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• 1. [Article] Key to the deciduous woody plants of Northwestern Oregon in winter

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Key to the deciduous woody plants of Northwestern Oregon in winter Author: Packard, Patricia Lois Title: Key to the deciduous woody plants of Northwestern Oregon in winter Author: Packard, Patricia Lois Close

• 2. [Article] Lead exposures in radiator shops in a nine-county area of northwestern Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lead exposures in radiator shops in a nine-county area of northwestern Oregon Author: Burnham, John William Title: Lead exposures in radiator shops in a nine-county area of northwestern Oregon Author: Burnham, John William Close

• 3. [Article] Distribution and characteristics of loess-like soil parent material in northwestern Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution and characteristics of loess-like soil parent material in northwestern Oregon Author: Theisen, A. A. (Arthur A.) Title: Distribution and characteristics of loess-like soil parent material in northwestern Oregon Author: Theisen, A. A. (Arthur A.) Close

• 4. [Article] A forest land use policy for northwestern Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A forest land use policy for northwestern Oregon Author: Allison, Grant W. Title: A forest land use policy for northwestern Oregon Author: Allison, Grant W. Close

• 5. [Article] Effect of release by logging on diameter growth of residual hemlock in northwestern Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of release by logging on diameter growth of residual hemlock in northwestern Oregon Author: Kimmey, Ray I. Title: Effect of release by logging on diameter growth of residual hemlock in northwestern Oregon Author: Kimmey, Ray I. Close

• 6. [Article] Distribution and taxonomy of the small pocket gophers of northwestern Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution and taxonomy of the small pocket gophers of northwestern Oregon Author: Walker, Kenneth Merriam Title: Distribution and taxonomy of the small pocket gophers of northwestern Oregon Author: Walker, Kenneth Merriam Close

• 7. [Article] Age determination and age-specific reproduction in raccoons in northwestern Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Age determination and age-specific reproduction in raccoons in northwestern Oregon Author: Fiero, Brad C. Title: Age determination and age-specific reproduction in raccoons in northwestern Oregon Author: Fiero, Brad C. Close

• 8. [Article] Estimating streamflow characteristics for micro-hydro sites in northwestern Oregon

  A methodology for estimating streamf low characteristics on Ungaged streams was developed for northwestern Oregon. Basin area and basin area multiplied by the square root of relief were found to be effective ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating streamflow characteristics for micro-hydro sites in northwestern Oregon Author: Lieuwen, Andrew L. A methodology for estimating streamf low characteristics on Ungaged streams was developed for northwestern Oregon. Basin area and basin area multiplied by the square root of relief were found to be effective independent variables in regression models for estimating the average annual flow, the average daily flood with a two-year recurrence interval, and the seven day average low flow with a twoyear recurrence interval. A method for constructing synthetic flowduration curves from estimates of these three flow characteristics is described. These synthetic flow-duration curves provide important information for assessing hydropower potential for micro-hydro sites in this region. Title: Estimating streamflow characteristics for micro-hydro sites in northwestern Oregon Author: Lieuwen, Andrew L. A methodology for estimating streamf low characteristics on Ungaged streams was developed for northwestern Oregon. Basin area and basin area multiplied by the square root of relief were found to be effective independent variables in regression models for estimating the average annual flow, the average daily flood with a two-year recurrence interval, and the seven day average low flow with a twoyear recurrence interval. A method for constructing synthetic flowduration curves from estimates of these three flow characteristics is described. These synthetic flow-duration curves provide important information for assessing hydropower potential for micro-hydro sites in this region. Close

• 9. [Article] Food and habitat partitioning in two groups of coexisting Accipiter

  Sharp-shinned Hawks (Accipiter striatus), and Cooper's Hawks (A. coo erii) in the conifer forests in northwestern Oregon and A. striatus, A. cooperii, and Goshawks (A. gentilis) in the conifer forests ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Food and habitat partitioning in two groups of coexisting Accipiter Author: Reynolds, Richard T. Sharp-shinned Hawks (Accipiter striatus), and Cooper's Hawks (A. coo erii) in the conifer forests in northwestern Oregon and A. striatus, A. cooperii, and Goshawks (A. gentilis) in the conifer forests of eastern Oregon were syntopic during the nesting season. In this study density of nests, nest success, and utilization of food and habitat resources by each Accipiter in both northwestern and eastern Oregon were determined for 1969 through. 1974. Abundance of birds and small, diurnal mammals in the forests of eastern Oregon and the abundance of birds in the forests of northwestern Oregon were estimated in faunal surveys of a variety of conifer forest types. In addition, the occurrence of small mammals in eastern Oregon and their relative abundances were qualitatively estimated. The physiography and vegetative structure of Accipiter nest sites were quantified in both study areas, and differences in habitat variables among the sites of each species were examined by multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant analysis. These analyses showed that, while nest sites of each Accipiter in both areas had similar physiographic features, they differed in the structure of the vegetation. These differences were associated with the successional stage of the forest stands selected by each species: A. striatus nested in dense, 40-60-year-old, even-aged stands of conifers, A. cooperii in 50-80-year-old, dense conifer stands with slightly larger, more widely spaced trees, and A. gentilis in dense, conifer stands with large overstory trees and a dense understory of regenerating conifers. The following differences in the prey resources of the two study areas were noted; eastern Oregon had (1) nearly one half the species and density of birds, (2) a size-frequency distribution shifted somewhat toward larger birds, and (3) more species and a greater density of mammals than northwestern Oregon. Mean size of prey (12.8 g) captured by A. striatus in northwestern Oregon was significantly smaller than prey (28.4 g) captured by the same species in eastern Oregon. The diet of A. striatus in both areas was composed almost entirely of birds (<5% mammals). Mean size of prey of A. cooperii in both areas was nearly the same (134.7 g and 136.3 g) and each was significantly larger than mean sizes of prey of A. striatus. However, prey size and taxonomic composition of diets of A. cooperii varied; 74% birds (x = 79.2 g) and 25% mammals (x = 296.4 g) in northwestern Oregon and 47% birds (x = 123.7 g) and 53% mammals (x = 147.5 g) in eastern Oregon. Mean size of prey (306.6 g) of A. gentilis in eastern Oregon was significantly larger than mean size of prey of A. cooperii and consisted of 53% birds (3T = 195.5 g) and 45% mammals (x = 445.2 g). An analysis of the utilization of prey sizes, prey taxa, and foraging height zones demonstrated that partitioning of food in both areas occurred primarily in the prey size dimension. However, A. cooperii and A. gentilis, which broadly overlapped in the size dimension, showed increased partitioning of prey taxa. In eastern Oregon, use of foraging zones by A. cooperii and A. gentilis was nearly identical; both species captured prey primarily from the lower zones (ground-shrub and shrub-canopy). There was, however, little overlap on this dimension between A. striatus and its congeners in either study area as A. striatus almost entirely limited its foraging to the upper canopy. Although it was not determined if food resources were limiting, a review of the feeding ecology of Accipiter in Oregon, in view of some predictions of competition theory, supported the hypothesis that the different body sizes of coexisting members of this genus evolved in response to competition for food resources during the breeding season. Title: Food and habitat partitioning in two groups of coexisting Accipiter Author: Reynolds, Richard T. Sharp-shinned Hawks (Accipiter striatus), and Cooper's Hawks (A. coo erii) in the conifer forests in northwestern Oregon and A. striatus, A. cooperii, and Goshawks (A. gentilis) in the conifer forests of eastern Oregon were syntopic during the nesting season. In this study density of nests, nest success, and utilization of food and habitat resources by each Accipiter in both northwestern and eastern Oregon were determined for 1969 through. 1974. Abundance of birds and small, diurnal mammals in the forests of eastern Oregon and the abundance of birds in the forests of northwestern Oregon were estimated in faunal surveys of a variety of conifer forest types. In addition, the occurrence of small mammals in eastern Oregon and their relative abundances were qualitatively estimated. The physiography and vegetative structure of Accipiter nest sites were quantified in both study areas, and differences in habitat variables among the sites of each species were examined by multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant analysis. These analyses showed that, while nest sites of each Accipiter in both areas had similar physiographic features, they differed in the structure of the vegetation. These differences were associated with the successional stage of the forest stands selected by each species: A. striatus nested in dense, 40-60-year-old, even-aged stands of conifers, A. cooperii in 50-80-year-old, dense conifer stands with slightly larger, more widely spaced trees, and A. gentilis in dense, conifer stands with large overstory trees and a dense understory of regenerating conifers. The following differences in the prey resources of the two study areas were noted; eastern Oregon had (1) nearly one half the species and density of birds, (2) a size-frequency distribution shifted somewhat toward larger birds, and (3) more species and a greater density of mammals than northwestern Oregon. Mean size of prey (12.8 g) captured by A. striatus in northwestern Oregon was significantly smaller than prey (28.4 g) captured by the same species in eastern Oregon. The diet of A. striatus in both areas was composed almost entirely of birds (<5% mammals). Mean size of prey of A. cooperii in both areas was nearly the same (134.7 g and 136.3 g) and each was significantly larger than mean sizes of prey of A. striatus. However, prey size and taxonomic composition of diets of A. cooperii varied; 74% birds (x = 79.2 g) and 25% mammals (x = 296.4 g) in northwestern Oregon and 47% birds (x = 123.7 g) and 53% mammals (x = 147.5 g) in eastern Oregon. Mean size of prey (306.6 g) of A. gentilis in eastern Oregon was significantly larger than mean size of prey of A. cooperii and consisted of 53% birds (3T = 195.5 g) and 45% mammals (x = 445.2 g). An analysis of the utilization of prey sizes, prey taxa, and foraging height zones demonstrated that partitioning of food in both areas occurred primarily in the prey size dimension. However, A. cooperii and A. gentilis, which broadly overlapped in the size dimension, showed increased partitioning of prey taxa. In eastern Oregon, use of foraging zones by A. cooperii and A. gentilis was nearly identical; both species captured prey primarily from the lower zones (ground-shrub and shrub-canopy). There was, however, little overlap on this dimension between A. striatus and its congeners in either study area as A. striatus almost entirely limited its foraging to the upper canopy. Although it was not determined if food resources were limiting, a review of the feeding ecology of Accipiter in Oregon, in view of some predictions of competition theory, supported the hypothesis that the different body sizes of coexisting members of this genus evolved in response to competition for food resources during the breeding season. Close

• 10. [Article] Native freshwater wetland plant associations of northwestern Oregon

  This guide provides keys, descriptions, and stand tables for 122 native freshwater plant associations (14 forest and woodland, 28 shrub, 78 herbaceous, 2 nonvascular) in northwestern Oregon, based on analysis ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native freshwater wetland plant associations of northwestern Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Christy, John A., Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center This guide provides keys, descriptions, and stand tables for 122 native freshwater plant associations (14 forest and woodland, 28 shrub, 78 herbaceous, 2 nonvascular) in northwestern Oregon, based on analysis of data from 1,992 plots distributed throughout the study area. Descriptions are provided for eight other plant associations for which there are no plot data. Data were also not available for 114 additional associations reported from the study area (Kagan et al. 2000). The study area includes the north half of both the Coast Range and Western Cascade ecoregions, and all of the Willamette Valley. Vegetation is classified according to the National Vegetation Classification System, and plant associations are assigned to ecological systems that are currently being developed on a nationwide level. Title: Native freshwater wetland plant associations of northwestern Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Christy, John A., Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center This guide provides keys, descriptions, and stand tables for 122 native freshwater plant associations (14 forest and woodland, 28 shrub, 78 herbaceous, 2 nonvascular) in northwestern Oregon, based on analysis of data from 1,992 plots distributed throughout the study area. Descriptions are provided for eight other plant associations for which there are no plot data. Data were also not available for 114 additional associations reported from the study area (Kagan et al. 2000). The study area includes the north half of both the Coast Range and Western Cascade ecoregions, and all of the Willamette Valley. Vegetation is classified according to the National Vegetation Classification System, and plant associations are assigned to ecological systems that are currently being developed on a nationwide level. Close

• 11. [Article] The marine air penetration of the southern Willamette Valley and its effect upon agricultural field fires

  This research consists of two related yet distinct studies: an observational study of the surface character of the penetration of marine air into the southern Willamette Valley and a climatological study ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The marine air penetration of the southern Willamette Valley and its effect upon agricultural field fires Author: Sielaff, Carl Ogden This research consists of two related yet distinct studies: an observational study of the surface character of the penetration of marine air into the southern Willamette Valley and a climatological study of the summertime air masses of northwestern Oregon. For the observational study, temperature and estimated wind data were gathered by automobile. Mesoscale analysis of several cases indicate that the Marine Air Penetration (MAP) occurs regularly in approximately the same area and is strongly controlled by the topography. Qualitative observation and reasoning strongly suggests that the strong winds and increased stability at the top of the marine layer have an adverse effect upon agricultural field fires. Results of the climatological study indicated that the application of the partial collective method of analysis to July maximum temperature data from the U.S. Climatological Network yielded a meaningful air mass climatology for northwestern Oregon. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the partial collective method has been applied to a region with mountainous areas west of the Rocky Mountains or to the mesoscale. Title: The marine air penetration of the southern Willamette Valley and its effect upon agricultural field fires Author: Sielaff, Carl Ogden This research consists of two related yet distinct studies: an observational study of the surface character of the penetration of marine air into the southern Willamette Valley and a climatological study of the summertime air masses of northwestern Oregon. For the observational study, temperature and estimated wind data were gathered by automobile. Mesoscale analysis of several cases indicate that the Marine Air Penetration (MAP) occurs regularly in approximately the same area and is strongly controlled by the topography. Qualitative observation and reasoning strongly suggests that the strong winds and increased stability at the top of the marine layer have an adverse effect upon agricultural field fires. Results of the climatological study indicated that the application of the partial collective method of analysis to July maximum temperature data from the U.S. Climatological Network yielded a meaningful air mass climatology for northwestern Oregon. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the partial collective method has been applied to a region with mountainous areas west of the Rocky Mountains or to the mesoscale. Close

• 12. [Article] Winter twigs; a wintertime key to deciduous trees and shrubs of northwestern Oregon and western Washington

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Winter twigs; a wintertime key to deciduous trees and shrubs of northwestern Oregon and western Washington Author: Packard, Patricia Lois, Oregon State University, Gilkey, Helen M., 1886-1972 Title: Winter twigs; a wintertime key to deciduous trees and shrubs of northwestern Oregon and western Washington Author: Packard, Patricia Lois, Oregon State University, Gilkey, Helen M., 1886-1972 Close

• 13. [Article] Predators of hemlock woolly adelgid in northwestern Oregon

  Hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, is a serious threat to eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis Carriere, in the eastern United States. Infestations of A. tsugae are spreading rapidly and tree ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Predators of hemlock woolly adelgid in northwestern Oregon Author: Byrkit, Maggie K. Hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, is a serious threat to eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis Carriere, in the eastern United States. Infestations of A. tsugae are spreading rapidly and tree mortality caused by the insect is increasing yearly. As part of an integrated management approach, a classical biological control program is being implemented in eastern forests impacted by A. tsugae. Two insect predators have been released as control agents, but their impact on A. tsugae to date is uncertain. A priority of the USDA Forest Service Forest Health Techhology Enterprise Team (FHTET) is to identify additional potential control agents. The Pacific Northwest, where A. tsugae inhabits western hemlock (T. heterophylla), was identified as a region to survey for adelgid predators. Thirty-one T. heterophylla infested with A. tsugae in northwestern Oregon were sampled monthly for predatory arthropods from April 2003 to April 2004. Adelges tsugae development was monitored. In September 2003 and March 2004, trees were sampled to determine A. tsugae density. Development of adelgids on study trees was similar to development observed in the eastern U.S., with differences in timing between 2003 and 2004. Trees infested with A. tsugae had only a small amount of defoliation. Small numbers of several predatory arthropod taxa were collected from A. tsugae infested branches, including Laricobius nigrinus Fender, coccinellid beetles, minds, other hemipterans, pseudoscorpions, earwigs and lacewings. The abundance of L. nigrinus appeared to be positively correlated to the density of A. tsugae. Title: Predators of hemlock woolly adelgid in northwestern Oregon Author: Byrkit, Maggie K. Hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, is a serious threat to eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis Carriere, in the eastern United States. Infestations of A. tsugae are spreading rapidly and tree mortality caused by the insect is increasing yearly. As part of an integrated management approach, a classical biological control program is being implemented in eastern forests impacted by A. tsugae. Two insect predators have been released as control agents, but their impact on A. tsugae to date is uncertain. A priority of the USDA Forest Service Forest Health Techhology Enterprise Team (FHTET) is to identify additional potential control agents. The Pacific Northwest, where A. tsugae inhabits western hemlock (T. heterophylla), was identified as a region to survey for adelgid predators. Thirty-one T. heterophylla infested with A. tsugae in northwestern Oregon were sampled monthly for predatory arthropods from April 2003 to April 2004. Adelges tsugae development was monitored. In September 2003 and March 2004, trees were sampled to determine A. tsugae density. Development of adelgids on study trees was similar to development observed in the eastern U.S., with differences in timing between 2003 and 2004. Trees infested with A. tsugae had only a small amount of defoliation. Small numbers of several predatory arthropod taxa were collected from A. tsugae infested branches, including Laricobius nigrinus Fender, coccinellid beetles, minds, other hemipterans, pseudoscorpions, earwigs and lacewings. The abundance of L. nigrinus appeared to be positively correlated to the density of A. tsugae. Close

• 14. [Article] The valuation and use of site information for Douglas-fir reforestation in Western Oregon : a decision analysis

  Existing forest site maps have been described as "invaluable tools" in forest management. Their, economic value potentially materializes as the summed advantage from better decisions in all phases of forestry. Via ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The valuation and use of site information for Douglas-fir reforestation in Western Oregon : a decision analysis Author: Schöne, Dieter Hans-Friedrich Existing forest site maps have been described as "invaluable tools" in forest management. Their, economic value potentially materializes as the summed advantage from better decisions in all phases of forestry. Via Bayesian decision analysis, this study establishes optimal use and economic value of site information for one facet of management only: The choice of an optimal planting density in Douglas-fir reforestation. Two case studies were undertaken in extremely different environments of Southwestern and Northwestern Oregon. The prior analysis is based on a review of existing ref3restation records and a simulation model. Optimal prior acts differ substantially from present policies. Their implementation may reduce expected costs by approximately $50 per acre. Based on ecological variables observed an 350 survival plots, prediction aids for first-year survival arid site class, the main sources of uncertainty,are established. Plant water relations, and particularly the available water capacity of soils, emerge as prime determinants of survival and productivity. During preposterior analysis, Bayes' strategy translates ecological knowledge directly into optimal managerial choices for specific site units. Site information is evaluated economically, based on prospective reduction of reforestation costs. Expected values of site information are relatively low and almost identical in both ownerships. In the Northwestern Oregon study, it is a rather uniform environment for reforestation which limits the value of information. In the very diverse environment of the Southwestern Oregon ownership, lower marginal costs for plantation establishment, and smaller opportunity losses set these limits. A larger potential value of site information is likely for activities with high marginal costs in Southwestern Oregon. Bayesian decision analysis emphasizes the duality of ecology and economics in forest management. Combined with a system of collecting and analyzing operational records, it resembles a traditional forestry approach to uncertainty: Biolley's control method. As an extended, economically, statistically and computationally refined equivalent of the control method, Bayesian decision analysis deserves a place in the theory of forestry and in practical management of our forests. Title: The valuation and use of site information for Douglas-fir reforestation in Western Oregon : a decision analysis Author: Schöne, Dieter Hans-Friedrich Existing forest site maps have been described as "invaluable tools" in forest management. Their, economic value potentially materializes as the summed advantage from better decisions in all phases of forestry. Via Bayesian decision analysis, this study establishes optimal use and economic value of site information for one facet of management only: The choice of an optimal planting density in Douglas-fir reforestation. Two case studies were undertaken in extremely different environments of Southwestern and Northwestern Oregon. The prior analysis is based on a review of existing ref3restation records and a simulation model. Optimal prior acts differ substantially from present policies. Their implementation may reduce expected costs by approximately $50 per acre. Based on ecological variables observed an 350 survival plots, prediction aids for first-year survival arid site class, the main sources of uncertainty,are established. Plant water relations, and particularly the available water capacity of soils, emerge as prime determinants of survival and productivity. During preposterior analysis, Bayes' strategy translates ecological knowledge directly into optimal managerial choices for specific site units. Site information is evaluated economically, based on prospective reduction of reforestation costs. Expected values of site information are relatively low and almost identical in both ownerships. In the Northwestern Oregon study, it is a rather uniform environment for reforestation which limits the value of information. In the very diverse environment of the Southwestern Oregon ownership, lower marginal costs for plantation establishment, and smaller opportunity losses set these limits. A larger potential value of site information is likely for activities with high marginal costs in Southwestern Oregon. Bayesian decision analysis emphasizes the duality of ecology and economics in forest management. Combined with a system of collecting and analyzing operational records, it resembles a traditional forestry approach to uncertainty: Biolley's control method. As an extended, economically, statistically and computationally refined equivalent of the control method, Bayesian decision analysis deserves a place in the theory of forestry and in practical management of our forests. Close

• 15. [Article] Salmon anchor habitat strategy : invited expert responses

  This document compiles written responses by experts in their respective fields to questions from the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group about the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy component of Oregon Department ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon anchor habitat strategy : invited expert responses Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Oregon Department of Forestry This document compiles written responses by experts in their respective fields to questions from the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group about the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy component of Oregon Department of Forestry Northwestern Oregon State Forest Management Plan. Title: Salmon anchor habitat strategy : invited expert responses Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Oregon Department of Forestry This document compiles written responses by experts in their respective fields to questions from the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group about the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy component of Oregon Department of Forestry Northwestern Oregon State Forest Management Plan. Close

• 16. [Article] Field guide to riparian plant communities in northwestern Oregon

  This field guide combines classifications of common streamside plant communities and native freshwater wetland communities in Northwest Oregon. It is a condensed version of two separate works which are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Field guide to riparian plant communities in northwestern Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Christy, John A., Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center, McCain, Cindy, USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region This field guide combines classifications of common streamside plant communities and native freshwater wetland communities in Northwest Oregon. It is a condensed version of two separate works which are both available on the CD that accompanies this book. The information is also available for reference or to download as a zipfile from the Interagency Clearinghouse of Ecological Information, Pacific NW Region website: http://www.reo.gov/ecoshare/Publications/Documents/FieldGuides/NWOriparian/ Title: Field guide to riparian plant communities in northwestern Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Christy, John A., Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center, McCain, Cindy, USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region This field guide combines classifications of common streamside plant communities and native freshwater wetland communities in Northwest Oregon. It is a condensed version of two separate works which are both available on the CD that accompanies this book. The information is also available for reference or to download as a zipfile from the Interagency Clearinghouse of Ecological Information, Pacific NW Region website: http://www.reo.gov/ecoshare/Publications/Documents/FieldGuides/NWOriparian/ Close

• 17. [Article] Clackamas River watershed atlas

  Metro received grant funding from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1995 to gather digital, or computerized, geographic data for the Clackamas River watershed. This atlas was produced as one ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Clackamas River watershed atlas Author: Metro Regional Services Metro received grant funding from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1995 to gather digital, or computerized, geographic data for the Clackamas River watershed. This atlas was produced as one way to share the information collected with resource managers, policy makers, and people living in and interested in the Clackamas River watershed. The project study area is the entire land area draining into the Clackamas River in northwestern Oregon, referred to as the Clackamas River watershed. The watershed is part of the lower portion of the Willamette River basin. Title: Clackamas River watershed atlas Author: Metro Regional Services Metro received grant funding from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1995 to gather digital, or computerized, geographic data for the Clackamas River watershed. This atlas was produced as one way to share the information collected with resource managers, policy makers, and people living in and interested in the Clackamas River watershed. The project study area is the entire land area draining into the Clackamas River in northwestern Oregon, referred to as the Clackamas River watershed. The watershed is part of the lower portion of the Willamette River basin. Close

• 18. [Article] Crown profile equations for stand-grown western hemlock trees in northwestern Oregon

  Crown profile equations were developed for stand-grown western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) in northwest Oregon. The profile model uses a segmented approach, dividing the crown into an upper ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crown profile equations for stand-grown western hemlock trees in northwestern Oregon Author: Hann, David W., Johnson, Gregory P., Marshall, David D. Crown profile equations were developed for stand-grown western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) in northwest Oregon. The profile model uses a segmented approach, dividing the crown into an upper and lower portion at the point of the largest crown width (LCW). The model explains about 86% of the variation in crown width when LCW is known but only 66% when LCW is predicted using a model developed from a larger data set collected in the same area as the data for developing the crown profile models were collected. The model can be adjusted using measurements or predictions of LCW for western hemlock in other populations. Comparisons are made with the crown form of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Title: Crown profile equations for stand-grown western hemlock trees in northwestern Oregon Author: Hann, David W., Johnson, Gregory P., Marshall, David D. Crown profile equations were developed for stand-grown western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) in northwest Oregon. The profile model uses a segmented approach, dividing the crown into an upper and lower portion at the point of the largest crown width (LCW). The model explains about 86% of the variation in crown width when LCW is known but only 66% when LCW is predicted using a model developed from a larger data set collected in the same area as the data for developing the crown profile models were collected. The model can be adjusted using measurements or predictions of LCW for western hemlock in other populations. Comparisons are made with the crown form of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Close

• 19. [Article] Evaluating dairy waste management systems ̓influence on fecal coliform concentration in runoff

  This paper examines the environmental factors influencing the die-off and transport of fecal coliform bacteria present in wastes applied to the land surface. These factors are examined specifically for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating dairy waste management systems ̓influence on fecal coliform concentration in runoff Author: Grismer, Mark Edward This paper examines the environmental factors influencing the die-off and transport of fecal coliform bacteria present in wastes applied to the land surface. These factors are examined specifically for dairy waste management systems and the net effect each system has on runoff water quality. A model is developed that considers the effects of precipitation, season, method of wastes storage and application, die-off of the bacteria in storage, die-off of the bacteria on the land surface, infiltration of bacteria into the soil profile, soil characteristics, overland transport of bacteria (runoff), and buffer zones. The model is then applied to the Tillamook basin in northwestern Oregon to evaluate which waste management procedures significantly decrease bacterial pollution potential in agricultural runoff. Title: Evaluating dairy waste management systems ̓influence on fecal coliform concentration in runoff Author: Grismer, Mark Edward This paper examines the environmental factors influencing the die-off and transport of fecal coliform bacteria present in wastes applied to the land surface. These factors are examined specifically for dairy waste management systems and the net effect each system has on runoff water quality. A model is developed that considers the effects of precipitation, season, method of wastes storage and application, die-off of the bacteria in storage, die-off of the bacteria on the land surface, infiltration of bacteria into the soil profile, soil characteristics, overland transport of bacteria (runoff), and buffer zones. The model is then applied to the Tillamook basin in northwestern Oregon to evaluate which waste management procedures significantly decrease bacterial pollution potential in agricultural runoff. Close

• 20. [Article] The geology of the Nicolai Mountain-Gnat Creek area, Clatsop County, northwestern Oregon

  Twelve rock units, from upper Eocene to middle Miocene are exposed in the Nicolai Mountain-Gnat Creek area. They are, from oldest to youngest: Pittsburg Bluff Formation; Oswald West mudstone; Big Creek ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The geology of the Nicolai Mountain-Gnat Creek area, Clatsop County, northwestern Oregon Author: Murphy, Thomas M. Twelve rock units, from upper Eocene to middle Miocene are exposed in the Nicolai Mountain-Gnat Creek area. They are, from oldest to youngest: Pittsburg Bluff Formation; Oswald West mudstone; Big Creek sandstone, upper Silver Point mudstone, and Pipeline mudstone members of the Astoria Formation; Depoe Bay Basalt; Grande Ronde Basalt; Cape Foulweather Basalt; and sandstone correlative to the Vantage Member of the Ellensburg Formation; Frenchman Springs Member of the Wanapum Basalt; Clifton, Formation (defined by author); and Pomona Member of the Saddle Mountains Basalt. Upper Eocene Pittsburg Bluff Formation is a fine-grained sandstone and laminated siltstone deposited in an inner to middle continental shelf environment. Concordant onlapping by the upper Oligocene, middle shelf to upper slope glauconitic Oswald West mudstone, establishes a tie between the northeastern and northwestern Oregon Coast Range stratigraphies. The lower to middle Miocene Astoria Formation represents another marine onlap sequence, beginning with the fine-grained cross-bedded inner shelf Big Creek sandstone member. The overlying laminted upper Silver Point and Pipeline mudstone members were deposited in a deepening middle shelf to upper slope environment. The middle Miocene tholeiitic basalts extruded from two sources. Grande Ronde, Frenchman Springs, and Pomona basalts of the Columbia River Group erupted from fissures east of the Cascades and flowed down an ancestral Columbia River valley entering the sea in the study area. Simultaneously, petrologically similar but less voluminous Depoe Bay and Cape Foulweather are correlative to the low MgO Grande Ronde and Frenchman Springs in the study area. Abundant dikes and sills and the bathyal mudstone interbeds suggest that the coastal pillow basalts extruded locally onto the sea floor. Subaerial plateau-derived flows are associated with cross-bedded, fluvial to shallow marine arkosic sandstone interbeds. Some of these subaerial lavas flowed into the sea, forming "lava deltas" of foreset pillow palagonite and possibly "invasive" sills. The basalt stratigraphy allows a nearly flow by flow correlation of Grande Ronde and Frenchman Springs units from the Clackamas River area (Western Cascades) into this study area. The presence of Pomona Member in this area is the first substantiated recognition of this petrologically and chemically distinctive subaerial flow in northwestern Oregon. The 200-meter thick Clifton formation (previously called the Pliocene (?) sandstone at Clifton) is now dated by diatom assemblages and stratigraphic position as middle Miocene in age. Three lithofacies are recognized. Facies 1, at the base and top of the unit, is an arkosic, fine- to coarse- grained sandstone with cross-bedding, vertical Rosselia burrows, lignitic coal beds, and rare molluscan shells. It represents a river mouth and shallow marine offshore bar deposit. Facies 2, in the middle of the formation, consitst of well-laminated diatom-bearing carbonaceous and micaceous shelf/slope siltstones with thin fine-grained turbidite sandstones. Facies consists of channelized siltstone breccias, chaotic debris flows, thick amalgamated arkosic grain flows, structureless sandstones, and minor volcanic pebble conglomerates. These lithologies suggest a canyon head and slump deposit formed as a submarine channel cut into the shelf/slope siltstones of Facies 2. Sandstone petrography and grain size analyses indicate that the detritus of the Clifton and other sandstones in the area was derived from acid igneous, metamorphic, and intermediate volcanic provenances similar to those drained by the Columbia River today. Despite high measured permeabilities, breaching limits the reservoir potential of the sandstone. Mudstone units are immature to mature hydrocarbon source rocks. A potential for gas exists in the Cowlitz or its equivalent in the subsurface and in the Clifton channel sandstones projected into the offshore area. Title: The geology of the Nicolai Mountain-Gnat Creek area, Clatsop County, northwestern Oregon Author: Murphy, Thomas M. Twelve rock units, from upper Eocene to middle Miocene are exposed in the Nicolai Mountain-Gnat Creek area. They are, from oldest to youngest: Pittsburg Bluff Formation; Oswald West mudstone; Big Creek sandstone, upper Silver Point mudstone, and Pipeline mudstone members of the Astoria Formation; Depoe Bay Basalt; Grande Ronde Basalt; Cape Foulweather Basalt; and sandstone correlative to the Vantage Member of the Ellensburg Formation; Frenchman Springs Member of the Wanapum Basalt; Clifton, Formation (defined by author); and Pomona Member of the Saddle Mountains Basalt. Upper Eocene Pittsburg Bluff Formation is a fine-grained sandstone and laminated siltstone deposited in an inner to middle continental shelf environment. Concordant onlapping by the upper Oligocene, middle shelf to upper slope glauconitic Oswald West mudstone, establishes a tie between the northeastern and northwestern Oregon Coast Range stratigraphies. The lower to middle Miocene Astoria Formation represents another marine onlap sequence, beginning with the fine-grained cross-bedded inner shelf Big Creek sandstone member. The overlying laminted upper Silver Point and Pipeline mudstone members were deposited in a deepening middle shelf to upper slope environment. The middle Miocene tholeiitic basalts extruded from two sources. Grande Ronde, Frenchman Springs, and Pomona basalts of the Columbia River Group erupted from fissures east of the Cascades and flowed down an ancestral Columbia River valley entering the sea in the study area. Simultaneously, petrologically similar but less voluminous Depoe Bay and Cape Foulweather are correlative to the low MgO Grande Ronde and Frenchman Springs in the study area. Abundant dikes and sills and the bathyal mudstone interbeds suggest that the coastal pillow basalts extruded locally onto the sea floor. Subaerial plateau-derived flows are associated with cross-bedded, fluvial to shallow marine arkosic sandstone interbeds. Some of these subaerial lavas flowed into the sea, forming "lava deltas" of foreset pillow palagonite and possibly "invasive" sills. The basalt stratigraphy allows a nearly flow by flow correlation of Grande Ronde and Frenchman Springs units from the Clackamas River area (Western Cascades) into this study area. The presence of Pomona Member in this area is the first substantiated recognition of this petrologically and chemically distinctive subaerial flow in northwestern Oregon. The 200-meter thick Clifton formation (previously called the Pliocene (?) sandstone at Clifton) is now dated by diatom assemblages and stratigraphic position as middle Miocene in age. Three lithofacies are recognized. Facies 1, at the base and top of the unit, is an arkosic, fine- to coarse- grained sandstone with cross-bedding, vertical Rosselia burrows, lignitic coal beds, and rare molluscan shells. It represents a river mouth and shallow marine offshore bar deposit. Facies 2, in the middle of the formation, consitst of well-laminated diatom-bearing carbonaceous and micaceous shelf/slope siltstones with thin fine-grained turbidite sandstones. Facies consists of channelized siltstone breccias, chaotic debris flows, thick amalgamated arkosic grain flows, structureless sandstones, and minor volcanic pebble conglomerates. These lithologies suggest a canyon head and slump deposit formed as a submarine channel cut into the shelf/slope siltstones of Facies 2. Sandstone petrography and grain size analyses indicate that the detritus of the Clifton and other sandstones in the area was derived from acid igneous, metamorphic, and intermediate volcanic provenances similar to those drained by the Columbia River today. Despite high measured permeabilities, breaching limits the reservoir potential of the sandstone. Mudstone units are immature to mature hydrocarbon source rocks. A potential for gas exists in the Cowlitz or its equivalent in the subsurface and in the Clifton channel sandstones projected into the offshore area. Close

• 21. [Article] Salmon anchor habitats in Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests, Oregon : science, policy, economics ; an annotated bibliography.

  This annotated bibliography was prepared for the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. This group was formed by the Oregon Department of Forestry to review and evaluate the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy as ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon anchor habitats in Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests, Oregon : science, policy, economics ; an annotated bibliography. Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Behan, Jeff This annotated bibliography was prepared for the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. This group was formed by the Oregon Department of Forestry to review and evaluate the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy as directed by the 2003 Oregon Legislature. The Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy is a component of management plans developed by the Oregon Department of Forestry, for the Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests in northwestern Oregon. The references in this bibliography are grouped according to the categories of questions raised by the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. Title: Salmon anchor habitats in Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests, Oregon : science, policy, economics ; an annotated bibliography. Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Behan, Jeff This annotated bibliography was prepared for the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. This group was formed by the Oregon Department of Forestry to review and evaluate the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy as directed by the 2003 Oregon Legislature. The Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy is a component of management plans developed by the Oregon Department of Forestry, for the Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests in northwestern Oregon. The references in this bibliography are grouped according to the categories of questions raised by the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. Close

• 22. [Article] Physiological and anatomical studies of several groups of Douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings which demonstrated differential survival potential under drought stress

  Several hundred two year old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were planted in an enclosure designed to permit control of soil moisture. The seedlings came from five seed sources ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Physiological and anatomical studies of several groups of Douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings which demonstrated differential survival potential under drought stress Author: Heiner, Terry Charles, 1941- Several hundred two year old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were planted in an enclosure designed to permit control of soil moisture. The seedlings came from five seed sources in southern Oregon and one seed source in northwestern Oregon. Mortality terminal and lateral budburst, and soil moisture were recorded during the growing season. The final death count showed that the mortality of the northwest Oregon seed source (84%) differed significantly (at the 1% level) from that of four southern Oregon seed sources (ca 44%) and that the mortality of all differed significantly from that of a fifth southern Oregon source (30%). The purpose of this study was to determine what anatomical, morphological, and physiological characteristics were associated with survival. Root length, calcium-potassium ratio, cuticle thickness, shoot-root ratio, and root surface area are not correlated with mortality. A relation between mortality and the amount and rate of budburst was found. The low bud activity and high mortality of the northwest Oregon seedlings may be an expression of their physiological condition. Earlier bud activity by the southern Oregon seedlings may be a response to a lower minimum temperature, and is a survival advantage in areas with severe summer drought. Title: Physiological and anatomical studies of several groups of Douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings which demonstrated differential survival potential under drought stress Author: Heiner, Terry Charles, 1941- Several hundred two year old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were planted in an enclosure designed to permit control of soil moisture. The seedlings came from five seed sources in southern Oregon and one seed source in northwestern Oregon. Mortality terminal and lateral budburst, and soil moisture were recorded during the growing season. The final death count showed that the mortality of the northwest Oregon seed source (84%) differed significantly (at the 1% level) from that of four southern Oregon seed sources (ca 44%) and that the mortality of all differed significantly from that of a fifth southern Oregon source (30%). The purpose of this study was to determine what anatomical, morphological, and physiological characteristics were associated with survival. Root length, calcium-potassium ratio, cuticle thickness, shoot-root ratio, and root surface area are not correlated with mortality. A relation between mortality and the amount and rate of budburst was found. The low bud activity and high mortality of the northwest Oregon seedlings may be an expression of their physiological condition. Earlier bud activity by the southern Oregon seedlings may be a response to a lower minimum temperature, and is a survival advantage in areas with severe summer drought. Close

• 23. [Article] Consumptive use of surface water by Willamette Basin municipalities

  The consumptive water use of six cities in the Willamette Basin of northwestern Oregon was evaluated for the period 1960-66. Consumptive use ratios were obtained by analyzing data from monthly water supply ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Consumptive use of surface water by Willamette Basin municipalities Author: Mittelstadt, Richard Lee The consumptive water use of six cities in the Willamette Basin of northwestern Oregon was evaluated for the period 1960-66. Consumptive use ratios were obtained by analyzing data from monthly water supply and sewage flow records. The average annual consumptive use for the six cities was found to be 26 percent, and the average monthly ratios varied from essentially zero in the winter months to as high as 53 percent in July and August. The principal factors affecting consumptive use were found to be weather conditions, lawn watering, water system losses, cost of water, air conditioning, and proportion of water used for industrial purposes. While not affecting consumptive use, per se, sewer infiltration, storm runoff, and incomplete water or sewer systems can affect the calculated consumptive use ratios. The extent to which a water right is consumptive is inferred by the use to which the water is put. On the basis of existing water law and past court decisions, it is concluded that a city has the legal right to consume the full amount of its municipal water right providing the water is used strictly in accordance with the conditions of its permit. Title: Consumptive use of surface water by Willamette Basin municipalities Author: Mittelstadt, Richard Lee The consumptive water use of six cities in the Willamette Basin of northwestern Oregon was evaluated for the period 1960-66. Consumptive use ratios were obtained by analyzing data from monthly water supply and sewage flow records. The average annual consumptive use for the six cities was found to be 26 percent, and the average monthly ratios varied from essentially zero in the winter months to as high as 53 percent in July and August. The principal factors affecting consumptive use were found to be weather conditions, lawn watering, water system losses, cost of water, air conditioning, and proportion of water used for industrial purposes. While not affecting consumptive use, per se, sewer infiltration, storm runoff, and incomplete water or sewer systems can affect the calculated consumptive use ratios. The extent to which a water right is consumptive is inferred by the use to which the water is put. On the basis of existing water law and past court decisions, it is concluded that a city has the legal right to consume the full amount of its municipal water right providing the water is used strictly in accordance with the conditions of its permit. Close

• 24. [Article] Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring

  The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring Author: Fiorella, M., Barker, Jerry R., Ringold, P.L., Bradshaw, Gay, Bollman, Mike The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. The multispectral, digital data characterized riparian areas with the intent to develop ecological indicators for long-term monitoring. Title: Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring Author: Fiorella, M., Barker, Jerry R., Ringold, P.L., Bradshaw, Gay, Bollman, Mike The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. The multispectral, digital data characterized riparian areas with the intent to develop ecological indicators for long-term monitoring. Close

• 25. [Article] Post-breeding habitat selection by songbirds in the headwaters of the Trask River, northwestern Oregon

  Little is known on the importance of riparian areas to birds near small headwater streams in mesic forests. Progress towards understanding limiting factors that affect bird populations has been difficult ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Post-breeding habitat selection by songbirds in the headwaters of the Trask River, northwestern Oregon Author: Jenkins, Stephanie R. Little is known on the importance of riparian areas to birds near small headwater streams in mesic forests. Progress towards understanding limiting factors that affect bird populations has been difficult because of lack of information beyond the breeding period. I compared bird assemblages between headwater riparian and upland areas throughout the post-breeding period by capturing birds using mist-nets in six paired riparian and upland locations along six headwater streams of the Trask River in northwestern Oregon. In order to assess whether birds prefer headwater riparian areas, I also examined factors affecting habitat selection by juvenile Swainson's thrushes (n=37) using radio telemetry. While riparian and upland locations had similar coarse wood volume and fruiting and tall (> 1.3 m tall) shrub cover, riparian locations had less shrub cover (< 1.3 m tall) and different shrub composition than upland locations. Total capture rate was double that of upland in riparian locations, while bird species richness was similar. Similar numbers of birds were captured in mist-nets oriented perpendicular and parallel to the stream suggesting that birds were not using riparian areas as movement corridors. Adult capture rate was greater in riparian locations than adjacent uplands while results of juvenile capture rates were ambiguous. Riparian locations supported higher capture rates of Swainson's thrushes and winter wrens than adjacent uplands. Higher arthropod abundance in riparian locations may best explain higher capture rates in riparian locations. Radio-tagged juvenile Swainson's thrushes were more likely to select habitat that was near streams with high proportions of deciduous mid-story cover 1.5 - 15 m in the vertical strata and large volumes of coarse wood; possibly due to cover from predation and sources of food (i.e., fruits and arthropods). I observed higher survival (97.3%) than reported in previous studies on independent juveniles which suggests that headwater streams contribute positively to the demography of the Swainson's thrush in the Pacific Northwest. In comparison with adjacent upland, headwater riparian areas appeared to be disproportionately used by songbirds during the post-breeding period even though vegetation differences were minimal. To assess if current policies sufficiently protect avian biodiversity, further research should evaluate how manipulation of vegetation affects bird distribution in headwater areas. Title: Post-breeding habitat selection by songbirds in the headwaters of the Trask River, northwestern Oregon Author: Jenkins, Stephanie R. Little is known on the importance of riparian areas to birds near small headwater streams in mesic forests. Progress towards understanding limiting factors that affect bird populations has been difficult because of lack of information beyond the breeding period. I compared bird assemblages between headwater riparian and upland areas throughout the post-breeding period by capturing birds using mist-nets in six paired riparian and upland locations along six headwater streams of the Trask River in northwestern Oregon. In order to assess whether birds prefer headwater riparian areas, I also examined factors affecting habitat selection by juvenile Swainson's thrushes (n=37) using radio telemetry. While riparian and upland locations had similar coarse wood volume and fruiting and tall (> 1.3 m tall) shrub cover, riparian locations had less shrub cover (< 1.3 m tall) and different shrub composition than upland locations. Total capture rate was double that of upland in riparian locations, while bird species richness was similar. Similar numbers of birds were captured in mist-nets oriented perpendicular and parallel to the stream suggesting that birds were not using riparian areas as movement corridors. Adult capture rate was greater in riparian locations than adjacent uplands while results of juvenile capture rates were ambiguous. Riparian locations supported higher capture rates of Swainson's thrushes and winter wrens than adjacent uplands. Higher arthropod abundance in riparian locations may best explain higher capture rates in riparian locations. Radio-tagged juvenile Swainson's thrushes were more likely to select habitat that was near streams with high proportions of deciduous mid-story cover 1.5 - 15 m in the vertical strata and large volumes of coarse wood; possibly due to cover from predation and sources of food (i.e., fruits and arthropods). I observed higher survival (97.3%) than reported in previous studies on independent juveniles which suggests that headwater streams contribute positively to the demography of the Swainson's thrush in the Pacific Northwest. In comparison with adjacent upland, headwater riparian areas appeared to be disproportionately used by songbirds during the post-breeding period even though vegetation differences were minimal. To assess if current policies sufficiently protect avian biodiversity, further research should evaluate how manipulation of vegetation affects bird distribution in headwater areas. Close

• 26. [Article] Geology, structure, and tectonic history of the Tualatin Basin, northwestern Oregon

  The northwest-trending Neogene Tualatin basin in northwestern Oregon is a pull-apart basin with approximately 750 m of post-middle Miocene structural relief. Gently tilted uplands capped by Columbia River ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geology, structure, and tectonic history of the Tualatin Basin, northwestern Oregon Author: Popowski, Thomas Allan The northwest-trending Neogene Tualatin basin in northwestern Oregon is a pull-apart basin with approximately 750 m of post-middle Miocene structural relief. Gently tilted uplands capped by Columbia River Basalt Group surround the synclinal basin on all sides. Integrated gravity, aeromagnetic, and seismic reflection data indicated that the basin is underlain by 3 to 4 km of sub-horizontal, upper lower Eocene to middle Miocene age sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Up to 300 m of Columbia River Basalt overlie these older strata, in turn overlain by up to 400 m of late Miocene to Pleistocene, dominantly fluvio-lacustrine sediments. Late middle Eocene strong oblique convergence across the continental margin generated regional northeast-trending fissures in the forearc through which the Tillamook Volcanics and basalt of Waverly Heights erupted. Sinistral strike-slip faults, including the proto-Gales Creek-Mt. Angel structural zone, segmented the forearc into discrete blocks which rotated clockwise independently. A right-step in the Gales Creek-Mt. Angel system generated northeast-directed folding and faulting adjacent to the restraining bend, deforming rocks as young as upper Tillamook Volcanics. Regional uplift culminated in a late Eocene unconformity which removed the arkosic Spencer Formation northeast of the Gales Creek-Mt. Angel system, prior to subsidence of the forearc and burial by late Eocene and Oligocene tuffaceous sedimentary strata. The distribution of middle Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group flows shows no evidence of a structural or topographic Tualatin basin at that time. The syncline initiated along the present southwestern margin of the basin in late Miocene time, in response to uplift of the Coast Range and Portland Hills anticlines to the southwest and northeast, respectively. A late Pliocene decrease in convergence and consequent relative increase in the oblique component of convergence reactivated the Gales Creek-Mt. Angel structural zone as a dextral shear zone. The right-step acted as a releasing bend, allowing extension, increased subsidence and normal faulting along the basin margins, and volcanism within the basin. Subsequent development of transverse folds and reverse faults, northwest-trending riedel shears, northeast-trending antithetic faults, and basin-marginal normal faults, is consistent with classification of the Tualatin basin as a pull-apart basin in a dextral wrench system. Title: Geology, structure, and tectonic history of the Tualatin Basin, northwestern Oregon Author: Popowski, Thomas Allan The northwest-trending Neogene Tualatin basin in northwestern Oregon is a pull-apart basin with approximately 750 m of post-middle Miocene structural relief. Gently tilted uplands capped by Columbia River Basalt Group surround the synclinal basin on all sides. Integrated gravity, aeromagnetic, and seismic reflection data indicated that the basin is underlain by 3 to 4 km of sub-horizontal, upper lower Eocene to middle Miocene age sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Up to 300 m of Columbia River Basalt overlie these older strata, in turn overlain by up to 400 m of late Miocene to Pleistocene, dominantly fluvio-lacustrine sediments. Late middle Eocene strong oblique convergence across the continental margin generated regional northeast-trending fissures in the forearc through which the Tillamook Volcanics and basalt of Waverly Heights erupted. Sinistral strike-slip faults, including the proto-Gales Creek-Mt. Angel structural zone, segmented the forearc into discrete blocks which rotated clockwise independently. A right-step in the Gales Creek-Mt. Angel system generated northeast-directed folding and faulting adjacent to the restraining bend, deforming rocks as young as upper Tillamook Volcanics. Regional uplift culminated in a late Eocene unconformity which removed the arkosic Spencer Formation northeast of the Gales Creek-Mt. Angel system, prior to subsidence of the forearc and burial by late Eocene and Oligocene tuffaceous sedimentary strata. The distribution of middle Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group flows shows no evidence of a structural or topographic Tualatin basin at that time. The syncline initiated along the present southwestern margin of the basin in late Miocene time, in response to uplift of the Coast Range and Portland Hills anticlines to the southwest and northeast, respectively. A late Pliocene decrease in convergence and consequent relative increase in the oblique component of convergence reactivated the Gales Creek-Mt. Angel structural zone as a dextral shear zone. The right-step acted as a releasing bend, allowing extension, increased subsidence and normal faulting along the basin margins, and volcanism within the basin. Subsequent development of transverse folds and reverse faults, northwest-trending riedel shears, northeast-trending antithetic faults, and basin-marginal normal faults, is consistent with classification of the Tualatin basin as a pull-apart basin in a dextral wrench system. Close

• 27. [Article] Wildlife Health in Managed Forests : Immunity and Infectious Diseases in Wild Rodents of Oregon

  With continual and worldwide human population growth, our impact on the natural environment expands and intensifies every day. We consume natural resources, burn fossil fuels, and release toxic compounds ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wildlife Health in Managed Forests : Immunity and Infectious Diseases in Wild Rodents of Oregon Author: Hanselmann, Rhea With continual and worldwide human population growth, our impact on the natural environment expands and intensifies every day. We consume natural resources, burn fossil fuels, and release toxic compounds into the air, water, and earth. We build roads that fragment the landscape, construct new settlements, and develop agricultural lands in previously undisturbed areas. And, we introduce non-native species, which compete with and/or prey on native ones. Our actions change the composition of ecosystems by effacing natural environments and decimating plant and animal populations. We have reached a time of unprecedented anthropogenic environmental change. And, while we recognize, and work feverishly to mitigate, countless consequences of our actions, we still lack a profound understanding of just as many of the corollaries of the environmental changes we provoke. One thing we do know is that human-induced changes in environmental conditions can affect health – from individual organisms, to plant and animal populations, all the way to the level of the ecosystem. Yet, the mechanisms underlying such adverse health outcomes are only partially understood. For instance, we know that alterations in the structure of plant and animal communities, the distribution and demographics of populations, and the abundance of individuals can influence the emergence or re-emergence of infectious diseases. Which species are present in a community, where, when, and in what numbers can all determine the dynamics of pathogens, lead to disease outbreaks, and provide opportunities for spillover into new species. However, given the many environmental-, population-, and organism-level factors involved, and the complexity by which these variables interact, detecting and predicting the ultimate consequences for the health of animal, including human, populations remains difficult. Wild animals play important roles in numerous infectious disease cycles, many of which are shared with humans. Considering this and the well-documented effects that human activity can have on wildlife populations, studying the impacts of anthropogenic environmental change on health in wildlife is highly relevant. To understand how human-induced environmental changes affect wildlife health and to make predictions about potential regional or even global consequences for the dynamics of infectious diseases, however, we first need to understand patterns at a local scale. Here, I describe variation in immune function in captive and wild rodent species native to managed forests in northwestern Oregon, and examine how intensive forest management practices affect these and other physiological processes, and the prevalence of infectious diseases, in a large-scale field experiment. In Chapter 2 of this dissertation, I present baseline data on simple immune parameters in an iconic inhabitant of old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest, the red tree vole (Arborimus longicaudus). I show that both body condition and age are important for immune defenses in this species. Translating these findings to wild populations leads me to predict that degradation of habitat may affect red tree voles not only at the population scale, as is currently the case, but that less obvious consequences for the health of individuals surviving in disturbed or suboptimal habitat are also possible. It is important, therefore, that efforts to conserve this species consider adverse effects of present forest management practices on red tree vole health, as potentially increased disease susceptibility could have detrimental outcomes for this species. In Chapters 3 and 4, I took advantage of a rare and large-scale experiment to test my predictions regarding the negative consequences of habitat degradation for individual animals in more ubiquitous rodent species known for their resilience to environmental disturbance. I investigated the effects of intensive forest management on stress, health, and immunity (Chapter 3), and on the prevalence of infectious diseases transmissible to humans (Chapter 4) in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), Townsend chipmunks (Tamias townsendii), and creeping voles (Microtus oregoni) inhabiting managed forest plots in northwestern Oregon. The experimental design employed allowed me to test the effect of regionally representative forest management practices on health and disease outcomes with important implications for public health. In Chapter 3, I present results which suggest that intensive forest management can have complex, but highly context-dependent effects on the health of wild deer mice. Intensive forest management can shape animals’ condition and reproductive activity, increase levels of stress hormone, and stimulate some but depress other immune responses. However, deer mice are only able to respond to the extreme stressor of this disturbance when underlying environmental conditions are favorable. When inhabiting inherently harsh habitat, mice appear unable to cope with additional disturbance imposed by intensive forest management, and only the fittest mice survive. Finally, in Chapter 4, I identify moderate prevalence of two important and potentially fatal human infections in rodents inhabiting managed forests in northwestern Oregon. In deer mouse populations, Sin Nombre virus was clustered spatially, and prevalence varied between years. But, in the focus of highest infection, the proportion of infected mice, albeit low, appeared to increase with intensity of forest management. For Leptospirosis, I found a similar pattern in creeping voles, but did not observe an association between infection prevalence and forest management in deer mice or chipmunks. I conclude that forest management may drive infectious disease patterns, but that the direction and magnitude of such effects depends on the host-pathogen system. Taken together, my findings indicate that wild animal health can suffer from declines in habitat quality associated with forest management. For a near-threatened species such as the red tree vole, decreases in the availability of food and nesting habitat have the potential to change susceptibility to infection, which could facilitate disease invasion and further threaten populations. For wild animals that serve as reservoirs for human infections, especially abundant and apparently resilient species, impaired health can drive the dynamics of pathogens and increase the risk of transmission to humans and other animals. Although many more questions remain, my work contributes to our understanding of the effects of anthropogenic environmental change for wildlife and human health. Title: Wildlife Health in Managed Forests : Immunity and Infectious Diseases in Wild Rodents of Oregon Author: Hanselmann, Rhea With continual and worldwide human population growth, our impact on the natural environment expands and intensifies every day. We consume natural resources, burn fossil fuels, and release toxic compounds into the air, water, and earth. We build roads that fragment the landscape, construct new settlements, and develop agricultural lands in previously undisturbed areas. And, we introduce non-native species, which compete with and/or prey on native ones. Our actions change the composition of ecosystems by effacing natural environments and decimating plant and animal populations. We have reached a time of unprecedented anthropogenic environmental change. And, while we recognize, and work feverishly to mitigate, countless consequences of our actions, we still lack a profound understanding of just as many of the corollaries of the environmental changes we provoke. One thing we do know is that human-induced changes in environmental conditions can affect health – from individual organisms, to plant and animal populations, all the way to the level of the ecosystem. Yet, the mechanisms underlying such adverse health outcomes are only partially understood. For instance, we know that alterations in the structure of plant and animal communities, the distribution and demographics of populations, and the abundance of individuals can influence the emergence or re-emergence of infectious diseases. Which species are present in a community, where, when, and in what numbers can all determine the dynamics of pathogens, lead to disease outbreaks, and provide opportunities for spillover into new species. However, given the many environmental-, population-, and organism-level factors involved, and the complexity by which these variables interact, detecting and predicting the ultimate consequences for the health of animal, including human, populations remains difficult. Wild animals play important roles in numerous infectious disease cycles, many of which are shared with humans. Considering this and the well-documented effects that human activity can have on wildlife populations, studying the impacts of anthropogenic environmental change on health in wildlife is highly relevant. To understand how human-induced environmental changes affect wildlife health and to make predictions about potential regional or even global consequences for the dynamics of infectious diseases, however, we first need to understand patterns at a local scale. Here, I describe variation in immune function in captive and wild rodent species native to managed forests in northwestern Oregon, and examine how intensive forest management practices affect these and other physiological processes, and the prevalence of infectious diseases, in a large-scale field experiment. In Chapter 2 of this dissertation, I present baseline data on simple immune parameters in an iconic inhabitant of old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest, the red tree vole (Arborimus longicaudus). I show that both body condition and age are important for immune defenses in this species. Translating these findings to wild populations leads me to predict that degradation of habitat may affect red tree voles not only at the population scale, as is currently the case, but that less obvious consequences for the health of individuals surviving in disturbed or suboptimal habitat are also possible. It is important, therefore, that efforts to conserve this species consider adverse effects of present forest management practices on red tree vole health, as potentially increased disease susceptibility could have detrimental outcomes for this species. In Chapters 3 and 4, I took advantage of a rare and large-scale experiment to test my predictions regarding the negative consequences of habitat degradation for individual animals in more ubiquitous rodent species known for their resilience to environmental disturbance. I investigated the effects of intensive forest management on stress, health, and immunity (Chapter 3), and on the prevalence of infectious diseases transmissible to humans (Chapter 4) in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), Townsend chipmunks (Tamias townsendii), and creeping voles (Microtus oregoni) inhabiting managed forest plots in northwestern Oregon. The experimental design employed allowed me to test the effect of regionally representative forest management practices on health and disease outcomes with important implications for public health. In Chapter 3, I present results which suggest that intensive forest management can have complex, but highly context-dependent effects on the health of wild deer mice. Intensive forest management can shape animals’ condition and reproductive activity, increase levels of stress hormone, and stimulate some but depress other immune responses. However, deer mice are only able to respond to the extreme stressor of this disturbance when underlying environmental conditions are favorable. When inhabiting inherently harsh habitat, mice appear unable to cope with additional disturbance imposed by intensive forest management, and only the fittest mice survive. Finally, in Chapter 4, I identify moderate prevalence of two important and potentially fatal human infections in rodents inhabiting managed forests in northwestern Oregon. In deer mouse populations, Sin Nombre virus was clustered spatially, and prevalence varied between years. But, in the focus of highest infection, the proportion of infected mice, albeit low, appeared to increase with intensity of forest management. For Leptospirosis, I found a similar pattern in creeping voles, but did not observe an association between infection prevalence and forest management in deer mice or chipmunks. I conclude that forest management may drive infectious disease patterns, but that the direction and magnitude of such effects depends on the host-pathogen system. Taken together, my findings indicate that wild animal health can suffer from declines in habitat quality associated with forest management. For a near-threatened species such as the red tree vole, decreases in the availability of food and nesting habitat have the potential to change susceptibility to infection, which could facilitate disease invasion and further threaten populations. For wild animals that serve as reservoirs for human infections, especially abundant and apparently resilient species, impaired health can drive the dynamics of pathogens and increase the risk of transmission to humans and other animals. Although many more questions remain, my work contributes to our understanding of the effects of anthropogenic environmental change for wildlife and human health. Close

• 28. [Article] Evaluating dairy waste management systems' influence on fecal coliform concentration in runoff

  Published November 1982. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/cata...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating dairy waste management systems' influence on fecal coliform concentration in runoff Author: Oregon. Dept. of Environmental Quality, Tillamook Soil and Water Conservation District (Or.), Oregon. State Soil and Water Conservation Commission, United States. Environmental Protection Agency, Moore, James A. (James Allan), 1939-, Oregon State University. Agricultural Engineering Dept., Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published November 1982. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Evaluating dairy waste management systems' influence on fecal coliform concentration in runoff Author: Oregon. Dept. of Environmental Quality, Tillamook Soil and Water Conservation District (Or.), Oregon. State Soil and Water Conservation Commission, United States. Environmental Protection Agency, Moore, James A. (James Allan), 1939-, Oregon State University. Agricultural Engineering Dept., Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published November 1982. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 29. [Article] Influence of hyporheic flow and geomorphology on temperature of a large, gravel-bed river, Clackamas River, Oregon, USA

  The hyporheic zone influences the thermal regime of rivers, buffering temperature by storing and releasing heat over a range of timescales. We examined the relationship between hyporheic exchange and temperature ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of hyporheic flow and geomorphology on temperature of a large, gravel-bed river, Clackamas River, Oregon, USA Author: Burkholder, Barbara K. The hyporheic zone influences the thermal regime of rivers, buffering temperature by storing and releasing heat over a range of timescales. We examined the relationship between hyporheic exchange and temperature along a 24-km reach of the lower Clackamas River, a large gravel-bed river in northwestern Oregon (median discharge = 75.7 m³/s; minimum mean monthly discharge = 22.7 m³/s in August 2006). With a simple mixing model, we estimated how much hyporheic exchange cools the river during hot summer months. Hyporheic exchange was primarily identified by temperature anomalies, which are patches of water that demonstrate at least a 1 °C temperature difference from the main channel. Forty hyporheic temperature anomalies were identified through field investigations and TIR (Thermal-Infrared-Radiometry) in summer 2006. The location of anomalies was associated with specific geomorphic features, primarily bar channels and bar heads that act as preferential pathways for hyporheic flow. Detailed field characterization and groundwater modeling on three Clackamas gravel bars indicate residence times of hyporheic water can vary from hours to weeks and months. This was largely determined by hydraulic conductivity, which is affected by how recently the gravel bar formed or was reworked. Upscaling of modeled discharges and hydrologic parameters from these bars to the other anomalies on the Clackamas network shows that hyporheic discharge from anomalies comprises a small fraction (<< 1 %) of mainstem discharge, resulting in small river cooling effects (0.012 °C). However, the presence of cooler patches of water within rivers can act as thermal refugia for fish and other aquatic organisms, making the creation or enhancement of hyporheic exchange an attractive method in restoring the thermal regime of rivers. Title: Influence of hyporheic flow and geomorphology on temperature of a large, gravel-bed river, Clackamas River, Oregon, USA Author: Burkholder, Barbara K. The hyporheic zone influences the thermal regime of rivers, buffering temperature by storing and releasing heat over a range of timescales. We examined the relationship between hyporheic exchange and temperature along a 24-km reach of the lower Clackamas River, a large gravel-bed river in northwestern Oregon (median discharge = 75.7 m³/s; minimum mean monthly discharge = 22.7 m³/s in August 2006). With a simple mixing model, we estimated how much hyporheic exchange cools the river during hot summer months. Hyporheic exchange was primarily identified by temperature anomalies, which are patches of water that demonstrate at least a 1 °C temperature difference from the main channel. Forty hyporheic temperature anomalies were identified through field investigations and TIR (Thermal-Infrared-Radiometry) in summer 2006. The location of anomalies was associated with specific geomorphic features, primarily bar channels and bar heads that act as preferential pathways for hyporheic flow. Detailed field characterization and groundwater modeling on three Clackamas gravel bars indicate residence times of hyporheic water can vary from hours to weeks and months. This was largely determined by hydraulic conductivity, which is affected by how recently the gravel bar formed or was reworked. Upscaling of modeled discharges and hydrologic parameters from these bars to the other anomalies on the Clackamas network shows that hyporheic discharge from anomalies comprises a small fraction (<< 1 %) of mainstem discharge, resulting in small river cooling effects (0.012 °C). However, the presence of cooler patches of water within rivers can act as thermal refugia for fish and other aquatic organisms, making the creation or enhancement of hyporheic exchange an attractive method in restoring the thermal regime of rivers. Close

• 30. [Article] Post mortem interval and decomposition rates : biological observations and mathematical analysis

  Entomological evidence can be used for estimating post mortem interval (PMI). Decomposition studies have been conducted throughout the world and these studies have demonstrated that insect succession generally ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Post mortem interval and decomposition rates : biological observations and mathematical analysis Author: England, David B. Entomological evidence can be used for estimating post mortem interval (PMI). Decomposition studies have been conducted throughout the world and these studies have demonstrated that insect succession generally follows a similar pattern at a taxonomic level, specifically family, but varies at the genus and species levels with respect to geographic and seasonal differences. Insect succession data developed in one region cannot be used generally to estimate PMI in another region. Research has been conducted in a few regions of North America, but at this time there is no known forensic decomposition data for Northwestern Oregon. OBJECTIVES: (1) establish a preliminary insect succession model that can be used by regional law enforcement personal to establish PMI and (2) present a standardized mathematical model that provides a basis for the empirical analysis and comparison of decomposition rates from different regions. RESULTS: Calliphoridae fly species, L. illustris, was the first insect species to arrive and did so in less than 10 minutes PMI. L. illustris, ovipositing took place 6 hours PMI, thus starting the time clock that measures PMI. Secondly, our mathematical analysis gives indication that decomposition has been over simplified. Decomposition has several parameters that have not been elicited; therefore, the next step in our decomposition rate research is to analyze the characteristics of the maggots mass separately from the decomposing carcass. Such controlled experiments would provide valuable understanding of the dynamics of carcass decay. Title: Post mortem interval and decomposition rates : biological observations and mathematical analysis Author: England, David B. Entomological evidence can be used for estimating post mortem interval (PMI). Decomposition studies have been conducted throughout the world and these studies have demonstrated that insect succession generally follows a similar pattern at a taxonomic level, specifically family, but varies at the genus and species levels with respect to geographic and seasonal differences. Insect succession data developed in one region cannot be used generally to estimate PMI in another region. Research has been conducted in a few regions of North America, but at this time there is no known forensic decomposition data for Northwestern Oregon. OBJECTIVES: (1) establish a preliminary insect succession model that can be used by regional law enforcement personal to establish PMI and (2) present a standardized mathematical model that provides a basis for the empirical analysis and comparison of decomposition rates from different regions. RESULTS: Calliphoridae fly species, L. illustris, was the first insect species to arrive and did so in less than 10 minutes PMI. L. illustris, ovipositing took place 6 hours PMI, thus starting the time clock that measures PMI. Secondly, our mathematical analysis gives indication that decomposition has been over simplified. Decomposition has several parameters that have not been elicited; therefore, the next step in our decomposition rate research is to analyze the characteristics of the maggots mass separately from the decomposing carcass. Such controlled experiments would provide valuable understanding of the dynamics of carcass decay. Close

• 31. [Article] Two thinnings of douglas-fir with crawler tractors : time differences

  Two intermediate cuttings were made in a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand on the Wilark forest management research area in northwestern Oregon. Age of trees in the stand varied ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Two thinnings of douglas-fir with crawler tractors : time differences Author: Kangur, Rudolf, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory Two intermediate cuttings were made in a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand on the Wilark forest management research area in northwestern Oregon. Age of trees in the stand varied from 47 to 62 years at the first cutting. Crawler tractors were used in both extractions. In the first cutting, the time required for log production was 6.21 man-hours for a thousand board feet Scribner log rule at the mill site on the area. An additional 1.01 man-hours a thousand board feet was accounted for in delays not associated with productive time. A total of 19,702 feet of road was constructed. Construction time for 100 feet of road ranged from 1.55 man-hours for skid roads to 9.39 manhours for main road. Road construction increased total time for log production by 0.92 man-hour for a thousand board feet in the first cutting. The time required for log production in the second cutting was 3.78 man-hours for a thousand board feet, and delays amounted to 0.43 man-hour a thousand. A separate time study was made to determine the influence of delays present in the actual extractions on the cost of log production. Frequently ignored factors that appeared to affect economic outcome were favorable weather, efficient technique in extraction, and skilled labor. Title: Two thinnings of douglas-fir with crawler tractors : time differences Author: Kangur, Rudolf, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory Two intermediate cuttings were made in a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand on the Wilark forest management research area in northwestern Oregon. Age of trees in the stand varied from 47 to 62 years at the first cutting. Crawler tractors were used in both extractions. In the first cutting, the time required for log production was 6.21 man-hours for a thousand board feet Scribner log rule at the mill site on the area. An additional 1.01 man-hours a thousand board feet was accounted for in delays not associated with productive time. A total of 19,702 feet of road was constructed. Construction time for 100 feet of road ranged from 1.55 man-hours for skid roads to 9.39 manhours for main road. Road construction increased total time for log production by 0.92 man-hour for a thousand board feet in the first cutting. The time required for log production in the second cutting was 3.78 man-hours for a thousand board feet, and delays amounted to 0.43 man-hour a thousand. A separate time study was made to determine the influence of delays present in the actual extractions on the cost of log production. Frequently ignored factors that appeared to affect economic outcome were favorable weather, efficient technique in extraction, and skilled labor. Close

• 32. [Article] Heuristic solution techniques for a spatial harvest scheduling problem involving wildlife habitat and timber income

  Three heuristic techniques: simulated annealing (SA), tabu search (TS), and tabu search with strategic oscillation (TSSO), were used to schedule silvicultural activities designed to accelerate development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heuristic solution techniques for a spatial harvest scheduling problem involving wildlife habitat and timber income Author: Sharer, Brian K. Three heuristic techniques: simulated annealing (SA), tabu search (TS), and tabu search with strategic oscillation (TSSO), were used to schedule silvicultural activities designed to accelerate development of older forest structure at both stand and landscape scales over a 2450 acre forest located in northwestern Oregon. Goals for the forest over a 100-year planning horizon included reaching at least 500 acres of older forest structure with at least one contiguous 200-acre (or larger) block as soon as possible. The configuration and location, but not the amounts, of the older forest structure acres and the contiguous block were then free to move about the forest through time while best meeting the goal of producing a high, steady revenue flow over the entire planning horizon subject to restrictions on maximum clearcut patch size. The heuristic techniques were able to provide feasible tactical schedules fulfilling the strategic goals over the entire horizon in ways which traditional forest planning tools cannot. Of the three techniques examined, TSSO produced schedules with the best, most consistent objective function values. SA yielded a wider range of values which were always slightly worse but required only a fraction of the computing time. Straightforward TS produced relatively poor objective function values, most likely because of its inability to search the infeasible regions of the diverse solution space. Estimation of the globally optimal objective function value using Weibull distributions suggested that all TSSO solutions were within 1.8% of the optimum, the best being within .03%, while all SA solutions were within 7.6%, the best being within 1 .7%. However, 95% confidence intervals of the Weibull location parameter estimates for the SA and TSSO distributions did not overlap, despite the fact that both distributions of results failed to be rejected as fitting a Weibull distribution. This disparity again suggests that statistical inference by itself of global optima for heuristic results may be an inadequate means of assessing how "good" a heuristic is. Title: Heuristic solution techniques for a spatial harvest scheduling problem involving wildlife habitat and timber income Author: Sharer, Brian K. Three heuristic techniques: simulated annealing (SA), tabu search (TS), and tabu search with strategic oscillation (TSSO), were used to schedule silvicultural activities designed to accelerate development of older forest structure at both stand and landscape scales over a 2450 acre forest located in northwestern Oregon. Goals for the forest over a 100-year planning horizon included reaching at least 500 acres of older forest structure with at least one contiguous 200-acre (or larger) block as soon as possible. The configuration and location, but not the amounts, of the older forest structure acres and the contiguous block were then free to move about the forest through time while best meeting the goal of producing a high, steady revenue flow over the entire planning horizon subject to restrictions on maximum clearcut patch size. The heuristic techniques were able to provide feasible tactical schedules fulfilling the strategic goals over the entire horizon in ways which traditional forest planning tools cannot. Of the three techniques examined, TSSO produced schedules with the best, most consistent objective function values. SA yielded a wider range of values which were always slightly worse but required only a fraction of the computing time. Straightforward TS produced relatively poor objective function values, most likely because of its inability to search the infeasible regions of the diverse solution space. Estimation of the globally optimal objective function value using Weibull distributions suggested that all TSSO solutions were within 1.8% of the optimum, the best being within .03%, while all SA solutions were within 7.6%, the best being within 1 .7%. However, 95% confidence intervals of the Weibull location parameter estimates for the SA and TSSO distributions did not overlap, despite the fact that both distributions of results failed to be rejected as fitting a Weibull distribution. This disparity again suggests that statistical inference by itself of global optima for heuristic results may be an inadequate means of assessing how "good" a heuristic is. Close

• 33. [Article] Preliminary report on the geology of the Molalla quadrangle, Oregon

  The Molalla quadrangle is located in northwestern Oregon along the eastern edge of Willamette Valley about 30 miles south of Portland. The area includes part of the Western Cascade foothills as well as ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preliminary report on the geology of the Molalla quadrangle, Oregon Author: Harper, Herbert Ewing The Molalla quadrangle is located in northwestern Oregon along the eastern edge of Willamette Valley about 30 miles south of Portland. The area includes part of the Western Cascade foothills as well as a portion of the Willamette Valley lowland. The rocks in the Cascade foothills are marine and terrestrial sediments interlayered with volcanic flows and pyroclastics which range from Eocene (?) to Pliocene or early Pleistocene in age. The oldest rocks consist of approximately 1500 feet of basaltic and andesitic lavas, present in the southeastern portion of the area, and described here as the Pre-Butte Creek lavas. The base or lower part of the series contains interbedded marine pebble conglomerates presumably of Eocene age. To the southwest the laves are unconformably ever-lain with about 1200 feet of marine and terrestrial sediments which have been termed the Butte Creek beds. Field relations indicate a correlation of these sediments with the Oligocene Illahe sandstone, while the faunal study made by Durham suggests a lower Miocene age. In the southwestern part of the quadrangle the Butte Creek beds are unconformably overlain by the middle Miocene Stayton lavas. Several hundred feet of pyroclastics and terrestrial sediments considered early Pliocene in age and described as the Molalla formation are exposed along Molalla River in the eastern and northeastern part of the quadrangle. They rest unconformably on the Pre-Butte Creek lavas and are overlain by Pliocene or early Pleistocene Boring lavas. Where exposed along the western edge of the Cascade foothills these older formations are covered by middle Pleistocene alluvial deposits which blanket the Willamette valley lowland. All of the Tertiary rocks have been tilted or gently folded. Dips observed in the Butte Creek beds in the southern half of the area average about 6 degrees and indicate an elongate domal fold trending northeasterly. A regional dip of 5 to 8 degrees to the northwest is present in the Molallla formation in the northern part of the area. Minor normal faulting in present locally in the Butte Creek beds. Residual and transported high-alumina clays are present in the Molalla formation. Exploration by the United States Bureau of Mines and Unites States Geological Survey revealed an estimated 53,460,000 wet tons of ore in the Molalla area. Title: Preliminary report on the geology of the Molalla quadrangle, Oregon Author: Harper, Herbert Ewing The Molalla quadrangle is located in northwestern Oregon along the eastern edge of Willamette Valley about 30 miles south of Portland. The area includes part of the Western Cascade foothills as well as a portion of the Willamette Valley lowland. The rocks in the Cascade foothills are marine and terrestrial sediments interlayered with volcanic flows and pyroclastics which range from Eocene (?) to Pliocene or early Pleistocene in age. The oldest rocks consist of approximately 1500 feet of basaltic and andesitic lavas, present in the southeastern portion of the area, and described here as the Pre-Butte Creek lavas. The base or lower part of the series contains interbedded marine pebble conglomerates presumably of Eocene age. To the southwest the laves are unconformably ever-lain with about 1200 feet of marine and terrestrial sediments which have been termed the Butte Creek beds. Field relations indicate a correlation of these sediments with the Oligocene Illahe sandstone, while the faunal study made by Durham suggests a lower Miocene age. In the southwestern part of the quadrangle the Butte Creek beds are unconformably overlain by the middle Miocene Stayton lavas. Several hundred feet of pyroclastics and terrestrial sediments considered early Pliocene in age and described as the Molalla formation are exposed along Molalla River in the eastern and northeastern part of the quadrangle. They rest unconformably on the Pre-Butte Creek lavas and are overlain by Pliocene or early Pleistocene Boring lavas. Where exposed along the western edge of the Cascade foothills these older formations are covered by middle Pleistocene alluvial deposits which blanket the Willamette valley lowland. All of the Tertiary rocks have been tilted or gently folded. Dips observed in the Butte Creek beds in the southern half of the area average about 6 degrees and indicate an elongate domal fold trending northeasterly. A regional dip of 5 to 8 degrees to the northwest is present in the Molallla formation in the northern part of the area. Minor normal faulting in present locally in the Butte Creek beds. Residual and transported high-alumina clays are present in the Molalla formation. Exploration by the United States Bureau of Mines and Unites States Geological Survey revealed an estimated 53,460,000 wet tons of ore in the Molalla area. Close

• 34. [Article] Removing traffic emissions from CO₂ time series measured at a tall tower using mobile measurements and transport modeling

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/atmospheric-envi...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Removing traffic emissions from CO₂ time series measured at a tall tower using mobile measurements and transport modeling Author: Rella, Chris W., Law, Beverly E., Schmidt, Andres, Göckede, Mathias, Yang, Zhenlin, Hanson, Chad This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/atmospheric-environment/ Title: Removing traffic emissions from CO₂ time series measured at a tall tower using mobile measurements and transport modeling Author: Rella, Chris W., Law, Beverly E., Schmidt, Andres, Göckede, Mathias, Yang, Zhenlin, Hanson, Chad This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/atmospheric-environment/ Close

• 35. [Article] A system analysis method for water quality management by flow augmentation

  A rapid expansion of population and industrialization in recent years has created new and difficult problems in water resources management. Prudent management of water quality will require that more efficient ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A system analysis method for water quality management by flow augmentation Author: Worley, John Larry A rapid expansion of population and industrialization in recent years has created new and difficult problems in water resources management. Prudent management of water quality will require that more efficient methods be developed for evaluating large volumes of data on complex river systems, and tabulating the results in a form readily usable by the persons responsible for decisions. The digital computer is the most promising tool for rapid analysis of these complex water problems. The objective of this thesis is the development of a digital computer program which will investigate the dissolved oxygen relationships in flowing streams and provide for automatic adjustment of flows to maintain minimum dissolved oxygen requirements. The computer program herein developed was applied to the Willamette River Basin in Northwestern Oregon to illustrate its use, but it is general in character so that it may be applied to any drainage basin. Three orders of streams including not more than sixty lengths of river (reaches) may be considered in any given study by a computer with sixty thousand digits of core storage. Limitations on the size of the river system which may be considered are imposed by computer storage capacity above the forty thousand digits needed for program use. The results of this study indicate that: 1. A digital computer using the program developed can, in a few minutes, complete an analysis which would require many man hours of manual computation time. 2. The digital computer program developed is a useful tool for investigating the oxygen relationships existing in a river system under present loadings and flows and for predicting the conditions that will be encountered under future loadings. 3. A computer program of this type could be adapted to nearly any of the quality parameters normally considered or possibly a combination of several parameters at such time as mathematical formulations describing their behavior in streams are available. Title: A system analysis method for water quality management by flow augmentation Author: Worley, John Larry A rapid expansion of population and industrialization in recent years has created new and difficult problems in water resources management. Prudent management of water quality will require that more efficient methods be developed for evaluating large volumes of data on complex river systems, and tabulating the results in a form readily usable by the persons responsible for decisions. The digital computer is the most promising tool for rapid analysis of these complex water problems. The objective of this thesis is the development of a digital computer program which will investigate the dissolved oxygen relationships in flowing streams and provide for automatic adjustment of flows to maintain minimum dissolved oxygen requirements. The computer program herein developed was applied to the Willamette River Basin in Northwestern Oregon to illustrate its use, but it is general in character so that it may be applied to any drainage basin. Three orders of streams including not more than sixty lengths of river (reaches) may be considered in any given study by a computer with sixty thousand digits of core storage. Limitations on the size of the river system which may be considered are imposed by computer storage capacity above the forty thousand digits needed for program use. The results of this study indicate that: 1. A digital computer using the program developed can, in a few minutes, complete an analysis which would require many man hours of manual computation time. 2. The digital computer program developed is a useful tool for investigating the oxygen relationships existing in a river system under present loadings and flows and for predicting the conditions that will be encountered under future loadings. 3. A computer program of this type could be adapted to nearly any of the quality parameters normally considered or possibly a combination of several parameters at such time as mathematical formulations describing their behavior in streams are available. Close

• 36. [Article] Habitat selection by juvenile Swainson’s thrushes (Catharus ustulatus) in headwater riparian areas, Northwestern Oregon, USA

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat selection by juvenile Swainson’s thrushes (Catharus ustulatus) in headwater riparian areas, Northwestern Oregon, USA Author: Jenkins, Stephanie R., Huso, Manuela M., Betts, Matthew G., Hagar, Joan C. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Title: Habitat selection by juvenile Swainson’s thrushes (Catharus ustulatus) in headwater riparian areas, Northwestern Oregon, USA Author: Jenkins, Stephanie R., Huso, Manuela M., Betts, Matthew G., Hagar, Joan C. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Close

• 37. [Article] A Multi-Year Longitudinal Study of Water Quality Parameters in Four Salmon-Bearing and Recreational Streams on Mount Hood, Oregon

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plos.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Multi-Year Longitudinal Study of Water Quality Parameters in Four Salmon-Bearing and Recreational Streams on Mount Hood, Oregon Author: Banet, Nathan, Alexander, David, Kolmes, Elijah, Wasowski, Ronald, Roemer, Derek, Haines, Morgan, Kolmes, Steven, Webber, Sarah, Card, Amy, Northcutt, Kelly This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plos.org/. Title: A Multi-Year Longitudinal Study of Water Quality Parameters in Four Salmon-Bearing and Recreational Streams on Mount Hood, Oregon Author: Banet, Nathan, Alexander, David, Kolmes, Elijah, Wasowski, Ronald, Roemer, Derek, Haines, Morgan, Kolmes, Steven, Webber, Sarah, Card, Amy, Northcutt, Kelly This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plos.org/. Close

• 38. [Article] Using Tabu Search to solve tactical forest planning problems with spatial wildlife habitat goals and constraints

  A method was developed to formulate and solve a fifty-year tactical harvest scheduling problem that included spatial wildlife habitat goals and constraints for a 4800-acre watershed in Northwestern Oregon ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using Tabu Search to solve tactical forest planning problems with spatial wildlife habitat goals and constraints Author: Boston, Kevin Donald A method was developed to formulate and solve a fifty-year tactical harvest scheduling problem that included spatial wildlife habitat goals and constraints for a 4800-acre watershed in Northwestern Oregon under four scenarios. Three goals and two habitat constraints were included in each scenario. The first goal was a volume goal. The second goal was a landscape aggregation goal measured with the contagion index. The third goal was a shape goal using the ratio of the existing perimeter of closed-canopy stands with that of a circle with equivalent area. The first constraint required a minimum cluster of connected closed-canopy stands that spanned opposite edges of a map. The second constraint limited the maximum opening created in any period. The algorithm included both fixed and variable cost components for the transportation network. Tabu Search with both short-term memory restriction and a long-term diversification strategy was used to solve this ten-period problem. The performance of the heuristic was measured by comparing the results with an estimate of the optimal value obtained from extreme value theory using a three-parameter Weibull distribution. In scenario one, the shape goal was reached in most periods and the average contagion index was 0.35. The volume goal was met or exceeded in all periods. The heuristic found one solution within 2 percent of the estimated optimal value, while 75 percent of the solutions were within 80 percent of the estimated optimal value. In scenario two, the average contagion index was 0.40. The goal was met in over 50 percent of the periods. The volume and shape goals were met or exceeded in all periods. The heuristic found one solution within 6 percent of the estimated optimal value, while the remaining solutions were within 83 percent of the estimated optimal value. Two additional scenarios were developed to create specific wildlife habitat. Scenario three developed high quality habitat for pine marten containing a connected landscape of closed-canopy stands with minimum edge habitat. Scenario four was developed for elk. This analysis produced habitat with a mixture of open and closed-canopy stands in a dispersed pattern. Title: Using Tabu Search to solve tactical forest planning problems with spatial wildlife habitat goals and constraints Author: Boston, Kevin Donald A method was developed to formulate and solve a fifty-year tactical harvest scheduling problem that included spatial wildlife habitat goals and constraints for a 4800-acre watershed in Northwestern Oregon under four scenarios. Three goals and two habitat constraints were included in each scenario. The first goal was a volume goal. The second goal was a landscape aggregation goal measured with the contagion index. The third goal was a shape goal using the ratio of the existing perimeter of closed-canopy stands with that of a circle with equivalent area. The first constraint required a minimum cluster of connected closed-canopy stands that spanned opposite edges of a map. The second constraint limited the maximum opening created in any period. The algorithm included both fixed and variable cost components for the transportation network. Tabu Search with both short-term memory restriction and a long-term diversification strategy was used to solve this ten-period problem. The performance of the heuristic was measured by comparing the results with an estimate of the optimal value obtained from extreme value theory using a three-parameter Weibull distribution. In scenario one, the shape goal was reached in most periods and the average contagion index was 0.35. The volume goal was met or exceeded in all periods. The heuristic found one solution within 2 percent of the estimated optimal value, while 75 percent of the solutions were within 80 percent of the estimated optimal value. In scenario two, the average contagion index was 0.40. The goal was met in over 50 percent of the periods. The volume and shape goals were met or exceeded in all periods. The heuristic found one solution within 6 percent of the estimated optimal value, while the remaining solutions were within 83 percent of the estimated optimal value. Two additional scenarios were developed to create specific wildlife habitat. Scenario three developed high quality habitat for pine marten containing a connected landscape of closed-canopy stands with minimum edge habitat. Scenario four was developed for elk. This analysis produced habitat with a mixture of open and closed-canopy stands in a dispersed pattern. Close

• 39. [Article] Harvestable moss : communities, hosts, and accumulation

  With the increased recognition of moss as a secondary forest product has come an increased concern for the ecological ramifications of moss harvest. Three issues of primary concern are (1) characterizing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Harvestable moss : communities, hosts, and accumulation Author: Peck, JeriLynn E. With the increased recognition of moss as a secondary forest product has come an increased concern for the ecological ramifications of moss harvest. Three issues of primary concern are (1) characterizing the epiphyte communities impacted by harvest, (2) assessing the host preferences of these epiphytes, and (3) describing the availability of harvestable epiphytes. Harvestable epiphytes are generally large mats of clean, green plant material that can be easily accessed and removed from their substrate by a commercial moss harvester. Harvestable epiphytes on tree trunks and shrub stems were sampled at 10 sites in each of the Cascade and Coast Ranges in northwestern Oregon. Frequency of occurrence and biomass are reported for 50 species found in harvestable epiphyte mats, categorized as "target" (7 species), "nontarget" (37 species), and "incidental" (6 species), according to their commercial utility. Target species were more abundant in stands with relatively high hardwood basal area and densities of harvestable epiphyte hosts. Nontarget and incidental species were more abundant on hosts with relatively large surface areas and in stands with relatively high hardwood basal. All species were less abundant in stands with high conifer basal area. Eleven species of hosts, including seven shrubs and four trees, supported harvestable quantities of epiphytes, although most samples were collected from the clonal shrub vine maple (Acer circinatum). Epiphyte mats on tree trunks and shrub stems differed in epiphyte species composition. Relative frequency of occurence and abundance were used to determine host preference by several epiphytes, including Orthotricum lyellii for A. circinatum and Neckera douglasii for Alnus rubra. Harvestable epiphyte biomass ranged from 24 to 1469 kg/ha (dry weight). Biomass is a function of both site quality and availability of suitable hosts. Epiphyte mat accumulation on Acer circinatum was more rapid, and more variable, in the Coast Range sites than in the Cascade Range sites. A model describing the factors influencing epiphyte mat accumulation is proposed and management implications for the harvestable moss resource are discussed. Title: Harvestable moss : communities, hosts, and accumulation Author: Peck, JeriLynn E. With the increased recognition of moss as a secondary forest product has come an increased concern for the ecological ramifications of moss harvest. Three issues of primary concern are (1) characterizing the epiphyte communities impacted by harvest, (2) assessing the host preferences of these epiphytes, and (3) describing the availability of harvestable epiphytes. Harvestable epiphytes are generally large mats of clean, green plant material that can be easily accessed and removed from their substrate by a commercial moss harvester. Harvestable epiphytes on tree trunks and shrub stems were sampled at 10 sites in each of the Cascade and Coast Ranges in northwestern Oregon. Frequency of occurrence and biomass are reported for 50 species found in harvestable epiphyte mats, categorized as "target" (7 species), "nontarget" (37 species), and "incidental" (6 species), according to their commercial utility. Target species were more abundant in stands with relatively high hardwood basal area and densities of harvestable epiphyte hosts. Nontarget and incidental species were more abundant on hosts with relatively large surface areas and in stands with relatively high hardwood basal. All species were less abundant in stands with high conifer basal area. Eleven species of hosts, including seven shrubs and four trees, supported harvestable quantities of epiphytes, although most samples were collected from the clonal shrub vine maple (Acer circinatum). Epiphyte mats on tree trunks and shrub stems differed in epiphyte species composition. Relative frequency of occurence and abundance were used to determine host preference by several epiphytes, including Orthotricum lyellii for A. circinatum and Neckera douglasii for Alnus rubra. Harvestable epiphyte biomass ranged from 24 to 1469 kg/ha (dry weight). Biomass is a function of both site quality and availability of suitable hosts. Epiphyte mat accumulation on Acer circinatum was more rapid, and more variable, in the Coast Range sites than in the Cascade Range sites. A model describing the factors influencing epiphyte mat accumulation is proposed and management implications for the harvestable moss resource are discussed. Close

• 40. [Article] The development of a methodology to study the grief and adjustment processes of parents following the death of a young child

  Purpose of the Study The primary purpose of this investigation was to develop a methodology by which to objectively study and assess the grief and adjustment processes of bereaved parents. An original ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The development of a methodology to study the grief and adjustment processes of parents following the death of a young child Author: Mayhall, Cheron J. Purpose of the Study The primary purpose of this investigation was to develop a methodology by which to objectively study and assess the grief and adjustment processes of bereaved parents. An original research and counseling instrument, the Parental Bereavement Interview and Rating Scale (PBIRS), was formulated, field-tested in a preliminary study, and revised. In pursuit of this purpose, descriptive data about the grief of parents who lost a young child (1-20 years) due to sudden and unexpected circumstances were obtained and reported. Research Questions The thirteen research questions addressed fall into three main categories: (a) methodological considerations regarding the construction and format of the PBIRS, the protocol for its administration, and the age criteria used for selection of subjects; (b) quantitative data describing the nature of the parental grief and adjustment processes; and (c) descriptive information about the general characteristics of the subject group in comparison to other bereaved parents in the U.S. and Canada. Methodology The PBIRS was administered between January and April, 1982, to 20 bereaved parents residing in northwestern Oregon. The instrument is based on an expanded version of Kubler-Ross' grief-stage theory, exploring the grief and adjustment processes through the stages of Denial, Anger, Guilt, Depression and Adaptation. A retrospective research method was employed to examine and assess the subjects' progression through the bereavement experience. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was computed to determine the test-retest reliability for PBIRS items. The data were further presented in graphic and tabular forms to allow for comparison between various time periods in the grief process, and between different sub-groups of subjects. Findings The research methodology and instrument were field-tested with satisfactory results. The preliminary reliability study showed 85 percent of the items to have test-retest coefficients of correlation significant at the .05 level. The instrument and the protocol for its administration were well-received by subjects and by leaders of self-help groups for bereaved parents. Title: The development of a methodology to study the grief and adjustment processes of parents following the death of a young child Author: Mayhall, Cheron J. Purpose of the Study The primary purpose of this investigation was to develop a methodology by which to objectively study and assess the grief and adjustment processes of bereaved parents. An original research and counseling instrument, the Parental Bereavement Interview and Rating Scale (PBIRS), was formulated, field-tested in a preliminary study, and revised. In pursuit of this purpose, descriptive data about the grief of parents who lost a young child (1-20 years) due to sudden and unexpected circumstances were obtained and reported. Research Questions The thirteen research questions addressed fall into three main categories: (a) methodological considerations regarding the construction and format of the PBIRS, the protocol for its administration, and the age criteria used for selection of subjects; (b) quantitative data describing the nature of the parental grief and adjustment processes; and (c) descriptive information about the general characteristics of the subject group in comparison to other bereaved parents in the U.S. and Canada. Methodology The PBIRS was administered between January and April, 1982, to 20 bereaved parents residing in northwestern Oregon. The instrument is based on an expanded version of Kubler-Ross' grief-stage theory, exploring the grief and adjustment processes through the stages of Denial, Anger, Guilt, Depression and Adaptation. A retrospective research method was employed to examine and assess the subjects' progression through the bereavement experience. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was computed to determine the test-retest reliability for PBIRS items. The data were further presented in graphic and tabular forms to allow for comparison between various time periods in the grief process, and between different sub-groups of subjects. Findings The research methodology and instrument were field-tested with satisfactory results. The preliminary reliability study showed 85 percent of the items to have test-retest coefficients of correlation significant at the .05 level. The instrument and the protocol for its administration were well-received by subjects and by leaders of self-help groups for bereaved parents. Close

• 41. [Article] Wood density of young-growth western hemlock: relation to ring age, radial growth, stand density, and site quality

  Breast-high stem sections were sampled from 56 western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) trees growing in 15 plots representing a wide range of tree and site conditions in northwestern Oregon. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wood density of young-growth western hemlock: relation to ring age, radial growth, stand density, and site quality Author: Marshall, D. D., Gartner, B. L., Singleton, R., DeBell, D. S. Breast-high stem sections were sampled from 56 western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) trees growing in 15 plots representing a wide range of tree and site conditions in northwestern Oregon. Growth and wood density traits of individual rings were measured via X-ray densitometry, and relationships of ring density and its components to age and growth rate were analyzed. Ring density was highest (0.49 g/cm3) near the pith, declined to 0.40 g/cm3 at age 10, remained stable to about age 25, and then increased gradually and remained between 0.43 and 0.44 g/cm3 from age 38 to 45 and beyond. A negative influence of rapid growth on whole ring density was greatest at young ages and diminished with time, becoming nonsignificant beyond age 30. Earlywood density, latewood density, and latewood proportion were all negatively related to ring width at young ages, but by age 21–25, latewood proportion was the only component of ring density that remained significantly diminished by increased growth rate. Residual differences in wood density (after age and growth rate were considered) did not appear to be related to either stand density or site class. Overall, young-growth hemlock trees are relatively uniform in wood density and likely to be more so if grown in intensively managed stands. Title: Wood density of young-growth western hemlock: relation to ring age, radial growth, stand density, and site quality Author: Marshall, D. D., Gartner, B. L., Singleton, R., DeBell, D. S. Breast-high stem sections were sampled from 56 western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) trees growing in 15 plots representing a wide range of tree and site conditions in northwestern Oregon. Growth and wood density traits of individual rings were measured via X-ray densitometry, and relationships of ring density and its components to age and growth rate were analyzed. Ring density was highest (0.49 g/cm3) near the pith, declined to 0.40 g/cm3 at age 10, remained stable to about age 25, and then increased gradually and remained between 0.43 and 0.44 g/cm3 from age 38 to 45 and beyond. A negative influence of rapid growth on whole ring density was greatest at young ages and diminished with time, becoming nonsignificant beyond age 30. Earlywood density, latewood density, and latewood proportion were all negatively related to ring width at young ages, but by age 21–25, latewood proportion was the only component of ring density that remained significantly diminished by increased growth rate. Residual differences in wood density (after age and growth rate were considered) did not appear to be related to either stand density or site class. Overall, young-growth hemlock trees are relatively uniform in wood density and likely to be more so if grown in intensively managed stands. Close

• 42. [Article] Systematics of the salamander genus Dicamptodon strauch (Amphibia:Caudata:Ambystomatidae)

  Dicamptodon is the single, extant genus of the ambystomatid subfamily Dicamptodontinae. Two species, D. ensatus (Eschscholtz) and D. copei Nussbaum are recognized. D. ensatus is found in the forested, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Systematics of the salamander genus Dicamptodon strauch (Amphibia:Caudata:Ambystomatidae) Author: Nussbaum, Ronald A. Dicamptodon is the single, extant genus of the ambystomatid subfamily Dicamptodontinae. Two species, D. ensatus (Eschscholtz) and D. copei Nussbaum are recognized. D. ensatus is found in the forested, mountain regions of northwestern California and western Oregon, in the Willapa Hills and Cascade Mountains of Washington, in extreme southwestern British Columbia, and in the northern and central Rocky Mountains of Idaho. D. copei is found in the Olympic Mountains, Willapa Hills and southwestern Cascades of Washington; and in the vicinity of the Columbia River Gorge in extreme northwestern Oregon. The two species are sympatric in the Columbia River Gorge, southern Willapa Hills, and southwestern Cascades of Washington. The two species differ, among other characters, in blood serum proteins, sensitivity to thyroxine, mode of life history, body size, relative head size, limb length, tail height, tooth number, gill raker number, color, and degree of ossification of skeletal elements. Geographic variation is prominent in D. ensatus. Multivariate analysis of morphometric characters of larval populations discriminates three groups: a Rocky Mountain Group, a Cascade and Oregon Coast Range Group, and a Californian Group. The first two groups seem to be more similar to each other than either is to the Californian Group. The Californian Group can be divided into a southern subgroup and a northern subgroup; and the northern subgroup can be further separated into a coastal subgroup and an interior highlands subgroup. These groups are all more-or-less verified by analysis of color of larvae and adults, and morphometric characters of adults. These groups correspond geographically with major features of topography in the Pacific Northwest. The California Group is confined south of the geologically old and complex Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains. The southern Californian subgroup is found south of the "North Coast Divide", and the northern subgroup is found north of this Divide in an area of northwestern drainage. The interior highlands subgroup of the northern Californian subgroup is found in the higher, summer-dry mountains of northern California where the substrate is complex and of a different origin than the coastal substrate. Strong morphoclines occur across the Klamath-Siskiyou Region into southwestern Oregon. The Rocky Mountain Group is separated from the Cascade and Oregon Coast Range Group by the broad, arid Columbia Plateau. Variation is slight over the relatively small range of D. copei, and what variation exists seems to be a function of geographic distance. The dicamptodontines have been an evolutionarily conservative group confined to the humid temperate, Arcto-Tertiary environments of western North America throughout their Cretaceous and Tertiary history. A remnant of the once wide-spread, ancestral habitat occurs today in the humid fog belt of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon. D. ensatus living in this area today exhibit the most primitive features of all living Dicamptodon. These include: large heads, long limbs and tails, many teeth and gill rakers, propensity to transform, and perhaps the habit of vocalizing as a terrestrial, defensive adaptation. D. copei is viewed as a relatively recent derivitive of an ensatus-like ancestor. This ancestor is believed to have had a propensity for neoteny and body attenuation associated with life in the extreme climatic, physical, and biotic environments imposed by Pleistocene glaciation. Isolation in western Washington during a glacial maximum allowed these tendencies, along with small body size, to be selected for, unhampered by gene flow from outside populations. It is thought that the ensatus-like ancestor of D. copei was more similar to recent northern populations of D. ensatus than to recent Californian populations of D. ensatus. Californian populations were relatively unaffected by Pleistocene climatic extremes, as they passed this period in the milder, ancestral environment of southern, coastal latitudes. During the last glacial maximum, the Rocky Mountain populations were probably continuous with populations on the lower eastern slopes of the Washington Cascades, via a connecting, wet, forested parkland, which existed south of the Cordilleran ice sheet in north-central Washington. This parkland was broken up after the ice retreated, during the Altithermal interval, about 7-4,000 years ago, and it was at this time that the Rocky Mountain Group became isolated. Postglacial readjustments in the ranges of D. copei and D. ensatus account for their current narrow zone of sympatry. Subspecies of D. ensatus and D. copei are not recognized. Title: Systematics of the salamander genus Dicamptodon strauch (Amphibia:Caudata:Ambystomatidae) Author: Nussbaum, Ronald A. Dicamptodon is the single, extant genus of the ambystomatid subfamily Dicamptodontinae. Two species, D. ensatus (Eschscholtz) and D. copei Nussbaum are recognized. D. ensatus is found in the forested, mountain regions of northwestern California and western Oregon, in the Willapa Hills and Cascade Mountains of Washington, in extreme southwestern British Columbia, and in the northern and central Rocky Mountains of Idaho. D. copei is found in the Olympic Mountains, Willapa Hills and southwestern Cascades of Washington; and in the vicinity of the Columbia River Gorge in extreme northwestern Oregon. The two species are sympatric in the Columbia River Gorge, southern Willapa Hills, and southwestern Cascades of Washington. The two species differ, among other characters, in blood serum proteins, sensitivity to thyroxine, mode of life history, body size, relative head size, limb length, tail height, tooth number, gill raker number, color, and degree of ossification of skeletal elements. Geographic variation is prominent in D. ensatus. Multivariate analysis of morphometric characters of larval populations discriminates three groups: a Rocky Mountain Group, a Cascade and Oregon Coast Range Group, and a Californian Group. The first two groups seem to be more similar to each other than either is to the Californian Group. The Californian Group can be divided into a southern subgroup and a northern subgroup; and the northern subgroup can be further separated into a coastal subgroup and an interior highlands subgroup. These groups are all more-or-less verified by analysis of color of larvae and adults, and morphometric characters of adults. These groups correspond geographically with major features of topography in the Pacific Northwest. The California Group is confined south of the geologically old and complex Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains. The southern Californian subgroup is found south of the "North Coast Divide", and the northern subgroup is found north of this Divide in an area of northwestern drainage. The interior highlands subgroup of the northern Californian subgroup is found in the higher, summer-dry mountains of northern California where the substrate is complex and of a different origin than the coastal substrate. Strong morphoclines occur across the Klamath-Siskiyou Region into southwestern Oregon. The Rocky Mountain Group is separated from the Cascade and Oregon Coast Range Group by the broad, arid Columbia Plateau. Variation is slight over the relatively small range of D. copei, and what variation exists seems to be a function of geographic distance. The dicamptodontines have been an evolutionarily conservative group confined to the humid temperate, Arcto-Tertiary environments of western North America throughout their Cretaceous and Tertiary history. A remnant of the once wide-spread, ancestral habitat occurs today in the humid fog belt of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon. D. ensatus living in this area today exhibit the most primitive features of all living Dicamptodon. These include: large heads, long limbs and tails, many teeth and gill rakers, propensity to transform, and perhaps the habit of vocalizing as a terrestrial, defensive adaptation. D. copei is viewed as a relatively recent derivitive of an ensatus-like ancestor. This ancestor is believed to have had a propensity for neoteny and body attenuation associated with life in the extreme climatic, physical, and biotic environments imposed by Pleistocene glaciation. Isolation in western Washington during a glacial maximum allowed these tendencies, along with small body size, to be selected for, unhampered by gene flow from outside populations. It is thought that the ensatus-like ancestor of D. copei was more similar to recent northern populations of D. ensatus than to recent Californian populations of D. ensatus. Californian populations were relatively unaffected by Pleistocene climatic extremes, as they passed this period in the milder, ancestral environment of southern, coastal latitudes. During the last glacial maximum, the Rocky Mountain populations were probably continuous with populations on the lower eastern slopes of the Washington Cascades, via a connecting, wet, forested parkland, which existed south of the Cordilleran ice sheet in north-central Washington. This parkland was broken up after the ice retreated, during the Altithermal interval, about 7-4,000 years ago, and it was at this time that the Rocky Mountain Group became isolated. Postglacial readjustments in the ranges of D. copei and D. ensatus account for their current narrow zone of sympatry. Subspecies of D. ensatus and D. copei are not recognized. Close

• 43. [Article] The influence of net real estate income and other property characteristics on prices of agricultural properties within and among selected areas of Oregon, 1965-69

  Concern over the apparent disparity between the farm use value and current market value of property in agricultural areas continues to remain a source of concern in many areas. This concern has intensified ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of net real estate income and other property characteristics on prices of agricultural properties within and among selected areas of Oregon, 1965-69 Author: Crowley, William D. Concern over the apparent disparity between the farm use value and current market value of property in agricultural areas continues to remain a source of concern in many areas. This concern has intensified in recent years, particularly in those agricultural areas situated near urban centers and recreational areas. The main thrust of the study was directed toward determining the relationship between net real estate income per acre and sale price pier acres of properties in selected agricultural areas of Oregon. Three areas, ostensibly called agricultural areas, were selected for analysis. The areas, as classified, included a basic agricultural production area (dry land grain area in northcentral Oregon), an urban-recreation influenced area (Douglas County in southwestern Oregon bordered by the Pacific Ocean on the west and the Umpqua National Forest on the east) and an urban influenced area (Marion County in the populous and productive Willamette Valley in northwestern Oregon). In addition to determining the influence of net real estate income on property prices, the influence of other property characteristics on property prices was analyzed in each area. The other property characteristics included: year of sale, number of acres in sale, assessed value of buildings per acre, miles to nearest paved road, and miles to nearest town of at least 1,000 population. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the influence of particular property characteristics on sale price per acre. The same six-variable model was used in each area to test whether partial regression coefficient values on corresponding variables differed significantly among areas. Overlapping of 95 percent confidence intervals around corresponding partial regression coefficient values among areas was observed for all independent variables except net real estate income per acre. The income variable was an important determinant of sale price per acre only for grain area and Douglas County sales. However, the partial regression coefficient value of 49.71 in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County implies an approximate 2.0 percent capitalization rate compared to a coefficient value of 17.11 and a 5.8 percent implied capitalization rate in the grain area. Year of sale was an important influence on sale price per acre in areas influenced more strongly by nonagricultural influences, i.e., Douglas and Marion Counties, as evidenced both by the level of significance of the coefficient value and the value of the coefficient in each of these areas. The annual rate of property price appreciation at the mean was 14.3 percent in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County and 12.1 percent in urban influenced Marion County. While not significantly different from zero, the rate of price change was slightly negative in the grain area. Conclusions from the study were (1) that there is a significant difference in the influence of net real estate income and other property characteristics on prices of properties among selected agricultural areas of Oregon, (2) that the nature and degree of relationship between prices oi property sales analyzed and property characteristics of these sales varied considerably within each agricultural area selected for analysis, but especially in the urban-recreation and urban influenced areas, and (3) that in spite of relatively low mean rates of return in all three areas studied, a disparity between the farm use value and current market value of land was found to exist only in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County. Implication of these results are that variously influenced agricultural areas do exist, and that motives for and sources of satisfaction from ownership of property in agricultural areas vary within and among areas. Title: The influence of net real estate income and other property characteristics on prices of agricultural properties within and among selected areas of Oregon, 1965-69 Author: Crowley, William D. Concern over the apparent disparity between the farm use value and current market value of property in agricultural areas continues to remain a source of concern in many areas. This concern has intensified in recent years, particularly in those agricultural areas situated near urban centers and recreational areas. The main thrust of the study was directed toward determining the relationship between net real estate income per acre and sale price pier acres of properties in selected agricultural areas of Oregon. Three areas, ostensibly called agricultural areas, were selected for analysis. The areas, as classified, included a basic agricultural production area (dry land grain area in northcentral Oregon), an urban-recreation influenced area (Douglas County in southwestern Oregon bordered by the Pacific Ocean on the west and the Umpqua National Forest on the east) and an urban influenced area (Marion County in the populous and productive Willamette Valley in northwestern Oregon). In addition to determining the influence of net real estate income on property prices, the influence of other property characteristics on property prices was analyzed in each area. The other property characteristics included: year of sale, number of acres in sale, assessed value of buildings per acre, miles to nearest paved road, and miles to nearest town of at least 1,000 population. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the influence of particular property characteristics on sale price per acre. The same six-variable model was used in each area to test whether partial regression coefficient values on corresponding variables differed significantly among areas. Overlapping of 95 percent confidence intervals around corresponding partial regression coefficient values among areas was observed for all independent variables except net real estate income per acre. The income variable was an important determinant of sale price per acre only for grain area and Douglas County sales. However, the partial regression coefficient value of 49.71 in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County implies an approximate 2.0 percent capitalization rate compared to a coefficient value of 17.11 and a 5.8 percent implied capitalization rate in the grain area. Year of sale was an important influence on sale price per acre in areas influenced more strongly by nonagricultural influences, i.e., Douglas and Marion Counties, as evidenced both by the level of significance of the coefficient value and the value of the coefficient in each of these areas. The annual rate of property price appreciation at the mean was 14.3 percent in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County and 12.1 percent in urban influenced Marion County. While not significantly different from zero, the rate of price change was slightly negative in the grain area. Conclusions from the study were (1) that there is a significant difference in the influence of net real estate income and other property characteristics on prices of properties among selected agricultural areas of Oregon, (2) that the nature and degree of relationship between prices oi property sales analyzed and property characteristics of these sales varied considerably within each agricultural area selected for analysis, but especially in the urban-recreation and urban influenced areas, and (3) that in spite of relatively low mean rates of return in all three areas studied, a disparity between the farm use value and current market value of land was found to exist only in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County. Implication of these results are that variously influenced agricultural areas do exist, and that motives for and sources of satisfaction from ownership of property in agricultural areas vary within and among areas. Close

• 44. [Article] Butterflies of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest : biological inventory and ecological analysis

  A biological inventory of the butterflies of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest [HJA] in Linn/Lane County, Oregon was conducted during 1994 and 1995. It was the first comprehensive survey of HJA butterflies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Butterflies of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest : biological inventory and ecological analysis Author: Ross, Dana N. R. A biological inventory of the butterflies of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest [HJA] in Linn/Lane County, Oregon was conducted during 1994 and 1995. It was the first comprehensive survey of HJA butterflies for the site and serves as a baseline for future butterfly research. A detailed ecological account is provided for each species documented during this and previous studies from the HJA. Patterns of butterfly richness and abundance are addressed both temporally and spatially. Within-year and between year differences in butterfly richness and abundance are explained. Butterfly richness and abundance were compared between forest, clear-cut, and meadow habitats, as well as along the roads within these habitats. Butterfly richness and abundance comparisons were also made between local butterfly hotspots and immediately adjacent areas. Lastly, the HJA butterfly fauna was compared to those of five other Oregon sites to put it into a regional perspective. Seventy-two species were recorded during this two year period and increased the total documented butterfly fauna of the HJA to seventy-nine species. Butterfly species richness was high from June through early August. Butterfly abundance increased gradually over the season and peaked in early August. Each butterfly species displayed one of four patterns of combined relative abundance and distribution: common and widespread, rare and local, common only at low elevations or common only at high elevations. The results of standardized butterfly counts suggested that subalpine meadows were much higher than clear-cuts or forests in butterfly richness and abundance, and that roads served to increase butterfly richness and abundance on a local scale in most cases. Butterfly hotspots on the HJA appear as relatively small areas of high butterfly richness and abundance and have a correspondingly high number of plant species when compared to adjacent areas. With virtually one-half of all butterfly species known for the state of Oregon, the HJA ranks among the most species-rich locations for its size within the state. This diversity originates from several biogeographical regions of origin, as defined within this study. A total of 31 HJA species have a generalized Western North American distribution, but several other biogeographical regions are also well represented. Some butterfly species appear to be at or near their geographical limits on the HJA. The assemblage of HJA butterfly species is virtually inclusive of those from Mary's Peak and McDonald Forest in northwestern Oregon, whereas it differs by 30% or more from the more biogeographically distinct faunas of Crater Lake National Park, Mount Ashland and Steens Mountain. Future butterfly work on the HJA is recommended. Oregon butterfly distribution maps suggest that several additional butterfly species should be found there. More biogeographical analyses combined with long term monitoring of HJA butterflies could help to both predict and document changes in the Pacific Northwest butterfly fauna due to human disturbance and global climate change. Title: Butterflies of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest : biological inventory and ecological analysis Author: Ross, Dana N. R. A biological inventory of the butterflies of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest [HJA] in Linn/Lane County, Oregon was conducted during 1994 and 1995. It was the first comprehensive survey of HJA butterflies for the site and serves as a baseline for future butterfly research. A detailed ecological account is provided for each species documented during this and previous studies from the HJA. Patterns of butterfly richness and abundance are addressed both temporally and spatially. Within-year and between year differences in butterfly richness and abundance are explained. Butterfly richness and abundance were compared between forest, clear-cut, and meadow habitats, as well as along the roads within these habitats. Butterfly richness and abundance comparisons were also made between local butterfly hotspots and immediately adjacent areas. Lastly, the HJA butterfly fauna was compared to those of five other Oregon sites to put it into a regional perspective. Seventy-two species were recorded during this two year period and increased the total documented butterfly fauna of the HJA to seventy-nine species. Butterfly species richness was high from June through early August. Butterfly abundance increased gradually over the season and peaked in early August. Each butterfly species displayed one of four patterns of combined relative abundance and distribution: common and widespread, rare and local, common only at low elevations or common only at high elevations. The results of standardized butterfly counts suggested that subalpine meadows were much higher than clear-cuts or forests in butterfly richness and abundance, and that roads served to increase butterfly richness and abundance on a local scale in most cases. Butterfly hotspots on the HJA appear as relatively small areas of high butterfly richness and abundance and have a correspondingly high number of plant species when compared to adjacent areas. With virtually one-half of all butterfly species known for the state of Oregon, the HJA ranks among the most species-rich locations for its size within the state. This diversity originates from several biogeographical regions of origin, as defined within this study. A total of 31 HJA species have a generalized Western North American distribution, but several other biogeographical regions are also well represented. Some butterfly species appear to be at or near their geographical limits on the HJA. The assemblage of HJA butterfly species is virtually inclusive of those from Mary's Peak and McDonald Forest in northwestern Oregon, whereas it differs by 30% or more from the more biogeographically distinct faunas of Crater Lake National Park, Mount Ashland and Steens Mountain. Future butterfly work on the HJA is recommended. Oregon butterfly distribution maps suggest that several additional butterfly species should be found there. More biogeographical analyses combined with long term monitoring of HJA butterflies could help to both predict and document changes in the Pacific Northwest butterfly fauna due to human disturbance and global climate change. Close

• 45. [Article] Influence of light on the growth of advance regeneration in the understory of Douglas-fir dominated forests in western Oregon

  The growth potential of Douglas-fir, grand fir and western hemlock advance regeneration in the forest understory of Douglas-fir-dominated forests was investigated to detennine the feasibility of selection ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of light on the growth of advance regeneration in the understory of Douglas-fir dominated forests in western Oregon Author: Deisenhofer, Florian The growth potential of Douglas-fir, grand fir and western hemlock advance regeneration in the forest understory of Douglas-fir-dominated forests was investigated to detennine the feasibility of selection cutting systems in northwest Oregon. This study compared the growth of Douglas-fir, grand fir and western hemlock advance regeneration along a light gradient with hemispherical photography, modeled the relative importance of light, competition, subject tree and stand characteristics on growth and reported observations on the growth response of advance regeneration to stand manipulation. Western hemlock, grand fir and Douglas-fir advance regeneration was found at 5, 6, and 7 % of diffuse skylight in selection thinned stands respectively, indicating that all three species are capable of survival and growth in low light and, therefore, are suitable for uneven-aged management. Growth of advance regeneration in terms of height, diameter and volume followed the order: Western hemlock > Douglas-fir> grand fir, although there was seldom a significant difference between Douglas-fir and grand fir. Overtopping shrub vegetation significantly reduced growth and light availability in comparison to trees that were not overtopped. Height, radial and volume growth of all three species increased with increasing light. Regression analysis revealed that along the measured light gradient (6 44 % of diffuse skylight) i; growth of western hemlock was superior (different intercepts) to Douglas-fir at one interior Coast Range site but there was no significant difference in the relationship of growth to increased light levels (equal slopes) ii; Douglas-fir advance regeneration growth was superior (different intercepts) to grand fir at three sites but there was no significant difference in the relationship of growth to increased light levels (equal slopes). Growth modeling explained 36 to 67 % of the variation in Douglas-fir, western hemlock and grand fir advance regeneration growth and revealed that tree characteristics were better predictors of advance regeneration growth than environmental variables. Independent of species, live crown ratio was the most important variable explaining variation in absolute height growth. The best-growing trees were in general taller than competing shrub vegetation and characterized by higher live crown ratios. Western hemlock was particularly sensitive to shrub cover and grew best when shnib cover was low (< 35 %). Therefore, where possible, select future crop trees with a live crown ratio of at least 50 % for Douglas-fir and grand fir and 60 % for western hemlock and remove competing vegetation. Studying the release of midstory and understory trees at the four sites in northwestern Oregon after thinning revealed in general that Douglas-fir, grand fir and western hemlock grew better following release. However, the vigor of response differed for the three species and increased in the order of western hemlock, grand fir and Douglas-fir. Douglas-fir generally released more rapidly and more vigorously than grand fir, but also decreased more rapidly. To keep a significant proportion of the advance regeneration in a very vigorous state, thinning cycles of 6 to 10 years appear necessary. Since advance regeneration of Douglas-fir and grand fir released to thinning, thinning cycles of 10 to 15 years are possible for keeping a large proportion of the advance regeneration in stable condition. Even highly suppressed Douglas-fir were capable of release after thinning. Title: Influence of light on the growth of advance regeneration in the understory of Douglas-fir dominated forests in western Oregon Author: Deisenhofer, Florian The growth potential of Douglas-fir, grand fir and western hemlock advance regeneration in the forest understory of Douglas-fir-dominated forests was investigated to detennine the feasibility of selection cutting systems in northwest Oregon. This study compared the growth of Douglas-fir, grand fir and western hemlock advance regeneration along a light gradient with hemispherical photography, modeled the relative importance of light, competition, subject tree and stand characteristics on growth and reported observations on the growth response of advance regeneration to stand manipulation. Western hemlock, grand fir and Douglas-fir advance regeneration was found at 5, 6, and 7 % of diffuse skylight in selection thinned stands respectively, indicating that all three species are capable of survival and growth in low light and, therefore, are suitable for uneven-aged management. Growth of advance regeneration in terms of height, diameter and volume followed the order: Western hemlock > Douglas-fir> grand fir, although there was seldom a significant difference between Douglas-fir and grand fir. Overtopping shrub vegetation significantly reduced growth and light availability in comparison to trees that were not overtopped. Height, radial and volume growth of all three species increased with increasing light. Regression analysis revealed that along the measured light gradient (6 44 % of diffuse skylight) i; growth of western hemlock was superior (different intercepts) to Douglas-fir at one interior Coast Range site but there was no significant difference in the relationship of growth to increased light levels (equal slopes) ii; Douglas-fir advance regeneration growth was superior (different intercepts) to grand fir at three sites but there was no significant difference in the relationship of growth to increased light levels (equal slopes). Growth modeling explained 36 to 67 % of the variation in Douglas-fir, western hemlock and grand fir advance regeneration growth and revealed that tree characteristics were better predictors of advance regeneration growth than environmental variables. Independent of species, live crown ratio was the most important variable explaining variation in absolute height growth. The best-growing trees were in general taller than competing shrub vegetation and characterized by higher live crown ratios. Western hemlock was particularly sensitive to shrub cover and grew best when shnib cover was low (< 35 %). Therefore, where possible, select future crop trees with a live crown ratio of at least 50 % for Douglas-fir and grand fir and 60 % for western hemlock and remove competing vegetation. Studying the release of midstory and understory trees at the four sites in northwestern Oregon after thinning revealed in general that Douglas-fir, grand fir and western hemlock grew better following release. However, the vigor of response differed for the three species and increased in the order of western hemlock, grand fir and Douglas-fir. Douglas-fir generally released more rapidly and more vigorously than grand fir, but also decreased more rapidly. To keep a significant proportion of the advance regeneration in a very vigorous state, thinning cycles of 6 to 10 years appear necessary. Since advance regeneration of Douglas-fir and grand fir released to thinning, thinning cycles of 10 to 15 years are possible for keeping a large proportion of the advance regeneration in stable condition. Even highly suppressed Douglas-fir were capable of release after thinning. Close

• 46. [Article] Coastal hazards and community exposure in a changing climate : the development of probabilistic coastal change hazard zones

  Documented trends in rising sea levels, storminess, and extreme wave heights have the potential to increase the frequency and magnitude of coastal change hazards, increasing risks to coastal infrastructure ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coastal hazards and community exposure in a changing climate : the development of probabilistic coastal change hazard zones Author: Baron, Heather M. Documented trends in rising sea levels, storminess, and extreme wave heights have the potential to increase the frequency and magnitude of coastal change hazards, increasing risks to coastal infrastructure and environmental resources. Coastal planners and decision makers need information about the impacts of future hazards in order to apply mitigation and adaptation strategies. However, making quantitative predictions of beach and dune erosion is complicated by uncertainties surrounding the drivers and impacts of climate change as well as our understanding of climate controls on coastal change hazards. Furthermore, these changes are occurring in a dynamic environment where beach geomorphology evolves over a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Here a new, probabilistic approach for quantifying future coastal change hazards that incorporates the uncertainty associated with both climate change and morphological variability is presented. First, a suite of synthetic time series of total water levels (TWLs) through 2100 are produced by applying various climate change scenarios, composed of projections of sea-level rise, wave climate, and the frequency of major El Niños, to historical datasets of waves and measured tidal elevations. These time series allow extreme design events to be computed for any time period in the future (e.g., 100-year TWL event in 2030). Using simple coastal change models that require TWLs and various beach morphometrics as input, future coastal change is quantified over a wide range of possible climate futures for sandy, dune-backed coastlines. The new methodology has been applied to the Tillamook County coast in northwestern Oregon to develop coastal change hazard zones of arbitrary confidence levels for both the 100% and 1% annual chance TWL events at present (2009) and for years 2030, 2050, and 2100. The nature of the probabilistic approach, however, allows for coastal decision makers to determine the desired level of confidence (or exceedance probability), extremity of the event, and planning horizon to consider. The hazard zones are then integrated with various socioeconomic datasets (e.g., structures, roads) to evaluate the exposure of coastal communities to the predicted coastal change hazards at various levels of confidence. When paired with community vulnerability assessments, the hazard map products developed will provide coastal planners with the tools and information to allow for science-based decisions that will increase the adaptive capacity of coastal communities as they prepare for the uncertainties of future climate change. Title: Coastal hazards and community exposure in a changing climate : the development of probabilistic coastal change hazard zones Author: Baron, Heather M. Documented trends in rising sea levels, storminess, and extreme wave heights have the potential to increase the frequency and magnitude of coastal change hazards, increasing risks to coastal infrastructure and environmental resources. Coastal planners and decision makers need information about the impacts of future hazards in order to apply mitigation and adaptation strategies. However, making quantitative predictions of beach and dune erosion is complicated by uncertainties surrounding the drivers and impacts of climate change as well as our understanding of climate controls on coastal change hazards. Furthermore, these changes are occurring in a dynamic environment where beach geomorphology evolves over a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Here a new, probabilistic approach for quantifying future coastal change hazards that incorporates the uncertainty associated with both climate change and morphological variability is presented. First, a suite of synthetic time series of total water levels (TWLs) through 2100 are produced by applying various climate change scenarios, composed of projections of sea-level rise, wave climate, and the frequency of major El Niños, to historical datasets of waves and measured tidal elevations. These time series allow extreme design events to be computed for any time period in the future (e.g., 100-year TWL event in 2030). Using simple coastal change models that require TWLs and various beach morphometrics as input, future coastal change is quantified over a wide range of possible climate futures for sandy, dune-backed coastlines. The new methodology has been applied to the Tillamook County coast in northwestern Oregon to develop coastal change hazard zones of arbitrary confidence levels for both the 100% and 1% annual chance TWL events at present (2009) and for years 2030, 2050, and 2100. The nature of the probabilistic approach, however, allows for coastal decision makers to determine the desired level of confidence (or exceedance probability), extremity of the event, and planning horizon to consider. The hazard zones are then integrated with various socioeconomic datasets (e.g., structures, roads) to evaluate the exposure of coastal communities to the predicted coastal change hazards at various levels of confidence. When paired with community vulnerability assessments, the hazard map products developed will provide coastal planners with the tools and information to allow for science-based decisions that will increase the adaptive capacity of coastal communities as they prepare for the uncertainties of future climate change. Close

• 47. [Article] Response to fenamiphos, extraction techniques and population dynamics of Pratylenchus penetrans on western Oregon red raspberry

  The effects of fenamiphos on soil and root populations of Pratylenchus penetrans were evaluated in four red raspberry cv. Willamette fields in Northwestern Oregon. Field 1 was a silty clay loam with 53% ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Response to fenamiphos, extraction techniques and population dynamics of Pratylenchus penetrans on western Oregon red raspberry Author: Lolas, Mauricio The effects of fenamiphos on soil and root populations of Pratylenchus penetrans were evaluated in four red raspberry cv. Willamette fields in Northwestern Oregon. Field 1 was a silty clay loam with 53% organic matter (OM). Field 2 and 3 were silty loam soils with 3.25 and 2.55% OM, respectively and field 4 was a silty clay with 7.1% OM. The nematicide, fenamiphos (10 kg a.i./ha) was applied in broadcast or band treatments on November 15, 1989. Additional plots in field 3, received a band-nematicide treatment on December 28, 1989 to evaluate the effect of application date on the control of P. penetrans in red raspberry. Field 4 had plots in sites with and without grass and weed ground cover in the aisles between raspberry rows to examine effects of ground cover on nematicide efficacy. Nematodes from soil and roots were sampled monthly from all plots in each field from October 1989 to October 1990. Soil populations of P. penetrans sampled within rows decreased between the October and December sampling dates in all four fields. Soil populations in 3 fields increased in density during mid-summer and reached their highest peak in the middle of September. A similar pattern occurred in P. penetrans soil populations from plots with or without ground cover in aisles between rows of raspberry in field 4. However, in this field, numbers increased in July and reached their peak density in August. Root populations of P. penetrans from red raspberry reached their highest number during spring and summer at all fields. No significant (P>0.05) differences in effectiveness of fenamiphos were detected between band and broadcast method of application and, also between the 2 application dates. Seasonal mean densities of soil populations from band application was only significantly lower than in nontreated controls in areas with ground cover in field 4, respectively. High variability in the numbers of P. penetrans in soil and roots of raspberry was observed throughout the year. Therefore, conclusions about the effectiveness of fenamiphos were difficult to assess. The efficiency of Baermann funnels was 43.9%, when a known number of P. penetrans was added to soil. Total yields of P. penetrans extracted from raspberry roots by mist chamber root extraction (MCRE) were higher (P = 0.05) than yields extracted by polyethylene plastic bag root incubation (PBRI). Approximately 90% of the total P. penetrans recovered was achieved after three and seven days of extraction for PBRI and MCRE, respectively. However, the extraction efficiency of MCRE was 30% higher than PBRI and the daily recovery lasted 28 and 18 days, respectively. Title: Response to fenamiphos, extraction techniques and population dynamics of Pratylenchus penetrans on western Oregon red raspberry Author: Lolas, Mauricio The effects of fenamiphos on soil and root populations of Pratylenchus penetrans were evaluated in four red raspberry cv. Willamette fields in Northwestern Oregon. Field 1 was a silty clay loam with 53% organic matter (OM). Field 2 and 3 were silty loam soils with 3.25 and 2.55% OM, respectively and field 4 was a silty clay with 7.1% OM. The nematicide, fenamiphos (10 kg a.i./ha) was applied in broadcast or band treatments on November 15, 1989. Additional plots in field 3, received a band-nematicide treatment on December 28, 1989 to evaluate the effect of application date on the control of P. penetrans in red raspberry. Field 4 had plots in sites with and without grass and weed ground cover in the aisles between raspberry rows to examine effects of ground cover on nematicide efficacy. Nematodes from soil and roots were sampled monthly from all plots in each field from October 1989 to October 1990. Soil populations of P. penetrans sampled within rows decreased between the October and December sampling dates in all four fields. Soil populations in 3 fields increased in density during mid-summer and reached their highest peak in the middle of September. A similar pattern occurred in P. penetrans soil populations from plots with or without ground cover in aisles between rows of raspberry in field 4. However, in this field, numbers increased in July and reached their peak density in August. Root populations of P. penetrans from red raspberry reached their highest number during spring and summer at all fields. No significant (P>0.05) differences in effectiveness of fenamiphos were detected between band and broadcast method of application and, also between the 2 application dates. Seasonal mean densities of soil populations from band application was only significantly lower than in nontreated controls in areas with ground cover in field 4, respectively. High variability in the numbers of P. penetrans in soil and roots of raspberry was observed throughout the year. Therefore, conclusions about the effectiveness of fenamiphos were difficult to assess. The efficiency of Baermann funnels was 43.9%, when a known number of P. penetrans was added to soil. Total yields of P. penetrans extracted from raspberry roots by mist chamber root extraction (MCRE) were higher (P = 0.05) than yields extracted by polyethylene plastic bag root incubation (PBRI). Approximately 90% of the total P. penetrans recovered was achieved after three and seven days of extraction for PBRI and MCRE, respectively. However, the extraction efficiency of MCRE was 30% higher than PBRI and the daily recovery lasted 28 and 18 days, respectively. Close

• 48. [Article] Soil and growth studies in Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] stands near Molalla, Oregon

  In 1957 three Douglas-fir stands (15-, 25-, and 40-year-old age classes) were selected on a tree farm in the Cascade foothills of northwestern Oregon to study factors affecting site productivity. Soil-moisture, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil and growth studies in Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] stands near Molalla, Oregon Author: Strand, Robert Fenton In 1957 three Douglas-fir stands (15-, 25-, and 40-year-old age classes) were selected on a tree farm in the Cascade foothills of northwestern Oregon to study factors affecting site productivity. Soil-moisture, soil-temperature and seasonal radial- growth pattern measurements were made with a Colman moisture meter and a dial gauge dendrometer on thinned and unthinned subareas. Soil temperatures were significantly increased by thinning in each stand. This effect decreased with soil depth and increased with increasing intensity of thinning. Root distribution studies eight years after thinning showed that a heavily thinned stand had relatively few roots in the lower profile between the remaining trees, in contrast to the complete distribution throughout the profile in the unthinned subareas. This would indicate less overall soil-moisture depletion with thinning since the available soil-moisture levels measured within the fully rooted zone were not significantly different for the various thinning treatments. As expected radial growth increased significantly with increasing intensity of thinning. The amount and proportion of late season growth tended to increase with increasing thinning intensity although the observed differences were not statistically significant. Late season growth, however, was significantly increased by increasing crown position (intermediate to dominant) regardless of thinning treatment. Irrigation of selected trees at a ridgetop area extended the spring maximum radial growth rate throughout most of the summer. On comparable non-irrigated trees growth retardation was detectable in the range of one-half to one atmospheres of soil-moisture tension. Growth cessation occurred when soil-moisture-tension values reached the two to five atmosphere range. Irrigation of trees in a young hillside bench stand slightly increased radial growth rate during the first two years, but decreased growth in relation to non-irrigated trees during the next two years apparently as a result of excess irrigation. Fertilization with high rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers increased the late season radial growth of irrigated and non-irrigated trees in both stands. The late season response is attributed to a dwindling supply of mineralized soil nitrogen in the late summer and early fall. Irrigation and fertilization combined gave approximately additive increases in radial growth which ranged from 35 to 60 percent. It is hypothesized that potential radial growth (except for short periods at the start and end of the growing season) is equivalent to the maximum spring rate. Departures from this maximum result from deficiencies in moisture, mineral nutrient elements, or heat. Thus the maximum growth rate is proposed as an important characteristic, reflecting the potential carbohydrate productive capacity of the crown when raw material levels exceed rate limiting supplies. The fertility status of each research area was assessed by various means including soil chemical and physical analyses, sampling and chemical analyses of forest floor and litter fall material and pot fertility tests. The relative ranking of these areas in terms of fertility was consistent with their site index or productivity rating. Monterey pine and Douglas-fir seedling test plants grown on the potted soils from the different horizons in each profile responded to nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur additions. In field tests nitrogen fertilization stimulated radial growth of Douglas-fir whereas phosphorus fertilizer at high application rates resulted in a growth depression. Title: Soil and growth studies in Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] stands near Molalla, Oregon Author: Strand, Robert Fenton In 1957 three Douglas-fir stands (15-, 25-, and 40-year-old age classes) were selected on a tree farm in the Cascade foothills of northwestern Oregon to study factors affecting site productivity. Soil-moisture, soil-temperature and seasonal radial- growth pattern measurements were made with a Colman moisture meter and a dial gauge dendrometer on thinned and unthinned subareas. Soil temperatures were significantly increased by thinning in each stand. This effect decreased with soil depth and increased with increasing intensity of thinning. Root distribution studies eight years after thinning showed that a heavily thinned stand had relatively few roots in the lower profile between the remaining trees, in contrast to the complete distribution throughout the profile in the unthinned subareas. This would indicate less overall soil-moisture depletion with thinning since the available soil-moisture levels measured within the fully rooted zone were not significantly different for the various thinning treatments. As expected radial growth increased significantly with increasing intensity of thinning. The amount and proportion of late season growth tended to increase with increasing thinning intensity although the observed differences were not statistically significant. Late season growth, however, was significantly increased by increasing crown position (intermediate to dominant) regardless of thinning treatment. Irrigation of selected trees at a ridgetop area extended the spring maximum radial growth rate throughout most of the summer. On comparable non-irrigated trees growth retardation was detectable in the range of one-half to one atmospheres of soil-moisture tension. Growth cessation occurred when soil-moisture-tension values reached the two to five atmosphere range. Irrigation of trees in a young hillside bench stand slightly increased radial growth rate during the first two years, but decreased growth in relation to non-irrigated trees during the next two years apparently as a result of excess irrigation. Fertilization with high rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers increased the late season radial growth of irrigated and non-irrigated trees in both stands. The late season response is attributed to a dwindling supply of mineralized soil nitrogen in the late summer and early fall. Irrigation and fertilization combined gave approximately additive increases in radial growth which ranged from 35 to 60 percent. It is hypothesized that potential radial growth (except for short periods at the start and end of the growing season) is equivalent to the maximum spring rate. Departures from this maximum result from deficiencies in moisture, mineral nutrient elements, or heat. Thus the maximum growth rate is proposed as an important characteristic, reflecting the potential carbohydrate productive capacity of the crown when raw material levels exceed rate limiting supplies. The fertility status of each research area was assessed by various means including soil chemical and physical analyses, sampling and chemical analyses of forest floor and litter fall material and pot fertility tests. The relative ranking of these areas in terms of fertility was consistent with their site index or productivity rating. Monterey pine and Douglas-fir seedling test plants grown on the potted soils from the different horizons in each profile responded to nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur additions. In field tests nitrogen fertilization stimulated radial growth of Douglas-fir whereas phosphorus fertilizer at high application rates resulted in a growth depression. Close

• 49. [Article] Characterization of selected plant communities within the Tillamook Burn in northwestern Oregon

  A study was initiated in 1961 to characterize seral plant communities in a part of the Cedar Creek drainage in the Tillamook Burn. Stratification of vegetation into ecological units was a necessary first ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterization of selected plant communities within the Tillamook Burn in northwestern Oregon Author: Bailey, Arthur W. A study was initiated in 1961 to characterize seral plant communities in a part of the Cedar Creek drainage in the Tillamook Burn. Stratification of vegetation into ecological units was a necessary first step in conifer-animal damage studies supported by the Oregon State Game Commission. Reconnaissance information was recorded in 92 stands and seven major plant communities were tentatively recognized. Association tables were constructed for analysis of the constancy and canopy coverage data recorded in 42 intensively sampled stands. Two communities that occupied small parts of the study area were described using reconnaissance only. The plant associes is recognized as the seral equivalent to the climax plant association. Five soil series previously mapped were in the study area. The Meda, Astoria, Trask and Kilchis soil series were recognizeable and adequately characterized. The Hembre soil series was found to be too general for application to either synecological research or land management. For this investigation, the series was separated and described as the Hembre I and Hembre II soil series. The Alnus rubra/Polystichum munitum associes is on lower elevation, north-facing slopes. The associes is in a topographic position to benefit from lateral seepage and to have low summer transpiration rates. It is on Meda, Astoria and Hembre II soil series. The Alnus rubra-Acer circinatum associes is on convex, north-facing slopes at usually slightly higher elevations than the Alnus/Polystichum associes. It is topographically located to benefit from lateral seepage and to have a low summer transpiration rate. The associes is on Hembre II and Trask soils. The Acer circinatum-Corylus californica associes is highly variable in species composition and cover. It has a xeric and a mesic phase. Stands are always located in positions to benefit from lateral ground water seepage and are generally located on all but north-facing slopes. The associes is generally on deep Astoria or Hembre II soils, but on bottom slopes it may be on the lithosolic Trask series. The Rubus parviflorus/Trientalis latifolia associes is on upper slopes and on nearly all aspects at higher elevations. It is usually on lithosolic Kilchis soils. The Pteridium aquilinum/Lotus crassifolius is on the deeply weathered Hembre I soil series. It is at higher elevations on most slope directions. The Vaccinium parvifolium/Gaultheria shallon associes is dominated by two late seral or climax species. Drainage is good to excessive on south-facing convex slopes or ridgetops. Macro-climate is apparently the major controlling factor since there is little relation between soil series or solum depth. The Acer macrophyllum/Symphoricarpos mollis and the Acer macrophyllum-Alnus rubra associes are described with reconnaissance data only. The former is on extremely steep, south-facing rock and talus slopes. The latter is on floodplains of major streams. It may have a water table in the rooting zone part of the year. Both shade-intolerant, early seral species and shade-tolerant, late seral or climax species have specific environmental requirements for growth and survival. The vegetation, 17 years after fire, reflects environmental controls and may be used to stratify the landscape into units of equivalent effective environment. Succession is apparently slow in most communities and under natural conditions most communities would have remained in a dynamic, seral state for many years. Implications of the study to game management are discussed. A basis of vegetation stratification suitable for game management studies was established. A relatively rapid method of inventorying and mapping winter deer forage production by plant communities has been demonstrated. A key for recognizing the plant associes was developed. Title: Characterization of selected plant communities within the Tillamook Burn in northwestern Oregon Author: Bailey, Arthur W. A study was initiated in 1961 to characterize seral plant communities in a part of the Cedar Creek drainage in the Tillamook Burn. Stratification of vegetation into ecological units was a necessary first step in conifer-animal damage studies supported by the Oregon State Game Commission. Reconnaissance information was recorded in 92 stands and seven major plant communities were tentatively recognized. Association tables were constructed for analysis of the constancy and canopy coverage data recorded in 42 intensively sampled stands. Two communities that occupied small parts of the study area were described using reconnaissance only. The plant associes is recognized as the seral equivalent to the climax plant association. Five soil series previously mapped were in the study area. The Meda, Astoria, Trask and Kilchis soil series were recognizeable and adequately characterized. The Hembre soil series was found to be too general for application to either synecological research or land management. For this investigation, the series was separated and described as the Hembre I and Hembre II soil series. The Alnus rubra/Polystichum munitum associes is on lower elevation, north-facing slopes. The associes is in a topographic position to benefit from lateral seepage and to have low summer transpiration rates. It is on Meda, Astoria and Hembre II soil series. The Alnus rubra-Acer circinatum associes is on convex, north-facing slopes at usually slightly higher elevations than the Alnus/Polystichum associes. It is topographically located to benefit from lateral seepage and to have a low summer transpiration rate. The associes is on Hembre II and Trask soils. The Acer circinatum-Corylus californica associes is highly variable in species composition and cover. It has a xeric and a mesic phase. Stands are always located in positions to benefit from lateral ground water seepage and are generally located on all but north-facing slopes. The associes is generally on deep Astoria or Hembre II soils, but on bottom slopes it may be on the lithosolic Trask series. The Rubus parviflorus/Trientalis latifolia associes is on upper slopes and on nearly all aspects at higher elevations. It is usually on lithosolic Kilchis soils. The Pteridium aquilinum/Lotus crassifolius is on the deeply weathered Hembre I soil series. It is at higher elevations on most slope directions. The Vaccinium parvifolium/Gaultheria shallon associes is dominated by two late seral or climax species. Drainage is good to excessive on south-facing convex slopes or ridgetops. Macro-climate is apparently the major controlling factor since there is little relation between soil series or solum depth. The Acer macrophyllum/Symphoricarpos mollis and the Acer macrophyllum-Alnus rubra associes are described with reconnaissance data only. The former is on extremely steep, south-facing rock and talus slopes. The latter is on floodplains of major streams. It may have a water table in the rooting zone part of the year. Both shade-intolerant, early seral species and shade-tolerant, late seral or climax species have specific environmental requirements for growth and survival. The vegetation, 17 years after fire, reflects environmental controls and may be used to stratify the landscape into units of equivalent effective environment. Succession is apparently slow in most communities and under natural conditions most communities would have remained in a dynamic, seral state for many years. Implications of the study to game management are discussed. A basis of vegetation stratification suitable for game management studies was established. A relatively rapid method of inventorying and mapping winter deer forage production by plant communities has been demonstrated. A key for recognizing the plant associes was developed. Close

• 50. [Article] Factors Influencing Growth and Bioenergetics of Fish in Forested Headwater Streams Downstream of Forest Harvest

  In this study, we used a combination of conventional statistical analyses and mechanistic bioenergetics models to understand the potential effects of environmental variability on growth of stream-living ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors Influencing Growth and Bioenergetics of Fish in Forested Headwater Streams Downstream of Forest Harvest Author: Jensen, Leslie R. In this study, we used a combination of conventional statistical analyses and mechanistic bioenergetics models to understand the potential effects of environmental variability on growth of stream-living fishes in four headwater streams subject to upstream forest harvest. We focused on two common fish consumers in headwater streams in the Pacific Northwest, USA: trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii and O. mykiss) and sculpin (Cottus spp.). Statistical analyses focused on patterns of summer growth in relation to upstream forest harvest, and the effects of annually variable stream temperatures, stream discharges, and biomasses of conspecifics. Statistical and bioenergetics models were based on 2,524 individual measurements of growth for trout and 208 measurements for sculpin observed over 8 summers (July-Sept) in four headwater streams in the northwestern Oregon Coast Range. Statistical analyses of patterns of growth indicated no effect of forest harvest on growth of either species. However, increased temperature was associated with increased growth rates, after adjusting for stream discharge and biomass of conspecifics. To further elaborate processes driving growth of fish in the streams we studied, bioenergetics simulations were applied to estimate relative consumption (observed consumption / maximum consumption) based on energy inputs (prey energy densities), temperature and size-dependent physiological costs, and measured growth. Simulations yielded relative consumption values that ranged from 0 to 0.19 (mean = 0.076) for trout and from 0.016 to 0.63 (mean 0.33) for sculpin. Although sculpin exhibited higher levels of relative consumption than trout, 66% of individuals lost weight. In contrast, most trout gained weight (53%), even with lower relative consumption levels. These contrasts reflected higher modelled physiological maintenance costs for sculpin relative to trout. We applied the bioenergetics model to evaluate warming and cooling of stream temperatures within and outside of the range of observed variation and estimated that trout would continue to have positive summer growth, if relative consumption remained unchanged, over a large range of temperatures. Sculpin, on the other hand, were expected to have increased growth rates if mean water temperature increased by up to 1°C, but would be sensitive to further temperature perturbations (positive or negative), unless consumption levels increased. Additionally, sculpin were the dominant fish in terms of biomass and abundance in three of the four stream sites. Collectively, these findings point to a suite of key processes driving growth of fish in headwater streams of the Pacific Northwest Coast, variability in sensitivity of species to environmental conditions, and the importance of sculpin: a group of typically overlooked species that appear to be more abundant and sensitive to environmental conditions than more commonly-studied trout. Title: Factors Influencing Growth and Bioenergetics of Fish in Forested Headwater Streams Downstream of Forest Harvest Author: Jensen, Leslie R. In this study, we used a combination of conventional statistical analyses and mechanistic bioenergetics models to understand the potential effects of environmental variability on growth of stream-living fishes in four headwater streams subject to upstream forest harvest. We focused on two common fish consumers in headwater streams in the Pacific Northwest, USA: trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii and O. mykiss) and sculpin (Cottus spp.). Statistical analyses focused on patterns of summer growth in relation to upstream forest harvest, and the effects of annually variable stream temperatures, stream discharges, and biomasses of conspecifics. Statistical and bioenergetics models were based on 2,524 individual measurements of growth for trout and 208 measurements for sculpin observed over 8 summers (July-Sept) in four headwater streams in the northwestern Oregon Coast Range. Statistical analyses of patterns of growth indicated no effect of forest harvest on growth of either species. However, increased temperature was associated with increased growth rates, after adjusting for stream discharge and biomass of conspecifics. To further elaborate processes driving growth of fish in the streams we studied, bioenergetics simulations were applied to estimate relative consumption (observed consumption / maximum consumption) based on energy inputs (prey energy densities), temperature and size-dependent physiological costs, and measured growth. Simulations yielded relative consumption values that ranged from 0 to 0.19 (mean = 0.076) for trout and from 0.016 to 0.63 (mean 0.33) for sculpin. Although sculpin exhibited higher levels of relative consumption than trout, 66% of individuals lost weight. In contrast, most trout gained weight (53%), even with lower relative consumption levels. These contrasts reflected higher modelled physiological maintenance costs for sculpin relative to trout. We applied the bioenergetics model to evaluate warming and cooling of stream temperatures within and outside of the range of observed variation and estimated that trout would continue to have positive summer growth, if relative consumption remained unchanged, over a large range of temperatures. Sculpin, on the other hand, were expected to have increased growth rates if mean water temperature increased by up to 1°C, but would be sensitive to further temperature perturbations (positive or negative), unless consumption levels increased. Additionally, sculpin were the dominant fish in terms of biomass and abundance in three of the four stream sites. Collectively, these findings point to a suite of key processes driving growth of fish in headwater streams of the Pacific Northwest Coast, variability in sensitivity of species to environmental conditions, and the importance of sculpin: a group of typically overlooked species that appear to be more abundant and sensitive to environmental conditions than more commonly-studied trout. Close