to check the final print version in case any changes have been made. Copyright by the Ecological Society of America. NEWS COVERAGE: A news release based on this journal publication, which is written for a lay audience and has been approved by an author of the study, is available online: http://bit.ly/dbOpVv Title: A comparison of shark and wolf research reveals similar behavioral responses by prey Author: Wirsing, Aaron J., Ripple, William J. Please note: This article was downloaded from Frontierse-View, a service that publishes fully edited and formatted manuscripts before they appear in print in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. Readers are strongly advised to check the final print version in case any changes have been made. Copyright by the Ecological Society of America. NEWS COVERAGE: A news release based on this journal publication, which is written for a lay audience and has been approved by an author of the study, is available online: http://bit.ly/dbOpVv Close

• 14. [Article] Toward a Positive Feedback between Fish Abundance and Dense Forest to Enhance Biodiversity: Responsible Fisheries from a Viewpoint of Nutrient Cycling

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Toward a Positive Feedback between Fish Abundance and Dense Forest to Enhance Biodiversity: Responsible Fisheries from a Viewpoint of Nutrient Cycling Author: Murota, Takeshi Research Paper Title: Toward a Positive Feedback between Fish Abundance and Dense Forest to Enhance Biodiversity: Responsible Fisheries from a Viewpoint of Nutrient Cycling Author: Murota, Takeshi Research Paper Close

• 15. [Article] Biodiversity Conservation: The Key Is Reducing Meat Consumption

  Access to this item has been restricted by repository administrators at the request of the publisher, Elsevier, until July 29, 2017.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biodiversity Conservation: The Key Is Reducing Meat Consumption Author: Machovina, Brian, Feeley, Kenneth J., Ripple, William J. Access to this item has been restricted by repository administrators at the request of the publisher, Elsevier, until July 29, 2017. Title: Biodiversity Conservation: The Key Is Reducing Meat Consumption Author: Machovina, Brian, Feeley, Kenneth J., Ripple, William J. Access to this item has been restricted by repository administrators at the request of the publisher, Elsevier, until July 29, 2017. Close

• 16. [Article] A procedure for estimating the carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems in the former Soviet Union by geographic information system analysis and classification of AVHRR derived Global Vegetation Index

  The purpose of this research was to develop methods for using geographic information system (GIS) analysis and unsupervised classification of Global Vegetation Index (GVI) images to improve carbon budget ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A procedure for estimating the carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems in the former Soviet Union by geographic information system analysis and classification of AVHRR derived Global Vegetation Index Author: Gaston, Greg G. The purpose of this research was to develop methods for using geographic information system (GIS) analysis and unsupervised classification of Global Vegetation Index (GVI) images to improve carbon budget estimates of the former Soviet Union (FSU). A GIS was used to locate the geographic distribution and estimate the area of agricultural lands in the FSU. Climatic factors were used to isolate agricultural lands suitable for no-till management. The effects of various tillage practices on the carbon cycle were estimated. Four year average, monthly maximum value GVI composites were clustered on the basis of timing, magnitude, and duration of greenness as recorded by the normalized difference of vegetation index (NDVI). The resulting 42 image classes were identified by a variety of quantitative and qualitative methods including expert assessment by scientists with extensive field experience in the FSU and analysis of temporal NDVI response curves. The image classes appear to accurately delineate vegetation/landcover regions. The percent agricultural land, percent forest cover and percent natural nonforest was estimated for each image class. Equivalent ecosystems described in the Bazilevich carbon data base were used to calculate the carbon cycle parameters forest and natural non-forest ecosystems. Carbon estimates for agricultural lands were calculated from production data. Comparisons between areal estimates of land cover from this research and reported statistics are very good. For example, forested land was estimated at 876 million hectares (MHa) forest statistical data from the FSU estimate commercial forests to be 814 MHa. Total agricultural lands are estimated in research to be 211 MHa, the same as reported by the USDA and very close to the 217 MHa reported by statistics from the FSU. Results from carbon budget analysis include: - Complete conversion of all climatically suitable lands to no-till management would sequester over 3 gigatons (Gt) of carbon in the agricultural soils of the FSU. - Phytomass and net primary productivity (NPP) estimates for forest and non-forest ecosystems compare well with carbon budget estimates that used maps to identify carbon quantifiable regions. Title: A procedure for estimating the carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems in the former Soviet Union by geographic information system analysis and classification of AVHRR derived Global Vegetation Index Author: Gaston, Greg G. The purpose of this research was to develop methods for using geographic information system (GIS) analysis and unsupervised classification of Global Vegetation Index (GVI) images to improve carbon budget estimates of the former Soviet Union (FSU). A GIS was used to locate the geographic distribution and estimate the area of agricultural lands in the FSU. Climatic factors were used to isolate agricultural lands suitable for no-till management. The effects of various tillage practices on the carbon cycle were estimated. Four year average, monthly maximum value GVI composites were clustered on the basis of timing, magnitude, and duration of greenness as recorded by the normalized difference of vegetation index (NDVI). The resulting 42 image classes were identified by a variety of quantitative and qualitative methods including expert assessment by scientists with extensive field experience in the FSU and analysis of temporal NDVI response curves. The image classes appear to accurately delineate vegetation/landcover regions. The percent agricultural land, percent forest cover and percent natural nonforest was estimated for each image class. Equivalent ecosystems described in the Bazilevich carbon data base were used to calculate the carbon cycle parameters forest and natural non-forest ecosystems. Carbon estimates for agricultural lands were calculated from production data. Comparisons between areal estimates of land cover from this research and reported statistics are very good. For example, forested land was estimated at 876 million hectares (MHa) forest statistical data from the FSU estimate commercial forests to be 814 MHa. Total agricultural lands are estimated in research to be 211 MHa, the same as reported by the USDA and very close to the 217 MHa reported by statistics from the FSU. Results from carbon budget analysis include: - Complete conversion of all climatically suitable lands to no-till management would sequester over 3 gigatons (Gt) of carbon in the agricultural soils of the FSU. - Phytomass and net primary productivity (NPP) estimates for forest and non-forest ecosystems compare well with carbon budget estimates that used maps to identify carbon quantifiable regions. Close

• 17. [Article] Carbon Dynamics in Response to Land Cover Change in Tropical Peatlands, Kalimantan, Indonesia

  This study focuses in providing the knowledge on carbon (C) stocks, emission and ecosystem productivity related to land use/land cover change in tropical peatlands. The field research activities were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Carbon Dynamics in Response to Land Cover Change in Tropical Peatlands, Kalimantan, Indonesia Author: Basuki, Imam This study focuses in providing the knowledge on carbon (C) stocks, emission and ecosystem productivity related to land use/land cover change in tropical peatlands. The field research activities were conducted for about 17 months between August 2013 to December 2015, at Pematang Gadung peat dome (peat depth up to 10.5 m), Ketapang Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The objectives of this study were: a). to quantify C stocks of tropical coastal peat swamp forest, and the potential impact of forest degradation due to draining and logging activities on the forest’s carbon stocks; b). to examine the change in ecosystem C stocks and the potential C emissions in relation to land conversion from intact peat swamp forest (PSF) to logged peat forest (LPSF), early seral (ES) and oil palm plantation (OP); and c). to estimate net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) in peat swamp forests, logged peat forest, early seral and smallholder - oil palm plantations. The intact peat forest sites have higher total aboveground C stocks (125 Mg C ha-1) than the logged peat forest sites (77 Mg C ha-1). Mean depths of the LPSF was 725 cm and the PSF was 915 cm (p= 0.06). Mean peat carbon stocks at PSF was 4,243 Mg C ha-1, higher than at LPSF that was 3,675 Mg C ha-1. Logging and draining had reduced the biomass of trees and the peat carbon pools. My study demonstrated that tropical coastal PSF has the largest total carbon stocks among terrestrial ecosystems on earth. The large carbon stocks and high rates of PSF degradation, points to the relevance for inclusion of PSF in nationally appropriate climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. The mean ecosystem carbon stock for the PSF sites was 4,401 Mg C ha-1. Ecosystem C stocks of LPSF, ES and OP was 3,768, 3,147, and 3,442 Mg C ha-1, respectively. PSF stocks was significantly higher than the degraded land covers. At all sites, soils comprised > 96% of the mean ecosystem carbon stock. Using the estimation based on ecosystem carbon loss to total peat depths, the conversion of PSF to LPSF, ES and OP was estimated to result in a net loss of 1,982, 4,259 and 3,176 Mg C-CO2 ha-1, respectively. My results confirm that land cover change significantly impacted soil properties and reduced ecosystem carbon stocks. The tropical peatlands need urgent and significant efforts in conservation and restoration, to regain its function as a C sink and mitigate climate change. I found that land use/land cover change resulted in large shifts in NPP and NEP. LPSF, ES and OP have significantly lower NPP (11.1 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, 10.8 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 and 3.7 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, respectively) than PSF (13.2 Mg C ha-1 yr-1). ES showed lower heterotrophic respiration (30.7 Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1) than PSF, LPSF and OP (37.7 Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1, 40.7 Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1, 38.7 Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1, respectively). LPSF and OP were net carbon sources; they have negative mean NEP values (-0.1 Mg CO2-e ha-1 yr-1 and -25.1 Mg CO2-e ha-1 yr-1, respectively). In contrast PSF and ES were net carbon sinks (10.8 Mg CO2-e ha-1 yr-1 and 9.1 CCO2 ha-1 yr-1, respectively). PSF is among the most productive of terrestrial ecosystems, with an NPP exceeding that of many tropical rain forests and similar to the most productive mangrove ecosystems. I found that land use decreases productivity of the LPSF and OP sites. The ES had a similar NEP to the PSF, but frequent fires in this ecosystem likely offset carbon gains during the fire intervals. Land use change and forest degradation have shifted tropical PSFs from net carbon sinks to net carbon sources. My study demonstrated that land conversion in tropical peat swamp forests should be halted and degraded peatlands need to be restored in order to mitigate climate change. Title: Carbon Dynamics in Response to Land Cover Change in Tropical Peatlands, Kalimantan, Indonesia Author: Basuki, Imam This study focuses in providing the knowledge on carbon (C) stocks, emission and ecosystem productivity related to land use/land cover change in tropical peatlands. The field research activities were conducted for about 17 months between August 2013 to December 2015, at Pematang Gadung peat dome (peat depth up to 10.5 m), Ketapang Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The objectives of this study were: a). to quantify C stocks of tropical coastal peat swamp forest, and the potential impact of forest degradation due to draining and logging activities on the forest’s carbon stocks; b). to examine the change in ecosystem C stocks and the potential C emissions in relation to land conversion from intact peat swamp forest (PSF) to logged peat forest (LPSF), early seral (ES) and oil palm plantation (OP); and c). to estimate net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) in peat swamp forests, logged peat forest, early seral and smallholder - oil palm plantations. The intact peat forest sites have higher total aboveground C stocks (125 Mg C ha-1) than the logged peat forest sites (77 Mg C ha-1). Mean depths of the LPSF was 725 cm and the PSF was 915 cm (p= 0.06). Mean peat carbon stocks at PSF was 4,243 Mg C ha-1, higher than at LPSF that was 3,675 Mg C ha-1. Logging and draining had reduced the biomass of trees and the peat carbon pools. My study demonstrated that tropical coastal PSF has the largest total carbon stocks among terrestrial ecosystems on earth. The large carbon stocks and high rates of PSF degradation, points to the relevance for inclusion of PSF in nationally appropriate climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. The mean ecosystem carbon stock for the PSF sites was 4,401 Mg C ha-1. Ecosystem C stocks of LPSF, ES and OP was 3,768, 3,147, and 3,442 Mg C ha-1, respectively. PSF stocks was significantly higher than the degraded land covers. At all sites, soils comprised > 96% of the mean ecosystem carbon stock. Using the estimation based on ecosystem carbon loss to total peat depths, the conversion of PSF to LPSF, ES and OP was estimated to result in a net loss of 1,982, 4,259 and 3,176 Mg C-CO2 ha-1, respectively. My results confirm that land cover change significantly impacted soil properties and reduced ecosystem carbon stocks. The tropical peatlands need urgent and significant efforts in conservation and restoration, to regain its function as a C sink and mitigate climate change. I found that land use/land cover change resulted in large shifts in NPP and NEP. LPSF, ES and OP have significantly lower NPP (11.1 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, 10.8 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 and 3.7 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, respectively) than PSF (13.2 Mg C ha-1 yr-1). ES showed lower heterotrophic respiration (30.7 Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1) than PSF, LPSF and OP (37.7 Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1, 40.7 Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1, 38.7 Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1, respectively). LPSF and OP were net carbon sources; they have negative mean NEP values (-0.1 Mg CO2-e ha-1 yr-1 and -25.1 Mg CO2-e ha-1 yr-1, respectively). In contrast PSF and ES were net carbon sinks (10.8 Mg CO2-e ha-1 yr-1 and 9.1 CCO2 ha-1 yr-1, respectively). PSF is among the most productive of terrestrial ecosystems, with an NPP exceeding that of many tropical rain forests and similar to the most productive mangrove ecosystems. I found that land use decreases productivity of the LPSF and OP sites. The ES had a similar NEP to the PSF, but frequent fires in this ecosystem likely offset carbon gains during the fire intervals. Land use change and forest degradation have shifted tropical PSFs from net carbon sinks to net carbon sources. My study demonstrated that land conversion in tropical peat swamp forests should be halted and degraded peatlands need to be restored in order to mitigate climate change. Close

• 18. [Article] Large Predators Limit Herbivore Densities in Northern Forest Ecosystems

  This is the author's peer-reviewed accepted manuscript. The original publication is copyrighted and published by Springer and is available at www.springerlink.com. NEWS COVERAGE: A news release based ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Large Predators Limit Herbivore Densities in Northern Forest Ecosystems Author: Beschta, Robert L., Ripple, William J. This is the author's peer-reviewed accepted manuscript. The original publication is copyrighted and published by Springer and is available at www.springerlink.com. NEWS COVERAGE: A news release based on this journal publication, which is written for a lay audience and has been approved by an author of the study, is available online: http://bit.ly/HscXfe Title: Large Predators Limit Herbivore Densities in Northern Forest Ecosystems Author: Beschta, Robert L., Ripple, William J. This is the author's peer-reviewed accepted manuscript. The original publication is copyrighted and published by Springer and is available at www.springerlink.com. NEWS COVERAGE: A news release based on this journal publication, which is written for a lay audience and has been approved by an author of the study, is available online: http://bit.ly/HscXfe Close

• 19. [Article] Susceptibility of riparian soil invertebrates to the herbicide triclopyr

  Riparian zones of Pacific Northwest forests have high species diversity and abundance and act as an important interface between the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In addition, riparian zones comprise ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Susceptibility of riparian soil invertebrates to the herbicide triclopyr Author: Moran, Patrick (Patrick William) Riparian zones of Pacific Northwest forests have high species diversity and abundance and act as an important interface between the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In addition, riparian zones comprise a significant portion of the total buffer zone established during commercial forest production to protect aquatic ecosystems from adjacent management activities. Riparian soil invertebrates indigenous to Pacific Northwest forest ecosystems were chosen to investigate impacts from herbicide use. Species chosen for toxicity testing inhabit riparian zones of western Oregon Forests and were collected from the field. The species tested included; two ground beetles, Coleoptera; Carabidae, (Pterostichu inanis) Horn, and, (Scaphinotus marginalus) Fisher; an isopod (Ligidium sp); and a millipede (Harpaphe haydeniana haydeniana) Wood, Polydesmida; Xestodesmidaie. The formulated product of a herbicide widely used in western Oregon forests, Garlon 4, and a specialty formulation of Garlon 4, (XRM-4714 Blank) without the active ingredient triclopyr, were applied via a cabinet sprayer to a soil surface in accordance with a standard soil test method. At the recommended field rate of 4.48kg/ha, the isopod displayed significant mortality after 7-Day exposure, however the other four species were unaffected. The order of susceptibility based on 14-Day LC₅₀ estimates, (kg/ha), for these four species was, P. inanis (38.6)>S. marginalis (34.2)>H. haydeniana (5.1)>Ligidum sp (4.7). The isopod and millipede species exposed to the Garton 4 blank formulation for fourteen days resulted LC₅₀ estimates twice and nine-times higher than from the formulated product, respectively. The potential for this data in estimating the Hazardous Concentration to 5% of the species in the riparian forest community is also discussed. Title: Susceptibility of riparian soil invertebrates to the herbicide triclopyr Author: Moran, Patrick (Patrick William) Riparian zones of Pacific Northwest forests have high species diversity and abundance and act as an important interface between the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In addition, riparian zones comprise a significant portion of the total buffer zone established during commercial forest production to protect aquatic ecosystems from adjacent management activities. Riparian soil invertebrates indigenous to Pacific Northwest forest ecosystems were chosen to investigate impacts from herbicide use. Species chosen for toxicity testing inhabit riparian zones of western Oregon Forests and were collected from the field. The species tested included; two ground beetles, Coleoptera; Carabidae, (Pterostichu inanis) Horn, and, (Scaphinotus marginalus) Fisher; an isopod (Ligidium sp); and a millipede (Harpaphe haydeniana haydeniana) Wood, Polydesmida; Xestodesmidaie. The formulated product of a herbicide widely used in western Oregon forests, Garlon 4, and a specialty formulation of Garlon 4, (XRM-4714 Blank) without the active ingredient triclopyr, were applied via a cabinet sprayer to a soil surface in accordance with a standard soil test method. At the recommended field rate of 4.48kg/ha, the isopod displayed significant mortality after 7-Day exposure, however the other four species were unaffected. The order of susceptibility based on 14-Day LC₅₀ estimates, (kg/ha), for these four species was, P. inanis (38.6)>S. marginalis (34.2)>H. haydeniana (5.1)>Ligidum sp (4.7). The isopod and millipede species exposed to the Garton 4 blank formulation for fourteen days resulted LC₅₀ estimates twice and nine-times higher than from the formulated product, respectively. The potential for this data in estimating the Hazardous Concentration to 5% of the species in the riparian forest community is also discussed. Close

• 20. [Article] N₂-Fixing Red Alder Indirectly Accelerates Ecosystem Nitrogen Cycling

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/101552/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: N₂-Fixing Red Alder Indirectly Accelerates Ecosystem Nitrogen Cycling Author: Matkins, Joselin J., Hibbs, David E., Perakis, Steven S. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/101552/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: N₂-Fixing Red Alder Indirectly Accelerates Ecosystem Nitrogen Cycling Author: Matkins, Joselin J., Hibbs, David E., Perakis, Steven S. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/101552/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 21. [Article] Detecting Trends in Landuse and Landcover Change of Nech Sar National Park, Ethiopia

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Detecting Trends in Landuse and Landcover Change of Nech Sar National Park, Ethiopia Author: Fetene, Aramde, Prasse, Ruediger, Yang, Zhiqiang, Yeshitela, Kumelachew, Hilker, Thomas, Cohen, Warren To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer Verlag and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/267 Title: Detecting Trends in Landuse and Landcover Change of Nech Sar National Park, Ethiopia Author: Fetene, Aramde, Prasse, Ruediger, Yang, Zhiqiang, Yeshitela, Kumelachew, Hilker, Thomas, Cohen, Warren To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer Verlag and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/267 Close

• 22. [Article] Honeggeriella complexa gen. et sp. nov., a heteromerous lichen from the lower cretaceous of Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada)

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Botanical Society of America and can be found at: http://www.botany.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Honeggeriella complexa gen. et sp. nov., a heteromerous lichen from the lower cretaceous of Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada) Author: Tomescu, Alexandru M. F., Stockey, Ruth A., Matsunaga, Kelly K. S. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Botanical Society of America and can be found at: http://www.botany.org/. Title: Honeggeriella complexa gen. et sp. nov., a heteromerous lichen from the lower cretaceous of Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada) Author: Tomescu, Alexandru M. F., Stockey, Ruth A., Matsunaga, Kelly K. S. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Botanical Society of America and can be found at: http://www.botany.org/. Close

• 23. [Article] On the origin and timing of rapid changes in atmospheric methane during the Last Glacial Period

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/gb/index.shtml.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: On the origin and timing of rapid changes in atmospheric methane during the Last Glacial Period Author: Steig, Eric J., Harder, Susan, Brook, Edward J., Severinghaus, Jeff, Sucher, Cara M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/gb/index.shtml. Title: On the origin and timing of rapid changes in atmospheric methane during the Last Glacial Period Author: Steig, Eric J., Harder, Susan, Brook, Edward J., Severinghaus, Jeff, Sucher, Cara M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/gb/index.shtml. Close

• 24. [Article] Empirical assessment of uncertainties of meteorological parameters and turbulent fluxes in the AmeriFlux network

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292169-8961.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Empirical assessment of uncertainties of meteorological parameters and turbulent fluxes in the AmeriFlux network Author: Law, Beverly E., Schmidt, Andres, Chan, W. Stephen, Hanson, Chad This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292169-8961. Title: Empirical assessment of uncertainties of meteorological parameters and turbulent fluxes in the AmeriFlux network Author: Law, Beverly E., Schmidt, Andres, Chan, W. Stephen, Hanson, Chad This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292169-8961. Close

• 25. [Article] Intercomparison of MODIS albedo retrievals and in situ measurements across the global FLUXNET network

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/remote-sensing-of-environment/#description. To the best of our ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Intercomparison of MODIS albedo retrievals and in situ measurements across the global FLUXNET network Author: Yang, Xiaoyuan, Vannan, Suresh K. Santhana, Law, Beverly E., Richardson, Andrew D., Roman, Miguel O., Moors, Eddy, Matteucci, Giorgio, Migliavacca, Mirco, Seufert, Guenther, Ciais, Philippe, Cook, Robert B., Schaaf, Crystal B., Pan, Jerry Yun, Cescatti, Alessandro, Marcolla, Barbara This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/remote-sensing-of-environment/#description. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Intercomparison of MODIS albedo retrievals and in situ measurements across the global FLUXNET network Author: Yang, Xiaoyuan, Vannan, Suresh K. Santhana, Law, Beverly E., Richardson, Andrew D., Roman, Miguel O., Moors, Eddy, Matteucci, Giorgio, Migliavacca, Mirco, Seufert, Guenther, Ciais, Philippe, Cook, Robert B., Schaaf, Crystal B., Pan, Jerry Yun, Cescatti, Alessandro, Marcolla, Barbara This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/remote-sensing-of-environment/#description. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 26. [Article] Monitoring design for riparian forests in the Pacific Northwest : research plan

  The goal of this project is to recommend a broadly-acceptale efficient and effective methodology for characterizing streamside riparian attributes in forested settings at the site grain for regional monitoring. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring design for riparian forests in the Pacific Northwest : research plan Author: Bollman, Mike, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory., Oregon State University, Stepp, Jennifer, United States. Environmental Protection Agency. ǂb Office of Research and Development, United States. Forest Service, Barker, Jerry R., Bradshaw, Gay, Ringold, Paul L., Cline, Steven Paul, Carson, Ward, Dynamac Corporation, Fiorella, Maria R. The goal of this project is to recommend a broadly-acceptale efficient and effective methodology for characterizing streamside riparian attributes in forested settings at the site grain for regional monitoring. The authors consider monitoring design in the context of three interacting constraints: ecological functions, capabilities of technologies, and user needs. The focus is on fine grained remote methods. Comparison between candidate selected monitoring systems provides for an initial formulation of a monitoring design. A series of evaluations of these initial formulations provides for an initial recommendation. With the state's interest in the status of coastal fishes, and the programmatic interest of EPA's Western Ecology Division, the areas selected for study are in the Oregon coastal province and the Willamette basin. Title: Monitoring design for riparian forests in the Pacific Northwest : research plan Author: Bollman, Mike, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory., Oregon State University, Stepp, Jennifer, United States. Environmental Protection Agency. ǂb Office of Research and Development, United States. Forest Service, Barker, Jerry R., Bradshaw, Gay, Ringold, Paul L., Cline, Steven Paul, Carson, Ward, Dynamac Corporation, Fiorella, Maria R. The goal of this project is to recommend a broadly-acceptale efficient and effective methodology for characterizing streamside riparian attributes in forested settings at the site grain for regional monitoring. The authors consider monitoring design in the context of three interacting constraints: ecological functions, capabilities of technologies, and user needs. The focus is on fine grained remote methods. Comparison between candidate selected monitoring systems provides for an initial formulation of a monitoring design. A series of evaluations of these initial formulations provides for an initial recommendation. With the state's interest in the status of coastal fishes, and the programmatic interest of EPA's Western Ecology Division, the areas selected for study are in the Oregon coastal province and the Willamette basin. Close

• 27. [Article] Analysis of the regional carbon balance of Pacific Northwest forests under changing climate, disturbance, and management for bioenergy

  Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have been steadily increasing from anthropogenic energy production, development and use. Carbon cycling in the terrestrial biosphere, particularly forest ecosystems, has ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of the regional carbon balance of Pacific Northwest forests under changing climate, disturbance, and management for bioenergy Author: Hudiburg, Tara W. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have been steadily increasing from anthropogenic energy production, development and use. Carbon cycling in the terrestrial biosphere, particularly forest ecosystems, has an important role in regulating atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide. US West coast forest management policies are being developed to implement forest bioenergy production while reducing risk of catastrophic wildfire. Modeling and understanding the response of terrestrial ecosystems to changing environmental conditions associated with energy production and use are primary goals of global change science. Coupled carbon-nitrogen ecosystem process models identify and predict important factors that govern long term changes in terrestrial carbon stores or net ecosystem production (NEP). By quantifying and reducing uncertainty in model estimates using existing datasets, this research provides a solid scientific foundation for evaluating carbon dynamics under conditions of future climate change and land management practices at local and regional scales. Through the combined use of field observations, remote sensing data products, and the NCAR CESM/CLM4-CN coupled carbon-climate model, the objectives of this project were to 1) determine the interactive effects of changing environmental factors (i.e. increased CO₂, nitrogen deposition, warming) on net carbon uptake in temperate forest ecosystems and 2) predict the net carbon emissions of West Coast forests under future climate scenarios and implementation of bioenergy programs. West Coast forests were found to be a current strong carbon sink after accounting for removals from harvest and fire. Net biome production (NBP) was 26 ± 3 Tg C yr⁻¹, an amount equal to 18% of Washington, Oregon, and California fossil fuel emissions combined. Modeling of future conditions showed increased net primary production (NPP) because of climate and CO₂ fertilization, but was eventually limited by nitrogen availability, while heterotrophic respiration (R[subscript h]) continued to increase, leading to little change in net ecosystem production (NEP). After accounting for harvest removals, management strategies which increased harvest compared to business-as-usual (BAU) resulted in decreased NBP. Increased harvest activity for bioenergy did not reduce short- or long-term emissions to the atmosphere regardless of the treatment intensity or product use. By the end of the 21st century, the carbon accumulated in forest regrowth and wood product sinks combined with avoided emissions from fossil fuels and fire were insufficient to offset the carbon lost from harvest removals, decomposition of wood products, associated harvest/transport/manufacturing emissions, and bioenergy combustion emissions. The only scenario that reduced carbon emissions compared to BAU over the 90 year period was a 'No Harvest' scenario where NBP was significantly higher than BAU for most of the simulation period. Current and future changes to baseline conditions that weaken the forest carbon sink may result in no change to emissions in some forest types. Title: Analysis of the regional carbon balance of Pacific Northwest forests under changing climate, disturbance, and management for bioenergy Author: Hudiburg, Tara W. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have been steadily increasing from anthropogenic energy production, development and use. Carbon cycling in the terrestrial biosphere, particularly forest ecosystems, has an important role in regulating atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide. US West coast forest management policies are being developed to implement forest bioenergy production while reducing risk of catastrophic wildfire. Modeling and understanding the response of terrestrial ecosystems to changing environmental conditions associated with energy production and use are primary goals of global change science. Coupled carbon-nitrogen ecosystem process models identify and predict important factors that govern long term changes in terrestrial carbon stores or net ecosystem production (NEP). By quantifying and reducing uncertainty in model estimates using existing datasets, this research provides a solid scientific foundation for evaluating carbon dynamics under conditions of future climate change and land management practices at local and regional scales. Through the combined use of field observations, remote sensing data products, and the NCAR CESM/CLM4-CN coupled carbon-climate model, the objectives of this project were to 1) determine the interactive effects of changing environmental factors (i.e. increased CO₂, nitrogen deposition, warming) on net carbon uptake in temperate forest ecosystems and 2) predict the net carbon emissions of West Coast forests under future climate scenarios and implementation of bioenergy programs. West Coast forests were found to be a current strong carbon sink after accounting for removals from harvest and fire. Net biome production (NBP) was 26 ± 3 Tg C yr⁻¹, an amount equal to 18% of Washington, Oregon, and California fossil fuel emissions combined. Modeling of future conditions showed increased net primary production (NPP) because of climate and CO₂ fertilization, but was eventually limited by nitrogen availability, while heterotrophic respiration (R[subscript h]) continued to increase, leading to little change in net ecosystem production (NEP). After accounting for harvest removals, management strategies which increased harvest compared to business-as-usual (BAU) resulted in decreased NBP. Increased harvest activity for bioenergy did not reduce short- or long-term emissions to the atmosphere regardless of the treatment intensity or product use. By the end of the 21st century, the carbon accumulated in forest regrowth and wood product sinks combined with avoided emissions from fossil fuels and fire were insufficient to offset the carbon lost from harvest removals, decomposition of wood products, associated harvest/transport/manufacturing emissions, and bioenergy combustion emissions. The only scenario that reduced carbon emissions compared to BAU over the 90 year period was a 'No Harvest' scenario where NBP was significantly higher than BAU for most of the simulation period. Current and future changes to baseline conditions that weaken the forest carbon sink may result in no change to emissions in some forest types. Close

• 28. [Article] Data-driven diagnostics of terrestrial carbon dynamics over North America

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Data-driven diagnostics of terrestrial carbon dynamics over North America Author: Frolking, Steve, Xiao, Jingfeng, Law, Bevery E., et al., Ollinger, Scott V. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/agricultural-and-forest-meteorology. Title: Data-driven diagnostics of terrestrial carbon dynamics over North America Author: Frolking, Steve, Xiao, Jingfeng, Law, Bevery E., et al., Ollinger, Scott V. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/agricultural-and-forest-meteorology. Close

• 29. [Article] Remote sensing of annual terrestrial gross primary productivity from MODIS: an assessment using the FLUXNET La Thuile data set

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The published article can ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Remote sensing of annual terrestrial gross primary productivity from MODIS: an assessment using the FLUXNET La Thuile data set Author: Vaccari, P., Gianelle, D., Friedl, M. A., Gielen, B., Law, B. E., Roupsard, O., Toscano, P., van Gorsel, E., Cescatti, A., Verma, M., Propastin, P., Richardson, A. D., Buchmann, N., Montagnani, L., Moors, E. J., Kiely, G., Bohrer, G., Wohlfahrt, G., Varlagin, A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The published article can be found at: http://www.biogeosciences.net/. Title: Remote sensing of annual terrestrial gross primary productivity from MODIS: an assessment using the FLUXNET La Thuile data set Author: Vaccari, P., Gianelle, D., Friedl, M. A., Gielen, B., Law, B. E., Roupsard, O., Toscano, P., van Gorsel, E., Cescatti, A., Verma, M., Propastin, P., Richardson, A. D., Buchmann, N., Montagnani, L., Moors, E. J., Kiely, G., Bohrer, G., Wohlfahrt, G., Varlagin, A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The published article can be found at: http://www.biogeosciences.net/. Close

• 30. [Article] Evaluation of continental carbon cycle simulations with North American flux tower observations

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/emon.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of continental carbon cycle simulations with North American flux tower observations Author: Viovy, Nicolas, Richardson, Andrew D., Verbeeck, Hans, Post, Wilfred M., Keenan, Trevor F., Baker, Ian T., Law, Beverly, Ricciuto, Daniel, Neilson, Ronald P., Davis, Kenneth J., Huntzinger, Deborah, Tomelleri, Enrico, Tian, Hanqin, Raczka, Brett M., Poulter, Benjamin, Schaefer, Kevin, Xiao, Jingfeng, Ciais, Philippe This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/emon. Title: Evaluation of continental carbon cycle simulations with North American flux tower observations Author: Viovy, Nicolas, Richardson, Andrew D., Verbeeck, Hans, Post, Wilfred M., Keenan, Trevor F., Baker, Ian T., Law, Beverly, Ricciuto, Daniel, Neilson, Ronald P., Davis, Kenneth J., Huntzinger, Deborah, Tomelleri, Enrico, Tian, Hanqin, Raczka, Brett M., Poulter, Benjamin, Schaefer, Kevin, Xiao, Jingfeng, Ciais, Philippe This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/emon. Close

• 31. [Article] Forest calcium depletion and biotic retention along a soil nitrogen gradient

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Ecological ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forest calcium depletion and biotic retention along a soil nitrogen gradient Author: Sinkhorn, Emily R., Hynicka, Justin D., Perakis, Steven S., Catricala, Christina E., Fitzpatrick, John A., Cromack, Kermit, Jr., Bullen, Thomas D. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecap. Title: Forest calcium depletion and biotic retention along a soil nitrogen gradient Author: Sinkhorn, Emily R., Hynicka, Justin D., Perakis, Steven S., Catricala, Christina E., Fitzpatrick, John A., Cromack, Kermit, Jr., Bullen, Thomas D. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecap. Close

• 32. [Article] The effects of forest fuel reduction on fire severity and long-term carbon storage

  Two forest management objectives being debated in the context of federally managed landscapes in the US Pacific Northwest involve a perceived trade-off between fire restoration and C sequestration. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of forest fuel reduction on fire severity and long-term carbon storage Author: Mitchell, Stephen Richard Two forest management objectives being debated in the context of federally managed landscapes in the US Pacific Northwest involve a perceived trade-off between fire restoration and C sequestration. The former strategy would reduce fuel (and therefore C) that has accumulated through a century of fire suppression and exclusion that has led to extreme fire risk in some areas. The latter strategy would manage forests for enhanced C sequestration as a method of reducing atmospheric CO2 and associated threats from global climate change. We explored the tradeoff between these strategies by modeling their effects at both the stand and landscape-scale. We began with an assessment of the extent to which uncertainties in model parameter values, model structure, and field measurements can influence model performance. We adapted the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) methodology for Biome-BGC, a widely used terrestrial ecosystem model. We found that the phenomenon of parameter equifinality exerted significant control on model performance, but that issues with model structure in the Biome-BGC model may present an even greater obstacle to model accuracy. We then examined the effects of fuel reduction on fire severity and the resulting long-term stand-level C storage by utilizing the STANDCARB model for three Pacific Northwest ecosystems: the east Cascades Ponderosa Pine forests, the west Cascades Western hemlock–Douglas fir forests, and the Coast Range Western hemlock– Sitka spruce forests. Finally, we then tested the extent to which various landscape-level fuel reduction treatments, when applied at various annual treatment areas, altered pyrogenic C emissions and long-term C storage in the east Cascades Ponderosa pine ecosystems. For this we employed the LANDCARB model, which models forests throughout a landscape on a stand-by-stand basis. Results from both the stand and landscape-level modeling indicate that, for fuel reduction treatments to be effective in reducing wildfire severity, they must be applied at higher frequencies and over larger areas than they are currently. Furthermore, fuel reduction treatments almost always reduce stand and landscape-level C storage, since reducing the fraction by which C is lost in a wildfire requires the removal of a much greater amount of C, since most of the C stored in forest biomass (stem wood, branches, coarse woody debris) remains unconsumed even by high-severity wildfires. Title: The effects of forest fuel reduction on fire severity and long-term carbon storage Author: Mitchell, Stephen Richard Two forest management objectives being debated in the context of federally managed landscapes in the US Pacific Northwest involve a perceived trade-off between fire restoration and C sequestration. The former strategy would reduce fuel (and therefore C) that has accumulated through a century of fire suppression and exclusion that has led to extreme fire risk in some areas. The latter strategy would manage forests for enhanced C sequestration as a method of reducing atmospheric CO2 and associated threats from global climate change. We explored the tradeoff between these strategies by modeling their effects at both the stand and landscape-scale. We began with an assessment of the extent to which uncertainties in model parameter values, model structure, and field measurements can influence model performance. We adapted the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) methodology for Biome-BGC, a widely used terrestrial ecosystem model. We found that the phenomenon of parameter equifinality exerted significant control on model performance, but that issues with model structure in the Biome-BGC model may present an even greater obstacle to model accuracy. We then examined the effects of fuel reduction on fire severity and the resulting long-term stand-level C storage by utilizing the STANDCARB model for three Pacific Northwest ecosystems: the east Cascades Ponderosa Pine forests, the west Cascades Western hemlock–Douglas fir forests, and the Coast Range Western hemlock– Sitka spruce forests. Finally, we then tested the extent to which various landscape-level fuel reduction treatments, when applied at various annual treatment areas, altered pyrogenic C emissions and long-term C storage in the east Cascades Ponderosa pine ecosystems. For this we employed the LANDCARB model, which models forests throughout a landscape on a stand-by-stand basis. Results from both the stand and landscape-level modeling indicate that, for fuel reduction treatments to be effective in reducing wildfire severity, they must be applied at higher frequencies and over larger areas than they are currently. Furthermore, fuel reduction treatments almost always reduce stand and landscape-level C storage, since reducing the fraction by which C is lost in a wildfire requires the removal of a much greater amount of C, since most of the C stored in forest biomass (stem wood, branches, coarse woody debris) remains unconsumed even by high-severity wildfires. Close

• 33. [Article] Spatial variability of African dust in soils in a montane tropical landscape in Puerto Rico

  Access to this item has been restricted by repository administrators at the request of the publisher, Elsevier, until July 23, 2017.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial variability of African dust in soils in a montane tropical landscape in Puerto Rico Author: McClintock, M. A., Porder, S., Brocard, G., Willenbring, J., Pett-Ridge, J. C., Tamayo, C. Access to this item has been restricted by repository administrators at the request of the publisher, Elsevier, until July 23, 2017. Title: Spatial variability of African dust in soils in a montane tropical landscape in Puerto Rico Author: McClintock, M. A., Porder, S., Brocard, G., Willenbring, J., Pett-Ridge, J. C., Tamayo, C. Access to this item has been restricted by repository administrators at the request of the publisher, Elsevier, until July 23, 2017. Close

• 34. [Article] A mathematical transformation of multi-angular remote sensing data for the study of vegetation change

  Vegetation change is an important factor affecting the global carbon cycle, land-atmosphere interaction, and terrestrial ecology. The study of vegetation change on a global scale can be used to evaluate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A mathematical transformation of multi-angular remote sensing data for the study of vegetation change Author: Friedel, Robert G. Vegetation change is an important factor affecting the global carbon cycle, land-atmosphere interaction, and terrestrial ecology. The study of vegetation change on a global scale can be used to evaluate the impact of global climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. Satellite remote sensing can monitor vegetation change at the global scale, providing continuous samples of radiation reflected by vegetated surfaces with a temporal resolution of days. The MISR instrument offers the potential to sample the specular anisotropy of the Earth from up to 9 angles. Characterization of the specular anisotropy of vegetated surfaces on a global scale will provide information on the physical characteristics of vegetation affecting anisotropy not available from nadir-view only remote sensing. The objective of this study is to develop a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) transformation of multi-angular measurements of the Earth’s surface acquired by the MISR instrument, to examine the feasibility of quantifying the structural characteristics of different vegetation communities at a global scale. This transformation will be applied to a time-series analysis of the Kalmioposis Wilderness in the Siskiyou National Forest in Southwestern Oregon to better understand the changes in spectral and angular reflectance of a forest stand during re-growth after a stand-replacing disturbance. A sample encompassing a full phenologic cycle, of the red bands only from MISR cameras Ca – Cf, at scaled surface reflectance, provided the template on which PCA was performed. The sample of MISR data was created using imagery collected from 2001 – 2005 to provide a wide variety of vegetation and soils reflectance over a phenologic cycle. Sample data was rotated to the principal components as the new axes using the coefficients of rotation from an un-standardized PCA. Samples were evaluated at various latitudes, differing topography, and varying vegetation density and land cover to determine the properties of the scene controlling the range and magnitude of the principal components. Principal component 1 was found to have high negative correlation to NDVI. Principal component 2 was found to have high positive correlation to both the solar zenith angle and the relative azimuth angle between the MISR sensor and the path of incident radiation. Principal component 3 could not be correlated to any available metric, although evidence suggests that component 3 may carry useful information. The PCA transformation proved useful at relating the changes in vegetation after a fire at the Biscuit Complex. The changes in the BRDF as sampled by MISR were expressed through the principal components, but these changes could not be directly related to changing structural characteristics of the vegetation. The goal of assessing structural characteristics of vegetation through the PCA transformation to a single metric of vegetation structure was unsuccessful. The PCA transformation of the MISR sample successfully yielded a transformation where different classes of vegetation occupied distinct and unique regions of PCA space. The first two principal components were successfully correlated to measurable and definable metrics of vegetation and solar illumination. The third principal component, for which a correlation could not be found, was suggestive of carrying unique information and merits further investigation. The transformation of multi-angular red band reflectance as presented in this study may prove to be a valuable method of estimating biomass at a global scale. With principal components correlated to measures of biomass in NDVI and to the shadowing of the ground through the angle of solar illumination, the PCA relates characteristics of vegetated scenes in a minimum of bands. Title: A mathematical transformation of multi-angular remote sensing data for the study of vegetation change Author: Friedel, Robert G. Vegetation change is an important factor affecting the global carbon cycle, land-atmosphere interaction, and terrestrial ecology. The study of vegetation change on a global scale can be used to evaluate the impact of global climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. Satellite remote sensing can monitor vegetation change at the global scale, providing continuous samples of radiation reflected by vegetated surfaces with a temporal resolution of days. The MISR instrument offers the potential to sample the specular anisotropy of the Earth from up to 9 angles. Characterization of the specular anisotropy of vegetated surfaces on a global scale will provide information on the physical characteristics of vegetation affecting anisotropy not available from nadir-view only remote sensing. The objective of this study is to develop a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) transformation of multi-angular measurements of the Earth’s surface acquired by the MISR instrument, to examine the feasibility of quantifying the structural characteristics of different vegetation communities at a global scale. This transformation will be applied to a time-series analysis of the Kalmioposis Wilderness in the Siskiyou National Forest in Southwestern Oregon to better understand the changes in spectral and angular reflectance of a forest stand during re-growth after a stand-replacing disturbance. A sample encompassing a full phenologic cycle, of the red bands only from MISR cameras Ca – Cf, at scaled surface reflectance, provided the template on which PCA was performed. The sample of MISR data was created using imagery collected from 2001 – 2005 to provide a wide variety of vegetation and soils reflectance over a phenologic cycle. Sample data was rotated to the principal components as the new axes using the coefficients of rotation from an un-standardized PCA. Samples were evaluated at various latitudes, differing topography, and varying vegetation density and land cover to determine the properties of the scene controlling the range and magnitude of the principal components. Principal component 1 was found to have high negative correlation to NDVI. Principal component 2 was found to have high positive correlation to both the solar zenith angle and the relative azimuth angle between the MISR sensor and the path of incident radiation. Principal component 3 could not be correlated to any available metric, although evidence suggests that component 3 may carry useful information. The PCA transformation proved useful at relating the changes in vegetation after a fire at the Biscuit Complex. The changes in the BRDF as sampled by MISR were expressed through the principal components, but these changes could not be directly related to changing structural characteristics of the vegetation. The goal of assessing structural characteristics of vegetation through the PCA transformation to a single metric of vegetation structure was unsuccessful. The PCA transformation of the MISR sample successfully yielded a transformation where different classes of vegetation occupied distinct and unique regions of PCA space. The first two principal components were successfully correlated to measurable and definable metrics of vegetation and solar illumination. The third principal component, for which a correlation could not be found, was suggestive of carrying unique information and merits further investigation. The transformation of multi-angular red band reflectance as presented in this study may prove to be a valuable method of estimating biomass at a global scale. With principal components correlated to measures of biomass in NDVI and to the shadowing of the ground through the angle of solar illumination, the PCA relates characteristics of vegetated scenes in a minimum of bands. Close

• 35. [Article] Effects of wildfire on growth and demographics of coastal cutthroat trout in headwater streams

  Wildfire is a largely terrestrial perturbation broadly recognized as an agent of disturbance and ecological change in forested biomes. Effects of post-fire conditions on biotic components of aquatic systems ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of wildfire on growth and demographics of coastal cutthroat trout in headwater streams Author: Heck, Michael P. Wildfire is a largely terrestrial perturbation broadly recognized as an agent of disturbance and ecological change in forested biomes. Effects of post-fire conditions on biotic components of aquatic systems have been less well-documented, although hypothetically, the two are strongly connected. In fact, the influence of wildfire may be most profound in headwater streams because of the tight linkage between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. We sought to understand the influence of post-fire conditions on fish in headwater streams by observing growth and demographics of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) following wildfire. During the summer of 2002, wildfire burned portions of three headwater watersheds in the North Umpqua basin of western Oregon. Burn severities ranged from moderate to severe. A reference stream was selected from a nearby fourth watershed. All fish-bearing portions of the stream network in the four watersheds were surveyed for 3 years following the wildfire, and 1,295 scale samples were collected from coastal cutthroat trout for age and growth analysis. Stream temperatures in the burned watersheds changed significantly following the wildfire (p < 0.016), with increases of up to 23% in the most severely burned watershed. During summer electrofishing surveys in the burned watersheds, both young-of-the-year and fish ≥ age 1 were captured; in the unburned watershed, the vast majority of fish captured were ≥ age 1. Age-frequency analyses revealed that fish in older age classes (age ≥ 3) were more prevalent in the unburned watershed than in the burned watersheds. Relative growth rates and length at last annulus formation of coastal cutthroat trout were positively related to the number of degree days during the growing season, and Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.60 (p < 0.07) to 0.90 (p < 0.01). Growth rates and size of fish were not significantly correlated with relative density of fish (p ≥ 0.14). Contrary to the commonly held assumption that wildfire is detrimental to biota in aquatic systems, these results suggest that in the short term (≤ 3 years), fish in the study streams adjusted to environmental change caused by wildfire. Title: Effects of wildfire on growth and demographics of coastal cutthroat trout in headwater streams Author: Heck, Michael P. Wildfire is a largely terrestrial perturbation broadly recognized as an agent of disturbance and ecological change in forested biomes. Effects of post-fire conditions on biotic components of aquatic systems have been less well-documented, although hypothetically, the two are strongly connected. In fact, the influence of wildfire may be most profound in headwater streams because of the tight linkage between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. We sought to understand the influence of post-fire conditions on fish in headwater streams by observing growth and demographics of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) following wildfire. During the summer of 2002, wildfire burned portions of three headwater watersheds in the North Umpqua basin of western Oregon. Burn severities ranged from moderate to severe. A reference stream was selected from a nearby fourth watershed. All fish-bearing portions of the stream network in the four watersheds were surveyed for 3 years following the wildfire, and 1,295 scale samples were collected from coastal cutthroat trout for age and growth analysis. Stream temperatures in the burned watersheds changed significantly following the wildfire (p < 0.016), with increases of up to 23% in the most severely burned watershed. During summer electrofishing surveys in the burned watersheds, both young-of-the-year and fish ≥ age 1 were captured; in the unburned watershed, the vast majority of fish captured were ≥ age 1. Age-frequency analyses revealed that fish in older age classes (age ≥ 3) were more prevalent in the unburned watershed than in the burned watersheds. Relative growth rates and length at last annulus formation of coastal cutthroat trout were positively related to the number of degree days during the growing season, and Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.60 (p < 0.07) to 0.90 (p < 0.01). Growth rates and size of fish were not significantly correlated with relative density of fish (p ≥ 0.14). Contrary to the commonly held assumption that wildfire is detrimental to biota in aquatic systems, these results suggest that in the short term (≤ 3 years), fish in the study streams adjusted to environmental change caused by wildfire. Close

• 36. [Article] Regional Contingencies in the Relationship between Aboveground Biomass and Litter in the World’s Grasslands

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Public ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Regional Contingencies in the Relationship between Aboveground Biomass and Litter in the World’s Grasslands Author: Cleland, Elsa E., Orrock, John L., Morgan, John W., Davies, Kendi F., Li, Wei, Stevens, Carly J., Firn, Jennifer, Melbourne, Brett A., Harpole, W. Stan, Hagenah, Nicole, Hobbie, Sarah, Borer, Elizabeth T., McCulley, Rebecca L., Chu, Chengjin, Knops, Johannes M. H., DeCrappeo, Nicole M., Seabloom, Eric W., O’Halloran, Lydia R., Prober, Suzanne M., MacDougall, Andrew S., Bakker, Jonathan D., Du, Guozhen, Hofmockel, Kirsten S. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plos.org/. Title: Regional Contingencies in the Relationship between Aboveground Biomass and Litter in the World’s Grasslands Author: Cleland, Elsa E., Orrock, John L., Morgan, John W., Davies, Kendi F., Li, Wei, Stevens, Carly J., Firn, Jennifer, Melbourne, Brett A., Harpole, W. Stan, Hagenah, Nicole, Hobbie, Sarah, Borer, Elizabeth T., McCulley, Rebecca L., Chu, Chengjin, Knops, Johannes M. H., DeCrappeo, Nicole M., Seabloom, Eric W., O’Halloran, Lydia R., Prober, Suzanne M., MacDougall, Andrew S., Bakker, Jonathan D., Du, Guozhen, Hofmockel, Kirsten S. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plos.org/. Close

• 37. [Article] A model-data comparison of gross primary productivity: Results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/jgr/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A model-data comparison of gross primary productivity: Results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis Author: Hilton, Timothy W., Hollinger, David Y., Ricciuto, Dan, Dragoni, Danilo, Chen, Jiquan, Peng, Changhui, Richardson, Andrew D., Verbeeck, Hans, Gu, Lianhong, Roulet, Nigel, Williams, Chris, Oechel, Walter, Law, Beverly, Sahoo, Alok, Anderson, Ryan, Chen, Jing M., Tonitto, Christina, Grant, Robert F., Barr, Alan, Jain, Atul, Vargas, Rodrigo, McCaughey, J. Harry, Black, T. Andrew, Arain, M. Altaf, Tian, Hanqin, Torn, Margaret, Desai, Ankur R., Bolstad, Paul, Munger, J. William, Monson, Russ, Raczka, Brett M., Dietze, Michael, Zhou, Xiaolu, Schwalm, Christopher R., Humphreys, Elyn, Margolis, Hank A., Kucharik, Chris, Poulter, Benjamin, Lokipitiya, Erandathie, Schaefer, Kevin, Price, David T., Dimitrov, Dimitre, Curtis, Peter S., Baker, Ian, Davis, Kenneth J., Liu, Shuguang, Riley, William J., Matamala, Roser, Thornton, Peter, Weng, Ensheng, Gough, Christopher This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/jgr/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: A model-data comparison of gross primary productivity: Results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis Author: Hilton, Timothy W., Hollinger, David Y., Ricciuto, Dan, Dragoni, Danilo, Chen, Jiquan, Peng, Changhui, Richardson, Andrew D., Verbeeck, Hans, Gu, Lianhong, Roulet, Nigel, Williams, Chris, Oechel, Walter, Law, Beverly, Sahoo, Alok, Anderson, Ryan, Chen, Jing M., Tonitto, Christina, Grant, Robert F., Barr, Alan, Jain, Atul, Vargas, Rodrigo, McCaughey, J. Harry, Black, T. Andrew, Arain, M. Altaf, Tian, Hanqin, Torn, Margaret, Desai, Ankur R., Bolstad, Paul, Munger, J. William, Monson, Russ, Raczka, Brett M., Dietze, Michael, Zhou, Xiaolu, Schwalm, Christopher R., Humphreys, Elyn, Margolis, Hank A., Kucharik, Chris, Poulter, Benjamin, Lokipitiya, Erandathie, Schaefer, Kevin, Price, David T., Dimitrov, Dimitre, Curtis, Peter S., Baker, Ian, Davis, Kenneth J., Liu, Shuguang, Riley, William J., Matamala, Roser, Thornton, Peter, Weng, Ensheng, Gough, Christopher This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/jgr/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 38. [Article] Distinguishing biological and physical controls on soil respiration

  Soil respiration, or the combined CO₂ emissions from roots and soil microorganisms, constitutes one of the largest losses of carbon (C) from terrestrial ecosystems. The major drivers of soil respiration, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distinguishing biological and physical controls on soil respiration Author: Phillips, Claire L. Soil respiration, or the combined CO₂ emissions from roots and soil microorganisms, constitutes one of the largest losses of carbon (C) from terrestrial ecosystems. The major drivers of soil respiration, which include soil moisture, temperature, and substrate quality, have been known for some time. Nevertheless, correlations between these drivers and soil respiration vary substantially by site, and there is a lack of mechanistic principles that would allow prediction of soil respiration rates across sites and through time. Here I present three studies that attempted to characterize and differentiate biological and physical mechanisms controlling soil respiration. The purpose of the first study was to quantify the proportion of soil respiration derived from ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal mats, which can form dense aggregations of hyphae near the surface of forest soils. By comparing respiration rates on mats with neighboring non-mat soils, I estimated that approximately 10% of soil respiration was derived from EcM mats in an old-growth Douglas fir forest site. Seasonally, mat contributions correlated with soil moisture, which may be due to a physiological response of EcM fungi, but it also likely related to moisture impacts on CO₂ flux contributions in deep soil below where EcM mats tend to colonize. In the second study I examined diel patterns of soil respiration, and used a gas diffusion model to develop a theoretical basis for why respiration is often lagged several hours from soil temperature. This study demonstrated that soil heat and gas transport can cause complex diel patterns in soil respiration, which must be accounted for to correctly interpret the impacts of temperature and other forcing factors on soil respiration. Finally, the third study examined the carbon isotopic composition of soil respiration (δ¹³CO₂), and whether δ¹³CO₂ is influenced by recent plant photosynthates, as has been suggested previously, or instead by microbial or gas-transport effects. I ruled out microbial effects as a possible influence on moisture-related δ¹³CO₂ dynamics, but showed that gas transport likely influenced measurements of δ¹³CO₂ at high and low-moisture. Collectively, an important conclusion from these studies is that analysis of soil gradients, including gradients in environmental conditions, biological activity, and soil physical properties across the soil profile, helps to explain the dynamics of CO₂ fluxes from the soil surface. By examining respiration as a product of processes occurring across soil profiles, in contrast to treating soil as a flat surface or a homogenous medium, more mechanistic and universal relationships become apparent. Title: Distinguishing biological and physical controls on soil respiration Author: Phillips, Claire L. Soil respiration, or the combined CO₂ emissions from roots and soil microorganisms, constitutes one of the largest losses of carbon (C) from terrestrial ecosystems. The major drivers of soil respiration, which include soil moisture, temperature, and substrate quality, have been known for some time. Nevertheless, correlations between these drivers and soil respiration vary substantially by site, and there is a lack of mechanistic principles that would allow prediction of soil respiration rates across sites and through time. Here I present three studies that attempted to characterize and differentiate biological and physical mechanisms controlling soil respiration. The purpose of the first study was to quantify the proportion of soil respiration derived from ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal mats, which can form dense aggregations of hyphae near the surface of forest soils. By comparing respiration rates on mats with neighboring non-mat soils, I estimated that approximately 10% of soil respiration was derived from EcM mats in an old-growth Douglas fir forest site. Seasonally, mat contributions correlated with soil moisture, which may be due to a physiological response of EcM fungi, but it also likely related to moisture impacts on CO₂ flux contributions in deep soil below where EcM mats tend to colonize. In the second study I examined diel patterns of soil respiration, and used a gas diffusion model to develop a theoretical basis for why respiration is often lagged several hours from soil temperature. This study demonstrated that soil heat and gas transport can cause complex diel patterns in soil respiration, which must be accounted for to correctly interpret the impacts of temperature and other forcing factors on soil respiration. Finally, the third study examined the carbon isotopic composition of soil respiration (δ¹³CO₂), and whether δ¹³CO₂ is influenced by recent plant photosynthates, as has been suggested previously, or instead by microbial or gas-transport effects. I ruled out microbial effects as a possible influence on moisture-related δ¹³CO₂ dynamics, but showed that gas transport likely influenced measurements of δ¹³CO₂ at high and low-moisture. Collectively, an important conclusion from these studies is that analysis of soil gradients, including gradients in environmental conditions, biological activity, and soil physical properties across the soil profile, helps to explain the dynamics of CO₂ fluxes from the soil surface. By examining respiration as a product of processes occurring across soil profiles, in contrast to treating soil as a flat surface or a homogenous medium, more mechanistic and universal relationships become apparent. Close

• 39. [Article] Effects of ungulate herbivory on aspen, cottonwood, and willow development under forest fuels treatment regimes

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/forest-ecology-and-management/. To the best of our knowledge, one ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of ungulate herbivory on aspen, cottonwood, and willow development under forest fuels treatment regimes Author: Dick, Brian L., Endress, Bryan A., Boyd, Jennifer M., Parks, Catherine G., Wisdom, Michael J., Vavra, Martin, Naylor, Bridgett J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/forest-ecology-and-management/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Effects of ungulate herbivory on aspen, cottonwood, and willow development under forest fuels treatment regimes Author: Dick, Brian L., Endress, Bryan A., Boyd, Jennifer M., Parks, Catherine G., Wisdom, Michael J., Vavra, Martin, Naylor, Bridgett J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/forest-ecology-and-management/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 40. [Article] Surface complexation of protons and sulfate by kaolinite

  The emission of sulfur oxides from anthropogenic sources represents a potential threat to terrestrial ecosystems. Sulfate, the most highly oxidized form of sulfur, is the most common form of inorganic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surface complexation of protons and sulfate by kaolinite Author: Wildensee, Frank The emission of sulfur oxides from anthropogenic sources represents a potential threat to terrestrial ecosystems. Sulfate, the most highly oxidized form of sulfur, is the most common form of inorganic sulfur in most soil environments. The sorption of sulfate may influence the alkalinity of the soil solution and as a consequence the pH of surface waters. Batch experiments were performed to determine the influence of pH, total sulfate concentration and solubility of the adsorbent on the sorption of sulfate by kaolinite. Proton surface charge density for kaolinite was determined over a solution pH range from 3.5 to 11.0 in the absence and presence of sulfate (10.99 to 526.3 μM) in 0.1 M NaCl0₄ at 298 K. Total aluminum (Al[subscript TS]) and silica (Si[subscript TS]) concentrations were measured as a function of pH after varying reaction times (2 to 60 h). The dissolution of kaolinite was incongruent (Al[subscript TS]/Si[subscript TS] ≠ 1) over the entire pH range. Proton adsorption by edge surface functional groups of kaolinite, corrected for proton consuming dissolution reactions, showed no influence of the reaction time. Titration data were modeled by the nonlinear least squares fitting routine FITEQL to obtain intrinsic proton complexation constants. Aluminol, aquo and silanol groups were found to undergo complexation reactions. Average values over all reaction times and total sulfate concentrations for log K₋ (int) and log K₊ (int) were -9.3 and 7.3 for aluminol and aquo groups, and -5.2 and 4.9 for silanol groups, respectively. The total concentration of surface sites was 1.74 cmol kg⁻¹. This higher value, in comparison to the theoretically determined concentration, could be explained by differences in the particle size of kaolinite. Kinetics of sulfate sorption by kaolinite KGa-1, determined in a stirred batch reaction in 0.1 M NaCl0₄ for a suspension density of 33.33 g L⁻¹ at pH 4.5 and 6.5 were rapid. No sorption reaction could be observed after 1 min reaction time. Sulfate sorption was independent of pH and increased linearly with the free sulfate concentration. Linear regressions resulted in an overall partition coefficient for sulfate of 7.8 L kg⁻¹ (R² - 0.99) between solid and solution. A multiple regression model showed that pH was not a significant variable in determining the amount of sulfate sorbed. Specific adsorption by edge surface groups via ligand exchange could be excluded, mainly due to the complete lack of a pH influence on sulfate sorption. Precipitation of a sparingly soluble aluminum sulfate mineral was considered a possible mechanism controlling sulfate concentration in solution. The solubility of several aluminum and aluminum sulfate minerals was computed using the solution speciation program MICROQL. Precipitation of basaluminite, a basic aluminum sulfate mineral present in acid sulfate soils, was found to be possible within the pH range from 5.0 to 6.0. However, no conclusive evidence can be presented for precipitation being the mechanism of sulfate sorption in presence of kaolinite. Title: Surface complexation of protons and sulfate by kaolinite Author: Wildensee, Frank The emission of sulfur oxides from anthropogenic sources represents a potential threat to terrestrial ecosystems. Sulfate, the most highly oxidized form of sulfur, is the most common form of inorganic sulfur in most soil environments. The sorption of sulfate may influence the alkalinity of the soil solution and as a consequence the pH of surface waters. Batch experiments were performed to determine the influence of pH, total sulfate concentration and solubility of the adsorbent on the sorption of sulfate by kaolinite. Proton surface charge density for kaolinite was determined over a solution pH range from 3.5 to 11.0 in the absence and presence of sulfate (10.99 to 526.3 μM) in 0.1 M NaCl0₄ at 298 K. Total aluminum (Al[subscript TS]) and silica (Si[subscript TS]) concentrations were measured as a function of pH after varying reaction times (2 to 60 h). The dissolution of kaolinite was incongruent (Al[subscript TS]/Si[subscript TS] ≠ 1) over the entire pH range. Proton adsorption by edge surface functional groups of kaolinite, corrected for proton consuming dissolution reactions, showed no influence of the reaction time. Titration data were modeled by the nonlinear least squares fitting routine FITEQL to obtain intrinsic proton complexation constants. Aluminol, aquo and silanol groups were found to undergo complexation reactions. Average values over all reaction times and total sulfate concentrations for log K₋ (int) and log K₊ (int) were -9.3 and 7.3 for aluminol and aquo groups, and -5.2 and 4.9 for silanol groups, respectively. The total concentration of surface sites was 1.74 cmol kg⁻¹. This higher value, in comparison to the theoretically determined concentration, could be explained by differences in the particle size of kaolinite. Kinetics of sulfate sorption by kaolinite KGa-1, determined in a stirred batch reaction in 0.1 M NaCl0₄ for a suspension density of 33.33 g L⁻¹ at pH 4.5 and 6.5 were rapid. No sorption reaction could be observed after 1 min reaction time. Sulfate sorption was independent of pH and increased linearly with the free sulfate concentration. Linear regressions resulted in an overall partition coefficient for sulfate of 7.8 L kg⁻¹ (R² - 0.99) between solid and solution. A multiple regression model showed that pH was not a significant variable in determining the amount of sulfate sorbed. Specific adsorption by edge surface groups via ligand exchange could be excluded, mainly due to the complete lack of a pH influence on sulfate sorption. Precipitation of a sparingly soluble aluminum sulfate mineral was considered a possible mechanism controlling sulfate concentration in solution. The solubility of several aluminum and aluminum sulfate minerals was computed using the solution speciation program MICROQL. Precipitation of basaluminite, a basic aluminum sulfate mineral present in acid sulfate soils, was found to be possible within the pH range from 5.0 to 6.0. However, no conclusive evidence can be presented for precipitation being the mechanism of sulfate sorption in presence of kaolinite. Close

• 41. [Article] Dynamics of water-soluble carbon in forest soils of contrasting fertility

  Most soil organic C is in a stable form, associated with clay minerals in the upper soil profile. Upon environmental and land-use changes, stable soil C is subject to losses, which influence the global ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dynamics of water-soluble carbon in forest soils of contrasting fertility Author: Wagai, Rota Most soil organic C is in a stable form, associated with clay minerals in the upper soil profile. Upon environmental and land-use changes, stable soil C is subject to losses, which influence the global C cycle and the productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. However, mechanisms controlling soil C destabilization are not well understood. Microbial respiration and leaching are the two major fates of destabilized C. I hypothesized that water-soluble C plays an important role in soil C turnover and studied the susceptibility of water-soluble C both to leaching and to microbial degradation. Furthermore, I studied factors influencing the amount of water-soluble C and its biodegradability using five soils from a wide fertility gradient. First, soil columns (20 cm of top soil) with and without Douglas-fir seedlings were leached every 2 weeks for 20 weeks and the soils were extracted with water before and after the 20-week study period. Extracts contained 8 to 17 times more dissolved organic C (DOC) than did leachates. Similarly, biodegradable DOC (BDOC) in extracts was 4 to 96 times that in leachates. The leachable C pool was constant over the 20 weeks regardless of the presence of tree seedlings in soil leaching columns, while the extractable C pooi declined by 31 to 40% over time. A soil C destabilization model was proposed based on the changes in measured C pools (particulate, water-extractable, and leachable C) and the estimates of soil respiration and microbial biomass from a previous work. Microbial respiration accounted for 86 to 92% of the C destabilized. Leached C accounted for the remaining 8 to 14%, indicating its minor role in C mobilization in the system studied. However, the model didn't rule out the possibility that extractable C accounts for a significant portion of microbial respiration. Second, the hypothesis that water-extractable C is a major energy source for microbes was tested using Douglas-fir forest soils from two sites (Cascade Head and Wind River) and with and without red-alder influence. Despite a large range of soil fertility (C:N ratio of 13 to 31), C extracted before and after the 2-month soil incubation showed a strong correlation with the C respired during the incubation period (r2 = 0.71 and 0.92), suggesting the efficacy of extractable C pools to predict the availability of C to soil microbes. Furthermore, DOC and BDOC pool were relatively constant during the 2- month incubation, indicating the possibility that a rapid regeneration and degradation of extractable C explain the measured microbial respiration during the study period. No clear correlation was found between DOC and dissolved organic N. Across all stands, soil C:N ratio showed a strong correlation with the relative amount of BDOC in the DOC incubation (r2 = 0.72) and with the relative amount of C respired from bulk soil (per g C basis) at the end of incubation period (r2 = 0.72), suggesting a strong influence of soil C:N on the overall C availability to soil microbes both in solution and solid phase. Water-extractable C deserves continued attention as a strong predictor of available C for soil microbes and as a potentially significant energy source for microbial respiration. More information is needed to estimate the regeneration rate of labile extractable C and to identify factors controlling soil C degradation. Title: Dynamics of water-soluble carbon in forest soils of contrasting fertility Author: Wagai, Rota Most soil organic C is in a stable form, associated with clay minerals in the upper soil profile. Upon environmental and land-use changes, stable soil C is subject to losses, which influence the global C cycle and the productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. However, mechanisms controlling soil C destabilization are not well understood. Microbial respiration and leaching are the two major fates of destabilized C. I hypothesized that water-soluble C plays an important role in soil C turnover and studied the susceptibility of water-soluble C both to leaching and to microbial degradation. Furthermore, I studied factors influencing the amount of water-soluble C and its biodegradability using five soils from a wide fertility gradient. First, soil columns (20 cm of top soil) with and without Douglas-fir seedlings were leached every 2 weeks for 20 weeks and the soils were extracted with water before and after the 20-week study period. Extracts contained 8 to 17 times more dissolved organic C (DOC) than did leachates. Similarly, biodegradable DOC (BDOC) in extracts was 4 to 96 times that in leachates. The leachable C pool was constant over the 20 weeks regardless of the presence of tree seedlings in soil leaching columns, while the extractable C pooi declined by 31 to 40% over time. A soil C destabilization model was proposed based on the changes in measured C pools (particulate, water-extractable, and leachable C) and the estimates of soil respiration and microbial biomass from a previous work. Microbial respiration accounted for 86 to 92% of the C destabilized. Leached C accounted for the remaining 8 to 14%, indicating its minor role in C mobilization in the system studied. However, the model didn't rule out the possibility that extractable C accounts for a significant portion of microbial respiration. Second, the hypothesis that water-extractable C is a major energy source for microbes was tested using Douglas-fir forest soils from two sites (Cascade Head and Wind River) and with and without red-alder influence. Despite a large range of soil fertility (C:N ratio of 13 to 31), C extracted before and after the 2-month soil incubation showed a strong correlation with the C respired during the incubation period (r2 = 0.71 and 0.92), suggesting the efficacy of extractable C pools to predict the availability of C to soil microbes. Furthermore, DOC and BDOC pool were relatively constant during the 2- month incubation, indicating the possibility that a rapid regeneration and degradation of extractable C explain the measured microbial respiration during the study period. No clear correlation was found between DOC and dissolved organic N. Across all stands, soil C:N ratio showed a strong correlation with the relative amount of BDOC in the DOC incubation (r2 = 0.72) and with the relative amount of C respired from bulk soil (per g C basis) at the end of incubation period (r2 = 0.72), suggesting a strong influence of soil C:N on the overall C availability to soil microbes both in solution and solid phase. Water-extractable C deserves continued attention as a strong predictor of available C for soil microbes and as a potentially significant energy source for microbial respiration. More information is needed to estimate the regeneration rate of labile extractable C and to identify factors controlling soil C degradation. Close

• 42. [Article] Performance of Linear and Nonlinear Two-Leaf Light Use Efficiency Models at Different Temporal Scales

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by MDPI and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Performance of Linear and Nonlinear Two-Leaf Light Use Efficiency Models at Different Temporal Scales Author: Law, Beverly E., Wu, Xiaocui, Ju, Weimin, et al., Zhou, Yanlian To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by MDPI and can be found at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Title: Performance of Linear and Nonlinear Two-Leaf Light Use Efficiency Models at Different Temporal Scales Author: Law, Beverly E., Wu, Xiaocui, Ju, Weimin, et al., Zhou, Yanlian To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by MDPI and can be found at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Close

• 43. [Article] Soil respiration response to experimental disturbances over 3 years

  Soil respiration is a major pathway for carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems yet little is known about its response to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. This study examined soil respiration response ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil respiration response to experimental disturbances over 3 years Soil respiration is a major pathway for carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems yet little is known about its response to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. This study examined soil respiration response to prescribed burning and thinning treatments in an old-growth, mixedconifer forest on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Experimental treatments were applied in 2001 using a full factorial design consisting of two levels of burning and three levels of thinning, and included: unburned–unthinned (UN), unburned–overstory thinned (US), unburned–understory thinned (UC), burned–unthinned (BN), burned–understory thinned (BC), and burned–overstory thinned (BS).We measured soil respiration rate (SRR), soil moisture (MS), soil temperature (TS), and litter depth (LD) for three replicates of each of three dominant patch types (closed canopy, open canopy, and ceanothus shrub) within each of the six treatments (n = 54). The same sampling points were measured from May to August in 2000 (pre-treatment) and in 2002, 2003, and 2004 (post-treatment). Within our sampling period there was as much as 37% variation ( p = 0.0005) between years in the undisturbed patches, which appeared to be driven by changes in precipitation. SRR also varied by year in all treated plots (US: p = 0.0516; UC: p = 0.0006; BN: p = 0.0158; and BC: p = 0.0040), with the exception of BS ( p = 0.3344). SRR response to disturbance varied with patch type, year, and treatment type. In most cases, burning and the combination of burning and thinning had less of an effect on mean SRR than thinning alone. Ceanothus patches appear to have recovered fastest, while treatment effects remained 3 years after thinning in closed canopy ( p = 0.0483 and 0.0333 in UC and US, respectively) and open canopy patches ( p = 0.0191 in US). Open canopy patches showed no response to any treatment aside from US. Both UC and US increased SRR in closed canopy and ceanothus patches, and US decreased SRR in open canopy patches. BS increased SRR in 2004 in closed canopy patches ( p = 0.0108), but no significant changes occurred in any patch type in response to BN or BC treatments. Across all treatments, the relationship of SRR with temperature, moisture, and litter depth changed in post-disturbance years. The results of this study can be used to help understand how management of Sierran mixed-conifer forests affects soil carbon sequestration. Title: Soil respiration response to experimental disturbances over 3 years Soil respiration is a major pathway for carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems yet little is known about its response to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. This study examined soil respiration response to prescribed burning and thinning treatments in an old-growth, mixedconifer forest on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Experimental treatments were applied in 2001 using a full factorial design consisting of two levels of burning and three levels of thinning, and included: unburned–unthinned (UN), unburned–overstory thinned (US), unburned–understory thinned (UC), burned–unthinned (BN), burned–understory thinned (BC), and burned–overstory thinned (BS).We measured soil respiration rate (SRR), soil moisture (MS), soil temperature (TS), and litter depth (LD) for three replicates of each of three dominant patch types (closed canopy, open canopy, and ceanothus shrub) within each of the six treatments (n = 54). The same sampling points were measured from May to August in 2000 (pre-treatment) and in 2002, 2003, and 2004 (post-treatment). Within our sampling period there was as much as 37% variation ( p = 0.0005) between years in the undisturbed patches, which appeared to be driven by changes in precipitation. SRR also varied by year in all treated plots (US: p = 0.0516; UC: p = 0.0006; BN: p = 0.0158; and BC: p = 0.0040), with the exception of BS ( p = 0.3344). SRR response to disturbance varied with patch type, year, and treatment type. In most cases, burning and the combination of burning and thinning had less of an effect on mean SRR than thinning alone. Ceanothus patches appear to have recovered fastest, while treatment effects remained 3 years after thinning in closed canopy ( p = 0.0483 and 0.0333 in UC and US, respectively) and open canopy patches ( p = 0.0191 in US). Open canopy patches showed no response to any treatment aside from US. Both UC and US increased SRR in closed canopy and ceanothus patches, and US decreased SRR in open canopy patches. BS increased SRR in 2004 in closed canopy patches ( p = 0.0108), but no significant changes occurred in any patch type in response to BN or BC treatments. Across all treatments, the relationship of SRR with temperature, moisture, and litter depth changed in post-disturbance years. The results of this study can be used to help understand how management of Sierran mixed-conifer forests affects soil carbon sequestration. Close

• 44. [Article] Soil respiration response to experimental disturbances over 3 years

  Soil respiration is a major pathway for carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems yet little is known about its response to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. This study examined soil respiration response ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil respiration response to experimental disturbances over 3 years Author: Ma, Siyan, Concilio, Amy, Ryu, Soung-Ryoul, Chen, Jiquan, North, Malcolm Soil respiration is a major pathway for carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems yet little is known about its response to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. This study examined soil respiration response to prescribed burning and thinning treatments in an old-growth, mixedconifer forest on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Experimental treatments were applied in 2001 using a full factorial design consisting of two levels of burning and three levels of thinning, and included: unburned–unthinned (UN), unburned–overstory thinned (US), unburned–understory thinned (UC), burned–unthinned (BN), burned–understory thinned (BC), and burned–overstory thinned (BS).We measured soil respiration rate (SRR), soil moisture (MS), soil temperature (TS), and litter depth (LD) for three replicates of each of three dominant patch types (closed canopy, open canopy, and ceanothus shrub) within each of the six treatments (n = 54). The same sampling points were measured from May to August in 2000 (pre-treatment) and in 2002, 2003, and 2004 (post-treatment). Within our sampling period there was as much as 37% variation ( p = 0.0005) between years in the undisturbed patches, which appeared to be driven by changes in precipitation. SRR also varied by year in all treated plots (US: p = 0.0516; UC: p = 0.0006; BN: p = 0.0158; and BC: p = 0.0040), with the exception of BS ( p = 0.3344). SRR response to disturbance varied with patch type, year, and treatment type. In most cases, burning and the combination of burning and thinning had less of an effect on mean SRR than thinning alone. Ceanothus patches appear to have recovered fastest, while treatment effects remained 3 years after thinning in closed canopy ( p = 0.0483 and 0.0333 in UC and US, respectively) and open canopy patches ( p = 0.0191 in US). Open canopy patches showed no response to any treatment aside from US. Both UC and US increased SRR in closed canopy and ceanothus patches, and US decreased SRR in open canopy patches. BS increased SRR in 2004 in closed canopy patches ( p = 0.0108), but no significant changes occurred in any patch type in response to BN or BC treatments. Across all treatments, the relationship of SRR with temperature, moisture, and litter depth changed in post-disturbance years. The results of this study can be used to help understand how management of Sierran mixed-conifer forests affects soil carbon sequestration. Title: Soil respiration response to experimental disturbances over 3 years Author: Ma, Siyan, Concilio, Amy, Ryu, Soung-Ryoul, Chen, Jiquan, North, Malcolm Soil respiration is a major pathway for carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems yet little is known about its response to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. This study examined soil respiration response to prescribed burning and thinning treatments in an old-growth, mixedconifer forest on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Experimental treatments were applied in 2001 using a full factorial design consisting of two levels of burning and three levels of thinning, and included: unburned–unthinned (UN), unburned–overstory thinned (US), unburned–understory thinned (UC), burned–unthinned (BN), burned–understory thinned (BC), and burned–overstory thinned (BS).We measured soil respiration rate (SRR), soil moisture (MS), soil temperature (TS), and litter depth (LD) for three replicates of each of three dominant patch types (closed canopy, open canopy, and ceanothus shrub) within each of the six treatments (n = 54). The same sampling points were measured from May to August in 2000 (pre-treatment) and in 2002, 2003, and 2004 (post-treatment). Within our sampling period there was as much as 37% variation ( p = 0.0005) between years in the undisturbed patches, which appeared to be driven by changes in precipitation. SRR also varied by year in all treated plots (US: p = 0.0516; UC: p = 0.0006; BN: p = 0.0158; and BC: p = 0.0040), with the exception of BS ( p = 0.3344). SRR response to disturbance varied with patch type, year, and treatment type. In most cases, burning and the combination of burning and thinning had less of an effect on mean SRR than thinning alone. Ceanothus patches appear to have recovered fastest, while treatment effects remained 3 years after thinning in closed canopy ( p = 0.0483 and 0.0333 in UC and US, respectively) and open canopy patches ( p = 0.0191 in US). Open canopy patches showed no response to any treatment aside from US. Both UC and US increased SRR in closed canopy and ceanothus patches, and US decreased SRR in open canopy patches. BS increased SRR in 2004 in closed canopy patches ( p = 0.0108), but no significant changes occurred in any patch type in response to BN or BC treatments. Across all treatments, the relationship of SRR with temperature, moisture, and litter depth changed in post-disturbance years. The results of this study can be used to help understand how management of Sierran mixed-conifer forests affects soil carbon sequestration. Close

• 45. [Article] Soil respiration response to experimental disturbances over 3 years

  Soil respiration is a major pathway for carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems yet little is known about its response to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. This study examined soil respiration response ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil respiration response to experimental disturbances over 3 years Author: North, Malcolm, Concilio, Amy, Ryu, Soung-Ryoul, Chen, Jiquan, Ma, Siyan Soil respiration is a major pathway for carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems yet little is known about its response to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. This study examined soil respiration response to prescribed burning and thinning treatments in an old-growth, mixed-conifer forest on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Experimental treatments were applied in 2001 using a full factorial design consisting of two levels of burning and three levels of thinning, and included: unburned–unthinned (UN), unburned–overstory thinned (US), unburned–understory thinned (UC), burned–unthinned (BN), burned–understory thinned (BC), and burned–overstory thinned (BS).We measured soil respiration rate (SRR), soil moisture (MS), soil temperature (TS), and litter depth (LD) for three replicates of each of three dominant patch types (closed canopy, open canopy, and ceanothus shrub) within each of the six treatments (n = 54). The same sampling points were measured from May to August in 2000 (pre-treatment) and in 2002, 2003, and 2004 (post-treatment). Within our sampling period there was as much as 37% variation (p = 0.0005) between years in the undisturbed patches, which appeared to be driven by changes in precipitation. SRR also varied by year in all treated plots (US: p = 0.0516; UC: p = 0.0006; BN: p = 0.0158; and BC: p = 0.0040), with the exception of BS (p = 0.3344). SRR response to disturbance varied with patch type, year, and treatment type. In most cases, burning and the combination of burning and thinning had less of an effect on mean SRR than thinning alone. Ceanothus patches appear to have recovered fastest, while treatment effects remained 3 years after thinning in closed canopy (p = 0.0483 and 0.0333 in UC and US, respectively) and open canopy patches (p = 0.0191 in US). Open canopy patches showed no response to any treatment aside from US. Both UC and US increased SRR in closed canopy and ceanothus patches, and US decreased SRR in open canopy patches. BS increased SRR in 2004 in closed canopy patches (p = 0.0108), but no significant changes occurred in any patch type in response to BN or BC treatments. Across all treatments, the relationship of SRR with temperature, moisture, and litter depth changed in post-disturbance years. The results of this study can be used to help understand how management of Sierran mixed-conifer forests affects soil carbon sequestration. Title: Soil respiration response to experimental disturbances over 3 years Author: North, Malcolm, Concilio, Amy, Ryu, Soung-Ryoul, Chen, Jiquan, Ma, Siyan Soil respiration is a major pathway for carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems yet little is known about its response to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. This study examined soil respiration response to prescribed burning and thinning treatments in an old-growth, mixed-conifer forest on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Experimental treatments were applied in 2001 using a full factorial design consisting of two levels of burning and three levels of thinning, and included: unburned–unthinned (UN), unburned–overstory thinned (US), unburned–understory thinned (UC), burned–unthinned (BN), burned–understory thinned (BC), and burned–overstory thinned (BS).We measured soil respiration rate (SRR), soil moisture (MS), soil temperature (TS), and litter depth (LD) for three replicates of each of three dominant patch types (closed canopy, open canopy, and ceanothus shrub) within each of the six treatments (n = 54). The same sampling points were measured from May to August in 2000 (pre-treatment) and in 2002, 2003, and 2004 (post-treatment). Within our sampling period there was as much as 37% variation (p = 0.0005) between years in the undisturbed patches, which appeared to be driven by changes in precipitation. SRR also varied by year in all treated plots (US: p = 0.0516; UC: p = 0.0006; BN: p = 0.0158; and BC: p = 0.0040), with the exception of BS (p = 0.3344). SRR response to disturbance varied with patch type, year, and treatment type. In most cases, burning and the combination of burning and thinning had less of an effect on mean SRR than thinning alone. Ceanothus patches appear to have recovered fastest, while treatment effects remained 3 years after thinning in closed canopy (p = 0.0483 and 0.0333 in UC and US, respectively) and open canopy patches (p = 0.0191 in US). Open canopy patches showed no response to any treatment aside from US. Both UC and US increased SRR in closed canopy and ceanothus patches, and US decreased SRR in open canopy patches. BS increased SRR in 2004 in closed canopy patches (p = 0.0108), but no significant changes occurred in any patch type in response to BN or BC treatments. Across all treatments, the relationship of SRR with temperature, moisture, and litter depth changed in post-disturbance years. The results of this study can be used to help understand how management of Sierran mixed-conifer forests affects soil carbon sequestration. Close

• 46. [Article] Climate seasonality limits leaf carbon assimilation and wood productivity in tropical forests

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Climate seasonality limits leaf carbon assimilation and wood productivity in tropical forests Author: Chidumayo, Emmanuel N., Okada, Naoki, Toledo, José Julio, Rutishauser, Ervan, Volland, Franziska, Baker, Timothy R., Botosso, Paulo Cesar, Kanieski, Maria Raquel, Maza Chamba, Hector, Maria, Vivian R. B., Oberbauer, Steven F., Boanerges Souza, Danilo, Bräuning, Achim, Finger, César Augusto Guimarães, Elifuraha, Elisha, Graça, Paulo Maurício Lima de Alencastro, Figueiredo Filho, Afonso, Homeier, Jürgen, Toledo, Marisol, Marques, Renato, Pélissier, Raphaël, Verbesselt, Jan, Griffiths, Anthony D., Hérault, Bruno, Carvalho, Fabrício Alvim, de Oliveira, Edilson Consuelo, Mendivelso, Hooz Angela, Mbwambo, Lawrence, Anderson, Liana O., da Silva Mauricio, Paulo Henrique, Fedele, Marcio, Toma, Takeshi, Spannl, Susanne, O'Brien, Joseph J., Rowland, Lucy, Costa, Flavia Regina Capellotto, Lieberman, Milton Eugene, Brown, Foster Irving, Galvão, Franklin, Dalitz, Helmut, Clark, Deborah A., de Castro, Vinicius Resende, Couralet, Camille, Bowman, David M. J. S., Tomazello Filho, Mario, Gebrekirstos, Aster, Lisi, Claudio Sergio, Swaine, Michael D., Silva, Williamar Rodrigues, Drew, David M., Brede, Benjamin, Bonal, Damien, Kho, Lip Khoon, Roig, Fidel Alejandro, Silveira, Marcos, Grogan, James, Ross, Michael, Rossatto, Davi Rodrigo, Worbes, Martin, Malhi, Yadvinder, Camargo, Plínio Barbosa, Kohler, Sintia Valerio, Chagas, Rubens Koloski, Chave, Jérome, Ferreira Fedele, Ligia, Lieberman, Diana, Becker, Gabriel Sebastian, Dünisch, Oliver, Beeckman, Hans, de Souza Arruda, Luciano, Durigan, Giselda, Prior, Lynda D., Castro, Wendeson, Franco, Augusto César, Zanon, Magda Lea Bolzan, Guan, Kaiyu, Selhorst, Diogo, Krepkowski, Julia, Camarero, Jesus Julio, Koenig, Jennifer, Rossi, Vivien, Volkmer de Castilho, Carolina, Melgaço, Karina Liana Lisboa, Marques, Marcia C. M., López Ayala, José Luis, Wagner, Fabien H., Maeda, Eduardo Eijji, Aragão, Luiz E. O. C., Vincent, Grégoire, de Freitas Milani, Jaçanan Eloisa, Valdez Hernández, Juan Ignacio, Devineau, Jean-Louis, Freitas Júnior, João Lima, Stahl, Clément, Longhi Santos, Tomaz, Vieira, Simone Aparecida, Cardoso, Fernanda C. G., Murphy, Brett P., Santana, Hellen, Gliniars, Robert, Lemos-Filho, José Pires, Toledo, Marcos Miranda, Schulze, Mark To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The article can be found at: http://www.biogeosciences.net/ Title: Climate seasonality limits leaf carbon assimilation and wood productivity in tropical forests Author: Chidumayo, Emmanuel N., Okada, Naoki, Toledo, José Julio, Rutishauser, Ervan, Volland, Franziska, Baker, Timothy R., Botosso, Paulo Cesar, Kanieski, Maria Raquel, Maza Chamba, Hector, Maria, Vivian R. B., Oberbauer, Steven F., Boanerges Souza, Danilo, Bräuning, Achim, Finger, César Augusto Guimarães, Elifuraha, Elisha, Graça, Paulo Maurício Lima de Alencastro, Figueiredo Filho, Afonso, Homeier, Jürgen, Toledo, Marisol, Marques, Renato, Pélissier, Raphaël, Verbesselt, Jan, Griffiths, Anthony D., Hérault, Bruno, Carvalho, Fabrício Alvim, de Oliveira, Edilson Consuelo, Mendivelso, Hooz Angela, Mbwambo, Lawrence, Anderson, Liana O., da Silva Mauricio, Paulo Henrique, Fedele, Marcio, Toma, Takeshi, Spannl, Susanne, O'Brien, Joseph J., Rowland, Lucy, Costa, Flavia Regina Capellotto, Lieberman, Milton Eugene, Brown, Foster Irving, Galvão, Franklin, Dalitz, Helmut, Clark, Deborah A., de Castro, Vinicius Resende, Couralet, Camille, Bowman, David M. J. S., Tomazello Filho, Mario, Gebrekirstos, Aster, Lisi, Claudio Sergio, Swaine, Michael D., Silva, Williamar Rodrigues, Drew, David M., Brede, Benjamin, Bonal, Damien, Kho, Lip Khoon, Roig, Fidel Alejandro, Silveira, Marcos, Grogan, James, Ross, Michael, Rossatto, Davi Rodrigo, Worbes, Martin, Malhi, Yadvinder, Camargo, Plínio Barbosa, Kohler, Sintia Valerio, Chagas, Rubens Koloski, Chave, Jérome, Ferreira Fedele, Ligia, Lieberman, Diana, Becker, Gabriel Sebastian, Dünisch, Oliver, Beeckman, Hans, de Souza Arruda, Luciano, Durigan, Giselda, Prior, Lynda D., Castro, Wendeson, Franco, Augusto César, Zanon, Magda Lea Bolzan, Guan, Kaiyu, Selhorst, Diogo, Krepkowski, Julia, Camarero, Jesus Julio, Koenig, Jennifer, Rossi, Vivien, Volkmer de Castilho, Carolina, Melgaço, Karina Liana Lisboa, Marques, Marcia C. M., López Ayala, José Luis, Wagner, Fabien H., Maeda, Eduardo Eijji, Aragão, Luiz E. O. C., Vincent, Grégoire, de Freitas Milani, Jaçanan Eloisa, Valdez Hernández, Juan Ignacio, Devineau, Jean-Louis, Freitas Júnior, João Lima, Stahl, Clément, Longhi Santos, Tomaz, Vieira, Simone Aparecida, Cardoso, Fernanda C. G., Murphy, Brett P., Santana, Hellen, Gliniars, Robert, Lemos-Filho, José Pires, Toledo, Marcos Miranda, Schulze, Mark To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The article can be found at: http://www.biogeosciences.net/ Close

• 47. [Article] Lichen communities and caribou habitat in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, USA

  Lichens play many important roles in subarctic terrestrial ecosystems by fixing nitrogen, colonizing rock and gravel, stabilizing otherwise bare soil, adding significantly to vegetation biodiversity and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lichen communities and caribou habitat in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, USA Author: Nelson, Peter, 1970- Lichens play many important roles in subarctic terrestrial ecosystems by fixing nitrogen, colonizing rock and gravel, stabilizing otherwise bare soil, adding significantly to vegetation biodiversity and serving as the primary food for caribou in the winter. In these chapters, I analyzed lichen community and ecological trait structure along environmental gradients, map lichens using some of their unique spectral properties to generate lichen maps and study caribou habitat selection patterns in relation to lichens and other habitat variables. Morphological and life history traits of lichens influence their ecological roles through physiological limitations imposed by their form and photobionts, the algal or cyanobacterial partner. In chapter 2, I analyzed the lichen traits in relationship to environmental gradients, other forms of vegetation and time since fire in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska. Lichens with different photobionts reached different maxima along environmental gradients, these corresponding to variable water availability or specific biotic factors thought to favor that photobiont. Green algal lichens were most abundant in the alpine whereas cyanolichens peaked where shrub cover increased. Tripartite lichens were most abundant in middle elevation, mossy areas. Lichen growthforms peaked along desiccation and water absorption gradients. Lichens with small vegetative propagules were most abundant in lowland forests. Recent fire favored simple, Cladonia-form lichens with soredia that grow on wood whereas erect branched fruticose lichens, the "reindeer lichens", had only partially recovered 20-100 years after fire. These results imply interacting forces of water regulation, dispersal and optimum conditions for photosynthesis drive lichen trait frequency and abundance. The fungal partner within the lichen symbiosis produces many unique compounds that are often brightly colored. Other studies have attempted to map lichens using their distinctive spectral properties but no study has yet to target specific lichen compounds in order to better model lichen cover. In chapter 3, I focused on one yellow lichen compound, usnic acid, as the target for modeling lichen cover using Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite data. Usnic lichen cover had non-linear relationships with the three best predictors; elevation, blue and near-infrared bandpasses. Using these three predictors, I generated an usnic lichen map for Denali, which I use in chapter 4 for analyzing caribou habitat selection. I also modeled and mapped other vegetation groups corresponding to caribou diet items used later. My results show that some lichens may be directly mapped from space by targeting this specific compound produced by the fungus. Caribou depend on lichens for up to 66% of their winter diet but other factors, such as snow, affect their access to the lichens. In chapter 4, I analyzed caribou habitat selection over 20 years in Denali using vegetation maps from chapter 3, climate data and other environmental variables. Over the two-decade period, caribou selected middle elevation, open areas with high graminoid cover and earlier snow-free dates. As each winter progressed, caribou aggregated where there was higher lichen cover and earlier snow-melt. Caribou selected habitat differently between years, which I collapsed into three different habitat/year groups: (1) years where most animals were in low elevation, flat terrain where there was low lichen and conifer cover but high graminoid and shrub cover with variable snow; (2) years caribou went to middle elevations with deeper snow and rugged terrain and moderate graminoid and lichen cover; and (3) years where caribou were dispersed west in low elevation woodlands with high lichen cover. My results show interacting factors determine caribou habitat selection at multiple spatial scales, specifically the importance of open, tussock tundra and long-term trends in snow melt at long time scales and lichen and snow-melt at shorter time scales. This research improves our understanding of the regional distribution and abundance of lichens in relation to higher plants, fire, and caribou. Title: Lichen communities and caribou habitat in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, USA Author: Nelson, Peter, 1970- Lichens play many important roles in subarctic terrestrial ecosystems by fixing nitrogen, colonizing rock and gravel, stabilizing otherwise bare soil, adding significantly to vegetation biodiversity and serving as the primary food for caribou in the winter. In these chapters, I analyzed lichen community and ecological trait structure along environmental gradients, map lichens using some of their unique spectral properties to generate lichen maps and study caribou habitat selection patterns in relation to lichens and other habitat variables. Morphological and life history traits of lichens influence their ecological roles through physiological limitations imposed by their form and photobionts, the algal or cyanobacterial partner. In chapter 2, I analyzed the lichen traits in relationship to environmental gradients, other forms of vegetation and time since fire in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska. Lichens with different photobionts reached different maxima along environmental gradients, these corresponding to variable water availability or specific biotic factors thought to favor that photobiont. Green algal lichens were most abundant in the alpine whereas cyanolichens peaked where shrub cover increased. Tripartite lichens were most abundant in middle elevation, mossy areas. Lichen growthforms peaked along desiccation and water absorption gradients. Lichens with small vegetative propagules were most abundant in lowland forests. Recent fire favored simple, Cladonia-form lichens with soredia that grow on wood whereas erect branched fruticose lichens, the "reindeer lichens", had only partially recovered 20-100 years after fire. These results imply interacting forces of water regulation, dispersal and optimum conditions for photosynthesis drive lichen trait frequency and abundance. The fungal partner within the lichen symbiosis produces many unique compounds that are often brightly colored. Other studies have attempted to map lichens using their distinctive spectral properties but no study has yet to target specific lichen compounds in order to better model lichen cover. In chapter 3, I focused on one yellow lichen compound, usnic acid, as the target for modeling lichen cover using Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite data. Usnic lichen cover had non-linear relationships with the three best predictors; elevation, blue and near-infrared bandpasses. Using these three predictors, I generated an usnic lichen map for Denali, which I use in chapter 4 for analyzing caribou habitat selection. I also modeled and mapped other vegetation groups corresponding to caribou diet items used later. My results show that some lichens may be directly mapped from space by targeting this specific compound produced by the fungus. Caribou depend on lichens for up to 66% of their winter diet but other factors, such as snow, affect their access to the lichens. In chapter 4, I analyzed caribou habitat selection over 20 years in Denali using vegetation maps from chapter 3, climate data and other environmental variables. Over the two-decade period, caribou selected middle elevation, open areas with high graminoid cover and earlier snow-free dates. As each winter progressed, caribou aggregated where there was higher lichen cover and earlier snow-melt. Caribou selected habitat differently between years, which I collapsed into three different habitat/year groups: (1) years where most animals were in low elevation, flat terrain where there was low lichen and conifer cover but high graminoid and shrub cover with variable snow; (2) years caribou went to middle elevations with deeper snow and rugged terrain and moderate graminoid and lichen cover; and (3) years where caribou were dispersed west in low elevation woodlands with high lichen cover. My results show interacting factors determine caribou habitat selection at multiple spatial scales, specifically the importance of open, tussock tundra and long-term trends in snow melt at long time scales and lichen and snow-melt at shorter time scales. This research improves our understanding of the regional distribution and abundance of lichens in relation to higher plants, fire, and caribou. Close

• 48. [Article] Trends in cation, nitrogen, sulfate and hydrogen ion concentrations in precipitation in the United States and Europe from 1978 to 2010: a new look at an old problem

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10533.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trends in cation, nitrogen, sulfate and hydrogen ion concentrations in precipitation in the United States and Europe from 1978 to 2010: a new look at an old problem Author: Lajtha, Kate, Jones, Julia This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10533. Title: Trends in cation, nitrogen, sulfate and hydrogen ion concentrations in precipitation in the United States and Europe from 1978 to 2010: a new look at an old problem Author: Lajtha, Kate, Jones, Julia This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10533. Close

• 49. [Article] Adapting to Climate Change on Western Public Lands: Addressing the Ecological Effects of Domestic, Wild, and Feral Ungulates

  NEWS COVERAGE: A news release based on this journal publication, which is written for a lay audience and has been approved by an author of the study, is available online: http://bit.ly/XFBYe2

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Adapting to Climate Change on Western Public Lands: Addressing the Ecological Effects of Domestic, Wild, and Feral Ungulates Author: DellaSala, Dominick A., Donahue, Deborah L., Rhodes, Jonathan J., O'Brien, Mary H., Beschta, Robert L., Fleischner, Thomas L., Karr, James R., Deacon-Williams, Cindy NEWS COVERAGE: A news release based on this journal publication, which is written for a lay audience and has been approved by an author of the study, is available online: http://bit.ly/XFBYe2 Title: Adapting to Climate Change on Western Public Lands: Addressing the Ecological Effects of Domestic, Wild, and Feral Ungulates Author: DellaSala, Dominick A., Donahue, Deborah L., Rhodes, Jonathan J., O'Brien, Mary H., Beschta, Robert L., Fleischner, Thomas L., Karr, James R., Deacon-Williams, Cindy NEWS COVERAGE: A news release based on this journal publication, which is written for a lay audience and has been approved by an author of the study, is available online: http://bit.ly/XFBYe2 Close

• 50. [Article] Effects of forest management on fish habitat and macroinvertebrates in northeast Oregon streams

  This study describes streams in the Blue Mountains and Wallowa Mountains of Northeastern Oregon in order to characterize the interactions between the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and to determine ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of forest management on fish habitat and macroinvertebrates in northeast Oregon streams Author: Carlson, Joan Y. This study describes streams in the Blue Mountains and Wallowa Mountains of Northeastern Oregon in order to characterize the interactions between the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and to determine how logging affects those relationships. Five stream reach pairs, each consisting of an undisturbed reach and a similar reach flowing through an area where the riparian zone had been logged, along with six additional undisturbed reaches were studied. The riparian stand, large woody debris, stream channel morphology and the benthic macroinvertebrate community were measured at each reach. Large woody debris volume ranged from 91.1 to 284.0 m³/ha and was greater in the logged reaches than undisturbed reaches. Stream channel morphology, as indicated by the pool-riffle ratio, in the logged reaches was not significantly different than undisturbed reaches and percent pool area was less than 30 percent in all reaches. Macroinvertebrate density ranged from 146.6 to 963.2 individuals/sample and was greater in the logged reach of each stream pair. Community diversity, as expressed by the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, at logged reaches was not significantly different from that at undisturbed reaches. Although some differences were found between logged stream reaches and undisturbed reaches, there was no indication that overall fish habitat was greatly diminished or improved as a result of logging. Title: Effects of forest management on fish habitat and macroinvertebrates in northeast Oregon streams Author: Carlson, Joan Y. This study describes streams in the Blue Mountains and Wallowa Mountains of Northeastern Oregon in order to characterize the interactions between the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and to determine how logging affects those relationships. Five stream reach pairs, each consisting of an undisturbed reach and a similar reach flowing through an area where the riparian zone had been logged, along with six additional undisturbed reaches were studied. The riparian stand, large woody debris, stream channel morphology and the benthic macroinvertebrate community were measured at each reach. Large woody debris volume ranged from 91.1 to 284.0 m³/ha and was greater in the logged reaches than undisturbed reaches. Stream channel morphology, as indicated by the pool-riffle ratio, in the logged reaches was not significantly different than undisturbed reaches and percent pool area was less than 30 percent in all reaches. Macroinvertebrate density ranged from 146.6 to 963.2 individuals/sample and was greater in the logged reach of each stream pair. Community diversity, as expressed by the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, at logged reaches was not significantly different from that at undisturbed reaches. Although some differences were found between logged stream reaches and undisturbed reaches, there was no indication that overall fish habitat was greatly diminished or improved as a result of logging. Close