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• 1. [Article] Geospatial depiction of spring 2009 Chinook Salmon runs for Wallowa County, Oregon

  This product is for informational purposes and may not have been prepared for, or be suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. Users of this information should review or consult the primary ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geospatial depiction of spring 2009 Chinook Salmon runs for Wallowa County, Oregon Author: Thomas, Samuel, Oregon State University, Department of Fish and Wildlife, State of Oregon This product is for informational purposes and may not have been prepared for, or be suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. Users of this information should review or consult the primary data and information sources to verify the purpose and limitations. The data is provided as-is, without warranty. Title: Geospatial depiction of spring 2009 Chinook Salmon runs for Wallowa County, Oregon Author: Thomas, Samuel, Oregon State University, Department of Fish and Wildlife, State of Oregon This product is for informational purposes and may not have been prepared for, or be suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. Users of this information should review or consult the primary data and information sources to verify the purpose and limitations. The data is provided as-is, without warranty. Close

• 2. [Article] Modeling of Chinook Salmon Runs on the North Umpqua River

  Paper entitled: Modeling of Chinook Salmon Runs on the North Umpqua River

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling of Chinook Salmon Runs on the North Umpqua River Author: Jordan, Scott Paper entitled: Modeling of Chinook Salmon Runs on the North Umpqua River Title: Modeling of Chinook Salmon Runs on the North Umpqua River Author: Jordan, Scott Paper entitled: Modeling of Chinook Salmon Runs on the North Umpqua River Close

• 3. [Article] The size of the Oregon coastal salmon runs in the mid-1800s

  Abstract.- Increasing the abundance of salmon in coastal Oregon rivers and streams is a high priority public policy objective. Salmon runs have been reduced from pre-development conditions (typically defined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The size of the Oregon coastal salmon runs in the mid-1800s Author: Meengs, Chad C. Abstract.- Increasing the abundance of salmon in coastal Oregon rivers and streams is a high priority public policy objective. Salmon runs have been reduced from pre-development conditions (typically defined as the 1 850s), but it is unclear by how much. Considerable resources have been allocated to restoring salmon runs, but it is uncertain what the current recovery potential is because much of the freshwater and estuarine habitat for salmon has been altered. The goals of all recovery efforts are based on assumptions, often unstated, for what the size if the runs were prior to significant habitat alteration, coupled with an estimate of the amount and quality of freshwater and estuarine habitat currently available. At one extreme, it may be that current run sizes reflect the recovery potential of the existing salmon habitat. At the other extreme, the recovery potential may be as high as the mid 1800 levels. Historical salmon runs sizes on the Oregon coast were estimated using two methods: (1) Converting aboriginal population levels and their salmon consumption rate into numbers of salmon; (2) Extrapolating cannery pack into numbers of salmon. Annual aboriginal harvest of all salmon species is estimated to have been approximately 10 million pounds/year or between 1.75 million and 5.36 million salmonids, a harvest level similar to that occurring during the height of commercial fishing on Oregon's coastal rivers in the late 1 800s and early 1 900s. Extrapolating cannery pack data, the estimated size of the late 1 800s aggregate runs of coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was 1.5-2.5 million. The estimated size of aggregate runs of chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) runs was 290,000-517,000. Compared to mid 1 800s coho estimates, current runs (during favorable ocean conditions), are 11-19%. During poor ocean conditions, current coho runs are 3-6% of the historical size. Title: The size of the Oregon coastal salmon runs in the mid-1800s Author: Meengs, Chad C. Abstract.- Increasing the abundance of salmon in coastal Oregon rivers and streams is a high priority public policy objective. Salmon runs have been reduced from pre-development conditions (typically defined as the 1 850s), but it is unclear by how much. Considerable resources have been allocated to restoring salmon runs, but it is uncertain what the current recovery potential is because much of the freshwater and estuarine habitat for salmon has been altered. The goals of all recovery efforts are based on assumptions, often unstated, for what the size if the runs were prior to significant habitat alteration, coupled with an estimate of the amount and quality of freshwater and estuarine habitat currently available. At one extreme, it may be that current run sizes reflect the recovery potential of the existing salmon habitat. At the other extreme, the recovery potential may be as high as the mid 1800 levels. Historical salmon runs sizes on the Oregon coast were estimated using two methods: (1) Converting aboriginal population levels and their salmon consumption rate into numbers of salmon; (2) Extrapolating cannery pack into numbers of salmon. Annual aboriginal harvest of all salmon species is estimated to have been approximately 10 million pounds/year or between 1.75 million and 5.36 million salmonids, a harvest level similar to that occurring during the height of commercial fishing on Oregon's coastal rivers in the late 1 800s and early 1 900s. Extrapolating cannery pack data, the estimated size of the late 1 800s aggregate runs of coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was 1.5-2.5 million. The estimated size of aggregate runs of chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) runs was 290,000-517,000. Compared to mid 1 800s coho estimates, current runs (during favorable ocean conditions), are 11-19%. During poor ocean conditions, current coho runs are 3-6% of the historical size. Close

• 4. [Article] Report on "Yaquina River" : Investigation sponsored by Oregon State Fish Commission, July, 1936

  Reports on potential sites for a salmon hatchery on the Yaquina River. "Each tributary has been carefully studied and special attention given to those creeks on which possible hatchery sites were found. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Report on "Yaquina River" : Investigation sponsored by Oregon State Fish Commission, July, 1936 Author: Reynolds, John, Ledgerwood, Edgar, Oregon. Fish Commission Reports on potential sites for a salmon hatchery on the Yaquina River. "Each tributary has been carefully studied and special attention given to those creeks on which possible hatchery sites were found. Items given consideration on each stream were: pond site locations, flow of water, drop of stream bed, nature of creek bottom, temperature of water, flow of water, flood water levels, salmon run, obstructions to salmon run, stranded fingerlings, ownership of land, water rights, irrigation projects, etc." (From the Introduction) Includes hand-drawn maps. Title: Report on "Yaquina River" : Investigation sponsored by Oregon State Fish Commission, July, 1936 Author: Reynolds, John, Ledgerwood, Edgar, Oregon. Fish Commission Reports on potential sites for a salmon hatchery on the Yaquina River. "Each tributary has been carefully studied and special attention given to those creeks on which possible hatchery sites were found. Items given consideration on each stream were: pond site locations, flow of water, drop of stream bed, nature of creek bottom, temperature of water, flow of water, flood water levels, salmon run, obstructions to salmon run, stranded fingerlings, ownership of land, water rights, irrigation projects, etc." (From the Introduction) Includes hand-drawn maps. Close

• 5. [Article] The future of the Columbia River salmon fisheries

  The salmon runs of the Columbia River constitute one of the most important natural resources of the states of Oregon and Washington. Thousands of people are dependent, wholly or in part, upon these resources ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The future of the Columbia River salmon fisheries Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 The salmon runs of the Columbia River constitute one of the most important natural resources of the states of Oregon and Washington. Thousands of people are dependent, wholly or in part, upon these resources for their livelihood; and their welfare is dependent upon the maintenance of the salmon runs. It is to the special interest of these people that the salmon supply be maintained at the level of maximum productivity and, indirectly, it is to the interest of all the citizens of these states that this be done. In recent years it has become increasingly evident that these resources, taken as. a whole, are decreasing in productivity and it has been frequently pointed out that this decrease is due primarily to the operation of two factors-- a very intensive fishery and a reduction in spawning and rearing areas due to the utilization of the water resources of the Columbia basin for other purposes. These influences, however, have affected the several species of salmon that are found in the Columbia River quite differently; the more valuable species, Chinooks and bluebacks, showing more evidence of depletion than do the other species, silver salmon, chums and steelhead. Title: The future of the Columbia River salmon fisheries Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 The salmon runs of the Columbia River constitute one of the most important natural resources of the states of Oregon and Washington. Thousands of people are dependent, wholly or in part, upon these resources for their livelihood; and their welfare is dependent upon the maintenance of the salmon runs. It is to the special interest of these people that the salmon supply be maintained at the level of maximum productivity and, indirectly, it is to the interest of all the citizens of these states that this be done. In recent years it has become increasingly evident that these resources, taken as. a whole, are decreasing in productivity and it has been frequently pointed out that this decrease is due primarily to the operation of two factors-- a very intensive fishery and a reduction in spawning and rearing areas due to the utilization of the water resources of the Columbia basin for other purposes. These influences, however, have affected the several species of salmon that are found in the Columbia River quite differently; the more valuable species, Chinooks and bluebacks, showing more evidence of depletion than do the other species, silver salmon, chums and steelhead. Close

• 6. [Article] Policy Conundrum: Restoring Wild Salmon to the Pacific Northwest

  Restoring wild salmon runs to the Pacific Northwest is technically challenging, politically nasty, and socially divisive. Pa st restoration efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Society’s failure to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Policy Conundrum: Restoring Wild Salmon to the Pacific Northwest Author: Lackey, Robert T. Year: 2001 Restoring wild salmon runs to the Pacific Northwest is technically challenging, politically nasty, and socially divisive. Pa st restoration efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Society’s failure to reverse the continuing decline of wild salmon has the characteristics of a policy conundrum: nearly everyone supports, abstractly at least, restoring salmon runs; considerable public and private resources have been devoted to their restoration; but society collectively remains evidently unwilling to make the painful decisions clearly necessary to arrest their decline. The salmon policy conundrum is characterized by competing societal priorities being adjudicated in a political environment where few are willing to acknowledge publicly the future consequences of prior de facto policy choices. Decisions already made have greatly circumscribed the status of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest through at least the next several decades. Barring a near wholesale reversal of many of society’s previous decisions (and apparent priorities), and allowing for considerable year-to-year and decade-to-decade variation in run size due in part to oscillations in climate and oceanic conditions, I conclude that through the twenty-first century, many, perhaps most, stocks of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest likely will remain at their current low levels or continue to decline in spite of current protection and restoration efforts. Title: Policy Conundrum: Restoring Wild Salmon to the Pacific Northwest Author: Lackey, Robert T. Year: 2001 Restoring wild salmon runs to the Pacific Northwest is technically challenging, politically nasty, and socially divisive. Pa st restoration efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Society’s failure to reverse the continuing decline of wild salmon has the characteristics of a policy conundrum: nearly everyone supports, abstractly at least, restoring salmon runs; considerable public and private resources have been devoted to their restoration; but society collectively remains evidently unwilling to make the painful decisions clearly necessary to arrest their decline. The salmon policy conundrum is characterized by competing societal priorities being adjudicated in a political environment where few are willing to acknowledge publicly the future consequences of prior de facto policy choices. Decisions already made have greatly circumscribed the status of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest through at least the next several decades. Barring a near wholesale reversal of many of society’s previous decisions (and apparent priorities), and allowing for considerable year-to-year and decade-to-decade variation in run size due in part to oscillations in climate and oceanic conditions, I conclude that through the twenty-first century, many, perhaps most, stocks of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest likely will remain at their current low levels or continue to decline in spite of current protection and restoration efforts. Close

• 7. [Article] The salmon resources of the Willamette Basin

  This document describes the life history and abundance of both the spring Chinook salmon and the Silver salmon in the Willamette River. It also goes into detail about various factors affecting Willamette ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The salmon resources of the Willamette Basin Author: Oregon. Fish Commission This document describes the life history and abundance of both the spring Chinook salmon and the Silver salmon in the Willamette River. It also goes into detail about various factors affecting Willamette salmon runs., including pollution, dams, and logging. Title: The salmon resources of the Willamette Basin Author: Oregon. Fish Commission This document describes the life history and abundance of both the spring Chinook salmon and the Silver salmon in the Willamette River. It also goes into detail about various factors affecting Willamette salmon runs., including pollution, dams, and logging. Close

• 8. [Article] Salmon fisheries of the coastal rivers of Oregon south of the Columbia

  In spite of the progressive restrictions of the commercial river fishery during the past fifty years, the trend of the salmon populations of the coastal rivers has been downward. It is almost impossible ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon fisheries of the coastal rivers of Oregon south of the Columbia Author: Gharrett, John T., Oregon. Fish Commission, Hodges, John I. In spite of the progressive restrictions of the commercial river fishery during the past fifty years, the trend of the salmon populations of the coastal rivers has been downward. It is almost impossible to isolate and analyze separately the causes of this decline, and any attempt to saddle one factor with the responsibility is an oversimplification of the facts. The salmon runs have too long been taken for granted. During the rapid development of the coastal area, the welfare of the fish was ignored. The physical character of the watersheds was changed as the timber was stripped off, and in these same operations streams were blocked by log jams, mill dams, splash dams and even the gravel from the spawning beds of the streams was removed to be used in road construction. At the same time other water uses were developed for power and irrigation. While the productive capacity of the streams was being reduced and the runs resultantly lowered, the fishermen competed with each other for the remaining fish and blamed one another for the lack of fish. Apparently, at no time until recent years was a serious program developed or even considered for the conservation of the salmon runs. To date with the possible exception of one or two instances pollution has not been a serious factor in the decline of the salmon runs. The commercial river fisheries are of considerable importance to the economy of various communities on the Oregon coast. They also provide a source of salmon to those who have no other access to this productive natural resource. The recreational salmon fishery is also an important source of income to Oregon coastal communities. It is, therefore, important to these communities and the State as a whole that the salmon runs be maintained at their maximum productive level. To accomplish this the Oregon Fish Commission has developed a long range management program for the coastal rivers. This encompasses stream clearance and improvement projects, the use of artificial propagation in introducing runs and supplementing natural runs, and the close regulation of the commercial river and offshore fisheries. This program has not been underway long enough to ascertain its success, but in several instances it appears to offer promise. However, close check is being kept on the runs in order that the results of this program can be evaluated as soon as possible. The stream surveys and other observations indicate that the coastal rivers and their salmon populations are not beyond redemption, and that under proper management can be made to yield annually several times their present production. Title: Salmon fisheries of the coastal rivers of Oregon south of the Columbia Author: Gharrett, John T., Oregon. Fish Commission, Hodges, John I. In spite of the progressive restrictions of the commercial river fishery during the past fifty years, the trend of the salmon populations of the coastal rivers has been downward. It is almost impossible to isolate and analyze separately the causes of this decline, and any attempt to saddle one factor with the responsibility is an oversimplification of the facts. The salmon runs have too long been taken for granted. During the rapid development of the coastal area, the welfare of the fish was ignored. The physical character of the watersheds was changed as the timber was stripped off, and in these same operations streams were blocked by log jams, mill dams, splash dams and even the gravel from the spawning beds of the streams was removed to be used in road construction. At the same time other water uses were developed for power and irrigation. While the productive capacity of the streams was being reduced and the runs resultantly lowered, the fishermen competed with each other for the remaining fish and blamed one another for the lack of fish. Apparently, at no time until recent years was a serious program developed or even considered for the conservation of the salmon runs. To date with the possible exception of one or two instances pollution has not been a serious factor in the decline of the salmon runs. The commercial river fisheries are of considerable importance to the economy of various communities on the Oregon coast. They also provide a source of salmon to those who have no other access to this productive natural resource. The recreational salmon fishery is also an important source of income to Oregon coastal communities. It is, therefore, important to these communities and the State as a whole that the salmon runs be maintained at their maximum productive level. To accomplish this the Oregon Fish Commission has developed a long range management program for the coastal rivers. This encompasses stream clearance and improvement projects, the use of artificial propagation in introducing runs and supplementing natural runs, and the close regulation of the commercial river and offshore fisheries. This program has not been underway long enough to ascertain its success, but in several instances it appears to offer promise. However, close check is being kept on the runs in order that the results of this program can be evaluated as soon as possible. The stream surveys and other observations indicate that the coastal rivers and their salmon populations are not beyond redemption, and that under proper management can be made to yield annually several times their present production. Close

• 9. [Article] The salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938

  Exceptional data are available for the study of the salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938. Detailed figures on catch were supplied by Oregon and Washington in such form that they could readily be combined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938 Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 Exceptional data are available for the study of the salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938. Detailed figures on catch were supplied by Oregon and Washington in such form that they could readily be combined with the counts at Bonneville Dam to provide a basis for estimating the escapement. Tables show the catch of each species for each week in each of six zones, and the counts at Bonneville and Rock Island dams. The general course of the run of each species is shown. The numbers of fish bound for the spawning grounds above Rock Island Dam are estimated as follows: Chinook salmon entering Columbia River before May 1, 4 percent; during May, 6 percent; June and July, 15 percent; and August to December, 1 percent. Blueback salmon entering the river during the above periods, 40 percent. Steelhead trout entering the river during June to September, 1 percent; during the rest of the year, 10 percent. Fishing intensities are shown by escapement to catch ratios. Percentages of chinook salmon escapement are less than 15 during May; 17 during June and July; and 33 during the remainder of the year. The June and July runs are now greatly depleted, and an important part of these runs spawns above Rock Island Dam. The blueback salmon escapement is about 20 percent, and of steelhead trout about 33 percent. Weekly and seasonal closed periods are shown to be almost entirely ineffective for increasing the spawning escapement. Exploitation is further increased by the intensive troll fishery conducted from Monterey Bay to southeastern Alaska. Chinook salmon are also subjected to a sport fishery of considerable importance. Main runs of salmon to the Columbia River are practically unprotected and are fished with destructive intensity. Title: The salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938 Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 Exceptional data are available for the study of the salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938. Detailed figures on catch were supplied by Oregon and Washington in such form that they could readily be combined with the counts at Bonneville Dam to provide a basis for estimating the escapement. Tables show the catch of each species for each week in each of six zones, and the counts at Bonneville and Rock Island dams. The general course of the run of each species is shown. The numbers of fish bound for the spawning grounds above Rock Island Dam are estimated as follows: Chinook salmon entering Columbia River before May 1, 4 percent; during May, 6 percent; June and July, 15 percent; and August to December, 1 percent. Blueback salmon entering the river during the above periods, 40 percent. Steelhead trout entering the river during June to September, 1 percent; during the rest of the year, 10 percent. Fishing intensities are shown by escapement to catch ratios. Percentages of chinook salmon escapement are less than 15 during May; 17 during June and July; and 33 during the remainder of the year. The June and July runs are now greatly depleted, and an important part of these runs spawns above Rock Island Dam. The blueback salmon escapement is about 20 percent, and of steelhead trout about 33 percent. Weekly and seasonal closed periods are shown to be almost entirely ineffective for increasing the spawning escapement. Exploitation is further increased by the intensive troll fishery conducted from Monterey Bay to southeastern Alaska. Chinook salmon are also subjected to a sport fishery of considerable importance. Main runs of salmon to the Columbia River are practically unprotected and are fished with destructive intensity. Close

• 10. [Article] Differential use of salmon by vertebrate consumers: implications for conservation

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by PeerJ. The published article can be found at: https://peerj.com/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Differential use of salmon by vertebrate consumers: implications for conservation Author: Allen, Jennifer M., Wilmers, Christopher C., Wheat, Rachel E., Levi, Taal This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by PeerJ. The published article can be found at: https://peerj.com/ Title: Differential use of salmon by vertebrate consumers: implications for conservation Author: Allen, Jennifer M., Wilmers, Christopher C., Wheat, Rachel E., Levi, Taal This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by PeerJ. The published article can be found at: https://peerj.com/ Close

• 11. [Article] Molecular genetic characterization of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) runs for California’s central valley

  Suggested citation: "Banks, Michael A. (2013): Molecular genetic characterization of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) runs for California’s Central Valley. Oregon State University Libraries. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Molecular genetic characterization of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) runs for California’s central valley Author: Brandes, Pat, Rashbrook, Vanessa K., Bernier-Latmani, Jeremiah, Banks, Michael A., Jacobson, David P., Greene, Sheila, O’Malley, Kathleen G., Greig, Carolyn A., Van Sickle, John, Meusnier, Isabelle, Ardren, William R., Smith, Christian T. Year: 2000 Suggested citation: "Banks, Michael A. (2013): Molecular genetic characterization of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) runs for California’s Central Valley. Oregon State University Libraries. Dataset. doi:10.7267/N9KW5CXX" Title: Molecular genetic characterization of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) runs for California’s central valley Author: Brandes, Pat, Rashbrook, Vanessa K., Bernier-Latmani, Jeremiah, Banks, Michael A., Jacobson, David P., Greene, Sheila, O’Malley, Kathleen G., Greig, Carolyn A., Van Sickle, John, Meusnier, Isabelle, Ardren, William R., Smith, Christian T. Year: 2000 Suggested citation: "Banks, Michael A. (2013): Molecular genetic characterization of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) runs for California’s Central Valley. Oregon State University Libraries. Dataset. doi:10.7267/N9KW5CXX" Close

• 12. [Article] An investigation into the genetic basis of migration timing in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

  The genetic basis of adaptation is complex as many fitness-related traits are quantitative and likely influenced by multiple genes with variable effects across different selective environments. One important ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An investigation into the genetic basis of migration timing in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Author: O'Malley, Kathleen Gallen, 1976- The genetic basis of adaptation is complex as many fitness-related traits are quantitative and likely influenced by multiple genes with variable effects across different selective environments. One important adaptation for anadromous Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is the time at which individuals return to natal breeding sites within a reproductive season. Here, I tested for adaptive genetic differentiation among temporally divergent migratory runs using candidate loci. First, I isolated and characterized two copies of the circadian rhythm gene, Clock, from Chinook salmon (OtsClock1a and OtsClock1b). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these copies likely arose subsequent to the salmonid genome-wide duplication event. Each copy contains a polyglutamine repeat motif (PolyQ), an essential binding domain of this transcription factor. However, a 1200bp non-coding segment, showing >90% sequence identity to the Salmo salar Transferrin gene, is located downstream of the OtsClock1a PolyQ, yet absent from OtsClock1b providing evidence for nonhomologous recombination. Another candidate, Ots515NWFSC, shows sequence identity to three salmonid genes central to reproductive development: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, CYP19b-I, and Ghrelin. I employed OtsClock1b and Ots515NWFSC to test for differentiation in two unique systems: Feather River, California; and Waitaki and Poulter Rivers, New Zealand. Based on length variation in these candidate genes, Feather River fall and spring run Chinook salmon are genetically differentiated. In contrast, these seasonal runs are genetically indistinguishable based on neutral microsatellite loci. Correspondingly, temporally divergent Chinook salmon runs in the Waitaki and Poulter Rivers show greater differentiation based on variation in OtsClock1b and Ots515NWFSC than microsatellite loci. Tests for selective neutrality indicate that OtsClock1b and Ots515NWFSC are likely under selection in both systems. In addition, I found evidence for a latitudinal cline in two OtsClock1b PolyQ alleles among 42 Chinook salmon runs which is likely maintained by selection and thus may reflect an adaptation to photoperiodic parameters. Lastly, a hierarchical gene diversity analysis of OtsClock1b PolyQ variation revealed that run timing explained 43.7% of the overall genetic variance which contrast sharply with the 8.1% calculated for microsatellite loci. Evidence presented here suggests that OtsClock1b and Ots515NWFSC may influence migration timing of Chinook salmon. Title: An investigation into the genetic basis of migration timing in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Author: O'Malley, Kathleen Gallen, 1976- The genetic basis of adaptation is complex as many fitness-related traits are quantitative and likely influenced by multiple genes with variable effects across different selective environments. One important adaptation for anadromous Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is the time at which individuals return to natal breeding sites within a reproductive season. Here, I tested for adaptive genetic differentiation among temporally divergent migratory runs using candidate loci. First, I isolated and characterized two copies of the circadian rhythm gene, Clock, from Chinook salmon (OtsClock1a and OtsClock1b). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these copies likely arose subsequent to the salmonid genome-wide duplication event. Each copy contains a polyglutamine repeat motif (PolyQ), an essential binding domain of this transcription factor. However, a 1200bp non-coding segment, showing >90% sequence identity to the Salmo salar Transferrin gene, is located downstream of the OtsClock1a PolyQ, yet absent from OtsClock1b providing evidence for nonhomologous recombination. Another candidate, Ots515NWFSC, shows sequence identity to three salmonid genes central to reproductive development: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, CYP19b-I, and Ghrelin. I employed OtsClock1b and Ots515NWFSC to test for differentiation in two unique systems: Feather River, California; and Waitaki and Poulter Rivers, New Zealand. Based on length variation in these candidate genes, Feather River fall and spring run Chinook salmon are genetically differentiated. In contrast, these seasonal runs are genetically indistinguishable based on neutral microsatellite loci. Correspondingly, temporally divergent Chinook salmon runs in the Waitaki and Poulter Rivers show greater differentiation based on variation in OtsClock1b and Ots515NWFSC than microsatellite loci. Tests for selective neutrality indicate that OtsClock1b and Ots515NWFSC are likely under selection in both systems. In addition, I found evidence for a latitudinal cline in two OtsClock1b PolyQ alleles among 42 Chinook salmon runs which is likely maintained by selection and thus may reflect an adaptation to photoperiodic parameters. Lastly, a hierarchical gene diversity analysis of OtsClock1b PolyQ variation revealed that run timing explained 43.7% of the overall genetic variance which contrast sharply with the 8.1% calculated for microsatellite loci. Evidence presented here suggests that OtsClock1b and Ots515NWFSC may influence migration timing of Chinook salmon. Close

• 13. [Article] A Review of Fishery Research in the Pacific Area

  It is impossible to place a date on the beginning of fishery research. It no doubt existed in a primitive way among the earliest civilizations. For practical reasons, the scope of this paper is limited ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Review of Fishery Research in the Pacific Area Author: Atkinson, Clinton E. Year: 2001 It is impossible to place a date on the beginning of fishery research. It no doubt existed in a primitive way among the earliest civilizations. For practical reasons, the scope of this paper is limited to the four countries bordering the North Pacific--Japan, Canada, Russia and the United States--and to research directed towards a better understanding and management of the fishery resources of commercial value. It is interesting that development of fishery research in three of the four countries was prompted by a serious decline in their salmon runs and by the adoption of hatcheries as a means to restore or maintain the depleted runs. The only difference was in Russia where fishery research began with a decline in sturgeon in the Volga and the Caspian Sea. In the Russian Far East, however, it again was a decline in salmon in the Amur and Sakhalin rivers and all were linked primarily to loss or damage to their freshwater environment. Overfishing and destructive fishing practices were recognized almost from the beginning but it was not until 1917 that the work of Thompson on Pacific halibut led to the development of modern theory of population dynamics for the management of the fisheries. Following are notes on the development of fishery research in each of the four countries. Title: A Review of Fishery Research in the Pacific Area Author: Atkinson, Clinton E. Year: 2001 It is impossible to place a date on the beginning of fishery research. It no doubt existed in a primitive way among the earliest civilizations. For practical reasons, the scope of this paper is limited to the four countries bordering the North Pacific--Japan, Canada, Russia and the United States--and to research directed towards a better understanding and management of the fishery resources of commercial value. It is interesting that development of fishery research in three of the four countries was prompted by a serious decline in their salmon runs and by the adoption of hatcheries as a means to restore or maintain the depleted runs. The only difference was in Russia where fishery research began with a decline in sturgeon in the Volga and the Caspian Sea. In the Russian Far East, however, it again was a decline in salmon in the Amur and Sakhalin rivers and all were linked primarily to loss or damage to their freshwater environment. Overfishing and destructive fishing practices were recognized almost from the beginning but it was not until 1917 that the work of Thompson on Pacific halibut led to the development of modern theory of population dynamics for the management of the fisheries. Following are notes on the development of fishery research in each of the four countries. Close

• 14. [Article] Addressing Fish Uncertainty: The Quest for Rational Decisionmaking

  This paper explores the policy efforts dealing with the problem of declining Pacific Northwest fish runs. Results have been disappointing. Decades of expensive efforts costing billion of dollars have been ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Addressing Fish Uncertainty: The Quest for Rational Decisionmaking Author: Koss, Patricia, Katz, Mike, Shawcross, Jennifer Year: 2001 This paper explores the policy efforts dealing with the problem of declining Pacific Northwest fish runs. Results have been disappointing. Decades of expensive efforts costing billion of dollars have been relatively ineffective in increasing salmon runs. Many species of wild fish continue to decline or remain significantly below target levels of recovery. The issue of scientific and economic uncertainties is examined. Past and current policies have failed to adequately account for these uncertainties. One overall recommendation of this paper is that policymakers and their advisors should explicitly identify any decision criteria upon which they base their judgments or conclusions. A second recommendation is that policy analysis should be explicit about uncertainties. We offer the eighteen decision rules for fashioning fish recovery decisions in an environment of uncertainty. Title: Addressing Fish Uncertainty: The Quest for Rational Decisionmaking Author: Koss, Patricia, Katz, Mike, Shawcross, Jennifer Year: 2001 This paper explores the policy efforts dealing with the problem of declining Pacific Northwest fish runs. Results have been disappointing. Decades of expensive efforts costing billion of dollars have been relatively ineffective in increasing salmon runs. Many species of wild fish continue to decline or remain significantly below target levels of recovery. The issue of scientific and economic uncertainties is examined. Past and current policies have failed to adequately account for these uncertainties. One overall recommendation of this paper is that policymakers and their advisors should explicitly identify any decision criteria upon which they base their judgments or conclusions. A second recommendation is that policy analysis should be explicit about uncertainties. We offer the eighteen decision rules for fashioning fish recovery decisions in an environment of uncertainty. Close

• 15. [Article] Spatial and Temporal Variability of Macroinvertebrates in Spawning and Non-Spawning Habitats during a Salmon Run in Southeast Alaska

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by PLoS ONE and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial and Temporal Variability of Macroinvertebrates in Spawning and Non-Spawning Habitats during a Salmon Run in Southeast Alaska Author: Merritt, Richard W., Campbell, Emily Y., Benbow, M. Eric, Cummins, Kenneth W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by PLoS ONE and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action. Title: Spatial and Temporal Variability of Macroinvertebrates in Spawning and Non-Spawning Habitats during a Salmon Run in Southeast Alaska Author: Merritt, Richard W., Campbell, Emily Y., Benbow, M. Eric, Cummins, Kenneth W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by PLoS ONE and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action. Close

• 16. [Article] Economic Interactions of Farmed Salmon and North American Wild Salmon

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic Interactions of Farmed Salmon and North American Wild Salmon Author: Knapp, Gunnar, Anderson, James, Roheim, Cathy A. Research Paper Title: Economic Interactions of Farmed Salmon and North American Wild Salmon Author: Knapp, Gunnar, Anderson, James, Roheim, Cathy A. Research Paper Close

• 17. [Article] Testing advances in molecular discrimination among Chinook salmon life histories: evidence from a blind test

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Testing advances in molecular discrimination among Chinook salmon life histories: evidence from a blind test Author: Banks, Michael A., Ardren, William R., Bernier-Latmani, Jeremiah, Meusnier, Isabelle, Van Sickle, John, Rashbrook, Vanessa K., Jacobson, David P., Smith, Christian T., O'Malley, Kathleen G., Greig, Carolyn A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291365-2052. Title: Testing advances in molecular discrimination among Chinook salmon life histories: evidence from a blind test Author: Banks, Michael A., Ardren, William R., Bernier-Latmani, Jeremiah, Meusnier, Isabelle, Van Sickle, John, Rashbrook, Vanessa K., Jacobson, David P., Smith, Christian T., O'Malley, Kathleen G., Greig, Carolyn A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291365-2052. Close

• 18. [Article] Market Interactions between Aquaculture and Common-Property Fisheries: Examining the Empirical Evidence from the Bristol Bay Sockeye Salmon Fishery in Alaska

  The impressive growth of world aquaculture has led to profound transformations in the economic structure of several capture fisheries. Evidence from the Alaska salmon fisheries supports this argument as ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Market Interactions between Aquaculture and Common-Property Fisheries: Examining the Empirical Evidence from the Bristol Bay Sockeye Salmon Fishery in Alaska Author: Valderrama, Diego, Anderson, James The impressive growth of world aquaculture has led to profound transformations in the economic structure of several capture fisheries. Evidence from the Alaska salmon fisheries supports this argument as a connection has been suggested between the recent trends of declining ex-vessel prices and the rapid development of salmon farming elsewhere in the world. In Bristol Bay, home of the largest sockeye salmon runs in the globe, participation in the limited-entry fishery has declined by approximately 20% since 2001. Likewise, permit market values have plummeted to historic low levels, with economic conditions not likely to improve significantly in the mid-term future. To examine this problem, we develop a formal analytical framework for the study of market interactions between a limited-entry fishery and an aquaculture sector. We adapt the model of regulated open-access developed by Homans and Wilen to examine the implications of aquaculture development on the actions of fishermen and the regulatory sector in a restricted-access setting. Results indicate that the emergence of a low-cost aquaculture sector brings about important structural changes in the restricted-access fishery, rendering limited-entry regulations irrelevant as participation rates decline due to the falling prices. An important implication is that, despite the limited-entry constraint, the fishery moves to an institutional arrangement closer to regulated open access, with resource rents drastically reduced. Model predictions are compared with the empirical evidence available from the Bristol Bay sockeye fishery. The advantages of cooperative management relative to the current competitive structure of the fishery are highlighted. Title: Market Interactions between Aquaculture and Common-Property Fisheries: Examining the Empirical Evidence from the Bristol Bay Sockeye Salmon Fishery in Alaska Author: Valderrama, Diego, Anderson, James The impressive growth of world aquaculture has led to profound transformations in the economic structure of several capture fisheries. Evidence from the Alaska salmon fisheries supports this argument as a connection has been suggested between the recent trends of declining ex-vessel prices and the rapid development of salmon farming elsewhere in the world. In Bristol Bay, home of the largest sockeye salmon runs in the globe, participation in the limited-entry fishery has declined by approximately 20% since 2001. Likewise, permit market values have plummeted to historic low levels, with economic conditions not likely to improve significantly in the mid-term future. To examine this problem, we develop a formal analytical framework for the study of market interactions between a limited-entry fishery and an aquaculture sector. We adapt the model of regulated open-access developed by Homans and Wilen to examine the implications of aquaculture development on the actions of fishermen and the regulatory sector in a restricted-access setting. Results indicate that the emergence of a low-cost aquaculture sector brings about important structural changes in the restricted-access fishery, rendering limited-entry regulations irrelevant as participation rates decline due to the falling prices. An important implication is that, despite the limited-entry constraint, the fishery moves to an institutional arrangement closer to regulated open access, with resource rents drastically reduced. Model predictions are compared with the empirical evidence available from the Bristol Bay sockeye fishery. The advantages of cooperative management relative to the current competitive structure of the fishery are highlighted. Close

• 19. [Article] Expansion and Consolidation in The British Columbia Salmon Processing Industry

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Expansion and Consolidation in The British Columbia Salmon Processing Industry Author: Millerd, Frank Research Paper Title: Expansion and Consolidation in The British Columbia Salmon Processing Industry Author: Millerd, Frank Research Paper Close

• 20. [Article] Oregon coastal community water supply assessment

  On the Oregon coast, however, the issue of water supply has become paramount, especially given the need to restore instream flows in order to restore coastal salmon runs and meet water quality standards. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon coastal community water supply assessment Author: Achterman, Gail, Rolston, Irene, Davis-Born, Renee, Institute for Natural Resources, Gaines, Lisa On the Oregon coast, however, the issue of water supply has become paramount, especially given the need to restore instream flows in order to restore coastal salmon runs and meet water quality standards. With the ebb and flow of population and the economic growth of Oregon coastal communities, three hypotheses have been generated about the ability of these communities to meet future water supply needs. The purpose of this project was to better understand the challenges and opportunities facing coastal community water suppliers as a whole and to ultimately improve the prospects for meeting future water needs. Findings show that contrary to the first hypothesis, most of those interviewed do not think that economic development is constrained by waters supply. However, it does appear that it would be difficult for state economic development officials to match businesses and industries interested in relocating to the Oregon coast with community water supply availability and reliability. Findings also show that the major problem facing community water suppliers in preparing water management and conservation plans cited by interviewees is financial. Though Oregon’s coastal communities face several planning, management, physical, economic, and regulatory challenges in preparing for future water supply needs, numerous partnership, conservation, and research and training opportunities exist. What is needed is an opportunity for a facilitated process of restructuring water supply systems. Title: Oregon coastal community water supply assessment Author: Achterman, Gail, Rolston, Irene, Davis-Born, Renee, Institute for Natural Resources, Gaines, Lisa On the Oregon coast, however, the issue of water supply has become paramount, especially given the need to restore instream flows in order to restore coastal salmon runs and meet water quality standards. With the ebb and flow of population and the economic growth of Oregon coastal communities, three hypotheses have been generated about the ability of these communities to meet future water supply needs. The purpose of this project was to better understand the challenges and opportunities facing coastal community water suppliers as a whole and to ultimately improve the prospects for meeting future water needs. Findings show that contrary to the first hypothesis, most of those interviewed do not think that economic development is constrained by waters supply. However, it does appear that it would be difficult for state economic development officials to match businesses and industries interested in relocating to the Oregon coast with community water supply availability and reliability. Findings also show that the major problem facing community water suppliers in preparing water management and conservation plans cited by interviewees is financial. Though Oregon’s coastal communities face several planning, management, physical, economic, and regulatory challenges in preparing for future water supply needs, numerous partnership, conservation, and research and training opportunities exist. What is needed is an opportunity for a facilitated process of restructuring water supply systems. Close

• 21. [Article] Oregon Wildlife; Vol.39 No.8 (November-December 1984)

  Contents: What do Elk Hunters Want? - p.3-6; Salmon Begin Fall Run - p.7; Playing Radio Tag in the Wilds [Radio tags on wildlife] - p.8-9; Watchable Wildlife in Central Oregon - p.10-11; Deer Mouse - p...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Wildlife; Vol.39 No.8 (November-December 1984) Author: Oregon. Department of Fish and Wildlife Contents: What do Elk Hunters Want? - p.3-6; Salmon Begin Fall Run - p.7; Playing Radio Tag in the Wilds [Radio tags on wildlife] - p.8-9; Watchable Wildlife in Central Oregon - p.10-11; Deer Mouse - p.13 Title: Oregon Wildlife; Vol.39 No.8 (November-December 1984) Author: Oregon. Department of Fish and Wildlife Contents: What do Elk Hunters Want? - p.3-6; Salmon Begin Fall Run - p.7; Playing Radio Tag in the Wilds [Radio tags on wildlife] - p.8-9; Watchable Wildlife in Central Oregon - p.10-11; Deer Mouse - p.13 Close

• 22. [Article] Oregon coastal salmon and steelhead tagging programs

  Part I. To aid in the management of the Tillamook Bay commercial salmon fishery, a tagging program was conducted on the salmon and steelhead trout runs in 1953. General migration behavior, the minimum ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon coastal salmon and steelhead tagging programs Author: Henry, Kenneth A., Morgan, Alfred R. Part I. To aid in the management of the Tillamook Bay commercial salmon fishery, a tagging program was conducted on the salmon and steelhead trout runs in 1953. General migration behavior, the minimum length of time the fish remained in the fishery, population sizes, and fishing mortalities were determined from this study. Part II. To aid in the management of the Siletz River commercial salmon fishery, a tagging program was conducted on the salmon and steelhead trout runs in 1954. General migration behavior, the minimum length of time fish remained in the fishery, population estimates, and fishing mortalities were determined. Title: Oregon coastal salmon and steelhead tagging programs Author: Henry, Kenneth A., Morgan, Alfred R. Part I. To aid in the management of the Tillamook Bay commercial salmon fishery, a tagging program was conducted on the salmon and steelhead trout runs in 1953. General migration behavior, the minimum length of time the fish remained in the fishery, population sizes, and fishing mortalities were determined from this study. Part II. To aid in the management of the Siletz River commercial salmon fishery, a tagging program was conducted on the salmon and steelhead trout runs in 1954. General migration behavior, the minimum length of time fish remained in the fishery, population estimates, and fishing mortalities were determined. Close

• 23. [Article] Geospatial depiction of fall run Chinook Salmon in Wallowa County

  This product is for informational purposes and may not have been prepared for, or be suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. Users of this information should review or consult the primary ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geospatial depiction of fall run Chinook Salmon in Wallowa County Author: Thomas, Samuel, Department of Fish and Wildlife, State of Oregon, Oregon State University This product is for informational purposes and may not have been prepared for, or be suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. Users of this information should review or consult the primary data and information sources to verify the purpose and limitations. The data is provided as-is, without warranty. Title: Geospatial depiction of fall run Chinook Salmon in Wallowa County Author: Thomas, Samuel, Department of Fish and Wildlife, State of Oregon, Oregon State University This product is for informational purposes and may not have been prepared for, or be suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. Users of this information should review or consult the primary data and information sources to verify the purpose and limitations. The data is provided as-is, without warranty. Close

• 24. [Article] Factors affecting the abundance of fall chinook salmon in the Columbia River

  A study of the population ecology of Columbia River fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), was made in an attempt to determine the cause of a serious decline in this run which occurred in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors affecting the abundance of fall chinook salmon in the Columbia River Author: Van Hyning, Jack M. A study of the population ecology of Columbia River fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), was made in an attempt to determine the cause of a serious decline in this run which occurred in the early 1950's. Fluctuations in abundance of major salmon runs the North Pacific were examined to detect any coastwide pattern. Only chinook salmon in Cook Inlet, Alaska, and chum salmon from Oregon to southwestern Alaska showed a similar trend. The following life history stages broken down into pre- and post-decline years were examined: (1) marine life including distribution and migration, growth and maturity, survival rate, oceanography, and commercial and sport fisheries; (2) upstream migration including river fisheries, gear selectivity, size and age composition of the run, escapement, and influence of dams, diseases, and water quality; (3) reproduction and incubation including spawning areas and spawning and incubation conditions; and (4) downstream migration which included predation, dams and reservoirs, diseases, flow, turbidity and temperature, and estuary life. Salient points of the analysis were: (1) a change in the maturity and survival pattern based on tagged and fin-clipped fish recovered before and after 1950; (2) a significant negative correlation between sea-water temperature during a year class' first year at sea and subsequent survival; (3) a large increase in the ocean fisheries coincident with the decline in the run; (4) catch-effort statistics of the ocean fishery show a near classic example of the effect of overexploitation; (5) estimates of the contribution of Columbia River chinook to the ocean fisheries based on tag recoveries could be underestimates rather than overestimates; (6) a significant inverse correlation between estimated ocean catch of Columbia River fall chinook and numbers entering the river; (7) size and age composition of the ocean and river catches decreased coincident with the decline in the run; (8) the gill-net fishery shows little size selectivity by age, size, or sex in the dominant group; (9) fluctuations in abundance of hatchery stocks are related to differences in survival between fingerling and adult; (10) hatchery, lower river, and upriver populations fluctuate in abundance in much the same pattern; (11) optimum escapement is between 90,000 and 100,000 adults, a value that was exceeded during most years; (12) a highly significant negative correlation between numbers of spawners and return per spawner; (13) most of the early dams had no direct effect on fall chinook and the decline in productivity occurred when river conditions were relatively stable; (14) temperatures at time of migration and spawning for fall chinook have not increased enough to be a serious mortality factor; (15) little relationship between flow, turbidity, and temperature at time of downstream migration and subsequent return was evident except that high temperatures and high flows (and turbidities) tended to produce poorer runs during certain time periods; and (16) predation and delay of smolts in reservoirs are largely unknown factors, but circumstantial evidence suggests that they were not important in regulating fall chinook numbers during the period of the study. Finally, variables that appeared to bear some relationship to fluctuations in abundance of fall chinook were submitted to multiple regression analysis. For the predecline period (1938-46 brood years), sea-water temperature and ocean troll fishing effort were significant variables (R² = 0.74). For post decline years (1947-59 broods), troll had the most influence on total return with ocean temperature and escapement having lesser effects. For the combined years, troll intensity and ocean temperature were the significant variables (R² = 0.572). Entering interaction of river flow at downstream migration with the other variables brought R² to 0.754 which means that 75% of the variability in the returning run could be accounted for by these three factors. Return per spawner was so heavily influenced by numbers of spawners that the other factors assumed negligible importance. Equations were derived that predicted the returning run in close agreement with the actual run size. Substituting a low and constant troll fishing effort in the equation resulted in the predicted run maintaining the average predecline level. The increase in ocean fishing was the main contributor to the decline of the Columbia River fall chinook run as shown by correlation, by analogy, and by the process of elimination. To demonstrate why other chinook runs have not shown similar declines, it was shown that due to several unique features in Columbia River fall chinook life history they are exposed to much more ocean fishing than other populations. It was emphasized that these conclusions should not be extrapolated to the future or to other species or runs of salmon. Title: Factors affecting the abundance of fall chinook salmon in the Columbia River Author: Van Hyning, Jack M. A study of the population ecology of Columbia River fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), was made in an attempt to determine the cause of a serious decline in this run which occurred in the early 1950's. Fluctuations in abundance of major salmon runs the North Pacific were examined to detect any coastwide pattern. Only chinook salmon in Cook Inlet, Alaska, and chum salmon from Oregon to southwestern Alaska showed a similar trend. The following life history stages broken down into pre- and post-decline years were examined: (1) marine life including distribution and migration, growth and maturity, survival rate, oceanography, and commercial and sport fisheries; (2) upstream migration including river fisheries, gear selectivity, size and age composition of the run, escapement, and influence of dams, diseases, and water quality; (3) reproduction and incubation including spawning areas and spawning and incubation conditions; and (4) downstream migration which included predation, dams and reservoirs, diseases, flow, turbidity and temperature, and estuary life. Salient points of the analysis were: (1) a change in the maturity and survival pattern based on tagged and fin-clipped fish recovered before and after 1950; (2) a significant negative correlation between sea-water temperature during a year class' first year at sea and subsequent survival; (3) a large increase in the ocean fisheries coincident with the decline in the run; (4) catch-effort statistics of the ocean fishery show a near classic example of the effect of overexploitation; (5) estimates of the contribution of Columbia River chinook to the ocean fisheries based on tag recoveries could be underestimates rather than overestimates; (6) a significant inverse correlation between estimated ocean catch of Columbia River fall chinook and numbers entering the river; (7) size and age composition of the ocean and river catches decreased coincident with the decline in the run; (8) the gill-net fishery shows little size selectivity by age, size, or sex in the dominant group; (9) fluctuations in abundance of hatchery stocks are related to differences in survival between fingerling and adult; (10) hatchery, lower river, and upriver populations fluctuate in abundance in much the same pattern; (11) optimum escapement is between 90,000 and 100,000 adults, a value that was exceeded during most years; (12) a highly significant negative correlation between numbers of spawners and return per spawner; (13) most of the early dams had no direct effect on fall chinook and the decline in productivity occurred when river conditions were relatively stable; (14) temperatures at time of migration and spawning for fall chinook have not increased enough to be a serious mortality factor; (15) little relationship between flow, turbidity, and temperature at time of downstream migration and subsequent return was evident except that high temperatures and high flows (and turbidities) tended to produce poorer runs during certain time periods; and (16) predation and delay of smolts in reservoirs are largely unknown factors, but circumstantial evidence suggests that they were not important in regulating fall chinook numbers during the period of the study. Finally, variables that appeared to bear some relationship to fluctuations in abundance of fall chinook were submitted to multiple regression analysis. For the predecline period (1938-46 brood years), sea-water temperature and ocean troll fishing effort were significant variables (R² = 0.74). For post decline years (1947-59 broods), troll had the most influence on total return with ocean temperature and escapement having lesser effects. For the combined years, troll intensity and ocean temperature were the significant variables (R² = 0.572). Entering interaction of river flow at downstream migration with the other variables brought R² to 0.754 which means that 75% of the variability in the returning run could be accounted for by these three factors. Return per spawner was so heavily influenced by numbers of spawners that the other factors assumed negligible importance. Equations were derived that predicted the returning run in close agreement with the actual run size. Substituting a low and constant troll fishing effort in the equation resulted in the predicted run maintaining the average predecline level. The increase in ocean fishing was the main contributor to the decline of the Columbia River fall chinook run as shown by correlation, by analogy, and by the process of elimination. To demonstrate why other chinook runs have not shown similar declines, it was shown that due to several unique features in Columbia River fall chinook life history they are exposed to much more ocean fishing than other populations. It was emphasized that these conclusions should not be extrapolated to the future or to other species or runs of salmon. Close

• 25. [Article] Potential Effects of Management on Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia Predation on Juvenile Salmonids at a Colony in San Francisco Bay, California

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is published by Taylor & ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential Effects of Management on Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia Predation on Juvenile Salmonids at a Colony in San Francisco Bay, California Author: Evans, Allen F., Adrean, Lindsay J., Roby, Daniel D., Lyons, Donald E., Collis, Ken To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is published by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.taylorandfrancis.com. Copyrighted by American Fisheries Society (http://afsjournals.org/). Title: Potential Effects of Management on Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia Predation on Juvenile Salmonids at a Colony in San Francisco Bay, California Author: Evans, Allen F., Adrean, Lindsay J., Roby, Daniel D., Lyons, Donald E., Collis, Ken To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is published by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.taylorandfrancis.com. Copyrighted by American Fisheries Society (http://afsjournals.org/). Close

• 26. [Article] Caspian tern (Hydroprogne caspia) foraging ecology and predation on juvenile salmonids in San Francisco Bay, California

  Brooks Island, located in central San Francisco Bay, California, currently supports the largest breeding colony of Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia) in the Bay Area, and is one of several proposed relocation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Caspian tern (Hydroprogne caspia) foraging ecology and predation on juvenile salmonids in San Francisco Bay, California Author: Adrean, Lindsay J. Brooks Island, located in central San Francisco Bay, California, currently supports the largest breeding colony of Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia) in the Bay Area, and is one of several proposed relocation sites for some Caspian terns from the world's largest colony in the Columbia River estuary of Oregon. Juvenile salmonids have been identified in the diet of Caspian terns nesting at Brooks Island, so I investigated whether the colony, at its current or an enhanced size, poses a threat to the recovery of several runs of salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) in San Francisco Bay that are listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). I also examined the foraging ecology of Brooks Island Caspian terns to 1) determine whether the colony is suitable for expansion based on availability of forage fish resources, a factor potentially limiting the size and productivity of the colony, and 2) investigate how Caspian terns nesting at this colony exploit forage fish resources. I used a bioenergetics modeling approach, employing estimates of tern energy requirements and proportions of energy supplied by various prey types, to estimate consumption of juvenile salmonids by Caspian terns nesting on Brooks Island during 2008 and 2009. Estimated salmonid consumption was 205,000 smolts (95% CI: 175,000 – 245,000 smolts) in 2008 and 167,000 smolts (95% CI: 144,000 – 191,000 smolts) in 2009. Predation rates on ESA-listed Central Valley spring-run Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha; 0.08%) were lower than those on unlisted fall-run Chinook salmon (1.0%). Average per capita predation rates on juvenile salmonids by Brooks Island Caspian terns (2008: 126 fish; 2009: 123 fish) were less than half those of Caspian terns nesting in the Columbia River estuary. If the current downward trend in the number of Caspian terns nesting on Brooks Island continues until the colony is no longer extant, the resulting declines in predation on salmonids would lead to increases in annual population growth rates (Δλ) of salmonid runs of just small fractions of one percentage point. The proposed enhancement of the Brooks Island Caspian tern colony to 3,000 individuals would at most cause declines in annual population growth rates of 0.3% for fall-run Chinook salmon and 0.02% for threatened spring-run Chinook salmon, assuming that smolt mortality from tern predation is 100% additive. This level of impact to the ESA-listed spring-run Chinook salmon stock is less than the level considered acceptable by the National Marine Fisheries Service (Δλ = 0.05%). Radio-tracking of Caspian terns nesting on Brooks Island revealed that the maximum foraging distance from the colony was 80 km. The median foraging distance from the colony was greater in 2009 compared to 2008 (20.6 km vs. 14.0 km), average number of foraging trips per day was higher (4.4 vs. 3.4 foraging trips), and average adult colony attendance was lower (43% vs. 52% of daylight hours). These results indicate that the colony was more food-limited during the 2009 breeding season, concurrent with anomalous downwelling along the coast of northern California and reduced availability and size of marine forage fishes, such as herring, sardines, and anchovies. Caspian terns used a number of core foraging areas within 30 km of the Brooks Island colony, both inside and just outside the Bay. Two large core foraging areas were close to or overlapped with the release site for juvenile salmonids in eastern San Pablo Bay, where > 10 million hatchery-raised smolts were released from net pens during both the 2008 and 2009 tern nesting seasons. This finding supports the hypothesis that most juvenile salmonids consumed by terns nesting at the Brooks Island colony were captured at or near the release site. Individual Caspian terns displayed foraging site fidelity, suggesting that foraging at the release site for hatchery-raised salmonids was a learned behavior by some terns. The Brooks Island colony site is within foraging distance of adequate marine forage fish resources in most years, and Caspian terns nesting there are not dependent on juvenile salmonids as a food resource. Consumption of juvenile salmonids by Brooks Island terns would be largely curtailed by modification of hatchery release practices. Title: Caspian tern (Hydroprogne caspia) foraging ecology and predation on juvenile salmonids in San Francisco Bay, California Author: Adrean, Lindsay J. Brooks Island, located in central San Francisco Bay, California, currently supports the largest breeding colony of Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia) in the Bay Area, and is one of several proposed relocation sites for some Caspian terns from the world's largest colony in the Columbia River estuary of Oregon. Juvenile salmonids have been identified in the diet of Caspian terns nesting at Brooks Island, so I investigated whether the colony, at its current or an enhanced size, poses a threat to the recovery of several runs of salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) in San Francisco Bay that are listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). I also examined the foraging ecology of Brooks Island Caspian terns to 1) determine whether the colony is suitable for expansion based on availability of forage fish resources, a factor potentially limiting the size and productivity of the colony, and 2) investigate how Caspian terns nesting at this colony exploit forage fish resources. I used a bioenergetics modeling approach, employing estimates of tern energy requirements and proportions of energy supplied by various prey types, to estimate consumption of juvenile salmonids by Caspian terns nesting on Brooks Island during 2008 and 2009. Estimated salmonid consumption was 205,000 smolts (95% CI: 175,000 – 245,000 smolts) in 2008 and 167,000 smolts (95% CI: 144,000 – 191,000 smolts) in 2009. Predation rates on ESA-listed Central Valley spring-run Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha; 0.08%) were lower than those on unlisted fall-run Chinook salmon (1.0%). Average per capita predation rates on juvenile salmonids by Brooks Island Caspian terns (2008: 126 fish; 2009: 123 fish) were less than half those of Caspian terns nesting in the Columbia River estuary. If the current downward trend in the number of Caspian terns nesting on Brooks Island continues until the colony is no longer extant, the resulting declines in predation on salmonids would lead to increases in annual population growth rates (Δλ) of salmonid runs of just small fractions of one percentage point. The proposed enhancement of the Brooks Island Caspian tern colony to 3,000 individuals would at most cause declines in annual population growth rates of 0.3% for fall-run Chinook salmon and 0.02% for threatened spring-run Chinook salmon, assuming that smolt mortality from tern predation is 100% additive. This level of impact to the ESA-listed spring-run Chinook salmon stock is less than the level considered acceptable by the National Marine Fisheries Service (Δλ = 0.05%). Radio-tracking of Caspian terns nesting on Brooks Island revealed that the maximum foraging distance from the colony was 80 km. The median foraging distance from the colony was greater in 2009 compared to 2008 (20.6 km vs. 14.0 km), average number of foraging trips per day was higher (4.4 vs. 3.4 foraging trips), and average adult colony attendance was lower (43% vs. 52% of daylight hours). These results indicate that the colony was more food-limited during the 2009 breeding season, concurrent with anomalous downwelling along the coast of northern California and reduced availability and size of marine forage fishes, such as herring, sardines, and anchovies. Caspian terns used a number of core foraging areas within 30 km of the Brooks Island colony, both inside and just outside the Bay. Two large core foraging areas were close to or overlapped with the release site for juvenile salmonids in eastern San Pablo Bay, where > 10 million hatchery-raised smolts were released from net pens during both the 2008 and 2009 tern nesting seasons. This finding supports the hypothesis that most juvenile salmonids consumed by terns nesting at the Brooks Island colony were captured at or near the release site. Individual Caspian terns displayed foraging site fidelity, suggesting that foraging at the release site for hatchery-raised salmonids was a learned behavior by some terns. The Brooks Island colony site is within foraging distance of adequate marine forage fish resources in most years, and Caspian terns nesting there are not dependent on juvenile salmonids as a food resource. Consumption of juvenile salmonids by Brooks Island terns would be largely curtailed by modification of hatchery release practices. Close

• 27. [Article] Measuring recreational fishing benefits in a multiple site framework : a case study of the Willamette spring chinook sports fishery

  The management options chosen by decision makers in managing wildlife and fisheries have different effects for diverse user groups. As a result, natural resource management agencies often seek information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Measuring recreational fishing benefits in a multiple site framework : a case study of the Willamette spring chinook sports fishery Author: Lin, Pei-Chien The management options chosen by decision makers in managing wildlife and fisheries have different effects for diverse user groups. As a result, natural resource management agencies often seek information to evaluate the effects of alternative policies on the benefits provided to different constituencies. Over the past decade, economists have developed techniques to measure the benefits provided by such nonmarket goods. The random utility model (RUM), a variant of the travel cost model (TCM), is one of the techniques developed by economists to measure benefits associated with changes in the quantity or quality of nonmarket goods. The advantages of using RUN over other techniques are that the substitution effects among different sites providing similar recreational activities or services can be incorporated into the model to avoid overestimating the benefits provided by a certain site. Redacted for Privacy RUM is used in this thesis to measure the welfare changes caused by a reduction in fishing quality or closure of one of the sites in a recreational fishing area. The focus of this study is the spring chinook recreational fishery in the lower Willamette River. The 1988 Willamette Run Spring Chinook Survey and the 1988 Willamette River Spring Chinook Salmon Run Report, published by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, provide the data set to do this research. Three definitions of travel costs, TC1, TC2, and TC3 are derived from the data set and used alternatively in the RUM framework. Specific objectives of this thesis include: (1) estimate how the attributes of a site (travel cost, congestion level and fishing quality of the site) will affect the individual's site choice; and (2) estimate the welfare changes arising from the two hypothetical policies which change the quality of fishing experience and which restrict the access of anglers to a certain fishing site. The results indicate that fishing sites on the Willamette River are more attractive to anglers if the fishing quality is increased, if more people visit, and if the site is relatively inexpensive to reach. The results of the elasticities of probabilities show that the travel cost has the largest effect on individual site choice decision. For different definitions of travel costs, the estimated welfare losses caused by the first hypothetical policy (of a reduction in fishing. success) for a representative angler in the sample are $ 0.37, $ 0.91, and $ 0.47 respectively, per trip. For different definitions of travel costs, the aggregate welfare losses associated with this hypothetical policy are $ 82,309, $ 202,436, and $ 104,555. For different definitions of travel costs, the estimated welfare losses caused by the second hypothetical policy (a closure of one site) for a representative angler in the sample are $ 3.82, $ 54.91, and $ 4.83 per trip respectively. The aggregate welfare losses associated with this hypothetical policy are $ 849,786, $ 12,215,114, and $ 1,074,467 respectively for TC1, TC2, and TC3. Assuming that these two policies achieved the same objectives, the policy implication of these results is that the first policy is preferred because the welfare loss is much smaller than the second one. There is a methodological implication suggested by one of the findings. A few of the individual results obtained from the model with TC2 travel cost violate the assumption of utility maximization. This implies that TC2 may over-value the opportunity cost of time in the travel cost variable, and points out the uncertain of the definition of travel cost used in RUM analyses. Title: Measuring recreational fishing benefits in a multiple site framework : a case study of the Willamette spring chinook sports fishery Author: Lin, Pei-Chien The management options chosen by decision makers in managing wildlife and fisheries have different effects for diverse user groups. As a result, natural resource management agencies often seek information to evaluate the effects of alternative policies on the benefits provided to different constituencies. Over the past decade, economists have developed techniques to measure the benefits provided by such nonmarket goods. The random utility model (RUM), a variant of the travel cost model (TCM), is one of the techniques developed by economists to measure benefits associated with changes in the quantity or quality of nonmarket goods. The advantages of using RUN over other techniques are that the substitution effects among different sites providing similar recreational activities or services can be incorporated into the model to avoid overestimating the benefits provided by a certain site. Redacted for Privacy RUM is used in this thesis to measure the welfare changes caused by a reduction in fishing quality or closure of one of the sites in a recreational fishing area. The focus of this study is the spring chinook recreational fishery in the lower Willamette River. The 1988 Willamette Run Spring Chinook Survey and the 1988 Willamette River Spring Chinook Salmon Run Report, published by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, provide the data set to do this research. Three definitions of travel costs, TC1, TC2, and TC3 are derived from the data set and used alternatively in the RUM framework. Specific objectives of this thesis include: (1) estimate how the attributes of a site (travel cost, congestion level and fishing quality of the site) will affect the individual's site choice; and (2) estimate the welfare changes arising from the two hypothetical policies which change the quality of fishing experience and which restrict the access of anglers to a certain fishing site. The results indicate that fishing sites on the Willamette River are more attractive to anglers if the fishing quality is increased, if more people visit, and if the site is relatively inexpensive to reach. The results of the elasticities of probabilities show that the travel cost has the largest effect on individual site choice decision. For different definitions of travel costs, the estimated welfare losses caused by the first hypothetical policy (of a reduction in fishing. success) for a representative angler in the sample are $ 0.37, $ 0.91, and $ 0.47 respectively, per trip. For different definitions of travel costs, the aggregate welfare losses associated with this hypothetical policy are $ 82,309, $ 202,436, and $ 104,555. For different definitions of travel costs, the estimated welfare losses caused by the second hypothetical policy (a closure of one site) for a representative angler in the sample are $ 3.82, $ 54.91, and $ 4.83 per trip respectively. The aggregate welfare losses associated with this hypothetical policy are $ 849,786, $ 12,215,114, and $ 1,074,467 respectively for TC1, TC2, and TC3. Assuming that these two policies achieved the same objectives, the policy implication of these results is that the first policy is preferred because the welfare loss is much smaller than the second one. There is a methodological implication suggested by one of the findings. A few of the individual results obtained from the model with TC2 travel cost violate the assumption of utility maximization. This implies that TC2 may over-value the opportunity cost of time in the travel cost variable, and points out the uncertain of the definition of travel cost used in RUM analyses. Close

• 28. [Article] Non-regulatory efforts to combat nonpoint source pollution in Oregon

  This report and accompanying program inventory have been prepared in support of the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality's statewide nonpoint source pollution control efforts and for use in the development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Non-regulatory efforts to combat nonpoint source pollution in Oregon Author: Lindberg, Roberta J. This report and accompanying program inventory have been prepared in support of the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality's statewide nonpoint source pollution control efforts and for use in the development of Oregon's new federally mandated Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program (CNPCP). When Congress reauthorized the Coastal Zone Management Act in 1990, it added significant new responsibilities for coastal states regarding water pollution from diffuse, widespread sources that in the past have not been regulated. Section 6217 of the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments (CZARA) requires states to adopt enforceable programs to address nonpoint source pollution arising from agriculture, forestry, urban runoff, recreational boating and marinas, channelization, dams and eroding stream banks. "Nonpoint source pollution" in this context includes any discharge to the state's waters which is not regulated by the Clean Water Act's permit system, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). When Congress mandated the coastal nonpoint source program, it directed that states' coastal programs and water quality agencies work together in developing and implementing the program. In Oregon, the Department of Land Conservation and Development (DLCD) and the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) are jointly responsible for the development of the coastal nonpoint control program. DLCD's Coastal Management Program implements provisions of the federal Coastal Zone Management Act. DEQ's Water Quality Division manages the statewide nonpoint source control program pursuant to Section 319 of the Clean Water Act (CWA). Staff at DLCD's Coastal Management Program prepared an extensive report and analysis of Oregon's current array of enforceable programs and the extent to which those programs satisfy the federal requirements for the new coastal program. Gaps in program coverage were identified, and efforts to fill those gaps are currently in progress. This report is a companion to the DLCD gap analysis. However, instead of focusing on enforceable programs, this report highlights nonpoint source control and watershed management programs that rely on voluntary efforts to achieve their goals. Staff at DEQ have identified nine types of activities which, together with enforcement, make constitute an effective watershed management program. This report presents an inventory of the state and federal government efforts currently underway within the state of Oregon which contribute to the control of nonpoint source pollution but do not rely on a regulatory program to do so. This is a time of extensive reevaluation and reordering of natural resource priorities and strategies at both the state and federal levels. The Clinton Forest Summit and the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team (FEMAT) process have been examining federal forest policy from top to bottom. The two major federal land management agencies, the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management, began reviewing their policies and practices well before the Forest Summit, and have made significant changes as a result. At the state level, the Watershed Health Initiative directed $10 million to two regions of the state during the 1993-95 biennium, in an unprecedented effort to restore salmon habitat and improve water quality. The impetus for change comes from the visible results of past natural resource management practices: the collapse of many native salmon runs and the decline in many other species leading to a great expansion of activity under the federal Endangered Species Act. The federal court logging injunction to protect the Northern Spotted Owl triggered much activity at the state and local levels in an effort to avoid further listings and the potential economic dislocations associated with them. Title: Non-regulatory efforts to combat nonpoint source pollution in Oregon Author: Lindberg, Roberta J. This report and accompanying program inventory have been prepared in support of the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality's statewide nonpoint source pollution control efforts and for use in the development of Oregon's new federally mandated Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program (CNPCP). When Congress reauthorized the Coastal Zone Management Act in 1990, it added significant new responsibilities for coastal states regarding water pollution from diffuse, widespread sources that in the past have not been regulated. Section 6217 of the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments (CZARA) requires states to adopt enforceable programs to address nonpoint source pollution arising from agriculture, forestry, urban runoff, recreational boating and marinas, channelization, dams and eroding stream banks. "Nonpoint source pollution" in this context includes any discharge to the state's waters which is not regulated by the Clean Water Act's permit system, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). When Congress mandated the coastal nonpoint source program, it directed that states' coastal programs and water quality agencies work together in developing and implementing the program. In Oregon, the Department of Land Conservation and Development (DLCD) and the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) are jointly responsible for the development of the coastal nonpoint control program. DLCD's Coastal Management Program implements provisions of the federal Coastal Zone Management Act. DEQ's Water Quality Division manages the statewide nonpoint source control program pursuant to Section 319 of the Clean Water Act (CWA). Staff at DLCD's Coastal Management Program prepared an extensive report and analysis of Oregon's current array of enforceable programs and the extent to which those programs satisfy the federal requirements for the new coastal program. Gaps in program coverage were identified, and efforts to fill those gaps are currently in progress. This report is a companion to the DLCD gap analysis. However, instead of focusing on enforceable programs, this report highlights nonpoint source control and watershed management programs that rely on voluntary efforts to achieve their goals. Staff at DEQ have identified nine types of activities which, together with enforcement, make constitute an effective watershed management program. This report presents an inventory of the state and federal government efforts currently underway within the state of Oregon which contribute to the control of nonpoint source pollution but do not rely on a regulatory program to do so. This is a time of extensive reevaluation and reordering of natural resource priorities and strategies at both the state and federal levels. The Clinton Forest Summit and the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team (FEMAT) process have been examining federal forest policy from top to bottom. The two major federal land management agencies, the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management, began reviewing their policies and practices well before the Forest Summit, and have made significant changes as a result. At the state level, the Watershed Health Initiative directed $10 million to two regions of the state during the 1993-95 biennium, in an unprecedented effort to restore salmon habitat and improve water quality. The impetus for change comes from the visible results of past natural resource management practices: the collapse of many native salmon runs and the decline in many other species leading to a great expansion of activity under the federal Endangered Species Act. The federal court logging injunction to protect the Northern Spotted Owl triggered much activity at the state and local levels in an effort to avoid further listings and the potential economic dislocations associated with them. Close

• 29. [Article] Salmon recovery in the Pacific Northwest : defining what constitutes a wild salmon

  In spite of considerable efforts to restore natural runs of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest, they remain at risk of extirpation. Along with many other factors influencing the decline, stocking ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon recovery in the Pacific Northwest : defining what constitutes a wild salmon Author: Courter, Ian I. In spite of considerable efforts to restore natural runs of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest, they remain at risk of extirpation. Along with many other factors influencing the decline, stocking from hatcheries over the past hundred years is often suggested to be a major cause. The listing of over two dozen runs of salmon under the Endangered Species Act has catalyzed a re-assessment of hatchery effects on naturally spawning salmon. Recent policies have placed a much greater emphasis on restoring runs of wild salmon rather than maintaining runs through stocking from hatchery production. Except at the most superficial level, there is no consensus about how to define "wild." Rather, there is a continuum of definitions for "wild" and each definition supports an implicit policy goal. The precise way in which "wild salmon" is defined potentially has profound policy implications. Ultimately, the choice of definition is a policy decision that incorporates science as one of several factors influencing the decision. A suite of options, often poorly articulated, for defining "wild" are available to policy makers who are selecting recovery goals. To test a subset of the available definitions of wild, I quantified the number of hatchery and naturally spawning salmon for 19 populations of Oregon coastal coho. "Wild" was defined by types 1 through 5 based on the number of hatchery fish released annually and the number of naturally spawning hatchery adults. As currently managed by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, the Oregon coast has a range of "types" of coho salmon. By clearly and explicitly defining "wild" as steps along a continuum, policy makers and managers can more effectively monitor and achieve specific salmon recovery goals. Title: Salmon recovery in the Pacific Northwest : defining what constitutes a wild salmon Author: Courter, Ian I. In spite of considerable efforts to restore natural runs of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest, they remain at risk of extirpation. Along with many other factors influencing the decline, stocking from hatcheries over the past hundred years is often suggested to be a major cause. The listing of over two dozen runs of salmon under the Endangered Species Act has catalyzed a re-assessment of hatchery effects on naturally spawning salmon. Recent policies have placed a much greater emphasis on restoring runs of wild salmon rather than maintaining runs through stocking from hatchery production. Except at the most superficial level, there is no consensus about how to define "wild." Rather, there is a continuum of definitions for "wild" and each definition supports an implicit policy goal. The precise way in which "wild salmon" is defined potentially has profound policy implications. Ultimately, the choice of definition is a policy decision that incorporates science as one of several factors influencing the decision. A suite of options, often poorly articulated, for defining "wild" are available to policy makers who are selecting recovery goals. To test a subset of the available definitions of wild, I quantified the number of hatchery and naturally spawning salmon for 19 populations of Oregon coastal coho. "Wild" was defined by types 1 through 5 based on the number of hatchery fish released annually and the number of naturally spawning hatchery adults. As currently managed by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, the Oregon coast has a range of "types" of coho salmon. By clearly and explicitly defining "wild" as steps along a continuum, policy makers and managers can more effectively monitor and achieve specific salmon recovery goals. Close

• 30. [Article] Differential gene expression between fall- and spring-run Chinook salmon assessed by long serial analysis of gene expression

  Of all Pacific salmonids, Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha display the greatest variability in return times to freshwater. The molecular mechanisms of these differential return times have not been ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Differential gene expression between fall- and spring-run Chinook salmon assessed by long serial analysis of gene expression Author: Banks, Michael A., McArthur, Andrew G., Birkeland, Shanda R., Bernier, Jeremiah C., Cipriano, Michael J. Of all Pacific salmonids, Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha display the greatest variability in return times to freshwater. The molecular mechanisms of these differential return times have not been well described. Current methods, such as long serial analysis of gene expression (LongSAGE) and microarrays, allow gene expression to be analyzed for thousands of genes simultaneously. To investigate whether differential gene expression is observed between fall- and spring-run Chinook salmon from California's Central Valley, LongSAGE libraries were constructed. Three libraries containing between 25,512 and 29,372 sequenced tags (21 base pairs/tag) were generated using messenger RNA from the brains of adult Chinook salmon returning in fall and spring and from one ocean-caught Chinook salmon. Tags were annotated to genes using complementary DNA libraries from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and rainbow trout O. mykiss. Differentially expressed genes, as estimated by differences in the number of sequence tags, were found in all pairwise comparisons of libraries (freshwater versus saltwater = 40 genes; fall versus spring = 11 genes; and spawning versus nonspawning = 51 genes). The gene for ependymin, an extracellular glycoprotein involved in behavioral plasticity in fish, exhibited the most differential expression among the three groupings. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis verified the differential expression of ependymin between the fall- and spring-run samples. These LongSAGE libraries, the first reported for Chinook salmon, provide a window of the transcriptional changes during Chinook salmon return migration to freshwater and spawning and increase the amount of expressed sequence data. Title: Differential gene expression between fall- and spring-run Chinook salmon assessed by long serial analysis of gene expression Author: Banks, Michael A., McArthur, Andrew G., Birkeland, Shanda R., Bernier, Jeremiah C., Cipriano, Michael J. Of all Pacific salmonids, Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha display the greatest variability in return times to freshwater. The molecular mechanisms of these differential return times have not been well described. Current methods, such as long serial analysis of gene expression (LongSAGE) and microarrays, allow gene expression to be analyzed for thousands of genes simultaneously. To investigate whether differential gene expression is observed between fall- and spring-run Chinook salmon from California's Central Valley, LongSAGE libraries were constructed. Three libraries containing between 25,512 and 29,372 sequenced tags (21 base pairs/tag) were generated using messenger RNA from the brains of adult Chinook salmon returning in fall and spring and from one ocean-caught Chinook salmon. Tags were annotated to genes using complementary DNA libraries from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and rainbow trout O. mykiss. Differentially expressed genes, as estimated by differences in the number of sequence tags, were found in all pairwise comparisons of libraries (freshwater versus saltwater = 40 genes; fall versus spring = 11 genes; and spawning versus nonspawning = 51 genes). The gene for ependymin, an extracellular glycoprotein involved in behavioral plasticity in fish, exhibited the most differential expression among the three groupings. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis verified the differential expression of ependymin between the fall- and spring-run samples. These LongSAGE libraries, the first reported for Chinook salmon, provide a window of the transcriptional changes during Chinook salmon return migration to freshwater and spawning and increase the amount of expressed sequence data. Close

• 31. [Article] Microsatellites Reveal Population Identity of Individual Pink Salmon to Allow Supportive Breeding of a Population at Risk of Extinction

  Efforts to restore depressed populations of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. are often hampered by the inability to assign population identity to individuals in an admixture. This knowledge is of particular ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Microsatellites Reveal Population Identity of Individual Pink Salmon to Allow Supportive Breeding of a Population at Risk of Extinction Author: Shaklee, James B., Bentzen, Paul, Olsen, Jeffrey B., Young, Sewall, Banks, Michael A. Efforts to restore depressed populations of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. are often hampered by the inability to assign population identity to individuals in an admixture. This knowledge is of particular concern in supportive breeding programs, in which misidentification of individuals to population may result in progeny of mixed heritage, which, in turn, results in the erosion of the genetic population structure and of the existing genetic diversity and local adaptations of the target population. We evaluated two classes of genetic markers, allozymes and microsatellites, for estimating population identity of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in a supportive breeding program on the Dungeness River in Washington State. Fall-run pink salmon of the Dungeness River are the target of restoration, but they presumably overlap, in terms of timing, with an earlier summer run. Both marker types revealed similarly low estimates of relative genetic differentiation ( <(theta)over cap> = 0.02), which suggests that there is little variation in allele frequency among populations. However, microsatellites provided a more accurate estimate of population identity. When applying a log-likelihood ratio criterion of greater than 1.3, 74.8% of individuals were correctly assigned to population using microsatellites (versus 3.1% of individuals using allozymes). The difference in assignment accuracy was best predicted by the statistic <(delta)over cap>, which estimates cumulative allele frequency differences among populations. Our results suggest that genetic markers with many alleles are preferred when populations exhibit little genetic differentiation (as is the case in pink salmon), because <(delta)over cap> is more likely to be large, presumably as a result of genetic drift at each allele. The use of microsatellites to select fall-run pink salmon for supportive breeding confirmed the run-timing overlap and prevented unintentional crosses between the two populations. Title: Microsatellites Reveal Population Identity of Individual Pink Salmon to Allow Supportive Breeding of a Population at Risk of Extinction Author: Shaklee, James B., Bentzen, Paul, Olsen, Jeffrey B., Young, Sewall, Banks, Michael A. Efforts to restore depressed populations of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. are often hampered by the inability to assign population identity to individuals in an admixture. This knowledge is of particular concern in supportive breeding programs, in which misidentification of individuals to population may result in progeny of mixed heritage, which, in turn, results in the erosion of the genetic population structure and of the existing genetic diversity and local adaptations of the target population. We evaluated two classes of genetic markers, allozymes and microsatellites, for estimating population identity of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in a supportive breeding program on the Dungeness River in Washington State. Fall-run pink salmon of the Dungeness River are the target of restoration, but they presumably overlap, in terms of timing, with an earlier summer run. Both marker types revealed similarly low estimates of relative genetic differentiation ( <(theta)over cap> = 0.02), which suggests that there is little variation in allele frequency among populations. However, microsatellites provided a more accurate estimate of population identity. When applying a log-likelihood ratio criterion of greater than 1.3, 74.8% of individuals were correctly assigned to population using microsatellites (versus 3.1% of individuals using allozymes). The difference in assignment accuracy was best predicted by the statistic <(delta)over cap>, which estimates cumulative allele frequency differences among populations. Our results suggest that genetic markers with many alleles are preferred when populations exhibit little genetic differentiation (as is the case in pink salmon), because <(delta)over cap> is more likely to be large, presumably as a result of genetic drift at each allele. The use of microsatellites to select fall-run pink salmon for supportive breeding confirmed the run-timing overlap and prevented unintentional crosses between the two populations. Close

• 32. [Article] Production of Ceratonova shasta Myxospores from Salmon Carcasses: Carcass Removal Is Not a Viable Management Option

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Production of Ceratonova shasta Myxospores from Salmon Carcasses: Carcass Removal Is Not a Viable Management Option Author: Bartholomew, J. L., Fogerty, R., True, K., Buckles, G. R., Alexander, J. D., Foott, J. S., Hallett, S. L., Bolick, A., Stone, R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/uahh20/current Title: Production of Ceratonova shasta Myxospores from Salmon Carcasses: Carcass Removal Is Not a Viable Management Option Author: Bartholomew, J. L., Fogerty, R., True, K., Buckles, G. R., Alexander, J. D., Foott, J. S., Hallett, S. L., Bolick, A., Stone, R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/uahh20/current Close

• 33. [Article] Some factors influencing the trends of salmon populations in Oregon

  Three factors were found to be significantly correlated with the fluctuations and trends in silver salmon production in Oregon. Logging was found to adversely affect the runs of salmon in later years. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Some factors influencing the trends of salmon populations in Oregon Author: Johnson, Donald R., Oregon. Fish Commission, Hodges, John I., McKernan, Donald L. (Donald Lynn), 1918-1979 Three factors were found to be significantly correlated with the fluctuations and trends in silver salmon production in Oregon. Logging was found to adversely affect the runs of salmon in later years. Exceptional winter floods seem to produce poor resulting runs. Low summer water flows also appear to produce lower than average runs on some rivers, while higher summer flows appear to be followed by an increase in the resultant runs. The intensity of fishing was also found to affect the subsequent productivity of the fisheries. Increases in fishing effort on the rivers studied were followed in succeeding cycles by a lower catch, and when the fishing effort declined the ensuing production of silver salmon generally increased. Other factors studied did not bear a significant relationship to the fluctuations or trends of productivity of silver salmon. Title: Some factors influencing the trends of salmon populations in Oregon Author: Johnson, Donald R., Oregon. Fish Commission, Hodges, John I., McKernan, Donald L. (Donald Lynn), 1918-1979 Three factors were found to be significantly correlated with the fluctuations and trends in silver salmon production in Oregon. Logging was found to adversely affect the runs of salmon in later years. Exceptional winter floods seem to produce poor resulting runs. Low summer water flows also appear to produce lower than average runs on some rivers, while higher summer flows appear to be followed by an increase in the resultant runs. The intensity of fishing was also found to affect the subsequent productivity of the fisheries. Increases in fishing effort on the rivers studied were followed in succeeding cycles by a lower catch, and when the fishing effort declined the ensuing production of silver salmon generally increased. Other factors studied did not bear a significant relationship to the fluctuations or trends of productivity of silver salmon. Close

• 34. [Article] The Effect of Temperature on the Survival of Chinook Eggs and Fry

  Temperature data from above and below the Cougar Dam collected by the U.S. Geological Survey prior to the construction of the temperature control structure was analyzed to determine how the di®ering temperature ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effect of Temperature on the Survival of Chinook Eggs and Fry Author: Teose, Maarika Temperature data from above and below the Cougar Dam collected by the U.S. Geological Survey prior to the construction of the temperature control structure was analyzed to determine how the di®ering temperature regimes a®ect the growth and survival of threatened spring- run Chinook salmon. An ARIMA time-series model was used to approximate each temperature record and a MATLAB program was written to simulate the growth of an individual Chinook salmon from egg to fry. Given a spawning distribution, the model was used to grow several hundred ¯sh in each temperature regime for a given period of time, and the distributions of ¯sh weights were recorded in histograms. The distributions of ¯sh weights above and below the dam were signi¯cantly di®erent (p < 0:001) and the temperature regime above the dam produced larger ¯sh than the temperature regime below the dam (p < 0:001). We conclude that the temperature regime below the dam (prior to the construction of the temperature control structure) is less conducive to the survival of Chinook than the temperature regime above. Title: The Effect of Temperature on the Survival of Chinook Eggs and Fry Author: Teose, Maarika Temperature data from above and below the Cougar Dam collected by the U.S. Geological Survey prior to the construction of the temperature control structure was analyzed to determine how the di®ering temperature regimes a®ect the growth and survival of threatened spring- run Chinook salmon. An ARIMA time-series model was used to approximate each temperature record and a MATLAB program was written to simulate the growth of an individual Chinook salmon from egg to fry. Given a spawning distribution, the model was used to grow several hundred ¯sh in each temperature regime for a given period of time, and the distributions of ¯sh weights were recorded in histograms. The distributions of ¯sh weights above and below the dam were signi¯cantly di®erent (p < 0:001) and the temperature regime above the dam produced larger ¯sh than the temperature regime below the dam (p < 0:001). We conclude that the temperature regime below the dam (prior to the construction of the temperature control structure) is less conducive to the survival of Chinook than the temperature regime above. Close

• 35. [Article] Variation in mitochondrial DNA and allozymes discriminates early and late forms of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Kenai and Kasilof Rivers, Alaska

  Genetic differences between early and late forms of Alaskan chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were identified using two genetic approaches: mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis and protein electrophoresis. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Variation in mitochondrial DNA and allozymes discriminates early and late forms of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Kenai and Kasilof Rivers, Alaska Author: Adams, Noah Swayambhu Genetic differences between early and late forms of Alaskan chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were identified using two genetic approaches: mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis and protein electrophoresis. The study populations consisted of early- and late-run chinook salmon in each of the Kenai and Kasilof rivers in Alaska, and a single population from the Minam River, Oregon, that provided a relative scale for the differences among the Alaskan populations. Two segments of mtDNA were amplified separately using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and then digested with 14 to 16 restriction enzymes. Results showed that the two early runs were genetically similar to each other but different from either of the late runs. The late runs were different from each other based on the frequency of the common haplotypes. The Minam River stock shared two haplotypes with the Alaskan stocks and displayed one unique haplotype. The frequency difference in the shared haplotypes together with the presence of a unique haplotype allowed us to separate the Oregon population from those in Alaska. In the protein analysis, each of the five populations was examined at 30 allozyme loci to determine variation within and between the runs. Based on 14 polymorphic loci, Minam River chinook salmon were genetically distinct from the Alaskan populations. Within the Alaskan populations, the two early runs were most similar to each other but different from the two late runs; the two late runs were also genetically most similar to each other. Based on all loci, protein electrophoresis proved to be a useful technique to separate stocks of chinook salmon. On a locus by locus basis, however, mtDNA was more powerful. Both mtDNA and allozyme analysis suggest that chinook salmon may segregate into genetically different early and late forms within a drainage. Title: Variation in mitochondrial DNA and allozymes discriminates early and late forms of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Kenai and Kasilof Rivers, Alaska Author: Adams, Noah Swayambhu Genetic differences between early and late forms of Alaskan chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were identified using two genetic approaches: mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis and protein electrophoresis. The study populations consisted of early- and late-run chinook salmon in each of the Kenai and Kasilof rivers in Alaska, and a single population from the Minam River, Oregon, that provided a relative scale for the differences among the Alaskan populations. Two segments of mtDNA were amplified separately using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and then digested with 14 to 16 restriction enzymes. Results showed that the two early runs were genetically similar to each other but different from either of the late runs. The late runs were different from each other based on the frequency of the common haplotypes. The Minam River stock shared two haplotypes with the Alaskan stocks and displayed one unique haplotype. The frequency difference in the shared haplotypes together with the presence of a unique haplotype allowed us to separate the Oregon population from those in Alaska. In the protein analysis, each of the five populations was examined at 30 allozyme loci to determine variation within and between the runs. Based on 14 polymorphic loci, Minam River chinook salmon were genetically distinct from the Alaskan populations. Within the Alaskan populations, the two early runs were most similar to each other but different from the two late runs; the two late runs were also genetically most similar to each other. Based on all loci, protein electrophoresis proved to be a useful technique to separate stocks of chinook salmon. On a locus by locus basis, however, mtDNA was more powerful. Both mtDNA and allozyme analysis suggest that chinook salmon may segregate into genetically different early and late forms within a drainage. Close

• 36. [Article] Conflicts in the multiple use of Wallowa Lake

  The purpose of this thesis is to examine the problem of the increasing competition between recreation and irrigation at Wallowa Lake. Originally Wallowa Lake was an abundant source of fish for the Indians ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conflicts in the multiple use of Wallowa Lake Author: Craig, Kenneth Mackenzie The purpose of this thesis is to examine the problem of the increasing competition between recreation and irrigation at Wallowa Lake. Originally Wallowa Lake was an abundant source of fish for the Indians but the advent of irrigation in the area by the early settlers eliminated the blueback salmon (oncorhynchus nerka) run that spawned in the lake. This was caused by the establishment of unscreened irrigation ditches in the Wallowa River below the lake and the construction of a concrete dam in the outlet of the lake by the Associated Ditch Companies. The dam raised the natural level of the lake 28.4 feet, creating an irrigation reservoir. The use of this water for irrigation purposes has caused considerable erosion along the steep banks of the east and west moraines, reducing the desirability of the beaches and hampering the use of boating facilities. The Pacific Power and Light Company used a considerable amount of water from the lake for their generating plant in Joseph from 1929 to 1956. This limited the number of times the lake was filled to capacity, lessening the amount of sloughing of the relatively undeveloped shoreline property around the lake since the greatest damage occurred when the lake was full. After 1950, many more people purchased lots and built cabins on the west moraine and became increasingly aware of the erosion of their property. The erosion problem increased sharply after the Joseph power plant was abandoned in 1956, enabling the Associated Ditch Companies to fill the reservoir to capacity nearly every year since that time. Increased dissatisfaction by the cabin owners with the management practices of the Associated Ditch Companies resulted in a lawsuit in which the ditch companies were found guilty of trespass of private property by exceeding their storage rights. Although the fine in this instance was negligible, future confrontations appear to be inevitable due to the increasing influence of recreationists in an area once considered the exclusive domain of agriculture and power interests. Future cooperation between these conflicting interests is vital in order to realize the full potential of the multiple uses of the lake. Title: Conflicts in the multiple use of Wallowa Lake Author: Craig, Kenneth Mackenzie The purpose of this thesis is to examine the problem of the increasing competition between recreation and irrigation at Wallowa Lake. Originally Wallowa Lake was an abundant source of fish for the Indians but the advent of irrigation in the area by the early settlers eliminated the blueback salmon (oncorhynchus nerka) run that spawned in the lake. This was caused by the establishment of unscreened irrigation ditches in the Wallowa River below the lake and the construction of a concrete dam in the outlet of the lake by the Associated Ditch Companies. The dam raised the natural level of the lake 28.4 feet, creating an irrigation reservoir. The use of this water for irrigation purposes has caused considerable erosion along the steep banks of the east and west moraines, reducing the desirability of the beaches and hampering the use of boating facilities. The Pacific Power and Light Company used a considerable amount of water from the lake for their generating plant in Joseph from 1929 to 1956. This limited the number of times the lake was filled to capacity, lessening the amount of sloughing of the relatively undeveloped shoreline property around the lake since the greatest damage occurred when the lake was full. After 1950, many more people purchased lots and built cabins on the west moraine and became increasingly aware of the erosion of their property. The erosion problem increased sharply after the Joseph power plant was abandoned in 1956, enabling the Associated Ditch Companies to fill the reservoir to capacity nearly every year since that time. Increased dissatisfaction by the cabin owners with the management practices of the Associated Ditch Companies resulted in a lawsuit in which the ditch companies were found guilty of trespass of private property by exceeding their storage rights. Although the fine in this instance was negligible, future confrontations appear to be inevitable due to the increasing influence of recreationists in an area once considered the exclusive domain of agriculture and power interests. Future cooperation between these conflicting interests is vital in order to realize the full potential of the multiple uses of the lake. Close

• 37. [Article] The Umpqua River study : a joint report

  The species of anadromous fish entering the Umpqua River are: chinook salmon (spring, summer, and fall runs), silver salmon, steelhead trout (summer and winter runs), cutthroat trout, shad, striped bass ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Umpqua River study : a joint report Author: Oregon. State Game Commission, Oregon. Fish Commission The species of anadromous fish entering the Umpqua River are: chinook salmon (spring, summer, and fall runs), silver salmon, steelhead trout (summer and winter runs), cutthroat trout, shad, striped bass and sturgeon. The winter steelhead, striped bass, and shad runs appear to be maintaining themselves. The runs of the other species appear to be in various stages of depletion. Major factors which have contributed to this depletion are: overfishing by the commercial fishery and more recently the sport fishery; and barriers such as log jams, "splash" damns, mill dam and hydroelectric developments. Other factors which may be of importance are: predation; unscreened gravity water diversions; water removal by pumping for irrigation, industrial, and municipal use; and fluctuations in water levels due to meterological conditions. The total run of spring chinook salmon into the Umpqua River in 1946 was estimated to be 4,400 fish of which approximately 935 were jacks. (fish under 20 inches). The fishing mortality of shad of commercial size, in the 1946 Umpqua River run, was estimated to be 50 percent. The total catch of the various species of salmon by the commercial and sport fisheries in 1946 were as follows: Under a proper management program, an average sustained yield of several times in the 1946 catches may be expected. During 1946, anglers spent at least $292,700 in this area while fishing for salmon and trout in the Umpqua River. The capital investment was estimated to be $2,402,500. The commercial fishery products of salmon steelhead, shad, striped bass, pilchards, and crabs taken from the Umpqua River in 1946 had a wholesale valur of $652,400. The capital investment was not determined. Title: The Umpqua River study : a joint report Author: Oregon. State Game Commission, Oregon. Fish Commission The species of anadromous fish entering the Umpqua River are: chinook salmon (spring, summer, and fall runs), silver salmon, steelhead trout (summer and winter runs), cutthroat trout, shad, striped bass and sturgeon. The winter steelhead, striped bass, and shad runs appear to be maintaining themselves. The runs of the other species appear to be in various stages of depletion. Major factors which have contributed to this depletion are: overfishing by the commercial fishery and more recently the sport fishery; and barriers such as log jams, "splash" damns, mill dam and hydroelectric developments. Other factors which may be of importance are: predation; unscreened gravity water diversions; water removal by pumping for irrigation, industrial, and municipal use; and fluctuations in water levels due to meterological conditions. The total run of spring chinook salmon into the Umpqua River in 1946 was estimated to be 4,400 fish of which approximately 935 were jacks. (fish under 20 inches). The fishing mortality of shad of commercial size, in the 1946 Umpqua River run, was estimated to be 50 percent. The total catch of the various species of salmon by the commercial and sport fisheries in 1946 were as follows: Under a proper management program, an average sustained yield of several times in the 1946 catches may be expected. During 1946, anglers spent at least $292,700 in this area while fishing for salmon and trout in the Umpqua River. The capital investment was estimated to be $2,402,500. The commercial fishery products of salmon steelhead, shad, striped bass, pilchards, and crabs taken from the Umpqua River in 1946 had a wholesale valur of $652,400. The capital investment was not determined. Close

• 38. [Article] Proposed regional general permit for stream restoration : programmatic biological opinion

  On April 7, 2000, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a request from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District (COE) for Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 formal consultation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Proposed regional general permit for stream restoration : programmatic biological opinion On April 7, 2000, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a request from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District (COE) for Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 formal consultation for programmatic coverage for a proposed Regional General Permit (RGP) for certain stream restoration activities (habitat restoration using large wood or boulders throughout the State of Oregon) requiring COE approval. The Biological Assessment (BA) provided with the request determined that the proposed activities covered under the RGP would be likely to adversely affect anadromous fish species listed under the ESA (Table 1). Species considered in this Biological Opinion (Opinion) are: Snake River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka); Snake River spring /summer chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Snake River fall chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Lower Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Upper Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Snake River steelhead (O. mykiss); Upper Willamette River steelhead (O. mykiss); Middle Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Columbia River chum salmon (O. keta); Lower Columbia River chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Upper Willamette River chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Upper Columbia River spring run chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); S. Oregon/N. California Coast coho salmon (O. kisutch); and Oregon Coast coho salmon (O. kisutch). On April 18, 2000, NMFS received a letter from COE providing additional information on proposed criteria to be included in the RGP. On May 12, 2000, NMFS received an e-mail with further proposed criteria to be included in the RGP. Title: Proposed regional general permit for stream restoration : programmatic biological opinion On April 7, 2000, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a request from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District (COE) for Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 formal consultation for programmatic coverage for a proposed Regional General Permit (RGP) for certain stream restoration activities (habitat restoration using large wood or boulders throughout the State of Oregon) requiring COE approval. The Biological Assessment (BA) provided with the request determined that the proposed activities covered under the RGP would be likely to adversely affect anadromous fish species listed under the ESA (Table 1). Species considered in this Biological Opinion (Opinion) are: Snake River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka); Snake River spring /summer chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Snake River fall chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Lower Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Upper Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Snake River steelhead (O. mykiss); Upper Willamette River steelhead (O. mykiss); Middle Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Columbia River chum salmon (O. keta); Lower Columbia River chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Upper Willamette River chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Upper Columbia River spring run chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); S. Oregon/N. California Coast coho salmon (O. kisutch); and Oregon Coast coho salmon (O. kisutch). On April 18, 2000, NMFS received a letter from COE providing additional information on proposed criteria to be included in the RGP. On May 12, 2000, NMFS received an e-mail with further proposed criteria to be included in the RGP. Close

• 39. [Article] Biological opinion on effects of issuance of license for McKenzie (Bigelow) Hydropower Project on Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, its proposed critical habitat, and bull trout

  On March 24, 1999, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) published its final decision to list the Upper Willamette River evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of chinook salmon as threatened under ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological opinion on effects of issuance of license for McKenzie (Bigelow) Hydropower Project on Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, its proposed critical habitat, and bull trout On March 24, 1999, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) published its final decision to list the Upper Willamette River evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of chinook salmon as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The effective date for the final listing was May 24, 1999, and the ESU is defined as 'all naturally spawned populations of spring-run chinook salmon residing below impassable natural barriers' (64 FR 14308). Critical habitat for this ESU was proposed on March 9, 1998 (63 FR 11482), and this proposed designation is still pending at the time of this Biological Opinion. Upper Willamette River chinook salmon occur within the action area of this consultation. The Upper Willamette River steelhead ESU was listed as threatened under the ESA (64 FR 14517; March 25, 1999) simultaneously with Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, but its range does not include the action area for this consultation 1 , and it is not addressed in this Biological Opinion. The objective of this Biological Opinion is to address the effects of providing a license to operate the McKenzie project, as proposed by FERC, on listed UW chinook salmon and bull trout, and to determine if this federal action by FERC will jeopardize the continued existence of either species. It will also serve as a conference opinion on the effects of the proposed action on proposed UW chinook salmon critical habitat. Until FERC issues a license for the McKenzie project incorporating the reasonable and prudent measures of this Biological Opinion, the existing project has no authorization for take of listed species Title: Biological opinion on effects of issuance of license for McKenzie (Bigelow) Hydropower Project on Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, its proposed critical habitat, and bull trout On March 24, 1999, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) published its final decision to list the Upper Willamette River evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of chinook salmon as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The effective date for the final listing was May 24, 1999, and the ESU is defined as 'all naturally spawned populations of spring-run chinook salmon residing below impassable natural barriers' (64 FR 14308). Critical habitat for this ESU was proposed on March 9, 1998 (63 FR 11482), and this proposed designation is still pending at the time of this Biological Opinion. Upper Willamette River chinook salmon occur within the action area of this consultation. The Upper Willamette River steelhead ESU was listed as threatened under the ESA (64 FR 14517; March 25, 1999) simultaneously with Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, but its range does not include the action area for this consultation 1 , and it is not addressed in this Biological Opinion. The objective of this Biological Opinion is to address the effects of providing a license to operate the McKenzie project, as proposed by FERC, on listed UW chinook salmon and bull trout, and to determine if this federal action by FERC will jeopardize the continued existence of either species. It will also serve as a conference opinion on the effects of the proposed action on proposed UW chinook salmon critical habitat. Until FERC issues a license for the McKenzie project incorporating the reasonable and prudent measures of this Biological Opinion, the existing project has no authorization for take of listed species Close

• 40. [Article] When is bigger better? Early marine residence of middle and upper Columbia River spring Chinook salmon

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: When is bigger better? Early marine residence of middle and upper Columbia River spring Chinook salmon Author: Teel, David J., Miller, Jessica A., Tomaro, Londi M., Peterson, William T. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: When is bigger better? Early marine residence of middle and upper Columbia River spring Chinook salmon Author: Teel, David J., Miller, Jessica A., Tomaro, Londi M., Peterson, William T. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 41. [Article] Research, Monitoring, and Evaluation of Fish and Wildlife Restoration Projects in the Columbia River Basin: Lessons Learned and Suggestions for Large- Scale Monitoring Programs

  El ano 2006 representa en dos sentidos una fecha critica para la cuenca del Rio Columbia y para los esfuerzos de recuperacion del salmon y la trucha arcoiris en la region Pacifico Noroeste: el 25 aniversario ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Research, Monitoring, and Evaluation of Fish and Wildlife Restoration Projects in the Columbia River Basin: Lessons Learned and Suggestions for Large- Scale Monitoring Programs Author: Bisson, Peter A., Goodman, Daniel, Loudenslager, Eric J., Philipp, David P., Huntly, Nancy, Coutant, Charles C., Bilby, Robert, Whitney, Richard R., Williams, Richard N., Hanna, Susan S., Merrill, Erik, Riddell, Brian, Epifanio, John M., Liss, William, McDonald, Lyman L., Smoker, William El ano 2006 representa en dos sentidos una fecha critica para la cuenca del Rio Columbia y para los esfuerzos de recuperacion del salmon y la trucha arcoiris en la region Pacifico Noroeste: el 25 aniversario de la creacion del Consejo para la Conservacion y Poder del Noroeste y el 10 degree aniversario de la enmienda al Acto de Poder del Noroeste, que formaliza el arbitraje cientifico del Programa de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de dicho consejo, asi como de sus proyectos individuales. Durante la ultima decada, los autores del presente trabajo fungieron como arbitros de estos proyectos. Los esfuerzos de recuperacion en el Rio Columbia constituyen una iniciativa muy importante en cuanto a la rehabilitacion de pesquerias y ecosistemas. En este articulo se examinan algunas lecciones aprendidas durante el proceso de revision de investigacion, monitoreo y evaluacion de proyectos y su repercusion sobre el avance del conocimiento (manejo adaptativo) en el Programa de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de la Cuenca del Rio Columbia, uno de los programas de recuperacion mas ambiciosos y de mas largo plazo en los Estados Unidos de Norteamerica. Title: Research, Monitoring, and Evaluation of Fish and Wildlife Restoration Projects in the Columbia River Basin: Lessons Learned and Suggestions for Large- Scale Monitoring Programs Author: Bisson, Peter A., Goodman, Daniel, Loudenslager, Eric J., Philipp, David P., Huntly, Nancy, Coutant, Charles C., Bilby, Robert, Whitney, Richard R., Williams, Richard N., Hanna, Susan S., Merrill, Erik, Riddell, Brian, Epifanio, John M., Liss, William, McDonald, Lyman L., Smoker, William El ano 2006 representa en dos sentidos una fecha critica para la cuenca del Rio Columbia y para los esfuerzos de recuperacion del salmon y la trucha arcoiris en la region Pacifico Noroeste: el 25 aniversario de la creacion del Consejo para la Conservacion y Poder del Noroeste y el 10 degree aniversario de la enmienda al Acto de Poder del Noroeste, que formaliza el arbitraje cientifico del Programa de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de dicho consejo, asi como de sus proyectos individuales. Durante la ultima decada, los autores del presente trabajo fungieron como arbitros de estos proyectos. Los esfuerzos de recuperacion en el Rio Columbia constituyen una iniciativa muy importante en cuanto a la rehabilitacion de pesquerias y ecosistemas. En este articulo se examinan algunas lecciones aprendidas durante el proceso de revision de investigacion, monitoreo y evaluacion de proyectos y su repercusion sobre el avance del conocimiento (manejo adaptativo) en el Programa de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de la Cuenca del Rio Columbia, uno de los programas de recuperacion mas ambiciosos y de mas largo plazo en los Estados Unidos de Norteamerica. Close

• 42. [Article] Early Ocean Dispersal Patterns of Columbia River Chinook and Coho Salmon

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Early Ocean Dispersal Patterns of Columbia River Chinook and Coho Salmon Author: Orsi, J. A., Morris, J. F. T., Teel, D. J., Farley, E. V., Jr., Weitkamp, L. A., Trudel, M., Fisher, J. P., Sweeting, R. M., Hinton, S. A., Thiess, M. E. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/utaf20/current#.Uz8B2_Pn-Hs. Title: Early Ocean Dispersal Patterns of Columbia River Chinook and Coho Salmon Author: Orsi, J. A., Morris, J. F. T., Teel, D. J., Farley, E. V., Jr., Weitkamp, L. A., Trudel, M., Fisher, J. P., Sweeting, R. M., Hinton, S. A., Thiess, M. E. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/utaf20/current#.Uz8B2_Pn-Hs. Close

• 43. [Article] Life history and evolutionary adaptation of Pacific salmon and its application in management

  An approach to understanding and managing anadromous salmon, steelhead, and sea-run cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) based on life history and evolutionary adaptive capacities of species and stocks ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Life history and evolutionary adaptation of Pacific salmon and its application in management Author: Wevers, Mary Jo An approach to understanding and managing anadromous salmon, steelhead, and sea-run cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) based on life history and evolutionary adaptive capacities of species and stocks is presented. Species, stocks, and local populations are viewed as systems that are continuously adapting to changing environmental conditions. They have the potential capacity to evolve in different ways in different environments through both life history and evolutionary adaptation. Habitat organization forms a template for genus, species, stock, and local population life history organization. Harvesting, habitat alteration resulting from land use practices and other human activities can alter the organization and adaptive capacities of species and stocks, and thus their long term persistence. The adaptive capacity of Oncorhynchus relative to its habitat and management environment is examined at the species, stock, and local population levels. Life history characteristics of representative stocks and local populations are analyzed using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DECORANA). Fresh water migration distance and latitude are used to "explain" ordination patterns of Oncorhynchus species in the North Pacific Basin. Fresh water migration difficulty and mean annual runoff are used to interpret life history patterns of Columbia Basin chinook salmon stocks. Upstream migration difficulty and fall water temperatures are used to explain the ordination patterns of local populations of Willamette spring chinook salmon. Fishery management practices are examined in terms of their impacts on the organization and adaptive capacity of species, stocks, and local populations of Oncorhynchus. Management generalizations and guidelines derived from the life history theory are applied to management of Willamette spring chinook salmon. Maintaining habitat changes in the Willamette Basin within the historic range of fluctuations will tend to maximize co-organization of local populations. Management activities should provide relatively constant habitat and fishery conditions for natural selection processes to "organize" life history traits over a period of at least a few generations. Fisheries should selectively harvest local populations that show a high degree of realization of their adaptive capacity. By focusing instead on maximizing the co-organization of stocks, their habitat and fishery environments, and protecting the adaptive capacities of stocks, we will go a long way toward providing long-term sustainability for social communities dependent on fisheries. Title: Life history and evolutionary adaptation of Pacific salmon and its application in management Author: Wevers, Mary Jo An approach to understanding and managing anadromous salmon, steelhead, and sea-run cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) based on life history and evolutionary adaptive capacities of species and stocks is presented. Species, stocks, and local populations are viewed as systems that are continuously adapting to changing environmental conditions. They have the potential capacity to evolve in different ways in different environments through both life history and evolutionary adaptation. Habitat organization forms a template for genus, species, stock, and local population life history organization. Harvesting, habitat alteration resulting from land use practices and other human activities can alter the organization and adaptive capacities of species and stocks, and thus their long term persistence. The adaptive capacity of Oncorhynchus relative to its habitat and management environment is examined at the species, stock, and local population levels. Life history characteristics of representative stocks and local populations are analyzed using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DECORANA). Fresh water migration distance and latitude are used to "explain" ordination patterns of Oncorhynchus species in the North Pacific Basin. Fresh water migration difficulty and mean annual runoff are used to interpret life history patterns of Columbia Basin chinook salmon stocks. Upstream migration difficulty and fall water temperatures are used to explain the ordination patterns of local populations of Willamette spring chinook salmon. Fishery management practices are examined in terms of their impacts on the organization and adaptive capacity of species, stocks, and local populations of Oncorhynchus. Management generalizations and guidelines derived from the life history theory are applied to management of Willamette spring chinook salmon. Maintaining habitat changes in the Willamette Basin within the historic range of fluctuations will tend to maximize co-organization of local populations. Management activities should provide relatively constant habitat and fishery conditions for natural selection processes to "organize" life history traits over a period of at least a few generations. Fisheries should selectively harvest local populations that show a high degree of realization of their adaptive capacity. By focusing instead on maximizing the co-organization of stocks, their habitat and fishery environments, and protecting the adaptive capacities of stocks, we will go a long way toward providing long-term sustainability for social communities dependent on fisheries. Close

• 44. [Article] Distribution and movements of Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, returning to the Yukon River basin

  Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, returning to the Yukon River basin and other large river systems in western Alaska have declined dramatically since the late 1990s. This continuing trend has ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution and movements of Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, returning to the Yukon River basin Author: Eiler, John H. Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, returning to the Yukon River basin and other large river systems in western Alaska have declined dramatically since the late 1990s. This continuing trend has raised concerns over the future status of the returns, and severely impacted commercial and subsistence fisheries within the drainage. Management is further complicated by the mixed-stock composition of the run, the presence of other temporally similar salmon species, and the need to equitably allocate harvests between the numerous fisheries and user groups scattered throughout the basin. Detailed information is needed on Chinook salmon run characteristics to better understand and manage the returns, and facilitate conservation efforts. However, this goal is exacerbated by the massive size and remote nature of the basin, the large number of highly mobile fish, and the compressed timing of the run. To address these challenges, radio telemetry was used to determine the stock composition and spawning distribution of the returns, and the migratory characteristics of the fish. The migratory patterns exhibited by returning salmon provide a number of insights into the status of the run. Since the Yukon River is essentially free-flowing (i.e., not regulated), this study also presented an opportunity to document the distribution and upriver movements of large returns of wild Chinook salmon under natural conditions. During 2002-2004, returning adult Chinook salmon were captured in the lower Yukon River (approximately 300 km upriver from the river mouth), tagged with radio transmitters, and tracked upriver using remote tracking stations located on important migratory routes and major spawning tributaries. Aerial tracking surveys were used to locate fish in spawning areas and between stations. The fish responded well to the capture and handling procedures, with most (2,790, 98%) resuming upriver movements. Although the fish initially displayed a negative tagging response, with slower migration rates observed immediately after release, the duration of this response was relatively short (several days) and less severe as the fish moved upriver. Independent measures indicated that the swimming speeds and timing of the fish upriver from the tagging area were comparable to untagged fish, suggesting that the tagging methods used were relatively benign. Fish returned to spawning areas throughout the basin, ranging from several hundred to over 3,000 km from the tagging area. Distribution patterns were similar across years, suggesting that the principal components of the run were identified. Most spawning fish were clustered in a number of key tributaries, with smaller numbers of fish located in other spatially isolated areas. The fish typically returned to clear water tributaries that were relatively entrenched, had moderate gradients, and were associated with upland areas. Fish were largely absent in lowland reaches characterized by meandering, low gradient, highly alluvial channels often associated with main river floodplains. There was suggestive evidence of mainstem spawning in reaches of the Upper Yukon. The status of fish remaining in other mainstem areas was less certain, and may represent local spawning activity or fish that died while in-transit to upriver areas. Although Chinook salmon spawned throughout the basin, the run was dominated by two regional components (Tanana and Upper Yukon), which annually comprised over 70% of the return. Substantially fewer fish returned to other areas ranging from 2-9% of the return, although the collective contribution of these stocks was appreciable. Most regional returns consisted of several principal stocks and a number of small, spatially isolated populations. Regional and stock composition estimates were similar across years even though differences in run abundance were reported, suggesting that these abundance differences were not related to regional or stock-specific differences. Run timing was relatively compressed compared to rivers in the southern portion of the range, with most stocks passing through the lower river over a 6-week period, ranging from 16 to 38 d. Run timing was generally earlier for stocks traveling farther upriver, although exceptions were noted. Lower basin stocks were primarily later run fish. Pronounced differences were observed in the migration rates (km/d) exhibited by regional stocks. Substantially slower swimming speeds were observed for fish returning to terminal tributaries in the lower basin ranging from 28-40 km/d compared to 52-62 km/d for upper basin stocks. The migratory patterns (migration rates in sequential reaches) of the fish also showed distinct regional differences. Average migration rates through the lower river were remarkably similar for the different stocks, ranging from 57-62 km/d, with most stocks exhibiting a general decline as the fish moved farther upriver. Tanana River stocks displayed a pronounced reduction in swimming speed after leaving the Yukon River main stem, with migration rates declining to 24 km/d on average as the fish approached their terminal tributaries. Conversely, upper basin stocks exhibited a relatively gradual (but variable) overall decline in migration rate even though these fish were traveling substantially greater distances upriver. Average migration rates for upper basin stocks ranged from 43-61 km/d as the fish approached their terminal tributaries. There was substantial variation in the migratory patterns exhibited by individual fish, although these patterns tended to be similar to the patterns exhibited by the regional stocks, particularly as the fish moved farther upriver from the tagging area. The dominant source of variation among fish reflected the average migration rate, with individual fish traveling slower in the lower basin exhibiting consistently slower migration rates as they moved upriver compared to their faster moving counterparts. This migratory pattern was consistent across stocks, and on average explained 74% of the within-stock variation in migration rate represented by the multivariate data. The second source of variation in migration rate reflected a shift in the relative swimming speeds of the individual fish as they progressed upriver. Although movement rates declined for nearly all of the fish during the migration, differences were observed in the pattern of the decline. Fish with faster migration rates in the lower river exhibited a pronounced decline in swimming speed as they moved upriver, whereas fish moving slower in the lower river displayed a more gradual decline in migration rate. On average, this migratory pattern explained 22% of the within-stock variation in migration rate represented by the multivariate data. Most fish (98%) exhibited continuous upriver movements and strong fidelity to the rivers they entered. However a small number of fish (n = 66) deviated from this pattern. Some of these individuals initially passed their final destination and continued upriver for varying distances before reversing direction, swimming back downstream, and entering their terminal tributary. Although most of these excursions were relatively short (< 30 km), there were several instances where fish traveled hundreds of kilometers out of their way. Thirty-four fish tracked to terminal tributaries subsequently left these rivers, and traveled to other terminal tributaries within the basin (n = 31) or were harvested in upriver fisheries (n = 3). Although most of these incidents involved nearby tributaries, major diversions were also observed, with several fish traveling over 300 km to natal rivers after leaving the initial tributary. Chinook salmon returns to the Yukon River typically consisted of a series of distinct and sizable increases in the number fish entering the river over the course of the run, commonly referred to as pulses. A large number of fish (n = 251) were radio tagged over a 4-day period during a pulse in 2003 to provide information on the progression of the pulse as it moved upriver. The time taken by the pulse to move past subsequent upriver locations increased as the fish moved farther upriver from the tagging area, with the fish passing sites located 580 and 800 km upriver over a span of 14 and 21 d, respectively. Although not surprising considering the extensive variation in migration rates observed among individual fish, this finding does suggest that these pulses do not represent cohesive aggregates of fish moving upriver. Unlike the well established methods used to estimate other life history characteristics, the development of quantitative methods for analyzing and modeling fish movements has lagged noticeably behind, due in part to the complexity associated with movement data and (prior to the advent of telemetry) the difficulty of collecting this type of information on free-ranging individuals. Two fundamentally different analytical approaches, hierarchical linear regression models and multivariate ordination, were used during this study to evaluate factors thought to influence the upriver movements of the fish. In spite of the inherent differences, both methods provided strikingly similar results, indicating that the study findings were not dependent on the approach used, and suggesting that the results were plausible based on the information available and the weight of evidence. Both analytical methods had advantages, and provided complementary information. With hierarchical linear models, it was possible to simultaneously evaluate a wide range of explanatory variables (in our case, both biological and environmental), which provided standardized comparisons and simplified the interpretation of the results. Since both fixed and random effects were incorporated in the models, it was possible to account for sources of variation when insufficient information was available to identify the underlining factors – an important consideration since few field studies provide comprehensive data. With multivariate ordination, separate analyzes were needed to examine the relationships between the migration rates and the biotic and physical variables. In addition to being cumbersome, this limitation made it more difficult to compare the relative influence of the different factors and interactions between factors. However, ordination was very useful as an exploratory tool. Although compartmentalized by stock, across fish comparisons were simple and relatively straightforward. Because the explanatory variables were evaluated separately in relation to the ordination score assigned to the fish, it was possible to examine and compare highly correlated variables. Ordination was also able to identify overall patterns within the data and assess the relative importance. While this can be accomplished within the framework of linear regression using mixture models to determine whether multiple distributions exist within the data, the process is much simpler with ordination. The migratory patterns of the fish were influenced by a wide range of factors, with evidentiary support for complex, multi-faceted relationships. Physical features of the basin demonstrated stronger explanatory power, accounting for over 70% of the observed variation in migration rate compared to 18% for the biological characteristics of the fish. Parameter estimates associated with the steepness of the migratory route and remaining distance the fish had to travel to reach their natal rivers were most strongly correlated with migration rate, with consistent relationships observed across stocks. Migration rates were also noticeably slower in extensively braided reaches of the basin. The weaker relationships between migration rate and biotic factors may reflect stabilizing selection on long-distance migrants. Smaller fish exhibited minimally faster swimming speeds on average than larger individuals. This relationship was stronger in highly braided reaches. Run timing was positively related to migration rate for most stocks. Surprisingly, upper basin stocks traveling farther upriver displayed progressively negative relationships, suggesting that late-run fish were moving slower. Ancillary information suggests that this decline may relate to deteriorating fish condition later in the season. Title: Distribution and movements of Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, returning to the Yukon River basin Author: Eiler, John H. Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, returning to the Yukon River basin and other large river systems in western Alaska have declined dramatically since the late 1990s. This continuing trend has raised concerns over the future status of the returns, and severely impacted commercial and subsistence fisheries within the drainage. Management is further complicated by the mixed-stock composition of the run, the presence of other temporally similar salmon species, and the need to equitably allocate harvests between the numerous fisheries and user groups scattered throughout the basin. Detailed information is needed on Chinook salmon run characteristics to better understand and manage the returns, and facilitate conservation efforts. However, this goal is exacerbated by the massive size and remote nature of the basin, the large number of highly mobile fish, and the compressed timing of the run. To address these challenges, radio telemetry was used to determine the stock composition and spawning distribution of the returns, and the migratory characteristics of the fish. The migratory patterns exhibited by returning salmon provide a number of insights into the status of the run. Since the Yukon River is essentially free-flowing (i.e., not regulated), this study also presented an opportunity to document the distribution and upriver movements of large returns of wild Chinook salmon under natural conditions. During 2002-2004, returning adult Chinook salmon were captured in the lower Yukon River (approximately 300 km upriver from the river mouth), tagged with radio transmitters, and tracked upriver using remote tracking stations located on important migratory routes and major spawning tributaries. Aerial tracking surveys were used to locate fish in spawning areas and between stations. The fish responded well to the capture and handling procedures, with most (2,790, 98%) resuming upriver movements. Although the fish initially displayed a negative tagging response, with slower migration rates observed immediately after release, the duration of this response was relatively short (several days) and less severe as the fish moved upriver. Independent measures indicated that the swimming speeds and timing of the fish upriver from the tagging area were comparable to untagged fish, suggesting that the tagging methods used were relatively benign. Fish returned to spawning areas throughout the basin, ranging from several hundred to over 3,000 km from the tagging area. Distribution patterns were similar across years, suggesting that the principal components of the run were identified. Most spawning fish were clustered in a number of key tributaries, with smaller numbers of fish located in other spatially isolated areas. The fish typically returned to clear water tributaries that were relatively entrenched, had moderate gradients, and were associated with upland areas. Fish were largely absent in lowland reaches characterized by meandering, low gradient, highly alluvial channels often associated with main river floodplains. There was suggestive evidence of mainstem spawning in reaches of the Upper Yukon. The status of fish remaining in other mainstem areas was less certain, and may represent local spawning activity or fish that died while in-transit to upriver areas. Although Chinook salmon spawned throughout the basin, the run was dominated by two regional components (Tanana and Upper Yukon), which annually comprised over 70% of the return. Substantially fewer fish returned to other areas ranging from 2-9% of the return, although the collective contribution of these stocks was appreciable. Most regional returns consisted of several principal stocks and a number of small, spatially isolated populations. Regional and stock composition estimates were similar across years even though differences in run abundance were reported, suggesting that these abundance differences were not related to regional or stock-specific differences. Run timing was relatively compressed compared to rivers in the southern portion of the range, with most stocks passing through the lower river over a 6-week period, ranging from 16 to 38 d. Run timing was generally earlier for stocks traveling farther upriver, although exceptions were noted. Lower basin stocks were primarily later run fish. Pronounced differences were observed in the migration rates (km/d) exhibited by regional stocks. Substantially slower swimming speeds were observed for fish returning to terminal tributaries in the lower basin ranging from 28-40 km/d compared to 52-62 km/d for upper basin stocks. The migratory patterns (migration rates in sequential reaches) of the fish also showed distinct regional differences. Average migration rates through the lower river were remarkably similar for the different stocks, ranging from 57-62 km/d, with most stocks exhibiting a general decline as the fish moved farther upriver. Tanana River stocks displayed a pronounced reduction in swimming speed after leaving the Yukon River main stem, with migration rates declining to 24 km/d on average as the fish approached their terminal tributaries. Conversely, upper basin stocks exhibited a relatively gradual (but variable) overall decline in migration rate even though these fish were traveling substantially greater distances upriver. Average migration rates for upper basin stocks ranged from 43-61 km/d as the fish approached their terminal tributaries. There was substantial variation in the migratory patterns exhibited by individual fish, although these patterns tended to be similar to the patterns exhibited by the regional stocks, particularly as the fish moved farther upriver from the tagging area. The dominant source of variation among fish reflected the average migration rate, with individual fish traveling slower in the lower basin exhibiting consistently slower migration rates as they moved upriver compared to their faster moving counterparts. This migratory pattern was consistent across stocks, and on average explained 74% of the within-stock variation in migration rate represented by the multivariate data. The second source of variation in migration rate reflected a shift in the relative swimming speeds of the individual fish as they progressed upriver. Although movement rates declined for nearly all of the fish during the migration, differences were observed in the pattern of the decline. Fish with faster migration rates in the lower river exhibited a pronounced decline in swimming speed as they moved upriver, whereas fish moving slower in the lower river displayed a more gradual decline in migration rate. On average, this migratory pattern explained 22% of the within-stock variation in migration rate represented by the multivariate data. Most fish (98%) exhibited continuous upriver movements and strong fidelity to the rivers they entered. However a small number of fish (n = 66) deviated from this pattern. Some of these individuals initially passed their final destination and continued upriver for varying distances before reversing direction, swimming back downstream, and entering their terminal tributary. Although most of these excursions were relatively short (< 30 km), there were several instances where fish traveled hundreds of kilometers out of their way. Thirty-four fish tracked to terminal tributaries subsequently left these rivers, and traveled to other terminal tributaries within the basin (n = 31) or were harvested in upriver fisheries (n = 3). Although most of these incidents involved nearby tributaries, major diversions were also observed, with several fish traveling over 300 km to natal rivers after leaving the initial tributary. Chinook salmon returns to the Yukon River typically consisted of a series of distinct and sizable increases in the number fish entering the river over the course of the run, commonly referred to as pulses. A large number of fish (n = 251) were radio tagged over a 4-day period during a pulse in 2003 to provide information on the progression of the pulse as it moved upriver. The time taken by the pulse to move past subsequent upriver locations increased as the fish moved farther upriver from the tagging area, with the fish passing sites located 580 and 800 km upriver over a span of 14 and 21 d, respectively. Although not surprising considering the extensive variation in migration rates observed among individual fish, this finding does suggest that these pulses do not represent cohesive aggregates of fish moving upriver. Unlike the well established methods used to estimate other life history characteristics, the development of quantitative methods for analyzing and modeling fish movements has lagged noticeably behind, due in part to the complexity associated with movement data and (prior to the advent of telemetry) the difficulty of collecting this type of information on free-ranging individuals. Two fundamentally different analytical approaches, hierarchical linear regression models and multivariate ordination, were used during this study to evaluate factors thought to influence the upriver movements of the fish. In spite of the inherent differences, both methods provided strikingly similar results, indicating that the study findings were not dependent on the approach used, and suggesting that the results were plausible based on the information available and the weight of evidence. Both analytical methods had advantages, and provided complementary information. With hierarchical linear models, it was possible to simultaneously evaluate a wide range of explanatory variables (in our case, both biological and environmental), which provided standardized comparisons and simplified the interpretation of the results. Since both fixed and random effects were incorporated in the models, it was possible to account for sources of variation when insufficient information was available to identify the underlining factors – an important consideration since few field studies provide comprehensive data. With multivariate ordination, separate analyzes were needed to examine the relationships between the migration rates and the biotic and physical variables. In addition to being cumbersome, this limitation made it more difficult to compare the relative influence of the different factors and interactions between factors. However, ordination was very useful as an exploratory tool. Although compartmentalized by stock, across fish comparisons were simple and relatively straightforward. Because the explanatory variables were evaluated separately in relation to the ordination score assigned to the fish, it was possible to examine and compare highly correlated variables. Ordination was also able to identify overall patterns within the data and assess the relative importance. While this can be accomplished within the framework of linear regression using mixture models to determine whether multiple distributions exist within the data, the process is much simpler with ordination. The migratory patterns of the fish were influenced by a wide range of factors, with evidentiary support for complex, multi-faceted relationships. Physical features of the basin demonstrated stronger explanatory power, accounting for over 70% of the observed variation in migration rate compared to 18% for the biological characteristics of the fish. Parameter estimates associated with the steepness of the migratory route and remaining distance the fish had to travel to reach their natal rivers were most strongly correlated with migration rate, with consistent relationships observed across stocks. Migration rates were also noticeably slower in extensively braided reaches of the basin. The weaker relationships between migration rate and biotic factors may reflect stabilizing selection on long-distance migrants. Smaller fish exhibited minimally faster swimming speeds on average than larger individuals. This relationship was stronger in highly braided reaches. Run timing was positively related to migration rate for most stocks. Surprisingly, upper basin stocks traveling farther upriver displayed progressively negative relationships, suggesting that late-run fish were moving slower. Ancillary information suggests that this decline may relate to deteriorating fish condition later in the season. Close

• 45. [Article] Use of Genetic Stock Identification Data for Comparison of the Ocean Spatial Distribution, Size at Age, and Fishery Exposure of an Untagged Stock and Its Indicator: California Coastal versus Klamath River Chinook Salmon

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Use of Genetic Stock Identification Data for Comparison of the Ocean Spatial Distribution, Size at Age, and Fishery Exposure of an Untagged Stock and Its Indicator: California Coastal versus Klamath River Chinook Salmon Author: Mohr, Michael S., Banks, Michael A., Borgerson, Lisa A., Lawson, Peter W., Anderson, Eric C., Garza, John Carlos, Crandall, Eric D., Satterthwaite, William H., O'Farrell, Michael R., Bellinger, M. Renee, Palmer-Zwahlen, Melodie L., Bates, Sarah J., Kormos, Brett J. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/utaf20/current#.UzNNkfPn-Hs. Title: Use of Genetic Stock Identification Data for Comparison of the Ocean Spatial Distribution, Size at Age, and Fishery Exposure of an Untagged Stock and Its Indicator: California Coastal versus Klamath River Chinook Salmon Author: Mohr, Michael S., Banks, Michael A., Borgerson, Lisa A., Lawson, Peter W., Anderson, Eric C., Garza, John Carlos, Crandall, Eric D., Satterthwaite, William H., O'Farrell, Michael R., Bellinger, M. Renee, Palmer-Zwahlen, Melodie L., Bates, Sarah J., Kormos, Brett J. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/utaf20/current#.UzNNkfPn-Hs. Close

• 46. [Article] Effects of juvenile steelhead on juvenile chinook salmon behavior and physiology

  Experiments were designed to determine whether and how steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss affect chinook salmon O. tshawytscha when the two species are confined together. In a behavioral experiment, we observed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of juvenile steelhead on juvenile chinook salmon behavior and physiology Author: Schreck, Carl B., Congleton, J. L., Kelsey, D. A., Davis, L. E. Experiments were designed to determine whether and how steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss affect chinook salmon O. tshawytscha when the two species are confined together. In a behavioral experiment, we observed groups of juvenile chinook salmon and steelhead together and groups of chinook salmon alone to determine whether the steelhead were aggressive and their presence changed the behavior of chinook salmon. We also performed two runs of a physiological experiment to determine whether the addition of steelhead to tanks containing chinook salmon would stress the chinook salmon, as determined by a change in their plasma cortisol levels. Behavioral changes were observed in the chinook salmon when they were held with steelhead; they reduced their movements, darted less, were attacked up to 16 times as often, and were found less frequently in the shade than chinook salmon held without steelhead. Steelhead were found to establish territories and defend them with chases, charges, and nips. In their attempts to establish and defend territories, the steelhead attacked the chinook salmon as often as they attacked other steelhead, but the chinook salmon showed little aggression toward the steelhead. Cortisol concentrations were significantly higher for chinook salmon in tanks receiving steelhead than in tanks receiving additional chinook salmon or no additional fish after 2 h (in one of the two experimental runs) and after 32 h (in both experimental runs; combined data). These results suggest that confining steelhead and chinook salmon together, such as in raceways and barges in the Columbia River system and in other situations, is stressful to the chinook salmon. Title: Effects of juvenile steelhead on juvenile chinook salmon behavior and physiology Author: Schreck, Carl B., Congleton, J. L., Kelsey, D. A., Davis, L. E. Experiments were designed to determine whether and how steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss affect chinook salmon O. tshawytscha when the two species are confined together. In a behavioral experiment, we observed groups of juvenile chinook salmon and steelhead together and groups of chinook salmon alone to determine whether the steelhead were aggressive and their presence changed the behavior of chinook salmon. We also performed two runs of a physiological experiment to determine whether the addition of steelhead to tanks containing chinook salmon would stress the chinook salmon, as determined by a change in their plasma cortisol levels. Behavioral changes were observed in the chinook salmon when they were held with steelhead; they reduced their movements, darted less, were attacked up to 16 times as often, and were found less frequently in the shade than chinook salmon held without steelhead. Steelhead were found to establish territories and defend them with chases, charges, and nips. In their attempts to establish and defend territories, the steelhead attacked the chinook salmon as often as they attacked other steelhead, but the chinook salmon showed little aggression toward the steelhead. Cortisol concentrations were significantly higher for chinook salmon in tanks receiving steelhead than in tanks receiving additional chinook salmon or no additional fish after 2 h (in one of the two experimental runs) and after 32 h (in both experimental runs; combined data). These results suggest that confining steelhead and chinook salmon together, such as in raceways and barges in the Columbia River system and in other situations, is stressful to the chinook salmon. Close

• 47. [Article] Neural gene expression profiling in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) of alternate run times

  Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) display the greatest variability of return times to freshwater of all Pacific salmon. Differential return times to freshwater have segregated populations of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Neural gene expression profiling in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) of alternate run times Author: Bernier, Jeremiah C. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) display the greatest variability of return times to freshwater of all Pacific salmon. Differential return times to freshwater have segregated populations of Chinook into two broad types or runs, fall and spring, named for the time of year in which they migrate to freshwater. Migration time in Chinook has a strong genetic component, and historically, fall and spring runs were spatially and temporally isolated in watersheds. Using a population of Chinook from California’s Central Valley, I sought to examine gene regulation that results in differential run-timing. Functional genomics has proven to be powerful in distinguishing genes differentially expressed between alternate behaviors in other systems and I used the technique LongSAGE to examine genes differentially regulated between fall and spring run Chinook during freshwater migration. I constructed three LongSAGE libraries from the brains of a spring, fall and ocean sample and observed 221 differentially expressed tags. Using expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss), I was able to assign putative functions to 59% of differentially expressed tags. Additionally, I tested the expression levels of seven genes in the brains of 8 additional individuals from both runs and found none significantly differentially expressed between fall and spring runs. This study is the first to apply LongSAGE to salmon and provides a framework for conducting future gene expression research into reproduction and migration times, as well as physiology of migrating salmon. Title: Neural gene expression profiling in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) of alternate run times Author: Bernier, Jeremiah C. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) display the greatest variability of return times to freshwater of all Pacific salmon. Differential return times to freshwater have segregated populations of Chinook into two broad types or runs, fall and spring, named for the time of year in which they migrate to freshwater. Migration time in Chinook has a strong genetic component, and historically, fall and spring runs were spatially and temporally isolated in watersheds. Using a population of Chinook from California’s Central Valley, I sought to examine gene regulation that results in differential run-timing. Functional genomics has proven to be powerful in distinguishing genes differentially expressed between alternate behaviors in other systems and I used the technique LongSAGE to examine genes differentially regulated between fall and spring run Chinook during freshwater migration. I constructed three LongSAGE libraries from the brains of a spring, fall and ocean sample and observed 221 differentially expressed tags. Using expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss), I was able to assign putative functions to 59% of differentially expressed tags. Additionally, I tested the expression levels of seven genes in the brains of 8 additional individuals from both runs and found none significantly differentially expressed between fall and spring runs. This study is the first to apply LongSAGE to salmon and provides a framework for conducting future gene expression research into reproduction and migration times, as well as physiology of migrating salmon. Close

• 48. [Article] The US salmon market : demand characteristics and price linkage

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The US salmon market : demand characteristics and price linkage Author: Gordon, Daniel V., Clay, Patty L. Research Paper Title: The US salmon market : demand characteristics and price linkage Author: Gordon, Daniel V., Clay, Patty L. Research Paper Close

• 49. [Article] Assessing the feasibility of policy prescriptions in the Salmon 2100 Project

  Wild salmon populations are in decline in the Pacific Northwest. In the region populations and runs of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytsha), Chum (Oncorhynchus keta), Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockey (Oncorhynchus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing the feasibility of policy prescriptions in the Salmon 2100 Project Author: Whitehead, Katharine S. Wild salmon populations are in decline in the Pacific Northwest. In the region populations and runs of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytsha), Chum (Oncorhynchus keta), Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockey (Oncorhynchus nerka), and Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been listed as threatened and/or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the U.S. and/or the Species at Risk Act (SARA) in Canada in the years 1991-2007. Considerable time, money and brainpower has been put into salmon recovery with mixed results. The future for wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest remains uncertain. In 2006 Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon was published. The book is made up of 23 essays by 33 authors who were challenged to each develop a comprehensive policy prescription in response to the question: “What specific policies must be implemented in order to have a high probability of sustaining significant runs of wild salmon through 2100 in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and southern British Columbia?” A qualitative study was designed to assess whether any of the policy prescriptions presented in Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon are feasible or viable in the real world. A thorough document analysis was conducted of Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon. The Social Construction Framework was used to categorize the target populations, code the policy prescriptions, and identify the benefits and burdens of each policy prescription for each target population. This information was then used to assess the feasibility of each policy prescription, based on the Social Construction Framework. The findings suggest that some of the policy prescriptions are feasible and could be developed for successful implementation in the real world. There is evidence that projects similar to the Salmon 2100 project could provide useful information and potential solutions to other natural resource policy challenges. Title: Assessing the feasibility of policy prescriptions in the Salmon 2100 Project Author: Whitehead, Katharine S. Wild salmon populations are in decline in the Pacific Northwest. In the region populations and runs of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytsha), Chum (Oncorhynchus keta), Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockey (Oncorhynchus nerka), and Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been listed as threatened and/or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the U.S. and/or the Species at Risk Act (SARA) in Canada in the years 1991-2007. Considerable time, money and brainpower has been put into salmon recovery with mixed results. The future for wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest remains uncertain. In 2006 Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon was published. The book is made up of 23 essays by 33 authors who were challenged to each develop a comprehensive policy prescription in response to the question: “What specific policies must be implemented in order to have a high probability of sustaining significant runs of wild salmon through 2100 in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and southern British Columbia?” A qualitative study was designed to assess whether any of the policy prescriptions presented in Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon are feasible or viable in the real world. A thorough document analysis was conducted of Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon. The Social Construction Framework was used to categorize the target populations, code the policy prescriptions, and identify the benefits and burdens of each policy prescription for each target population. This information was then used to assess the feasibility of each policy prescription, based on the Social Construction Framework. The findings suggest that some of the policy prescriptions are feasible and could be developed for successful implementation in the real world. There is evidence that projects similar to the Salmon 2100 project could provide useful information and potential solutions to other natural resource policy challenges. Close

• 50. [Article] Age, length and weight studies of three species of Columbia River salmon (Oncorhynchus keta, O. gorbuscha and O. kisutch)

  Samples, consisting of scales, length and weight measurements, and sex determinations of chum, pink, and silver salmons, were taken from the commercial catch in the Columbia River in 1914. Five hundred ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Age, length and weight studies of three species of Columbia River salmon (Oncorhynchus keta, O. gorbuscha and O. kisutch) Author: Marr, John C., Oregon. Fish Commission Samples, consisting of scales, length and weight measurements, and sex determinations of chum, pink, and silver salmons, were taken from the commercial catch in the Columbia River in 1914. Five hundred eighteen chum scales were examined. All fish had gone to sea early in their first year; and 70.5 percent had returned in their third year, 28.7 percent in their fourth, and 0.8 percent in their fifth. Growth curves, based on scale and fish measurements, are given for all sex-age groups. The length-weight relationship may be expressed by the equation Weight = 0.0001378 x Length [superscript 2.6004]. Tendencies were noted, during the course of the run, for older fish and for males to be relatively more abundant in the earlier portions of the run. In comparisons with data from other localities, it was demonstrated that, from south to north: (1) there is a decrease in mean length at the same age; (2) older fish are progressively more abundant; and (3) the runs are progressively earlier. Pink salmon are uncommon in the Columbia River, and only six were examined. All had gone to sea early in their first year, and all had returned in their second year. Eight hundred eighty-five silver salmon scales were examined. Of the total, 6.1 percent had gone to sea early in their second year, and returned late in their second year (2 [subscript 2]); 0.3 percent had gone to sea early in their third, and returned late in their third (3 [subscript 3]); 83.9 percent had gone to sea in their second, and returned in their third (3 [subscript 2]); and 9.7 percent had gone to sea in their third year, and returned during their fourth year (4 [subscript 3]). Growth curves are given for all, age groups. The length-weight relationship may be expressed by the equation Weight = 0.0000373 x Length [superscript 2.8945]. As in the case of the chums, changes were noted during the run in the sex ratio and the percentage of age classes. Comparison with data from other localities revealed south-to-north changes in size and in abundance of different age groups, similar to those demonstrated for the chums. It is felt that the differences between races of a single river system will prove to be of the same nature as those here demonstrated between populations of different river systems. Knowledge of the differences between the races of salmons entering the Columbia River may be of extreme importance in the management of the fisheries. Title: Age, length and weight studies of three species of Columbia River salmon (Oncorhynchus keta, O. gorbuscha and O. kisutch) Author: Marr, John C., Oregon. Fish Commission Samples, consisting of scales, length and weight measurements, and sex determinations of chum, pink, and silver salmons, were taken from the commercial catch in the Columbia River in 1914. Five hundred eighteen chum scales were examined. All fish had gone to sea early in their first year; and 70.5 percent had returned in their third year, 28.7 percent in their fourth, and 0.8 percent in their fifth. Growth curves, based on scale and fish measurements, are given for all sex-age groups. The length-weight relationship may be expressed by the equation Weight = 0.0001378 x Length [superscript 2.6004]. Tendencies were noted, during the course of the run, for older fish and for males to be relatively more abundant in the earlier portions of the run. In comparisons with data from other localities, it was demonstrated that, from south to north: (1) there is a decrease in mean length at the same age; (2) older fish are progressively more abundant; and (3) the runs are progressively earlier. Pink salmon are uncommon in the Columbia River, and only six were examined. All had gone to sea early in their first year, and all had returned in their second year. Eight hundred eighty-five silver salmon scales were examined. Of the total, 6.1 percent had gone to sea early in their second year, and returned late in their second year (2 [subscript 2]); 0.3 percent had gone to sea early in their third, and returned late in their third (3 [subscript 3]); 83.9 percent had gone to sea in their second, and returned in their third (3 [subscript 2]); and 9.7 percent had gone to sea in their third year, and returned during their fourth year (4 [subscript 3]). Growth curves are given for all, age groups. The length-weight relationship may be expressed by the equation Weight = 0.0000373 x Length [superscript 2.8945]. As in the case of the chums, changes were noted during the run in the sex ratio and the percentage of age classes. Comparison with data from other localities revealed south-to-north changes in size and in abundance of different age groups, similar to those demonstrated for the chums. It is felt that the differences between races of a single river system will prove to be of the same nature as those here demonstrated between populations of different river systems. Knowledge of the differences between the races of salmons entering the Columbia River may be of extreme importance in the management of the fisheries. Close