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• 1. [Article] Retirement-age migration to and from Oregon : who is still on the Oregon Trail?

  Oregon, much like the nation, has historically had a paradoxical relationship to migration. Oregon is famous for the Lewis and Clark expedition and the Oregon Trail. It is, and always has been, greatly ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Retirement-age migration to and from Oregon : who is still on the Oregon Trail? Author: Gagnier, Cliff R. Oregon, much like the nation, has historically had a paradoxical relationship to migration. Oregon is famous for the Lewis and Clark expedition and the Oregon Trail. It is, and always has been, greatly affected and inspired by interstate migration yet each successive generation has been less than welcoming to further migration. Today, Oregon is a desirable destination for retirement-aged migrants for its scenic beauty and mild seasons. This essay will use census data from 2000 to describe the characteristics associated with retirement-age migrants to Oregon. Multinomial logistic regression analysis is used to compare retirement-aged Oregon in-migrants with Oregon non-movers, Oregon out-migrants and non-movers and out-migrants of the states from which in-migrants to Oregon originated. In three cases, the characteristics effecting the decision to migrate are determined by comparing a migrant group population with its respective non-mover population. This essay is a useful tool for those seeking to understand the characteristics important to retirement-age migration to Oregon as well as the factors influencing the migration decision. Title: Retirement-age migration to and from Oregon : who is still on the Oregon Trail? Author: Gagnier, Cliff R. Oregon, much like the nation, has historically had a paradoxical relationship to migration. Oregon is famous for the Lewis and Clark expedition and the Oregon Trail. It is, and always has been, greatly affected and inspired by interstate migration yet each successive generation has been less than welcoming to further migration. Today, Oregon is a desirable destination for retirement-aged migrants for its scenic beauty and mild seasons. This essay will use census data from 2000 to describe the characteristics associated with retirement-age migrants to Oregon. Multinomial logistic regression analysis is used to compare retirement-aged Oregon in-migrants with Oregon non-movers, Oregon out-migrants and non-movers and out-migrants of the states from which in-migrants to Oregon originated. In three cases, the characteristics effecting the decision to migrate are determined by comparing a migrant group population with its respective non-mover population. This essay is a useful tool for those seeking to understand the characteristics important to retirement-age migration to Oregon as well as the factors influencing the migration decision. Close

• 2. [Article] Women in Transition: The Mexican Family, Migration, and the Mothers of Casa de los Angeles

  Women in Transition: The Mexican Family, Migration, and the Mothers of Casa de los Angeles is broken into three parts: methodology, history of migration and gender roles, and in Mexico, the examination ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Women in Transition: The Mexican Family, Migration, and the Mothers of Casa de los Angeles Author: Richards, Rosalie A. Women in Transition: The Mexican Family, Migration, and the Mothers of Casa de los Angeles is broken into three parts: methodology, history of migration and gender roles, and in Mexico, the examination of interviews from mothers in San Miguel de Allende. Methodology explores the various ways historian collect oral histories. I focus my research on ten historians’ works that study the challenges with collecting oral history. The history of migration and gender roles is titled “Women in Transition: A Study of Migration History, Sending Communities, and Women’s Gender Roles in Mexico.” This studies a brief history of migration beginning with the Bracero Program of 1942. Following the history, I analyze women’s roles within sending communities. Sending communities are part of the transnational community, where the people in the communities either migrate or remain at home while family members leave to find work. The last part is titled “Women in Both Worlds.” This section concentrates on the women who migrate to the United States and their expected role as a woman in the household. The final section is titled “The Women of San Miguel de Allende.” The section spotlights the ten interviews from mothers at the non-profit organization, Casa de los Angeles. This section brings together the women’s stories of migration, family, and life at Casa de los Angeles. Title: Women in Transition: The Mexican Family, Migration, and the Mothers of Casa de los Angeles Author: Richards, Rosalie A. Women in Transition: The Mexican Family, Migration, and the Mothers of Casa de los Angeles is broken into three parts: methodology, history of migration and gender roles, and in Mexico, the examination of interviews from mothers in San Miguel de Allende. Methodology explores the various ways historian collect oral histories. I focus my research on ten historians’ works that study the challenges with collecting oral history. The history of migration and gender roles is titled “Women in Transition: A Study of Migration History, Sending Communities, and Women’s Gender Roles in Mexico.” This studies a brief history of migration beginning with the Bracero Program of 1942. Following the history, I analyze women’s roles within sending communities. Sending communities are part of the transnational community, where the people in the communities either migrate or remain at home while family members leave to find work. The last part is titled “Women in Both Worlds.” This section concentrates on the women who migrate to the United States and their expected role as a woman in the household. The final section is titled “The Women of San Miguel de Allende.” The section spotlights the ten interviews from mothers at the non-profit organization, Casa de los Angeles. This section brings together the women’s stories of migration, family, and life at Casa de los Angeles. Close

• 3. [Article] Exploring Sri-Lankan women's migration experiences in L.A. county : three stories, three lives

  The recognition that women are not in a fixed position but are dynamic and active in any of the processes of migration and post-migration adjustment helps us to see the complexity of women's participation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Exploring Sri-Lankan women's migration experiences in L.A. county : three stories, three lives Author: Gunewardena, Sriyanthi Lorna Antoinette The recognition that women are not in a fixed position but are dynamic and active in any of the processes of migration and post-migration adjustment helps us to see the complexity of women's participation in migration. Using life history interviews, three Sri-Lankan womens' migration experiences are examined for the ways in which personal networks were utilized in various phases of the migration process and how social and human capital was transformed in the post-migration adjustment process. Though in some instances the data did not fully support Boyd's (1989) predictions of the ways in which personal networks affect migration, overall, both Boyd's and Kopijn's (1998) statements that social capital is transmitted and transformed in the migration process are supported. The analysis indicates that all three women were successful in their post migration adjustment in that they were able to retain a strong sense of identity while adopting new practices in the United States. Title: Exploring Sri-Lankan women's migration experiences in L.A. county : three stories, three lives Author: Gunewardena, Sriyanthi Lorna Antoinette The recognition that women are not in a fixed position but are dynamic and active in any of the processes of migration and post-migration adjustment helps us to see the complexity of women's participation in migration. Using life history interviews, three Sri-Lankan womens' migration experiences are examined for the ways in which personal networks were utilized in various phases of the migration process and how social and human capital was transformed in the post-migration adjustment process. Though in some instances the data did not fully support Boyd's (1989) predictions of the ways in which personal networks affect migration, overall, both Boyd's and Kopijn's (1998) statements that social capital is transmitted and transformed in the migration process are supported. The analysis indicates that all three women were successful in their post migration adjustment in that they were able to retain a strong sense of identity while adopting new practices in the United States. Close

• 4. [Article] Jobs, Natural Amenities, Distance, Population, or Services: What Drives Age- Specific Migration for Small Oregon Communities?

  Declining population is a major concern for rural communities. In many places, out-migration has led to a loss of key services. This essay investigates the role of services, as well as labor markets, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Jobs, Natural Amenities, Distance, Population, or Services: What Drives Age- Specific Migration for Small Oregon Communities? Author: Wall, Conor Declining population is a major concern for rural communities. In many places, out-migration has led to a loss of key services. This essay investigates the role of services, as well as labor markets, natural amenities, distance to urban areas, and community size, in determining net migration rates for small Oregon communities for the 1990-2000 and 2000-2010 time periods. Estimates of age-specific migration rates for Oregon incorporated places show markedly different patterns for small communities, with such places experiencing severe outmigration among 20-to-24 year-olds, but adding population in older age groups. Regression analysis of net migration in Oregon communities with 1289 people or fewer shows that natural amenities, particularly low rainfall and proximity to open water, are primary drivers of community-specific migration rates. The effects of labor markets and distance to urban centers are found to wane, particularly for working-age migrants, in the 2000-2010 period, with the size of a community becoming a more important determinant of its net migration rate. Access to services, such as grocery stores, however, is found to significantly boost net migration rates and to mitigate the tendency for very small places to suffer net outmigration. Title: Jobs, Natural Amenities, Distance, Population, or Services: What Drives Age- Specific Migration for Small Oregon Communities? Author: Wall, Conor Declining population is a major concern for rural communities. In many places, out-migration has led to a loss of key services. This essay investigates the role of services, as well as labor markets, natural amenities, distance to urban areas, and community size, in determining net migration rates for small Oregon communities for the 1990-2000 and 2000-2010 time periods. Estimates of age-specific migration rates for Oregon incorporated places show markedly different patterns for small communities, with such places experiencing severe outmigration among 20-to-24 year-olds, but adding population in older age groups. Regression analysis of net migration in Oregon communities with 1289 people or fewer shows that natural amenities, particularly low rainfall and proximity to open water, are primary drivers of community-specific migration rates. The effects of labor markets and distance to urban centers are found to wane, particularly for working-age migrants, in the 2000-2010 period, with the size of a community becoming a more important determinant of its net migration rate. Access to services, such as grocery stores, however, is found to significantly boost net migration rates and to mitigate the tendency for very small places to suffer net outmigration. Close

• 5. [Article] Farm and non-farm impact of migration to USA on rural Mexico

  Migration of labor out of rural areas in Mexico is an increasingly important feature of rural development in Mexico. New literature on migration and development suggests that migrants play a role of financial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farm and non-farm impact of migration to USA on rural Mexico Author: Vasquez Caballero, Smit Migration of labor out of rural areas in Mexico is an increasingly important feature of rural development in Mexico. New literature on migration and development suggests that migrants play a role of financial intermediaries, making it possible for households to overcome credit constraints in their capability to attain the transition from small-scale, self-sufficient agriculture, to a market oriented production. The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of migration on farm and non-farm income at a household level. Using a simultaneous equation model and data from a rural household survey from Mexico, I have tested the hypothesis that neither remittances nor migration have an effect on farm and non-farm income. The econometric findings suggest that the loss of labor to migration has a significant direct negative effect on non-farm income but the direct effect on farm income is not statistically significant. However, there is evidence that remittances have a significant positive effect on both income sources, so that migration has an indirect effect that might compensate for the loss of labor. Title: Farm and non-farm impact of migration to USA on rural Mexico Author: Vasquez Caballero, Smit Migration of labor out of rural areas in Mexico is an increasingly important feature of rural development in Mexico. New literature on migration and development suggests that migrants play a role of financial intermediaries, making it possible for households to overcome credit constraints in their capability to attain the transition from small-scale, self-sufficient agriculture, to a market oriented production. The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of migration on farm and non-farm income at a household level. Using a simultaneous equation model and data from a rural household survey from Mexico, I have tested the hypothesis that neither remittances nor migration have an effect on farm and non-farm income. The econometric findings suggest that the loss of labor to migration has a significant direct negative effect on non-farm income but the direct effect on farm income is not statistically significant. However, there is evidence that remittances have a significant positive effect on both income sources, so that migration has an indirect effect that might compensate for the loss of labor. Close

• 6. [Article] Migration and economic change in timber-reliant counties : an econometric analysis

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Migration and economic change in timber-reliant counties : an econometric analysis Author: Owen, Linda P. Title: Migration and economic change in timber-reliant counties : an econometric analysis Author: Owen, Linda P. Close

• 7. [Article] Intrauterine migration of the porcine embryo

  The mechanism(s) involved with intrauterine migration of the porcine embryo was investigated. Twenty-four gilts on Days 6, 9 and 12 of gestation (Day 0 = 1st day of estrus) were utilized to examine the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Intrauterine migration of the porcine embryo Author: Pope, William Frederick The mechanism(s) involved with intrauterine migration of the porcine embryo was investigated. Twenty-four gilts on Days 6, 9 and 12 of gestation (Day 0 = 1st day of estrus) were utilized to examine the relationship between myometrial activity and intrauterine migration. On Day 2, embryos were flushed from one oviduct and transferred to the opposite oviduct. Myometrial contractility increased concomitant with embryo migration through the uterus (day x side interaction, P<.10). Uterine flushings contained a short-acting component that mimicked, in part, the stimulatory influence(s) of the porcine embryo on myometrial activity. Furthermore, only flushings from the uterine segment containing the Day 12 embryos could overcome the inhibitory effects of indomethacin (P<.01) on myometrial activity. The porcine embryo coincubated with myometrial strips could not directly stimulate myometrial activity. The role of estradio1-17β (E₂) and histamine in migration of the porcine embryo was examined. The involvement of E₂ in embryo migration was examined by observing the distribution of silastic beads impregnated with cholesterol (five gilts) or E₂ (five gilts) on Day 12 of the estrous cycle (after 5 days in utero). Beads impregnated with E₂ migrated further (P<.05) than those impregnated with cholesterol. Twenty additional gilts and sows were assigned to four groups (n = 5) and were used to determine if histamine was involved with intrauterine migration. Cromolyn sodium (an inhibitor of histamine release) treatment when administered on Day 6 restricted (P<.05) Day 10 embryos to the tip of the uterine horn but Day 12 embryos had gained the ability to overcome this restriction. Injection of histamine concomitantly with cromolyn sodium restored migration of Day 10 embryos. Day 5 and 7 porcine embryos recovered from 24 donors were compared for migration and survival ability in 16 nonpregnant Day 6 recipients. The percentage of Day 5 and 7 embryos surviving the transfer procedures (Day 11) did not differ. However, by midgestation (Day 60) more Day 7 (P<.001) than Day 5 embryos had survived. Migration of the embryos may be of importance because the distance between adjacent fetuses was significantly correlated with fetal weight (r = .47, P<.01). Title: Intrauterine migration of the porcine embryo Author: Pope, William Frederick The mechanism(s) involved with intrauterine migration of the porcine embryo was investigated. Twenty-four gilts on Days 6, 9 and 12 of gestation (Day 0 = 1st day of estrus) were utilized to examine the relationship between myometrial activity and intrauterine migration. On Day 2, embryos were flushed from one oviduct and transferred to the opposite oviduct. Myometrial contractility increased concomitant with embryo migration through the uterus (day x side interaction, P<.10). Uterine flushings contained a short-acting component that mimicked, in part, the stimulatory influence(s) of the porcine embryo on myometrial activity. Furthermore, only flushings from the uterine segment containing the Day 12 embryos could overcome the inhibitory effects of indomethacin (P<.01) on myometrial activity. The porcine embryo coincubated with myometrial strips could not directly stimulate myometrial activity. The role of estradio1-17β (E₂) and histamine in migration of the porcine embryo was examined. The involvement of E₂ in embryo migration was examined by observing the distribution of silastic beads impregnated with cholesterol (five gilts) or E₂ (five gilts) on Day 12 of the estrous cycle (after 5 days in utero). Beads impregnated with E₂ migrated further (P<.05) than those impregnated with cholesterol. Twenty additional gilts and sows were assigned to four groups (n = 5) and were used to determine if histamine was involved with intrauterine migration. Cromolyn sodium (an inhibitor of histamine release) treatment when administered on Day 6 restricted (P<.05) Day 10 embryos to the tip of the uterine horn but Day 12 embryos had gained the ability to overcome this restriction. Injection of histamine concomitantly with cromolyn sodium restored migration of Day 10 embryos. Day 5 and 7 porcine embryos recovered from 24 donors were compared for migration and survival ability in 16 nonpregnant Day 6 recipients. The percentage of Day 5 and 7 embryos surviving the transfer procedures (Day 11) did not differ. However, by midgestation (Day 60) more Day 7 (P<.001) than Day 5 embryos had survived. Migration of the embryos may be of importance because the distance between adjacent fetuses was significantly correlated with fetal weight (r = .47, P<.01). Close

• 8. [Article] Pre-spawning migration of adult Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus, in the Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A.

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by [publisher] and can be found at: http://www.springerlink.com/publications/e/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pre-spawning migration of adult Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus, in the Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A. Author: Schreck, Carl B., Clemens, Benjamin J., Mesa, Matthew G., Young, Douglas A., Magie, Robert J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by [publisher] and can be found at: http://www.springerlink.com/publications/e/. Title: Pre-spawning migration of adult Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus, in the Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A. Author: Schreck, Carl B., Clemens, Benjamin J., Mesa, Matthew G., Young, Douglas A., Magie, Robert J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by [publisher] and can be found at: http://www.springerlink.com/publications/e/. Close

• 9. [Article] A characterization of autumn nocturnal migration detected by weather surveillance radars in the northeastern USA

  Data associated with this paper have been deposited in Dryad: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061dryad.17209

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A characterization of autumn nocturnal migration detected by weather surveillance radars in the northeastern USA Author: Farnsworth, Andrew, Hochachka, Wesley M., Kelling, Steve, Irvine, Jed, Geevarghese, Jeffrey, Van Doren, Benjamin M., Sheldon, Daniel, Winner, Kevin Data associated with this paper have been deposited in Dryad: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061dryad.17209 Title: A characterization of autumn nocturnal migration detected by weather surveillance radars in the northeastern USA Author: Farnsworth, Andrew, Hochachka, Wesley M., Kelling, Steve, Irvine, Jed, Geevarghese, Jeffrey, Van Doren, Benjamin M., Sheldon, Daniel, Winner, Kevin Data associated with this paper have been deposited in Dryad: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061dryad.17209 Close

• 10. [Article] Beyond dichotomous life histories in partially migrating populations: cessation of anadromy in a long-lived fish

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecol

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beyond dichotomous life histories in partially migrating populations: cessation of anadromy in a long-lived fish Author: Miller, Jessica A., Bond, Morgan H. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecol Title: Beyond dichotomous life histories in partially migrating populations: cessation of anadromy in a long-lived fish Author: Miller, Jessica A., Bond, Morgan H. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecol Close

• 11. [Article] The economics of forest-dependent regions

  This dissertation explores two economic phenomena involving forest-dependent areas: wage distribution and migration pattern of individuals. Are forest-dependent rural areas less desirable for workers from ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The economics of forest-dependent regions Author: Biswas, Smita This dissertation explores two economic phenomena involving forest-dependent areas: wage distribution and migration pattern of individuals. Are forest-dependent rural areas less desirable for workers from the standpoint of labor market returns? Are different skills (e.g. education, experience) rewarded differently in these areas? If there are interregional wage differences, would that influence a working-age individual's migration decision and residential location choice? These questions are examined here with data from Public Use Microdata Survey (PUMS) of the United States 2000 decennial census. I focus my inquiry on the socio-economic characteristics of forest and non forest-dependent areas, the interregional difference in labor market outcomes, and the influence of wage differential and other factors on the migration decisions and residential location choice of working-age individuals. Reduced form log wage equations are estimated for individuals, which incorporate explanatory variables related to both skill factors (such as years of schooling and potential experience) and to non-skill factors (such as minority status) potentially influencing wage. Variations in the interregional wage distribution resulting from differences in skill mix of workers are removed by using a standardized skill distribution. The results indicate that average wages and variation in wage distribution are lower in the forest-dependent areas than other areas. For migration analysis, a Partially Degenerate Nested Logit (PDNL) model is used to model migration decisions and location choice of individuals in the Northwest between 1995 and 2000. Migration decision is modelled as a two stage process: first an individual decides whether to move or stay in his/her original location. Conditional on migration, the individual next chooses his/her destination location from a set of alternative areas. Empirical results indicate that educational attainment and labor market outcomes influence individual's migration decision. Conditional on moving, non-forest dependent areas are more attractive to individuals as residential destinations. Title: The economics of forest-dependent regions Author: Biswas, Smita This dissertation explores two economic phenomena involving forest-dependent areas: wage distribution and migration pattern of individuals. Are forest-dependent rural areas less desirable for workers from the standpoint of labor market returns? Are different skills (e.g. education, experience) rewarded differently in these areas? If there are interregional wage differences, would that influence a working-age individual's migration decision and residential location choice? These questions are examined here with data from Public Use Microdata Survey (PUMS) of the United States 2000 decennial census. I focus my inquiry on the socio-economic characteristics of forest and non forest-dependent areas, the interregional difference in labor market outcomes, and the influence of wage differential and other factors on the migration decisions and residential location choice of working-age individuals. Reduced form log wage equations are estimated for individuals, which incorporate explanatory variables related to both skill factors (such as years of schooling and potential experience) and to non-skill factors (such as minority status) potentially influencing wage. Variations in the interregional wage distribution resulting from differences in skill mix of workers are removed by using a standardized skill distribution. The results indicate that average wages and variation in wage distribution are lower in the forest-dependent areas than other areas. For migration analysis, a Partially Degenerate Nested Logit (PDNL) model is used to model migration decisions and location choice of individuals in the Northwest between 1995 and 2000. Migration decision is modelled as a two stage process: first an individual decides whether to move or stay in his/her original location. Conditional on migration, the individual next chooses his/her destination location from a set of alternative areas. Empirical results indicate that educational attainment and labor market outcomes influence individual's migration decision. Conditional on moving, non-forest dependent areas are more attractive to individuals as residential destinations. Close

• 12. [Article] Internal Migration : The Role of Discrimination and Regionalism in Southern Italians' Self Construction of Identity

  Italian nationalism and an ‘Italian’ identity were constructed during Italy’s unification movement in the mid 1800’s. However, consensus on a national identity is still weak across Italy today. Instead, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Internal Migration : The Role of Discrimination and Regionalism in Southern Italians' Self Construction of Identity Author: Spiese, Caroline E. Italian nationalism and an ‘Italian’ identity were constructed during Italy’s unification movement in the mid 1800’s. However, consensus on a national identity is still weak across Italy today. Instead, a polarization of Northern and Southern regions have contributed to discrimination, institutional racism and exclusion. This thesis demonstrates the multifaceted aspects of regionalism and internal migration, and their effects on Southern Italians’ view of identity, regionalism, and how their position as the ‘other’ contributes to their lived experience. This is supported by historical and political background information on Italy and the Emilia-Romagna region, relevant newspaper articles and political cartoons as well as qualitative fieldwork with Southern Italian migrants living in the northern city of Ferrara. This ethnographic case study highlights the growing global trends of regionalism and migration, in order to discover how migrants shape their regional identities. Title: Internal Migration : The Role of Discrimination and Regionalism in Southern Italians' Self Construction of Identity Author: Spiese, Caroline E. Italian nationalism and an ‘Italian’ identity were constructed during Italy’s unification movement in the mid 1800’s. However, consensus on a national identity is still weak across Italy today. Instead, a polarization of Northern and Southern regions have contributed to discrimination, institutional racism and exclusion. This thesis demonstrates the multifaceted aspects of regionalism and internal migration, and their effects on Southern Italians’ view of identity, regionalism, and how their position as the ‘other’ contributes to their lived experience. This is supported by historical and political background information on Italy and the Emilia-Romagna region, relevant newspaper articles and political cartoons as well as qualitative fieldwork with Southern Italian migrants living in the northern city of Ferrara. This ethnographic case study highlights the growing global trends of regionalism and migration, in order to discover how migrants shape their regional identities. Close

• 13. [Article] Fish or Flight: The Impact of Transferable Permits on the Migration Decisions of Rural Alaskan Salmon Harvesters

  This research incorporates unique household survey data and a discrete shift in fisheries management into a model of migration in order to analyze the drivers of outmigration in rural Alaskan communities ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fish or Flight: The Impact of Transferable Permits on the Migration Decisions of Rural Alaskan Salmon Harvesters Author: Meredith, Jennifer This research incorporates unique household survey data and a discrete shift in fisheries management into a model of migration in order to analyze the drivers of outmigration in rural Alaskan communities that traditionally depend on fisheries for income. Although there is evidence that a transition to rights-based management decreases the degree of local participation in fisheries as rural residents sell their allocations to outsiders with higher capital endowments, little is known about how these large lump-sum payments affect migration and assets. The implementation of a limited entry permit system in the Alaska salmon fishery allows us to examine how harvesters who reside in rural Alaskan communities respond to such allocations and to test whether these management shifts generate an outflow of migration, potentially undermining the resilience of small communities. A model of migration that integrates fluctuations in fishery returns and transactions within permit markets is tested using individual responses to a household survey conducted with randomly sampled respondents from 10 communities around Bristol Bay.  Although the immediate impact of permit sales on migration appears to be negligible, there is evidence of intergenerational spillovers with descendants being less likely to reside in the region, participate in the fishery, and own durable assets. Title: Fish or Flight: The Impact of Transferable Permits on the Migration Decisions of Rural Alaskan Salmon Harvesters Author: Meredith, Jennifer This research incorporates unique household survey data and a discrete shift in fisheries management into a model of migration in order to analyze the drivers of outmigration in rural Alaskan communities that traditionally depend on fisheries for income. Although there is evidence that a transition to rights-based management decreases the degree of local participation in fisheries as rural residents sell their allocations to outsiders with higher capital endowments, little is known about how these large lump-sum payments affect migration and assets. The implementation of a limited entry permit system in the Alaska salmon fishery allows us to examine how harvesters who reside in rural Alaskan communities respond to such allocations and to test whether these management shifts generate an outflow of migration, potentially undermining the resilience of small communities. A model of migration that integrates fluctuations in fishery returns and transactions within permit markets is tested using individual responses to a household survey conducted with randomly sampled respondents from 10 communities around Bristol Bay.  Although the immediate impact of permit sales on migration appears to be negligible, there is evidence of intergenerational spillovers with descendants being less likely to reside in the region, participate in the fishery, and own durable assets. Close

• 14. [Article] Migration, movement, and habitat use of humpback whitefish (Coregonus pidschian) in the Copper River Delta, Alaska

  Research conducted on humpback whitefish Coregonus pidschian in the Copper River Delta, Alaska has revealed a complex life history involving seasonal migrations and the occupation of a variety of freshwater ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Migration, movement, and habitat use of humpback whitefish (Coregonus pidschian) in the Copper River Delta, Alaska Author: Neilson, Brian J. Research conducted on humpback whitefish Coregonus pidschian in the Copper River Delta, Alaska has revealed a complex life history involving seasonal migrations and the occupation of a variety of freshwater and marine habitats including lacustrine, riverine, estuarine, and marine. Forty-five whitefish were tagged with radio transmitters in 2006 and 2007, and another 29 whitefish were tagged with acoustic tags in 2008. In addition, otolith chemistry was used to evaluate marine habitat use of humpback whitefish sampled from McKinley Lake in the Copper River Delta, Alaska. Movements and migration of tagged fish were tracked using biotelemetry techniques from boats, airplanes, and fixed receiver stations throughout the spring, summer, and fall. Sagittal otoliths were extracted from 20 humpback whitefish and a chemical analysis was performed to evaluate levels of Sr:Ca. Biotelemetry and sampling results revealed seasonal migrations where humpback whitefish migrated into McKinley Lake in mid to late spring and left the lake by late summer and early fall. Fish migrated to the Copper River in the fall by traveling down Alaganik Slough and then to the Copper River by traveling through Pete Dahl Cutoff Slough or the Gulf of Alaska. Fish travel up the Copper River presumably to their spawning grounds. Nine tagged fish returned to McKinley Lake in 2007 and four tagged fish in 2008, indicating some fidelity to the summer feeding site. Otolith chemistry detected marine migrations in 45% of the samples. Three migratory behaviors were observed, while some individuals inhabited only freshwater environments, some individuals made single migrations to marine habitats, and other individuals made multiple migrations to marine habitats. Age of whitefish ranged from 2 to 9 years. Analysis of small-scale movement of humpback whitefish in McKinley Lake found movement rates to be significantly higher at dusk compared to night in one sampling period. However, diel movement activity in all other diel periods did not significantly differ, suggesting arrhythmic diel movement. A large portion of the lake was occupied at any given time, but not all areas were used equally. Activity levels, measured by change in zones, were variable between dates and indicated that fish often moved between detection zones. An increase in activity was observed in individuals 48 h prior to migration from the lake. This study provides the first documentation of migration, movement, and habitat use of humpback whitefish in the Copper River Delta, Alaska. Results of this study will help inform management of humpback whitefish in order to sustain populations into the future. This information should be considered in land use and species management planning in the Copper River basin including fish passage and harvest regulations. Title: Migration, movement, and habitat use of humpback whitefish (Coregonus pidschian) in the Copper River Delta, Alaska Author: Neilson, Brian J. Research conducted on humpback whitefish Coregonus pidschian in the Copper River Delta, Alaska has revealed a complex life history involving seasonal migrations and the occupation of a variety of freshwater and marine habitats including lacustrine, riverine, estuarine, and marine. Forty-five whitefish were tagged with radio transmitters in 2006 and 2007, and another 29 whitefish were tagged with acoustic tags in 2008. In addition, otolith chemistry was used to evaluate marine habitat use of humpback whitefish sampled from McKinley Lake in the Copper River Delta, Alaska. Movements and migration of tagged fish were tracked using biotelemetry techniques from boats, airplanes, and fixed receiver stations throughout the spring, summer, and fall. Sagittal otoliths were extracted from 20 humpback whitefish and a chemical analysis was performed to evaluate levels of Sr:Ca. Biotelemetry and sampling results revealed seasonal migrations where humpback whitefish migrated into McKinley Lake in mid to late spring and left the lake by late summer and early fall. Fish migrated to the Copper River in the fall by traveling down Alaganik Slough and then to the Copper River by traveling through Pete Dahl Cutoff Slough or the Gulf of Alaska. Fish travel up the Copper River presumably to their spawning grounds. Nine tagged fish returned to McKinley Lake in 2007 and four tagged fish in 2008, indicating some fidelity to the summer feeding site. Otolith chemistry detected marine migrations in 45% of the samples. Three migratory behaviors were observed, while some individuals inhabited only freshwater environments, some individuals made single migrations to marine habitats, and other individuals made multiple migrations to marine habitats. Age of whitefish ranged from 2 to 9 years. Analysis of small-scale movement of humpback whitefish in McKinley Lake found movement rates to be significantly higher at dusk compared to night in one sampling period. However, diel movement activity in all other diel periods did not significantly differ, suggesting arrhythmic diel movement. A large portion of the lake was occupied at any given time, but not all areas were used equally. Activity levels, measured by change in zones, were variable between dates and indicated that fish often moved between detection zones. An increase in activity was observed in individuals 48 h prior to migration from the lake. This study provides the first documentation of migration, movement, and habitat use of humpback whitefish in the Copper River Delta, Alaska. Results of this study will help inform management of humpback whitefish in order to sustain populations into the future. This information should be considered in land use and species management planning in the Copper River basin including fish passage and harvest regulations. Close

• 15. [Article] The morphological events during the self-reassembly of the sea urchin embryo in culture

  The gastrula of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus was dissociated into single cells. In culture these cells appeared apolar, but reassembled into quasi-normal embryos composed of structures ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The morphological events during the self-reassembly of the sea urchin embryo in culture Author: Hamada, Spencer Hiroshi The gastrula of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus was dissociated into single cells. In culture these cells appeared apolar, but reassembled into quasi-normal embryos composed of structures with polarized cells. In this study emphasis was placed on those morphological events coincident with the reestablishment of a polar orientation within the epithelial cells. Using both time-lapse dark-field-phase microscopy and electron microscopy, the major morphological events followed in detail include: (a) the migration of lysosome-like vesicles to specific margins within the epithelial cells; (b) the migration of the epithelial cells during the re-construction of the epithelium: and (c) the reformation of the cell junctions between the epithelial cells. Evidence indicates that: (1) The orientation resulting from the migration of the lysosome-like vesicles is transient and may not determine any lasting polarity of the epithelial cell. The sequential migration of the lysosome-like vesicles first to the epithelial cell to cell interface, then to the basal margin and finally to the apical margin of the epithelial cell was coincident with and apparently in response to the presence of cell debris often trapped at these sites. The Lysosome-like vesicles formed tight clusters along the epithelial cellular margins where phagocytosis of cell debris and resorption of specialized structures occurred. In contrast, the mesenchyme cell had smaller numbers of phagosomes and lysosome-like vesicles and was observed to participate to a more limited degree in phagocytosis and resorption. (2) The orientation resulting from the formation of a leading edge during the migration of the epithelial cell is transient. The sequence of cytological events associated with epithelial cell migration included the formation of: (a) hyaloplasmic blebs along the cell free margin; (b) filopodia and microvilli; and (c) lamellae with a number of lamellipodia at the leading edge. In contrast, the mesenchyme cell formed filopodia on a smaller scale and was observed to participate in migration only to a limited degree. Coincident with the cessation of epithelial cell migration was the enlargement of the lamella between the epithelial cells into a hyaloplasmic sheet which forms the blastocoel wall. Embryonic cells from reassembling aggregates were cultured as monolayers on glass treated with an adhesion enhancing factor derived from the incubation medium. Cords of cells, composed of both epithelial and mesenchyme cells migrate away from the aggregate and leave in their wake clusters of cells. Epithelial cells were found at the leading margins of these cell cords and were observed forming cytoplasmic blebs, filopodia and hyaloplasmic leading edges during the migration of the cell cord. No apparent coordinate orientation was detectable within the epithelial cells of the migrating cell cord or stationary cell cluster. A hypothesis is presented suggesting a role for resorption during epithelial cell migration. (3) Cell contacts formed during reaggregation become more adhesive as development proceeds. The sequence of fine structural events associated with cell contact formation include the formation of (a) a non--junctional cell apposition, which was characterized by parallel apposed membranes; (b) an incipient continuous junction, which was characterized by parallel apposed membranes; and (c) a continuous junction, which was characterized by the presence of an electron dense region both superjacent and subjacent to the plasma membrane at the site of the junction. The cell appositions between premigratory cells were easier to disrupt mechanically than the later forming continuous junctions. The forming continuous junction was first focal in extent and later zonal in girth around the apical margin of the epithelial cell. Concurrent with the formation of the strongly adhesive continuous junction by the lamella was a cessation of epithelial cell migration, followed by an expression of an apical-basal polarity within the epithelial cell. A hypothesis is presented suggesting a role for cell contacts during the coordinated orientation of the epithelia during the formation of the blastocoel wall. Title: The morphological events during the self-reassembly of the sea urchin embryo in culture Author: Hamada, Spencer Hiroshi The gastrula of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus was dissociated into single cells. In culture these cells appeared apolar, but reassembled into quasi-normal embryos composed of structures with polarized cells. In this study emphasis was placed on those morphological events coincident with the reestablishment of a polar orientation within the epithelial cells. Using both time-lapse dark-field-phase microscopy and electron microscopy, the major morphological events followed in detail include: (a) the migration of lysosome-like vesicles to specific margins within the epithelial cells; (b) the migration of the epithelial cells during the re-construction of the epithelium: and (c) the reformation of the cell junctions between the epithelial cells. Evidence indicates that: (1) The orientation resulting from the migration of the lysosome-like vesicles is transient and may not determine any lasting polarity of the epithelial cell. The sequential migration of the lysosome-like vesicles first to the epithelial cell to cell interface, then to the basal margin and finally to the apical margin of the epithelial cell was coincident with and apparently in response to the presence of cell debris often trapped at these sites. The Lysosome-like vesicles formed tight clusters along the epithelial cellular margins where phagocytosis of cell debris and resorption of specialized structures occurred. In contrast, the mesenchyme cell had smaller numbers of phagosomes and lysosome-like vesicles and was observed to participate to a more limited degree in phagocytosis and resorption. (2) The orientation resulting from the formation of a leading edge during the migration of the epithelial cell is transient. The sequence of cytological events associated with epithelial cell migration included the formation of: (a) hyaloplasmic blebs along the cell free margin; (b) filopodia and microvilli; and (c) lamellae with a number of lamellipodia at the leading edge. In contrast, the mesenchyme cell formed filopodia on a smaller scale and was observed to participate in migration only to a limited degree. Coincident with the cessation of epithelial cell migration was the enlargement of the lamella between the epithelial cells into a hyaloplasmic sheet which forms the blastocoel wall. Embryonic cells from reassembling aggregates were cultured as monolayers on glass treated with an adhesion enhancing factor derived from the incubation medium. Cords of cells, composed of both epithelial and mesenchyme cells migrate away from the aggregate and leave in their wake clusters of cells. Epithelial cells were found at the leading margins of these cell cords and were observed forming cytoplasmic blebs, filopodia and hyaloplasmic leading edges during the migration of the cell cord. No apparent coordinate orientation was detectable within the epithelial cells of the migrating cell cord or stationary cell cluster. A hypothesis is presented suggesting a role for resorption during epithelial cell migration. (3) Cell contacts formed during reaggregation become more adhesive as development proceeds. The sequence of fine structural events associated with cell contact formation include the formation of (a) a non--junctional cell apposition, which was characterized by parallel apposed membranes; (b) an incipient continuous junction, which was characterized by parallel apposed membranes; and (c) a continuous junction, which was characterized by the presence of an electron dense region both superjacent and subjacent to the plasma membrane at the site of the junction. The cell appositions between premigratory cells were easier to disrupt mechanically than the later forming continuous junctions. The forming continuous junction was first focal in extent and later zonal in girth around the apical margin of the epithelial cell. Concurrent with the formation of the strongly adhesive continuous junction by the lamella was a cessation of epithelial cell migration, followed by an expression of an apical-basal polarity within the epithelial cell. A hypothesis is presented suggesting a role for cell contacts during the coordinated orientation of the epithelia during the formation of the blastocoel wall. Close

• 16. [Article] Contribution of subyearling estuarine migrant coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to spawning populations on the southern Oregon coast

  The typical coho salmon life history has been characterized by juvenile fish that spend their entire first year in freshwater habitats before migrating into estuaries as smolts. However, reports of early ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Contribution of subyearling estuarine migrant coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to spawning populations on the southern Oregon coast Author: Nordholm, Katherine E. The typical coho salmon life history has been characterized by juvenile fish that spend their entire first year in freshwater habitats before migrating into estuaries as smolts. However, reports of early migrating coho fry (age 0), including migration downstream to estuarine habitats, date back to the 1960s. Until a few years ago, these individuals were considered to be displaced surplus fish with low chances of survival. Recent studies have suggested that subyearling estuarine migrating coho salmon could be an alternative life history in coastal populations, but their return as jacks or mature adults needed to be documented for this life history to be considered a viable strategy. The goal of our study was to track the return of spawning coho salmon that had been individually tagged in either estuarine or riverine nursery habitats, and determine return percentages for each life history strategy as well as independently verify the presence of subyearling estuarine migrating coho salmon through otolith analysis on spawning populations. We used Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags to identify individual fish as they passed through a series of antennas deployed in two coastal lowland streams on the southern Oregon coast. Percentage return of estuary tagged parr (fish ≥ 60 mm tagged in spring and summer of their first year) was variable between years and streams. For the 2010 return year, subyearling estuarine migrants was 2.5 times higher than stream residents in Palouse Creek. Fork length at estuary entrance was reconstructed for one return year of spawning fish based on otolith Sr:Ca and Br:Ca. Four main life history strategies were identified based on their fork length at time of estuary/ocean entrance: early migrating fry (< 60 mm fork length), early migrating parr (60 - 70 mm fork length), early migrating parr that returned to freshwater before migrating as yearlings ("nomads"), and yearling migrating smolts (> 70 mm fork length). Overall, 30% (Larson Creek) to 42% (Palouse Creek) of the 2009 spawning run was made up of fish that displayed evidence of estuarine residence during their first year. This study confirms that subyearling estuarine migrating coho salmon survive to reproductive age and contribute to subsequent generations. The survival of this life history type likely varies between years with changing ocean and stream conditions. It is hypothesized that their life history serves as a "bet hedging" strategy that supports coastal populations in years of poor stream conditions. In the face of rising sea levels, this life history may represent a key to the future viability of coho salmon stocks in coastal watersheds. Title: Contribution of subyearling estuarine migrant coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to spawning populations on the southern Oregon coast Author: Nordholm, Katherine E. The typical coho salmon life history has been characterized by juvenile fish that spend their entire first year in freshwater habitats before migrating into estuaries as smolts. However, reports of early migrating coho fry (age 0), including migration downstream to estuarine habitats, date back to the 1960s. Until a few years ago, these individuals were considered to be displaced surplus fish with low chances of survival. Recent studies have suggested that subyearling estuarine migrating coho salmon could be an alternative life history in coastal populations, but their return as jacks or mature adults needed to be documented for this life history to be considered a viable strategy. The goal of our study was to track the return of spawning coho salmon that had been individually tagged in either estuarine or riverine nursery habitats, and determine return percentages for each life history strategy as well as independently verify the presence of subyearling estuarine migrating coho salmon through otolith analysis on spawning populations. We used Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags to identify individual fish as they passed through a series of antennas deployed in two coastal lowland streams on the southern Oregon coast. Percentage return of estuary tagged parr (fish ≥ 60 mm tagged in spring and summer of their first year) was variable between years and streams. For the 2010 return year, subyearling estuarine migrants was 2.5 times higher than stream residents in Palouse Creek. Fork length at estuary entrance was reconstructed for one return year of spawning fish based on otolith Sr:Ca and Br:Ca. Four main life history strategies were identified based on their fork length at time of estuary/ocean entrance: early migrating fry (< 60 mm fork length), early migrating parr (60 - 70 mm fork length), early migrating parr that returned to freshwater before migrating as yearlings ("nomads"), and yearling migrating smolts (> 70 mm fork length). Overall, 30% (Larson Creek) to 42% (Palouse Creek) of the 2009 spawning run was made up of fish that displayed evidence of estuarine residence during their first year. This study confirms that subyearling estuarine migrating coho salmon survive to reproductive age and contribute to subsequent generations. The survival of this life history type likely varies between years with changing ocean and stream conditions. It is hypothesized that their life history serves as a "bet hedging" strategy that supports coastal populations in years of poor stream conditions. In the face of rising sea levels, this life history may represent a key to the future viability of coho salmon stocks in coastal watersheds. Close

• 17. [Article] Source of cobalt-60 and migrations of albacore off the west coast of north America

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Source of cobalt-60 and migrations of albacore off the west coast of north America Author: Pearcy, William G., Krygier, Earl E. Title: Source of cobalt-60 and migrations of albacore off the west coast of north America Author: Pearcy, William G., Krygier, Earl E. Close

• 18. [Article] Modeling carbohydrate ballasting by Trichodesmium spp.

  We report the development of a numerical model simulating vertical movement of the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium spp. Given a range of physiological parameters derived from the literature, resultant model ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling carbohydrate ballasting by Trichodesmium spp. Author: Spitz, Yvette H., Letelier, Ricardo M., White, Angelicque E. We report the development of a numerical model simulating vertical movement of the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium spp. Given a range of physiological parameters derived from the literature, resultant model solutions allow us to explore the ecological significance of vertical migration by Trichodesmium colonies in a stratified oligotrophic oceanic system such as the North Pacific subtropical gyre (NPSG). Whereas the dominant type of model solution results in trapping of the migrating colony at the water surface, the next most frequent type of model solution is consistent with colony migration to the average depth of the phosphocline, followed by return to the upper euphotic zone, a scenario termed P-mining. Given the temporal phasing of these migrations, our results indicate that while Trichodesmium colonies could fulfill their entire P-quota in a single phosphoclinescale migration, the minimal colony size required for such a migration would be approximately 1000 μm in radius. Colonies of this size and larger have been observed in nature. However, neither the frequency of occurrence nor the relative size distributions of natural populations is known. Using published estimates of colony abundance at Station ALOHA (22° 45’ N, 158° 00’W, in the NPSG), we estimate that upward fluxes of P associated with Trichodesmium migration represent as much as 10% of the P-based export flux measured at this site. Inclusion of this simple model into coupled biophysical models should allow for better simulations of the vertical distribution of Trichodesmium biomass and thus improved representations of Trichodesmium productivity. Title: Modeling carbohydrate ballasting by Trichodesmium spp. Author: Spitz, Yvette H., Letelier, Ricardo M., White, Angelicque E. We report the development of a numerical model simulating vertical movement of the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium spp. Given a range of physiological parameters derived from the literature, resultant model solutions allow us to explore the ecological significance of vertical migration by Trichodesmium colonies in a stratified oligotrophic oceanic system such as the North Pacific subtropical gyre (NPSG). Whereas the dominant type of model solution results in trapping of the migrating colony at the water surface, the next most frequent type of model solution is consistent with colony migration to the average depth of the phosphocline, followed by return to the upper euphotic zone, a scenario termed P-mining. Given the temporal phasing of these migrations, our results indicate that while Trichodesmium colonies could fulfill their entire P-quota in a single phosphoclinescale migration, the minimal colony size required for such a migration would be approximately 1000 μm in radius. Colonies of this size and larger have been observed in nature. However, neither the frequency of occurrence nor the relative size distributions of natural populations is known. Using published estimates of colony abundance at Station ALOHA (22° 45’ N, 158° 00’W, in the NPSG), we estimate that upward fluxes of P associated with Trichodesmium migration represent as much as 10% of the P-based export flux measured at this site. Inclusion of this simple model into coupled biophysical models should allow for better simulations of the vertical distribution of Trichodesmium biomass and thus improved representations of Trichodesmium productivity. Close

• 19. [Article] Out-migration, income and poverty in nonmetropolitan America

  Why do rural households leave for urban places? And how does this decision affect their economic well-being? Rural places in the United States have higher poverty and unemployment rates and lower levels ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Out-migration, income and poverty in nonmetropolitan America Author: Marre, Alexander Why do rural households leave for urban places? And how does this decision affect their economic well-being? Rural places in the United States have higher poverty and unemployment rates and lower levels of educational attainment relative to urban places. Does leaving a rural place for a city offer a pathway out of poverty and to greater income? This dissertation examines these questions with data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Four models of household economic outcomes are estimated for three periods: 1979 to 1985, 1985 to 1991, and 1991 to 1997. These models estimate the nonmetropolitan out-migration decision and the following economic outcomes: household poverty, cost-of-housing adjusted household poverty, household income, and cost-of-housing adjusted household income. All four models include an instrumental variable or variables to control for possible endogeneity between the migration decision and economic outcomes. Empirical results indicate that nonmetropolitan out-migration increased poverty risk in the 1979 to 1985 period, yet had no statistically significant effect on any economic outcome during the latter periods. Educational attainment was found to be a significant, in the statistical and economic sense, determinant of economic outcomes. These findings suggest that human capital and other individual and household characteristics explained household poverty risk and income from 1985 to 1997 and that migrating out of nonmetropolitan counties had no effect. The evidence from this study indicates that rural anti-poverty policy should focus on human capital development. It does not support place-based policy. Title: Out-migration, income and poverty in nonmetropolitan America Author: Marre, Alexander Why do rural households leave for urban places? And how does this decision affect their economic well-being? Rural places in the United States have higher poverty and unemployment rates and lower levels of educational attainment relative to urban places. Does leaving a rural place for a city offer a pathway out of poverty and to greater income? This dissertation examines these questions with data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Four models of household economic outcomes are estimated for three periods: 1979 to 1985, 1985 to 1991, and 1991 to 1997. These models estimate the nonmetropolitan out-migration decision and the following economic outcomes: household poverty, cost-of-housing adjusted household poverty, household income, and cost-of-housing adjusted household income. All four models include an instrumental variable or variables to control for possible endogeneity between the migration decision and economic outcomes. Empirical results indicate that nonmetropolitan out-migration increased poverty risk in the 1979 to 1985 period, yet had no statistically significant effect on any economic outcome during the latter periods. Educational attainment was found to be a significant, in the statistical and economic sense, determinant of economic outcomes. These findings suggest that human capital and other individual and household characteristics explained household poverty risk and income from 1985 to 1997 and that migrating out of nonmetropolitan counties had no effect. The evidence from this study indicates that rural anti-poverty policy should focus on human capital development. It does not support place-based policy. Close

• 20. [Article] Passage of juvenile cutthroat trout and steelhead through retrofitted culverts

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Passage of juvenile cutthroat trout and steelhead through retrofitted culverts Author: McEnroe, Jeffrey R. Title: Passage of juvenile cutthroat trout and steelhead through retrofitted culverts Author: McEnroe, Jeffrey R. Close

• 21. [Article] The horizontal distribution and vertical migrations of the limnetic zooplankton in Crater Lake, Oregon

  During the summers of 1967 and 1968 the horizontal distribution and did vertical migrations of zooplankton were studied within the unique environment of Crater Lake. Sampling of the horizontal distribution ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The horizontal distribution and vertical migrations of the limnetic zooplankton in Crater Lake, Oregon Author: Hoffman, F. Owen During the summers of 1967 and 1968 the horizontal distribution and did vertical migrations of zooplankton were studied within the unique environment of Crater Lake. Sampling of the horizontal distribution was done by towing plankton nets vertically in different locations. The vertical distribution was sampled by towing at different depths with a standard tow net and Miller samplers. During both summers, the greatest numbers of zooplankton were sampled in late August. Bosmina longispina was the most numerous zooplankter, while Daphnia pulex, insignificant in 1967, increased in abundance during 1968. The horizontal distribution of B. longispina was clumped, being consistently more abundant in some locations than others. D. pulex had a random, or near-uniform, distribution. Vertical migrations were not consistent and seem to occur only during certain times of the year. The depth of the maximum concentration of B. longispina was found to vary between distances of 12.5 and 25 m, and was located at depths of 75 to 50 m during the day and between 50 to 37.5 m at night. A few B. longispina, however, did migrate to the surface at night. On August 28 and 29, 1968, the entire adult population of D. pulex migrated from 62.5 m during the day to the surface at night. This migration appears to have reproductive advantages. Prior to this time, only a nocturnal scattering of a small portion of the total population of D. pulex occurred. Various ideas are given as to why these different migrations occurred, but based on the information that is presently available, any direct relationships between the variations of vertical migrations and environmental factors are difficult to make. Title: The horizontal distribution and vertical migrations of the limnetic zooplankton in Crater Lake, Oregon Author: Hoffman, F. Owen During the summers of 1967 and 1968 the horizontal distribution and did vertical migrations of zooplankton were studied within the unique environment of Crater Lake. Sampling of the horizontal distribution was done by towing plankton nets vertically in different locations. The vertical distribution was sampled by towing at different depths with a standard tow net and Miller samplers. During both summers, the greatest numbers of zooplankton were sampled in late August. Bosmina longispina was the most numerous zooplankter, while Daphnia pulex, insignificant in 1967, increased in abundance during 1968. The horizontal distribution of B. longispina was clumped, being consistently more abundant in some locations than others. D. pulex had a random, or near-uniform, distribution. Vertical migrations were not consistent and seem to occur only during certain times of the year. The depth of the maximum concentration of B. longispina was found to vary between distances of 12.5 and 25 m, and was located at depths of 75 to 50 m during the day and between 50 to 37.5 m at night. A few B. longispina, however, did migrate to the surface at night. On August 28 and 29, 1968, the entire adult population of D. pulex migrated from 62.5 m during the day to the surface at night. This migration appears to have reproductive advantages. Prior to this time, only a nocturnal scattering of a small portion of the total population of D. pulex occurred. Various ideas are given as to why these different migrations occurred, but based on the information that is presently available, any direct relationships between the variations of vertical migrations and environmental factors are difficult to make. Close

• 22. [Article] Vertical distribution and migration of fishes from the lower mesopelagic zone off Oregon

  A 50 m² pelagic trawl equipped with a codend opening-closing device was used to sample micronektonic fishes between 500 m and 1000 m. Horizontal tows were made at 500, 650, 800 and 1000 m. Twelve of 15 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vertical distribution and migration of fishes from the lower mesopelagic zone off Oregon Author: Willis, John Marcus A 50 m² pelagic trawl equipped with a codend opening-closing device was used to sample micronektonic fishes between 500 m and 1000 m. Horizontal tows were made at 500, 650, 800 and 1000 m. Twelve of 15 common species captured showed significant diel differences in abundance at one or more depths indicative of vertical migration. Distinct vertical separation of day and night peaks in abundance of Bathylagus milleri shows that it migrates from 650 m during the day to 500 m at night. Catches of Cyclothone acclinidens and C. atraria were significantly higher during night than day at 800 m, suggesting upward migration from deeper depths at night. Several species showed changes in migratory behavior with size. Only small (<240 mm) Tactostoma macropus migrated vertically, whereas only large (>110 mm) Bathylagus pacificus appeared to migrate. Many species exhibited trends in size with depth, with size either increasing or decreasing with depth. Congeneric species usually had well separated population centers. Bathylagus mulleri and B. pacificus had similar abundance peaks by day, but B. milleri were shallower at night. Stenobrachius leucopsarus and S. nannochir were clearly separated vertically both day and night. The four common Cyclothone species were divided into an upper and a lower mesopelagic pair. Cyclothone pseudopallida and C. signata were most abundant at 500 m day and night, whereas C. acclinidens and C. atraria were most abundant at 800 m. All four common Cyclothone species appeared to migrate. Title: Vertical distribution and migration of fishes from the lower mesopelagic zone off Oregon Author: Willis, John Marcus A 50 m² pelagic trawl equipped with a codend opening-closing device was used to sample micronektonic fishes between 500 m and 1000 m. Horizontal tows were made at 500, 650, 800 and 1000 m. Twelve of 15 common species captured showed significant diel differences in abundance at one or more depths indicative of vertical migration. Distinct vertical separation of day and night peaks in abundance of Bathylagus milleri shows that it migrates from 650 m during the day to 500 m at night. Catches of Cyclothone acclinidens and C. atraria were significantly higher during night than day at 800 m, suggesting upward migration from deeper depths at night. Several species showed changes in migratory behavior with size. Only small (<240 mm) Tactostoma macropus migrated vertically, whereas only large (>110 mm) Bathylagus pacificus appeared to migrate. Many species exhibited trends in size with depth, with size either increasing or decreasing with depth. Congeneric species usually had well separated population centers. Bathylagus mulleri and B. pacificus had similar abundance peaks by day, but B. milleri were shallower at night. Stenobrachius leucopsarus and S. nannochir were clearly separated vertically both day and night. The four common Cyclothone species were divided into an upper and a lower mesopelagic pair. Cyclothone pseudopallida and C. signata were most abundant at 500 m day and night, whereas C. acclinidens and C. atraria were most abundant at 800 m. All four common Cyclothone species appeared to migrate. Close

• 23. [Article] Investigation of depleted uranium migration offsite from a military ordnance range : potential concentrations and radiological doses

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigation of depleted uranium migration offsite from a military ordnance range : potential concentrations and radiological doses Author: Rynders, David G. Title: Investigation of depleted uranium migration offsite from a military ordnance range : potential concentrations and radiological doses Author: Rynders, David G. Close

• 24. [Article] Factors influencing the seaward migration of smolt steelhead trout : Salmo gairdnerii gairdnerii Richardson, in the Alsea River, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors influencing the seaward migration of smolt steelhead trout : Salmo gairdnerii gairdnerii Richardson, in the Alsea River, Oregon Author: Andrews, Rupert Earle Title: Factors influencing the seaward migration of smolt steelhead trout : Salmo gairdnerii gairdnerii Richardson, in the Alsea River, Oregon Author: Andrews, Rupert Earle Close

• 25. [Article] International students as educational migrants : east and southwest Asian perspectives

  Projected to reach one million people next year, international students in the United States are undergoing a transformative educational migration. Moving away from the existing study abroad paradigm is ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: International students as educational migrants : east and southwest Asian perspectives Author: Visconti, Lauren A. Projected to reach one million people next year, international students in the United States are undergoing a transformative educational migration. Moving away from the existing study abroad paradigm is the first step to more accurately understand the lived experience of an educational migrant. Discovering the perceptions of what value an American education holds and accomplishes for students back home is central to revealing the major conditions and influences both propelling educational migration, the experience, and the course, features, and impacts of reentry migration. What prompts students to engage in this risky transformative activity? How can U.S. academic institutions better adapt to the international student experience by adapting a lens of migration? What is the role of cultural capital acquired while abroad in the process of reentry migration? Is the reentry process facilitated by the educational objectives obtained in the U.S? This study examines the lived experience of South Korea and Saudi Arabians as a window into the lives of international students as educational migrants. Acquiring cultural capital - the personal resources and assets an individual uses to negotiate their social environment - abroad is perceived as a way to better navigate the conditions of economic precarity. However, what unfolds is a significant transformative experience in the interstices of liminal spaces abroad that often results into a liminal condition upon reentry migration. The role of cultural capital acquired from the educational migration process has a stronger influence than the actual educational achievements obtained. This research seeks to work towards an anthropology of higher education, bringing the topic of student mobility into an anthropological frame in order to expand scholarship and inform educational curriculum and policy affecting the international student experience. Title: International students as educational migrants : east and southwest Asian perspectives Author: Visconti, Lauren A. Projected to reach one million people next year, international students in the United States are undergoing a transformative educational migration. Moving away from the existing study abroad paradigm is the first step to more accurately understand the lived experience of an educational migrant. Discovering the perceptions of what value an American education holds and accomplishes for students back home is central to revealing the major conditions and influences both propelling educational migration, the experience, and the course, features, and impacts of reentry migration. What prompts students to engage in this risky transformative activity? How can U.S. academic institutions better adapt to the international student experience by adapting a lens of migration? What is the role of cultural capital acquired while abroad in the process of reentry migration? Is the reentry process facilitated by the educational objectives obtained in the U.S? This study examines the lived experience of South Korea and Saudi Arabians as a window into the lives of international students as educational migrants. Acquiring cultural capital - the personal resources and assets an individual uses to negotiate their social environment - abroad is perceived as a way to better navigate the conditions of economic precarity. However, what unfolds is a significant transformative experience in the interstices of liminal spaces abroad that often results into a liminal condition upon reentry migration. The role of cultural capital acquired from the educational migration process has a stronger influence than the actual educational achievements obtained. This research seeks to work towards an anthropology of higher education, bringing the topic of student mobility into an anthropological frame in order to expand scholarship and inform educational curriculum and policy affecting the international student experience. Close

• 26. [Article] A behavior‐oriented dynamic model for sandbar migration and 2DH evolution

  A nonlinear model is developed to study the time‐dependent relationship between the alongshore variability of a sandbar, a(t), and alongshore‐averaged sandbar position, xc(t). Sediment transport equations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A behavior‐oriented dynamic model for sandbar migration and 2DH evolution Author: Plant, Nathaniel G., Splinter, Kristen D., Holman, Robert A. A nonlinear model is developed to study the time‐dependent relationship between the alongshore variability of a sandbar, a(t), and alongshore‐averaged sandbar position, xc(t). Sediment transport equations are derived from energetics‐based formulations. A link between this continuous physical representation and a parametric form describing the migration of sandbars of constant shape is established through a simple transformation of variables. The model is driven by offshore wave conditions. The parametric equations are dynamically coupled such that changes in one term (i.e., xc) drive changes in the other (i.e., a(t)). The model is tested on 566 days of data from Palm Beach, New South Wales, Australia. Using weighted nonlinear least squares to estimate best fit model coefficients, the model explained 49% and 41% of the variance in measured xc and a(t), respectively. Comparisons against a 1‐D horizontal (1DH) version of the model showed significant improvements when the 2DH terms were included (1DH and 2DH Brier skill scores were −0.12 and 0.42, respectively). Onshore bar migration was not predicted in the 1DH model, while the 2DH model correctly predicted onshore migration in the presence of 2DH morphology and allowed the bar to remain closer to shore for a given amount of breaking, providing an important hysteresis to the system. The model is consistent with observations that active bar migration occurs under breaking waves with onshore migration occurring at timescales of days to weeks and increasing 2DH morphology, while offshore migration occurs rapidly under high waves and coincides with a reduction in 2DH morphology. Title: A behavior‐oriented dynamic model for sandbar migration and 2DH evolution Author: Plant, Nathaniel G., Splinter, Kristen D., Holman, Robert A. A nonlinear model is developed to study the time‐dependent relationship between the alongshore variability of a sandbar, a(t), and alongshore‐averaged sandbar position, xc(t). Sediment transport equations are derived from energetics‐based formulations. A link between this continuous physical representation and a parametric form describing the migration of sandbars of constant shape is established through a simple transformation of variables. The model is driven by offshore wave conditions. The parametric equations are dynamically coupled such that changes in one term (i.e., xc) drive changes in the other (i.e., a(t)). The model is tested on 566 days of data from Palm Beach, New South Wales, Australia. Using weighted nonlinear least squares to estimate best fit model coefficients, the model explained 49% and 41% of the variance in measured xc and a(t), respectively. Comparisons against a 1‐D horizontal (1DH) version of the model showed significant improvements when the 2DH terms were included (1DH and 2DH Brier skill scores were −0.12 and 0.42, respectively). Onshore bar migration was not predicted in the 1DH model, while the 2DH model correctly predicted onshore migration in the presence of 2DH morphology and allowed the bar to remain closer to shore for a given amount of breaking, providing an important hysteresis to the system. The model is consistent with observations that active bar migration occurs under breaking waves with onshore migration occurring at timescales of days to weeks and increasing 2DH morphology, while offshore migration occurs rapidly under high waves and coincides with a reduction in 2DH morphology. Close

• 27. [Article] Patterns of vertical distribution and migration of zooplankton at Ocean Station “P”

  Stratified bongo net samples taken at depths between 0 and 500 m at Ocean Station “P” in the subarctic Pacific in early July 1971 have been analyzed to determine the vertical structure of the zooplankton ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patterns of vertical distribution and migration of zooplankton at Ocean Station “P” Author: Marlowe, Christopher J., Miller, Charles B. Stratified bongo net samples taken at depths between 0 and 500 m at Ocean Station “P” in the subarctic Pacific in early July 1971 have been analyzed to determine the vertical structure of the zooplankton community. Distributions for 99 categories of animals have been grouped by factor analysis into five basic patterns: surface dwellers, a bimodal subsurface pattern, and three patterns of deep-dwelling forms with progressively deeper upper limits. Diurnal vertical migration was restricted to a very small fraction of the species present, primarily those previously described as strong migrators. The upward migration of some of these species stopped in the thermocline between 25 and 100 m. The minimum of biomass density found between 75 and 200 m by earlier workers was confirmed, and a similar minimum was found in the distribution of a number of species. Title: Patterns of vertical distribution and migration of zooplankton at Ocean Station “P” Author: Marlowe, Christopher J., Miller, Charles B. Stratified bongo net samples taken at depths between 0 and 500 m at Ocean Station “P” in the subarctic Pacific in early July 1971 have been analyzed to determine the vertical structure of the zooplankton community. Distributions for 99 categories of animals have been grouped by factor analysis into five basic patterns: surface dwellers, a bimodal subsurface pattern, and three patterns of deep-dwelling forms with progressively deeper upper limits. Diurnal vertical migration was restricted to a very small fraction of the species present, primarily those previously described as strong migrators. The upward migration of some of these species stopped in the thermocline between 25 and 100 m. The minimum of biomass density found between 75 and 200 m by earlier workers was confirmed, and a similar minimum was found in the distribution of a number of species. Close

• 28. [Article] Vertical distribution patterns in a subarctic Pacific zooplankton community

  A study has been made of the vertical distributions and migrations of a large number of zooplankton species at Weather Station "P" in the Subarctic Pacific. Simultaneously towed horizontal opening-closing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vertical distribution patterns in a subarctic Pacific zooplankton community Author: Marlowe, Christopher J. A study has been made of the vertical distributions and migrations of a large number of zooplankton species at Weather Station "P" in the Subarctic Pacific. Simultaneously towed horizontal opening-closing nets were used for the study. The distributions and migrations of 104 taxa have been subjectively grouped into seven basic patterns. A few taxa could not be so grouped. Examination of hydrographic features reveals correlations between animal distributions and strong hydrographic gradients. It is concluded that: 1. In boreal oceanic waters, few animals perform diurnal migrations, 2. Depth ranges for most zooplankton are on the order of hundreds of meters, and 3. Hydrographic features may influence the vertical distributions and migrations of zooplankton. Title: Vertical distribution patterns in a subarctic Pacific zooplankton community Author: Marlowe, Christopher J. A study has been made of the vertical distributions and migrations of a large number of zooplankton species at Weather Station "P" in the Subarctic Pacific. Simultaneously towed horizontal opening-closing nets were used for the study. The distributions and migrations of 104 taxa have been subjectively grouped into seven basic patterns. A few taxa could not be so grouped. Examination of hydrographic features reveals correlations between animal distributions and strong hydrographic gradients. It is concluded that: 1. In boreal oceanic waters, few animals perform diurnal migrations, 2. Depth ranges for most zooplankton are on the order of hundreds of meters, and 3. Hydrographic features may influence the vertical distributions and migrations of zooplankton. Close

• 29. [Article] Latinos en Oregón: Stories of Migration and Settlement in Madras, Oregon

  The Oregon Migrations Symposium was sponsored by Oregon Historical Society, Wayne Morse Center for Law and Politics and the UO Labor Education Research Center. It brought together scholars and holders ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Latinos en Oregón: Stories of Migration and Settlement in Madras, Oregon Author: Fernández, Natalia The Oregon Migrations Symposium was sponsored by Oregon Historical Society, Wayne Morse Center for Law and Politics and the UO Labor Education Research Center. It brought together scholars and holders of community history to investigate the various ways that Oregon inhabitants and newcomers have shaped each other, helping us better understand today’s discussions about belonging. Title: Latinos en Oregón: Stories of Migration and Settlement in Madras, Oregon Author: Fernández, Natalia The Oregon Migrations Symposium was sponsored by Oregon Historical Society, Wayne Morse Center for Law and Politics and the UO Labor Education Research Center. It brought together scholars and holders of community history to investigate the various ways that Oregon inhabitants and newcomers have shaped each other, helping us better understand today’s discussions about belonging. Close

• 30. [Article] Families on the move : the Powledge family of Meriwether County, Georgia 1820-1900

  The migrations of four generations of the Powledge family centering around Meriwether County, Georgia were described within the context of social and economic forces in the United States in 1820 to 1900. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Families on the move : the Powledge family of Meriwether County, Georgia 1820-1900 Author: Roberts, Nancy A. The migrations of four generations of the Powledge family centering around Meriwether County, Georgia were described within the context of social and economic forces in the United States in 1820 to 1900. The family was representative of thousands of families that migrated westward. The migrations were found to correlate with much of the literature on migration and with the economic and social trends in the nineteenth century. Land acquisition as a means to economic improvement and, secondarily, information and support from kin and neighbors were found to be the most important factors in Powledge family movements. Title: Families on the move : the Powledge family of Meriwether County, Georgia 1820-1900 Author: Roberts, Nancy A. The migrations of four generations of the Powledge family centering around Meriwether County, Georgia were described within the context of social and economic forces in the United States in 1820 to 1900. The family was representative of thousands of families that migrated westward. The migrations were found to correlate with much of the literature on migration and with the economic and social trends in the nineteenth century. Land acquisition as a means to economic improvement and, secondarily, information and support from kin and neighbors were found to be the most important factors in Powledge family movements. Close

• 31. [Article] Distribution and movement patterns of gray whales off central Oregon: Shore-based observations from Yaquina Head during the 2007/2008 migration: Report submitted to the Oregon Wave Energy Trust

  The objective of the study is to generate accurate, current data on distribution (distance to shore, travel path) and behavior (travel speed, migration timing) of gray whales migrating along the central ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution and movement patterns of gray whales off central Oregon: Shore-based observations from Yaquina Head during the 2007/2008 migration: Report submitted to the Oregon Wave Energy Trust Author: Mate, Bruce R., Ortega-Ortiz, Jose G. The objective of the study is to generate accurate, current data on distribution (distance to shore, travel path) and behavior (travel speed, migration timing) of gray whales migrating along the central Oregon coast (Pacific Ocean). Migration paths of tracked whales seem to follow a constant depth rather than following the shoreline. Speed estimates were within range of values reported by others. As expected, migration paths of some gray whales cross through areas of proposed wave energy development. This baseline information combined with further observations to monitor gray whale behavior after wave energy facilities are installed can be used to determine potential effects and to evaluate the need for and effectiveness of mitigation measures. Title: Distribution and movement patterns of gray whales off central Oregon: Shore-based observations from Yaquina Head during the 2007/2008 migration: Report submitted to the Oregon Wave Energy Trust Author: Mate, Bruce R., Ortega-Ortiz, Jose G. The objective of the study is to generate accurate, current data on distribution (distance to shore, travel path) and behavior (travel speed, migration timing) of gray whales migrating along the central Oregon coast (Pacific Ocean). Migration paths of tracked whales seem to follow a constant depth rather than following the shoreline. Speed estimates were within range of values reported by others. As expected, migration paths of some gray whales cross through areas of proposed wave energy development. This baseline information combined with further observations to monitor gray whale behavior after wave energy facilities are installed can be used to determine potential effects and to evaluate the need for and effectiveness of mitigation measures. Close

• 32. [Article] Northwest forest plan effects on county net migration and employment growth : causality of policy variables, timing of response, relevant time periods, rural vs. metro policy effects and effects on industry employment

  County-level net migration and employment growth rates associated with the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) are examined. The NWFP area encompasses federal land in 53 Oregon, Washington and California counties; ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Northwest forest plan effects on county net migration and employment growth : causality of policy variables, timing of response, relevant time periods, rural vs. metro policy effects and effects on industry employment Author: Eichman, Henry N. County-level net migration and employment growth rates associated with the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) are examined. The NWFP area encompasses federal land in 53 Oregon, Washington and California counties; 20 counties adjacent to NWFP counties are also included in the sample. The NWFP was enacted in December of 1993, however, this analysis examines the 24 year time period from 1980 through 2003. Net migration (the change in population due to in-migration and out-migration) and employment growth are represented by a simultaneous equation model (SEM) that is corrected for spatial autocorrelation. While the NWFP land allocations are expected to influence net migration and employment growth, they are potentially determined by similar processes as the endogenous economic indicators. Logistic regression analysis shows the probability that NWFP lands were allocated to biodiversity purposes or to land uses subject to timber harvest depends on natural, political and economic variables. The SEM is run on a yearly basis to explore changes in net migration and employment growth due to policy enactment, future expectations about land allocations, and market fluctuations. These results suggest the time period was characterized by many changes the endogenous variables from the effects of land management. In addition, the yearly analysis suggests that variation in yearly employment growth and net migration may not be sufficient for precise estimation of the effects of the exogenous variables. Pooling the yearly data over policy-relevant time periods is thus appropriate and provides insight into the NWFP effects on the economic indicators. Counties with more land reserved for biodiversity purposes had higher net migration and employment growth. In contrast, counties with more land allocated to extractive uses experienced low net migration. During the period following NWFP enactment, from 1994 to 2003, the classification of land according to NWFP management yields no significant relationship, suggesting adjustment to the NWFP had occurred. The effects of land management variables for rural and metropolitan counties are distinguished in another SEM. Contrary to the popular notion that employment effects were felt in large part by rural counties, this analysis shows changes in employment growth due to policy effects were felt primarily in metropolitan counties within the NWFP region. In addition, higher net migration occurred in rural and metropolitan counties containing land reserved for biodiversity purposes. These counties also experienced a simultaneous increase in employment growth as a result of allocation of these lands. Analysis of employment growth changes in specific industry sectors indicates manufacturing jobs were lost, however, service industry growth was encouraged as a result of NWFP land allocations. In addition, land allocated solely for the purpose of biodiversity services was not associated with changes in the manufacturing employment while potentially promoting growth in service sector employment. Title: Northwest forest plan effects on county net migration and employment growth : causality of policy variables, timing of response, relevant time periods, rural vs. metro policy effects and effects on industry employment Author: Eichman, Henry N. County-level net migration and employment growth rates associated with the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) are examined. The NWFP area encompasses federal land in 53 Oregon, Washington and California counties; 20 counties adjacent to NWFP counties are also included in the sample. The NWFP was enacted in December of 1993, however, this analysis examines the 24 year time period from 1980 through 2003. Net migration (the change in population due to in-migration and out-migration) and employment growth are represented by a simultaneous equation model (SEM) that is corrected for spatial autocorrelation. While the NWFP land allocations are expected to influence net migration and employment growth, they are potentially determined by similar processes as the endogenous economic indicators. Logistic regression analysis shows the probability that NWFP lands were allocated to biodiversity purposes or to land uses subject to timber harvest depends on natural, political and economic variables. The SEM is run on a yearly basis to explore changes in net migration and employment growth due to policy enactment, future expectations about land allocations, and market fluctuations. These results suggest the time period was characterized by many changes the endogenous variables from the effects of land management. In addition, the yearly analysis suggests that variation in yearly employment growth and net migration may not be sufficient for precise estimation of the effects of the exogenous variables. Pooling the yearly data over policy-relevant time periods is thus appropriate and provides insight into the NWFP effects on the economic indicators. Counties with more land reserved for biodiversity purposes had higher net migration and employment growth. In contrast, counties with more land allocated to extractive uses experienced low net migration. During the period following NWFP enactment, from 1994 to 2003, the classification of land according to NWFP management yields no significant relationship, suggesting adjustment to the NWFP had occurred. The effects of land management variables for rural and metropolitan counties are distinguished in another SEM. Contrary to the popular notion that employment effects were felt in large part by rural counties, this analysis shows changes in employment growth due to policy effects were felt primarily in metropolitan counties within the NWFP region. In addition, higher net migration occurred in rural and metropolitan counties containing land reserved for biodiversity purposes. These counties also experienced a simultaneous increase in employment growth as a result of allocation of these lands. Analysis of employment growth changes in specific industry sectors indicates manufacturing jobs were lost, however, service industry growth was encouraged as a result of NWFP land allocations. In addition, land allocated solely for the purpose of biodiversity services was not associated with changes in the manufacturing employment while potentially promoting growth in service sector employment. Close

• 33. [Article] Nocturnal light and lunar cycle effects on diel migration of micronekton

  The roles of nocturnal light and lunar phase in the diel migration of micronekton from a nearshore scattering layer were examined. Migration patterns were measured over six complete lunar cycles using ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nocturnal light and lunar cycle effects on diel migration of micronekton Author: Au, Whitlow W. L., Wisdom, Daniel W., Benoit-Bird, Kelly J. The roles of nocturnal light and lunar phase in the diel migration of micronekton from a nearshore scattering layer were examined. Migration patterns were measured over six complete lunar cycles using moored upwardlooking echosounders while nocturnal surface irradiance was recorded. We hypothesized that animals would remain at a constant isolume at night despite changes in nocturnal illumination between nights. The scattering layer migrated closer to the surface during dark nights than during well-lit ones. However, this movement was not enough to compensate for observed changes in light, and at night animals often remained at light levels higher than they experience at depth during the day. Light and lunar cycle were not completely coupled, allowing separation of the light and lunar phases. Contrary to the initial hypothesis, lunar phase accounted for substantially more of the variability in layer migration than surface irradiance, showing strong effects on the scattering layer’s depth and animal density within the layer. Changes in layer depth and animal density were amplified a small amount by variations in light level but were minimized by the seafloor in shallow areas. The horizontal component of the scattering layer’s migration was also affected by lunar phase, with animals remaining further offshore in deeper waters during nights near and during the full moon, even when these were not the nights with the highest light levels. These results suggest that moonlight may be a cue for an endogenous lunar rhythm in the process of diel migration rather than a direct cause. Title: Nocturnal light and lunar cycle effects on diel migration of micronekton Author: Au, Whitlow W. L., Wisdom, Daniel W., Benoit-Bird, Kelly J. The roles of nocturnal light and lunar phase in the diel migration of micronekton from a nearshore scattering layer were examined. Migration patterns were measured over six complete lunar cycles using moored upwardlooking echosounders while nocturnal surface irradiance was recorded. We hypothesized that animals would remain at a constant isolume at night despite changes in nocturnal illumination between nights. The scattering layer migrated closer to the surface during dark nights than during well-lit ones. However, this movement was not enough to compensate for observed changes in light, and at night animals often remained at light levels higher than they experience at depth during the day. Light and lunar cycle were not completely coupled, allowing separation of the light and lunar phases. Contrary to the initial hypothesis, lunar phase accounted for substantially more of the variability in layer migration than surface irradiance, showing strong effects on the scattering layer’s depth and animal density within the layer. Changes in layer depth and animal density were amplified a small amount by variations in light level but were minimized by the seafloor in shallow areas. The horizontal component of the scattering layer’s migration was also affected by lunar phase, with animals remaining further offshore in deeper waters during nights near and during the full moon, even when these were not the nights with the highest light levels. These results suggest that moonlight may be a cue for an endogenous lunar rhythm in the process of diel migration rather than a direct cause. Close

• 34. [Article] Innate and adaptive immune responses in migrating spring-run adult chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Innate and adaptive immune responses in migrating spring-run adult chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Author: Schreck, Carl B., Kent, Michael L., Dolan, Brian P., Colvin, Michael E., Fisher, Kathleen M., Benda, Susan E., Peterson, James T. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/fish-and-shellfish-immunology/ Title: Innate and adaptive immune responses in migrating spring-run adult chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Author: Schreck, Carl B., Kent, Michael L., Dolan, Brian P., Colvin, Michael E., Fisher, Kathleen M., Benda, Susan E., Peterson, James T. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/fish-and-shellfish-immunology/ Close

• 35. [Article] Neural gene expression profiling in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) of alternate run times

  Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) display the greatest variability of return times to freshwater of all Pacific salmon. Differential return times to freshwater have segregated populations of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Neural gene expression profiling in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) of alternate run times Author: Bernier, Jeremiah C. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) display the greatest variability of return times to freshwater of all Pacific salmon. Differential return times to freshwater have segregated populations of Chinook into two broad types or runs, fall and spring, named for the time of year in which they migrate to freshwater. Migration time in Chinook has a strong genetic component, and historically, fall and spring runs were spatially and temporally isolated in watersheds. Using a population of Chinook from California’s Central Valley, I sought to examine gene regulation that results in differential run-timing. Functional genomics has proven to be powerful in distinguishing genes differentially expressed between alternate behaviors in other systems and I used the technique LongSAGE to examine genes differentially regulated between fall and spring run Chinook during freshwater migration. I constructed three LongSAGE libraries from the brains of a spring, fall and ocean sample and observed 221 differentially expressed tags. Using expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss), I was able to assign putative functions to 59% of differentially expressed tags. Additionally, I tested the expression levels of seven genes in the brains of 8 additional individuals from both runs and found none significantly differentially expressed between fall and spring runs. This study is the first to apply LongSAGE to salmon and provides a framework for conducting future gene expression research into reproduction and migration times, as well as physiology of migrating salmon. Title: Neural gene expression profiling in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) of alternate run times Author: Bernier, Jeremiah C. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) display the greatest variability of return times to freshwater of all Pacific salmon. Differential return times to freshwater have segregated populations of Chinook into two broad types or runs, fall and spring, named for the time of year in which they migrate to freshwater. Migration time in Chinook has a strong genetic component, and historically, fall and spring runs were spatially and temporally isolated in watersheds. Using a population of Chinook from California’s Central Valley, I sought to examine gene regulation that results in differential run-timing. Functional genomics has proven to be powerful in distinguishing genes differentially expressed between alternate behaviors in other systems and I used the technique LongSAGE to examine genes differentially regulated between fall and spring run Chinook during freshwater migration. I constructed three LongSAGE libraries from the brains of a spring, fall and ocean sample and observed 221 differentially expressed tags. Using expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss), I was able to assign putative functions to 59% of differentially expressed tags. Additionally, I tested the expression levels of seven genes in the brains of 8 additional individuals from both runs and found none significantly differentially expressed between fall and spring runs. This study is the first to apply LongSAGE to salmon and provides a framework for conducting future gene expression research into reproduction and migration times, as well as physiology of migrating salmon. Close

• 36. [Article] Geographic variation in timing of fry emergence and smolt migration of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

  The timing of two events in the early life history of coho salmon--emergence from the gravel and entry into the ocean--is presumed to have evolved to ensure maximum survival during these transition periods. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geographic variation in timing of fry emergence and smolt migration of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Author: Spence, Brian C. The timing of two events in the early life history of coho salmon--emergence from the gravel and entry into the ocean--is presumed to have evolved to ensure maximum survival during these transition periods. Anthropogenic disturbances may disrupt the timing of these events to the detriment of salmon populations. Multivariate analyses were used to examine regional patterns in downstream migration in relation to environmental variation for 50 smolt populations located between central California and southern Alaska. Significant latitudinal gradients were observed in the timing of the peak of migration, duration of migration, and degree of interannual variation in the peak of migration. Smolt migrations of northern populations generally occurred later in the spring, were shorter in duration, and exhibited lower interannual variability in their timing than did those of southern populations. Some variability in these patterns was associated with watershed characteristics (e.g., elevation, distance from ocean); however, latitudinal patterns transcended this variability and may reflect adaptation to differences in temporal "windows of opportunity" in the ocean environments into which smolts enter. Logistic regression models were used to model within- and between-year variation in probability of smolts migrating during 2-d intervals from four streams in Alaska, British Columbia, and Oregon as a function of time interval, lunar periodicity, temperature (absolute, change, cumulative degree days), and streamflow (absolute, change). Migration probability was positively associated with time, temperature, and change in flow, and negatively associated with absolute flow for at least four of the five data sets examined (P <0.05). Significant, but contradictory, relationships between lunar phase and migration probability were also found. Temperature-based models of embryo and alevin development were coupled with information on stream temperatures to examine regional differences in sensitivity of these life stages to climate warming. Modest stream warming (0.5 to 2.0°C) would substantially accelerate embryo and alevin development, reducing the time between spawning and emergence by two months or more. Changes in development time were predicted to be greatest at higher latitudes and elevations (e.g., Alaska and interior British Columbia), where average incubation temperatures are presently the coldest. Title: Geographic variation in timing of fry emergence and smolt migration of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Author: Spence, Brian C. The timing of two events in the early life history of coho salmon--emergence from the gravel and entry into the ocean--is presumed to have evolved to ensure maximum survival during these transition periods. Anthropogenic disturbances may disrupt the timing of these events to the detriment of salmon populations. Multivariate analyses were used to examine regional patterns in downstream migration in relation to environmental variation for 50 smolt populations located between central California and southern Alaska. Significant latitudinal gradients were observed in the timing of the peak of migration, duration of migration, and degree of interannual variation in the peak of migration. Smolt migrations of northern populations generally occurred later in the spring, were shorter in duration, and exhibited lower interannual variability in their timing than did those of southern populations. Some variability in these patterns was associated with watershed characteristics (e.g., elevation, distance from ocean); however, latitudinal patterns transcended this variability and may reflect adaptation to differences in temporal "windows of opportunity" in the ocean environments into which smolts enter. Logistic regression models were used to model within- and between-year variation in probability of smolts migrating during 2-d intervals from four streams in Alaska, British Columbia, and Oregon as a function of time interval, lunar periodicity, temperature (absolute, change, cumulative degree days), and streamflow (absolute, change). Migration probability was positively associated with time, temperature, and change in flow, and negatively associated with absolute flow for at least four of the five data sets examined (P <0.05). Significant, but contradictory, relationships between lunar phase and migration probability were also found. Temperature-based models of embryo and alevin development were coupled with information on stream temperatures to examine regional differences in sensitivity of these life stages to climate warming. Modest stream warming (0.5 to 2.0°C) would substantially accelerate embryo and alevin development, reducing the time between spawning and emergence by two months or more. Changes in development time were predicted to be greatest at higher latitudes and elevations (e.g., Alaska and interior British Columbia), where average incubation temperatures are presently the coldest. Close

• 37. [Article] Nearshore sandbar migration predicted by an eddy-diffusive boundary layer model

  copyrighted by American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nearshore sandbar migration predicted by an eddy-diffusive boundary layer model Author: Henderson, Stephen M., Newberger, P. A., Allen, John S. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Title: Nearshore sandbar migration predicted by an eddy-diffusive boundary layer model Author: Henderson, Stephen M., Newberger, P. A., Allen, John S. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Close

• 38. [Article] The economic incentives facing illegal Mexican aliens in the U.S. : a case study at Hood River, Oregon

  Illegal Mexican migration to the U.S. appears to have increased substantially over the past fifteen years. Most illegal Mexican aliens migrate with the aim of obtaining better employment opportunities ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The economic incentives facing illegal Mexican aliens in the U.S. : a case study at Hood River, Oregon Author: Cuthbert, Richard W. Illegal Mexican migration to the U.S. appears to have increased substantially over the past fifteen years. Most illegal Mexican aliens migrate with the aim of obtaining better employment opportunities and higher earnings in the U.S. than are available in Mexico. The potential impacts of this migration on various U.S. interests, however, are not agreed upon by scholars in the field. In fact, little empirical data on illegal Mexican aliens in the U.S. have been collected, especially with regard to the economic incentives for their migration. This study is an attempt to obtain empirical data on illegal Mexican aliens who are employed in the U.S. The principle aim of this research is to describe a random sample of illegal Mexican aliens surveyed at Hood River, Oregon, where they were employed in agricultural harvest activities. Specific attention is placed on the earnings differential for illegal Mexican aliens in the U.S. and foregone earnings in Mexico as a measure of the economic incentive for illegal migration. The study finds that illegal Mexican aliens interviewed at Hood River generally conform to the demographic profile described in previous studies. but that the data on their earnings and expenditures are considerably different. Both wage earnings and living costs in the U.S. appear to be considerably higher for most illegal Mexican aliens than indicated by previous studies, and their differential between potential U.S. and Mexican earnings is substantial. Illegal Mexican aliens at Hood River had gross earnings of approximately six-times their foregone Mexican earnings by working in the U.S. for roughly the same period of time. By accounting for expenses that the illegal aliens face in the U.S., this amount is reduced to four-times their foregone earnings. The study concludes that considerable illegal Mexican migration will likely continue in the near future and that further research on other aspects of the phenomenon and in other geographic regions would be useful. Several specific suggestions for future research are also outlined. Title: The economic incentives facing illegal Mexican aliens in the U.S. : a case study at Hood River, Oregon Author: Cuthbert, Richard W. Illegal Mexican migration to the U.S. appears to have increased substantially over the past fifteen years. Most illegal Mexican aliens migrate with the aim of obtaining better employment opportunities and higher earnings in the U.S. than are available in Mexico. The potential impacts of this migration on various U.S. interests, however, are not agreed upon by scholars in the field. In fact, little empirical data on illegal Mexican aliens in the U.S. have been collected, especially with regard to the economic incentives for their migration. This study is an attempt to obtain empirical data on illegal Mexican aliens who are employed in the U.S. The principle aim of this research is to describe a random sample of illegal Mexican aliens surveyed at Hood River, Oregon, where they were employed in agricultural harvest activities. Specific attention is placed on the earnings differential for illegal Mexican aliens in the U.S. and foregone earnings in Mexico as a measure of the economic incentive for illegal migration. The study finds that illegal Mexican aliens interviewed at Hood River generally conform to the demographic profile described in previous studies. but that the data on their earnings and expenditures are considerably different. Both wage earnings and living costs in the U.S. appear to be considerably higher for most illegal Mexican aliens than indicated by previous studies, and their differential between potential U.S. and Mexican earnings is substantial. Illegal Mexican aliens at Hood River had gross earnings of approximately six-times their foregone Mexican earnings by working in the U.S. for roughly the same period of time. By accounting for expenses that the illegal aliens face in the U.S., this amount is reduced to four-times their foregone earnings. The study concludes that considerable illegal Mexican migration will likely continue in the near future and that further research on other aspects of the phenomenon and in other geographic regions would be useful. Several specific suggestions for future research are also outlined. Close

• 39. [Article] Bioenergetic evaluation of diel vertical migration by bull trout

  I evaluated hypotheses related to growth as a driver of depth use and diel vertical migration by bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in a thermally stratified reservoir. I applied a bioenergetic model ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bioenergetic evaluation of diel vertical migration by bull trout Author: Eckmann, Madeleine I evaluated hypotheses related to growth as a driver of depth use and diel vertical migration by bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in a thermally stratified reservoir. I applied a bioenergetic model to evaluate growth of bull trout in relation to potential patterns of diel depth use by bull trout in Ross Lake, Washington. Modeled patterns of growth were derived from observed vertical distributions of temperature and prey availability. I also observed bull trout depth (and corresponding temperature) use patterns to determine if observed behaviors corresponded with those predicted to maximize growth. Results of this work suggest that bull trout migrations beyond 25 m deep in Ross Lake cannot be explained exclusively by growth and survival alone, two common explanations for diel vertical migration. These deeper excursions may be explained by a third driver that has not been previously emphasized: the importance of colder water for gametogenesis. Further evaluation of this hypothesis as a means of explaining diel vertical migration for bull trout and other fish species in similar environments is warranted. Title: Bioenergetic evaluation of diel vertical migration by bull trout Author: Eckmann, Madeleine I evaluated hypotheses related to growth as a driver of depth use and diel vertical migration by bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in a thermally stratified reservoir. I applied a bioenergetic model to evaluate growth of bull trout in relation to potential patterns of diel depth use by bull trout in Ross Lake, Washington. Modeled patterns of growth were derived from observed vertical distributions of temperature and prey availability. I also observed bull trout depth (and corresponding temperature) use patterns to determine if observed behaviors corresponded with those predicted to maximize growth. Results of this work suggest that bull trout migrations beyond 25 m deep in Ross Lake cannot be explained exclusively by growth and survival alone, two common explanations for diel vertical migration. These deeper excursions may be explained by a third driver that has not been previously emphasized: the importance of colder water for gametogenesis. Further evaluation of this hypothesis as a means of explaining diel vertical migration for bull trout and other fish species in similar environments is warranted. Close

• 40. [Article] Factors influencing spawning migration of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the North Fork Skokomish River, Olympic National Park, Washington

  Distribution and life history characteristics of lacustrine-adfluvial bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) were described in the North Fork Skokomish River Basin (including Lake Cushman, a reservoir) from ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors influencing spawning migration of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the North Fork Skokomish River, Olympic National Park, Washington Author: Brenkman, Samuel J. Distribution and life history characteristics of lacustrine-adfluvial bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) were described in the North Fork Skokomish River Basin (including Lake Cushman, a reservoir) from 1994 to 1996. Day snorkeling was conducted in the river to determine initiation of the bull trout spawning migration, abundance of spawners, and duration of spawning. Declining photoperiod, increased river discharge, and decreased water temperature appeared to influence timing of migration and spawning. Lacustrine-adfluvial bull trout typically entered the North Fork Skokomish River in October although some fish entered as early as May. Mean lengths of spawners consistently increased from June to December 1996, and early migrating bull trout were shorter than those fish that entered after river discharge increased in October. The presence of two phases of the spawning migration may be indicative of two populations spawning in the river. Bull trout spawned between mid-September and December in the river and tributaries after water temperatures declined. All spawning occurred at temperatures less than 7.5°C. Comparisons with studies of other lacustrine-adfiuvial bull trout populations that inhabit river and reservoir complexes suggested that bull trout exhibit specific migratory strategies related to local environmental conditions. In the North Fork Skokomish River, changes in abundance of bull trout, mountain whitefish (Prosopium wilhamsom), cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus dark), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) revealed distinct temporal segregation among these species. Olympic National Park, a designated Biosphere Reserve, contains one of the largest remaining areas of relatively pristine habitat in the range of bull trout. Knowledge of responses of bull trout to changes in river discharge and temperature from relatively undisturbed systems, such as the North Fork Skokomish River, may be useful in understanding patterns observed in degraded environments. Title: Factors influencing spawning migration of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the North Fork Skokomish River, Olympic National Park, Washington Author: Brenkman, Samuel J. Distribution and life history characteristics of lacustrine-adfluvial bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) were described in the North Fork Skokomish River Basin (including Lake Cushman, a reservoir) from 1994 to 1996. Day snorkeling was conducted in the river to determine initiation of the bull trout spawning migration, abundance of spawners, and duration of spawning. Declining photoperiod, increased river discharge, and decreased water temperature appeared to influence timing of migration and spawning. Lacustrine-adfluvial bull trout typically entered the North Fork Skokomish River in October although some fish entered as early as May. Mean lengths of spawners consistently increased from June to December 1996, and early migrating bull trout were shorter than those fish that entered after river discharge increased in October. The presence of two phases of the spawning migration may be indicative of two populations spawning in the river. Bull trout spawned between mid-September and December in the river and tributaries after water temperatures declined. All spawning occurred at temperatures less than 7.5°C. Comparisons with studies of other lacustrine-adfiuvial bull trout populations that inhabit river and reservoir complexes suggested that bull trout exhibit specific migratory strategies related to local environmental conditions. In the North Fork Skokomish River, changes in abundance of bull trout, mountain whitefish (Prosopium wilhamsom), cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus dark), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) revealed distinct temporal segregation among these species. Olympic National Park, a designated Biosphere Reserve, contains one of the largest remaining areas of relatively pristine habitat in the range of bull trout. Knowledge of responses of bull trout to changes in river discharge and temperature from relatively undisturbed systems, such as the North Fork Skokomish River, may be useful in understanding patterns observed in degraded environments. Close

• 41. [Article] The influence of sex, migration distance, and latitude on expression of anadromy in Oncorhynchus mykiss

  The evolution and maintenance of multiple phenotypes within populations is an interesting evolutionary and ecological question, and is becoming increasingly important for the restoration and conservation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of sex, migration distance, and latitude on expression of anadromy in Oncorhynchus mykiss Author: Ohms, Haley The evolution and maintenance of multiple phenotypes within populations is an interesting evolutionary and ecological question, and is becoming increasingly important for the restoration and conservation of partially migratory species. In particular, why individuals adopt a particular phenotype has been the focus of numerous research efforts. In the partially migratory species Oncorhynchys mykiss (commonly known as steelhead and rainbow trout), I found that sex plays a strong role in whether an individual adopts an anadromous or resident life history. I observed a higher frequency of females adopting the anadromous tactic throughout the species range, and I attributed this to the relationship between body size and reproductive success in females that is not present in males. I did not observe differences in female bias along gradients of latitude or migration distance, and I hypothesize that while the frequency of tactics among populations may change along these gradients, either the change is equal between males and females, or an interaction of latitude and migration distance may control changes. I did not observe a corresponding male bias in the one resident population I sampled, and suggest that this is the result of a high frequency of residents in that population. I propose that sex ratios could be a valuable metric for measuring frequency of life-history tactics in populations and could facilitate the investigation into the controls of life-history tactics across broad scales. Title: The influence of sex, migration distance, and latitude on expression of anadromy in Oncorhynchus mykiss Author: Ohms, Haley The evolution and maintenance of multiple phenotypes within populations is an interesting evolutionary and ecological question, and is becoming increasingly important for the restoration and conservation of partially migratory species. In particular, why individuals adopt a particular phenotype has been the focus of numerous research efforts. In the partially migratory species Oncorhynchys mykiss (commonly known as steelhead and rainbow trout), I found that sex plays a strong role in whether an individual adopts an anadromous or resident life history. I observed a higher frequency of females adopting the anadromous tactic throughout the species range, and I attributed this to the relationship between body size and reproductive success in females that is not present in males. I did not observe differences in female bias along gradients of latitude or migration distance, and I hypothesize that while the frequency of tactics among populations may change along these gradients, either the change is equal between males and females, or an interaction of latitude and migration distance may control changes. I did not observe a corresponding male bias in the one resident population I sampled, and suggest that this is the result of a high frequency of residents in that population. I propose that sex ratios could be a valuable metric for measuring frequency of life-history tactics in populations and could facilitate the investigation into the controls of life-history tactics across broad scales. Close

• 42. [Article] Transhumance as an adaptive strategy of West Coast RV retirees

  This ethnography describes RV [recreational vehicle] seasonal migration as an adaptive, transhumant strategy. The study population is retired, transhumant migrants, who are members of a nation-wide, membership ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transhumance as an adaptive strategy of West Coast RV retirees Author: Williams, Diane This ethnography describes RV [recreational vehicle] seasonal migration as an adaptive, transhumant strategy. The study population is retired, transhumant migrants, who are members of a nation-wide, membership camping organization. Fieldwork was conducted over a period of seven months at two sites located on the West Coast. These sites reflect northern and southern locations corresponding to seasonal migration patterns. Standard scholarly orientations to the study of retired RV seasonal migrants manifest ethnocentrism and a tendency to stereotype RVers as amenity-migrants. An original and primary objective of the present study was to reach beyond these conceptualizations and popularized images through first-hand, descriptive accounts collected within the context of the culture. This research expands on two existing studies focusing on social and cultural aspects of RV seasonal migration. In contrast to these accounts, the present study provides cultural description of the daily life of retired RVers focusing on the distinctive ways that members of this subculture express mainstream American cultural values underlying their adaptive strategies. This study proposes an alternative conceptualization of RV seasonal migration, derived from the culture itself. The conclusion is that these adaptive strategies reflect patterns of social organization, patterns of resource management, and patterns of social, familial, and interpersonal relationships, that are congruent with mainstream American cultural values of self-reliant individualism, equality, and material comfort; values that have historical, philosophical roots in the Protestant Work Ethic. The RVers' identity derives from maintaining membership in a temporary, fluid, mobile community. They have cohesive social networks with well-defined boundaries, which they defend against threats to group identity. This study contributes to an understanding of what RV seasonal migration means to the participants themselves, and by extension, to their families, to communities, and to our aging society. Title: Transhumance as an adaptive strategy of West Coast RV retirees Author: Williams, Diane This ethnography describes RV [recreational vehicle] seasonal migration as an adaptive, transhumant strategy. The study population is retired, transhumant migrants, who are members of a nation-wide, membership camping organization. Fieldwork was conducted over a period of seven months at two sites located on the West Coast. These sites reflect northern and southern locations corresponding to seasonal migration patterns. Standard scholarly orientations to the study of retired RV seasonal migrants manifest ethnocentrism and a tendency to stereotype RVers as amenity-migrants. An original and primary objective of the present study was to reach beyond these conceptualizations and popularized images through first-hand, descriptive accounts collected within the context of the culture. This research expands on two existing studies focusing on social and cultural aspects of RV seasonal migration. In contrast to these accounts, the present study provides cultural description of the daily life of retired RVers focusing on the distinctive ways that members of this subculture express mainstream American cultural values underlying their adaptive strategies. This study proposes an alternative conceptualization of RV seasonal migration, derived from the culture itself. The conclusion is that these adaptive strategies reflect patterns of social organization, patterns of resource management, and patterns of social, familial, and interpersonal relationships, that are congruent with mainstream American cultural values of self-reliant individualism, equality, and material comfort; values that have historical, philosophical roots in the Protestant Work Ethic. The RVers' identity derives from maintaining membership in a temporary, fluid, mobile community. They have cohesive social networks with well-defined boundaries, which they defend against threats to group identity. This study contributes to an understanding of what RV seasonal migration means to the participants themselves, and by extension, to their families, to communities, and to our aging society. Close

• 43. [Article] Housing Prices and Inter-urban Migration

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/regional-science...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Housing Prices and Inter-urban Migration Author: Plantinga, Andrew J., Detang-Dessendre, Cécile, Hunt, Gary L., Piguet, Virginie This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/regional-science-and-urban-economics/. Title: Housing Prices and Inter-urban Migration Author: Plantinga, Andrew J., Detang-Dessendre, Cécile, Hunt, Gary L., Piguet, Virginie This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/regional-science-and-urban-economics/. Close

• 44. [Article] Utilization of the Columbia River Estuary by American shad, Alosa sapidissima (Wilson)

  The migrations, distribution, and feeding of American shad, Alosa sapidissima (Wilson), were studied from February 1980 through January 1981 in the Columbia River Estuary, an important rearing zone for young-of-the-year ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Utilization of the Columbia River Estuary by American shad, Alosa sapidissima (Wilson) Author: Hammann, Mark Gregory The migrations, distribution, and feeding of American shad, Alosa sapidissima (Wilson), were studied from February 1980 through January 1981 in the Columbia River Estuary, an important rearing zone for young-of-the-year shad. Sampling was performed with purse seine, beach seine, and otter trawl. Adult shad and large numbers of juveniles from the 1979 spawning (age group I) entered the estuary from the ocean in May 1980. Adults continued on their upstream migration while age group I juveniles appeared to congregate in the estuary, joining those (age group I) that had over-wintered there. Many young-of-the-year shad (age group 0) reached the estuary on their seaward migration in September 1980, during which time most of the age group I juveniles migrated back to the ocean. By January 1981, large numbers of young-of-the-year shad migrated to the ocean, although a few remained in the estuary. The stomachs of 26 adult shad and 503 juveniles were analyzed. Adults did not appear to feed during their upstream migration, but juvenile shad fed extensively. Diet varied with season, gear type, and salinity zone. Calanoid copepods were important throughout the year, but Corophium salmonis and Neomysis mercedis were important during fall, winter, and spring. Freshwater prey were consumed during summer and fall. The most important of these were Daphnia spp., Chironomidae larvae and pupae, and Trichoptera adults for shad feeding in shallow water near beaches. Title: Utilization of the Columbia River Estuary by American shad, Alosa sapidissima (Wilson) Author: Hammann, Mark Gregory The migrations, distribution, and feeding of American shad, Alosa sapidissima (Wilson), were studied from February 1980 through January 1981 in the Columbia River Estuary, an important rearing zone for young-of-the-year shad. Sampling was performed with purse seine, beach seine, and otter trawl. Adult shad and large numbers of juveniles from the 1979 spawning (age group I) entered the estuary from the ocean in May 1980. Adults continued on their upstream migration while age group I juveniles appeared to congregate in the estuary, joining those (age group I) that had over-wintered there. Many young-of-the-year shad (age group 0) reached the estuary on their seaward migration in September 1980, during which time most of the age group I juveniles migrated back to the ocean. By January 1981, large numbers of young-of-the-year shad migrated to the ocean, although a few remained in the estuary. The stomachs of 26 adult shad and 503 juveniles were analyzed. Adults did not appear to feed during their upstream migration, but juvenile shad fed extensively. Diet varied with season, gear type, and salinity zone. Calanoid copepods were important throughout the year, but Corophium salmonis and Neomysis mercedis were important during fall, winter, and spring. Freshwater prey were consumed during summer and fall. The most important of these were Daphnia spp., Chironomidae larvae and pupae, and Trichoptera adults for shad feeding in shallow water near beaches. Close

• 45. [Article] Cooperative Management of Trans-Boundary Fish Stocks: Implications for Tropical Tuna Management in the Pacific Island Region

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: NAAFE Forum 2017 Proceedings, March 22-24, 2017. Compiled by Ann L. Shriver with assistance from Stefani Evers. North American Association of Fisheries Economists (NAAFE), ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cooperative Management of Trans-Boundary Fish Stocks: Implications for Tropical Tuna Management in the Pacific Island Region Author: Tokunaga, Kanae Suggested Bibliographic Reference: NAAFE Forum 2017 Proceedings, March 22-24, 2017. Compiled by Ann L. Shriver with assistance from Stefani Evers. North American Association of Fisheries Economists (NAAFE), Corvallis, 2017. Title: Cooperative Management of Trans-Boundary Fish Stocks: Implications for Tropical Tuna Management in the Pacific Island Region Author: Tokunaga, Kanae Suggested Bibliographic Reference: NAAFE Forum 2017 Proceedings, March 22-24, 2017. Compiled by Ann L. Shriver with assistance from Stefani Evers. North American Association of Fisheries Economists (NAAFE), Corvallis, 2017. Close

• 46. [Article] Oregon's changing rural population : age, migration and policy response

  Like rural residents in other places, people in rural Oregon have expressed concern about the demographic shifts occurring in their communities. Principally they are concerned about youth leaving and not ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon's changing rural population : age, migration and policy response Author: Johnson, Samuel L. Like rural residents in other places, people in rural Oregon have expressed concern about the demographic shifts occurring in their communities. Principally they are concerned about youth leaving and not returning. This analysis uses recent Census Bureau data to describe, in detail, the demographic changes occurring in rural Oregon. Particular attention is paid to migration’s role in driving these changes. Interviews of community leaders in rural Oregon reveal how rural Oregon is responding to, and thinking about, these demographic changes. Results indicate that there is no comprehensive public policy in place to address the concern about demographic change. Possible policy strategies to address the demographic changes in rural Oregon are identified. Title: Oregon's changing rural population : age, migration and policy response Author: Johnson, Samuel L. Like rural residents in other places, people in rural Oregon have expressed concern about the demographic shifts occurring in their communities. Principally they are concerned about youth leaving and not returning. This analysis uses recent Census Bureau data to describe, in detail, the demographic changes occurring in rural Oregon. Particular attention is paid to migration’s role in driving these changes. Interviews of community leaders in rural Oregon reveal how rural Oregon is responding to, and thinking about, these demographic changes. Results indicate that there is no comprehensive public policy in place to address the concern about demographic change. Possible policy strategies to address the demographic changes in rural Oregon are identified. Close

• 47. [Article] Variation in the timing of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) migration and spawning relative to river discharge and temperature

  Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) migration and spawning are unique components of the salmon life cycle because they require synchrony of behavior with other individuals as well as with acceptable fluvial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Variation in the timing of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) migration and spawning relative to river discharge and temperature Author: LovellFord, Rachel Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) migration and spawning are unique components of the salmon life cycle because they require synchrony of behavior with other individuals as well as with acceptable fluvial conditions. As with other organisms that exhibit group mating behavior, it is likely that environmental cues trigger coho salmon movement to spawning grounds. These cues may also provide usable habitat for migration and spawning. River discharge, temperature, and length of day have long been assumed to be the environmental cues which trigger migration and spawning of coho salmon as coho return within the same season each year to spawn. Hatchery studies have also shown that the timing of reproductive behavior is heritable. If this heritability is determined by the fluvial conditions of the spawning grounds, then a predictable relationship should exist between reproductive behavior and the hydrologic and thermal regimes. Surprisingly, no defensible correlations between discharge thresholds and spawning or migrating activity have been identified for naturally reproducing coho salmon. Thermal, velocity, and depth limitations have been identified for coho salmon, but these values have not been examined in combination or within the context of a hydrologic and thermal regime. This study compares interannual patterns in the timing of coho mid-river migration in the North Umqua (180 km up river from the estuary) and the initiation of spawn timing in the Smith River basins (Oregon) with river discharge and water temperature data to ascertain whether these behaviors are driven by fluvial conditions. Additionally, we used this data to identify the window over which most migration and spawning takes place in our test systems. On the North Umpqua, coho salmon mid-river migration initiated (first 5% of migrants) after summer peak temperatures and following a threshold average daily temperature of 18 C°, but before fall storm events occurred. In most years, approximately 75% of the migrating coho salmon have moved past the Winchester Dam before fall storms initiated and when discharge remained less than the 11 year average for the month of November, more similar to summer than winter flow levels. Additionally, characteristic lengths and numbers of peaks within the distribution of annual migrations were attributable to the generational cohort that the migration belonged to despite the similarity in population size across all years. These patterns in the distribution of generational cohorts suggest an inherited timing response as well as highlight cohorts which may contain diminished sub-populations. The initiation of coho salmon spawning appears limited both by a thermal threshold of 12 C° in all basins, as well as by a minimal discharge threshold, which is unique to each stream. Continued spawning activity occurs as discharge remains elevated from fall levels. It is also notable that there was no statistical difference in the date of the initiation of spawning within each basin in a given year or across years at a given site. Together, these studies highlight the important role that the coho salmon genome plays in reproductive timing as well as the ways that fluvial thresholds limit reproductive behavior in time. Coho have survived because of their genome has been resilient when faced with environmental change. Future work should consider variability in fluvial conditions relative to coho salmon phenotypic plasticity over time. Coho salmon phenotypic plasticity will determine whether the rate of change of the hydrologic and thermal regimes important to coho salmon survival outpaces the coho’s ability to adapt. This study contributed to this future work by establishing baseline relationships between the behavior of a threatened species and measurable environmental thresholds. Title: Variation in the timing of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) migration and spawning relative to river discharge and temperature Author: LovellFord, Rachel Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) migration and spawning are unique components of the salmon life cycle because they require synchrony of behavior with other individuals as well as with acceptable fluvial conditions. As with other organisms that exhibit group mating behavior, it is likely that environmental cues trigger coho salmon movement to spawning grounds. These cues may also provide usable habitat for migration and spawning. River discharge, temperature, and length of day have long been assumed to be the environmental cues which trigger migration and spawning of coho salmon as coho return within the same season each year to spawn. Hatchery studies have also shown that the timing of reproductive behavior is heritable. If this heritability is determined by the fluvial conditions of the spawning grounds, then a predictable relationship should exist between reproductive behavior and the hydrologic and thermal regimes. Surprisingly, no defensible correlations between discharge thresholds and spawning or migrating activity have been identified for naturally reproducing coho salmon. Thermal, velocity, and depth limitations have been identified for coho salmon, but these values have not been examined in combination or within the context of a hydrologic and thermal regime. This study compares interannual patterns in the timing of coho mid-river migration in the North Umqua (180 km up river from the estuary) and the initiation of spawn timing in the Smith River basins (Oregon) with river discharge and water temperature data to ascertain whether these behaviors are driven by fluvial conditions. Additionally, we used this data to identify the window over which most migration and spawning takes place in our test systems. On the North Umpqua, coho salmon mid-river migration initiated (first 5% of migrants) after summer peak temperatures and following a threshold average daily temperature of 18 C°, but before fall storm events occurred. In most years, approximately 75% of the migrating coho salmon have moved past the Winchester Dam before fall storms initiated and when discharge remained less than the 11 year average for the month of November, more similar to summer than winter flow levels. Additionally, characteristic lengths and numbers of peaks within the distribution of annual migrations were attributable to the generational cohort that the migration belonged to despite the similarity in population size across all years. These patterns in the distribution of generational cohorts suggest an inherited timing response as well as highlight cohorts which may contain diminished sub-populations. The initiation of coho salmon spawning appears limited both by a thermal threshold of 12 C° in all basins, as well as by a minimal discharge threshold, which is unique to each stream. Continued spawning activity occurs as discharge remains elevated from fall levels. It is also notable that there was no statistical difference in the date of the initiation of spawning within each basin in a given year or across years at a given site. Together, these studies highlight the important role that the coho salmon genome plays in reproductive timing as well as the ways that fluvial thresholds limit reproductive behavior in time. Coho have survived because of their genome has been resilient when faced with environmental change. Future work should consider variability in fluvial conditions relative to coho salmon phenotypic plasticity over time. Coho salmon phenotypic plasticity will determine whether the rate of change of the hydrologic and thermal regimes important to coho salmon survival outpaces the coho’s ability to adapt. This study contributed to this future work by establishing baseline relationships between the behavior of a threatened species and measurable environmental thresholds. Close

• 48. [Article] Passage, migration behavior, and autoecology of adult Pacific lamprey at Winchester Dam and within the North Umpqua River Basin, Oregon, USA

  The extensive reduction in adult Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) counts at many hydroelectric dams in the northwestern USA signals a substantial decline in lamprey numbers across the entire region ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Passage, migration behavior, and autoecology of adult Pacific lamprey at Winchester Dam and within the North Umpqua River Basin, Oregon, USA Author: Lampman, Ralph Tatsuo The extensive reduction in adult Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) counts at many hydroelectric dams in the northwestern USA signals a substantial decline in lamprey numbers across the entire region in the past 40 to 50 years. Among the many potential causes of this decline, obstruction of migration routes has likely played a substantial role. Within the North Umpqua River basin in southwest Oregon, USA, I focused on the following three research goals: 1) to describe the passage efficiency and migration routes of adult Pacific lamprey at Winchester Dam; 2) to evaluate the seasonal movement patterns of adult Pacific lamprey and their use of holding habitat at Winchester Dam in relation to temperature conditions; and 3) to portray the diversity of upstream migratory behaviors of adult Pacific lamprey and the environmental factors that influence these behaviors. This radio telemetry study was conducted between March 2009 and August 2011 with a combination of fixed stations and manual tracking. Passage efficiency was low in both years (8% and 19%, respectively), and all tagged lamprey that successfully passed the dam used routes other than the fish ladder. Lamprey that migrated early within the run and those with relatively small tags had higher passage rates and traveled further than the other groups of lamprey. Lamprey released above of the dam or those that passed the dam on their own distributed themselves widely in the upstream environment, suggesting that the dam deterred their upstream migration. Using mark-recapture data for the two years, the adult Pacific lamprey population upstream of Winchester Dam was estimated at 960 (95% C.I. [188, 4760]) in 2009 and 556 (95% C.I. [110, 2798]) in 2010, which was considerably lower than historical counts at the dam (between 14,532-46,785 in 1965-1971). Most tagged lamprey that did not pass the dam remained at the base of the dam at the end of the summer migration (63% in 2009 and 67% in 2010). Types of habitat most frequently used by lamprey downstream from the dam included the dam surface (wooden structures with crevices), interface zones between fast and slow water, and highway bridge pilings. The lamprey movement changed considerably between August and September, and the frequency of movements decreased sharply during this period. Tagged lamprey were detected using thermal refuges immediately downstream of the dam that were 0.4 to 2.8 C° colder than the mean river temperature at the dam, and this temperature differential increased as the season progressed. Lamprey may be seeking overwintering habitat associated with hyporheic exchange flows at the dam towards the end of the summer season after their display of heightened activity early in the summer. Ninety-five percent of the overall upstream migration took place during the first spring/summer period, and only small-scale upstream movements were observed during the winter and second spring/summer (4% and 1%, respectively). The rate of upstream migration (median) was the fastest during the initial migration phase and was 1.9 km/day (ranging from 0.3 to 11.0 km/day) for tagged lamprey released above Winchester Dam. During winter, 71% of the lamprey remained in the same location where they initiated holding. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the total upstream distance traveled by individual lamprey was most strongly related to presence/absence of Winchester Dam, relative tag size, and water temperature and photoperiod conditions at release. The presence of Winchester Dam, large relative tag size, and high water temperature / short photoperiod conditions at release significantly reduced upstream migration distance. Title: Passage, migration behavior, and autoecology of adult Pacific lamprey at Winchester Dam and within the North Umpqua River Basin, Oregon, USA Author: Lampman, Ralph Tatsuo The extensive reduction in adult Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) counts at many hydroelectric dams in the northwestern USA signals a substantial decline in lamprey numbers across the entire region in the past 40 to 50 years. Among the many potential causes of this decline, obstruction of migration routes has likely played a substantial role. Within the North Umpqua River basin in southwest Oregon, USA, I focused on the following three research goals: 1) to describe the passage efficiency and migration routes of adult Pacific lamprey at Winchester Dam; 2) to evaluate the seasonal movement patterns of adult Pacific lamprey and their use of holding habitat at Winchester Dam in relation to temperature conditions; and 3) to portray the diversity of upstream migratory behaviors of adult Pacific lamprey and the environmental factors that influence these behaviors. This radio telemetry study was conducted between March 2009 and August 2011 with a combination of fixed stations and manual tracking. Passage efficiency was low in both years (8% and 19%, respectively), and all tagged lamprey that successfully passed the dam used routes other than the fish ladder. Lamprey that migrated early within the run and those with relatively small tags had higher passage rates and traveled further than the other groups of lamprey. Lamprey released above of the dam or those that passed the dam on their own distributed themselves widely in the upstream environment, suggesting that the dam deterred their upstream migration. Using mark-recapture data for the two years, the adult Pacific lamprey population upstream of Winchester Dam was estimated at 960 (95% C.I. [188, 4760]) in 2009 and 556 (95% C.I. [110, 2798]) in 2010, which was considerably lower than historical counts at the dam (between 14,532-46,785 in 1965-1971). Most tagged lamprey that did not pass the dam remained at the base of the dam at the end of the summer migration (63% in 2009 and 67% in 2010). Types of habitat most frequently used by lamprey downstream from the dam included the dam surface (wooden structures with crevices), interface zones between fast and slow water, and highway bridge pilings. The lamprey movement changed considerably between August and September, and the frequency of movements decreased sharply during this period. Tagged lamprey were detected using thermal refuges immediately downstream of the dam that were 0.4 to 2.8 C° colder than the mean river temperature at the dam, and this temperature differential increased as the season progressed. Lamprey may be seeking overwintering habitat associated with hyporheic exchange flows at the dam towards the end of the summer season after their display of heightened activity early in the summer. Ninety-five percent of the overall upstream migration took place during the first spring/summer period, and only small-scale upstream movements were observed during the winter and second spring/summer (4% and 1%, respectively). The rate of upstream migration (median) was the fastest during the initial migration phase and was 1.9 km/day (ranging from 0.3 to 11.0 km/day) for tagged lamprey released above Winchester Dam. During winter, 71% of the lamprey remained in the same location where they initiated holding. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the total upstream distance traveled by individual lamprey was most strongly related to presence/absence of Winchester Dam, relative tag size, and water temperature and photoperiod conditions at release. The presence of Winchester Dam, large relative tag size, and high water temperature / short photoperiod conditions at release significantly reduced upstream migration distance. Close

• 49. [Article] Censuses of Black Brant at Yaquina Estuary, Lincoln County, Oregon

  Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) had two different seasonal patterns of occurrence at Yaquina Estuary. At embayment areas with eelgrass (Zostera marina), Brant typically arrived between October ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Censuses of Black Brant at Yaquina Estuary, Lincoln County, Oregon Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947- Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) had two different seasonal patterns of occurrence at Yaquina Estuary. At embayment areas with eelgrass (Zostera marina), Brant typically arrived between October 22 and November 4, Brant numbers progressively climbed in November, Brant abundance in December-January was relatively constant, and Brant numbers often fluctuated greatly during spring migration in February-April. At a site near the estuary mouth where there was little eelgrass, Brant customarily only appeared during spring migration. About 300-500 Brant wintered at the Yaquina in the 1980's, and usually fewer than 700 Brant were counted during spring migration. Title: Censuses of Black Brant at Yaquina Estuary, Lincoln County, Oregon Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947- Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) had two different seasonal patterns of occurrence at Yaquina Estuary. At embayment areas with eelgrass (Zostera marina), Brant typically arrived between October 22 and November 4, Brant numbers progressively climbed in November, Brant abundance in December-January was relatively constant, and Brant numbers often fluctuated greatly during spring migration in February-April. At a site near the estuary mouth where there was little eelgrass, Brant customarily only appeared during spring migration. About 300-500 Brant wintered at the Yaquina in the 1980's, and usually fewer than 700 Brant were counted during spring migration. Close

• 50. [Article] Reconstructing Velocities of Migrating Birds from Weather Radar – A Case Study in Computational Sustainability

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) and can be ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reconstructing Velocities of Migrating Birds from Weather Radar – A Case Study in Computational Sustainability Author: Van Doren, Benjamin, Farnsworth, Andrew, Dietterich, Thomas G., Webb, Kevin, Kelling, Steve, Irvine, Jed, Geevarghese, Jeffrey, Sheldon, Daniel This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) and can be found at: http://www.aaai.org/Magazine/magazine.php. Title: Reconstructing Velocities of Migrating Birds from Weather Radar – A Case Study in Computational Sustainability Author: Van Doren, Benjamin, Farnsworth, Andrew, Dietterich, Thomas G., Webb, Kevin, Kelling, Steve, Irvine, Jed, Geevarghese, Jeffrey, Sheldon, Daniel This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) and can be found at: http://www.aaai.org/Magazine/magazine.php. Close