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• 1. [Article] "Doing weddings" : couples' gender strategies in wedding preparation

  Men today are doing more household labor than in previous generations, but research suggests that gender still strongly influences household labor. A great deal of labor goes into creating family rituals, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Doing weddings" : couples' gender strategies in wedding preparation Author: Humble, Aine M. Men today are doing more household labor than in previous generations, but research suggests that gender still strongly influences household labor. A great deal of labor goes into creating family rituals, which may be central carriers for gender construction. Weddings, in particular, are rituals based on a gender dichotomy that influences the division of labor. This qualitative study examined how couples constructed and negotiated gender in wedding planning. Spouses in 21 first-time married couples were interviewed separately within one year of marrying. Questions focused on how weddings were planned and who was responsible for what tasks. Analysis, which was guided by the gender perspective (Thompson, 1993), revealed that gender typically was constructed in ways that replicated dominant gender norms, but some couples did show resistance to the social structure. At the aggregate level, brides tended to do more wedding work than grooms, but there was a range of gendered behavior at the dyad level. Similar to previous research, three couple types emerged. In traditional couples, brides planned their weddings with the help of other women, and brides and grooms were satisfied with this arrangement. In transitional couples, grooms helped out more, but brides still were responsible for most of the labor. These couples experienced occasional conflict when they tried to share work equally yet fell back into stereotypical roles of involved brides and distant grooms. Brides and grooms in egalitarian couples shared work more equally, and were more likely than the other two groups to question gendered traditions. Traditional and transitional couples used gender strategies that reproduced dominant gendered norms, whereas egalitarian couples did not use such strategies. Gender strategies revolved around: (a) the sociohistorical ideology that weddings are for women, (b) brides' presumed organizational skills, (c) grooms' peripheral involvement, (d) gendered employment and home environments, and (f) gender assessment between brides and grooms and from others. Overall, the dominance of the cultural script that weddings are for women influenced traditional and transitional couples' gender strategies and wedding work. Wedding planning was more likely to be shared when weddings were seen as for couples rather than for women. Title: "Doing weddings" : couples' gender strategies in wedding preparation Author: Humble, Aine M. Men today are doing more household labor than in previous generations, but research suggests that gender still strongly influences household labor. A great deal of labor goes into creating family rituals, which may be central carriers for gender construction. Weddings, in particular, are rituals based on a gender dichotomy that influences the division of labor. This qualitative study examined how couples constructed and negotiated gender in wedding planning. Spouses in 21 first-time married couples were interviewed separately within one year of marrying. Questions focused on how weddings were planned and who was responsible for what tasks. Analysis, which was guided by the gender perspective (Thompson, 1993), revealed that gender typically was constructed in ways that replicated dominant gender norms, but some couples did show resistance to the social structure. At the aggregate level, brides tended to do more wedding work than grooms, but there was a range of gendered behavior at the dyad level. Similar to previous research, three couple types emerged. In traditional couples, brides planned their weddings with the help of other women, and brides and grooms were satisfied with this arrangement. In transitional couples, grooms helped out more, but brides still were responsible for most of the labor. These couples experienced occasional conflict when they tried to share work equally yet fell back into stereotypical roles of involved brides and distant grooms. Brides and grooms in egalitarian couples shared work more equally, and were more likely than the other two groups to question gendered traditions. Traditional and transitional couples used gender strategies that reproduced dominant gendered norms, whereas egalitarian couples did not use such strategies. Gender strategies revolved around: (a) the sociohistorical ideology that weddings are for women, (b) brides' presumed organizational skills, (c) grooms' peripheral involvement, (d) gendered employment and home environments, and (f) gender assessment between brides and grooms and from others. Overall, the dominance of the cultural script that weddings are for women influenced traditional and transitional couples' gender strategies and wedding work. Wedding planning was more likely to be shared when weddings were seen as for couples rather than for women. Close

• 2. [Article] Gender Integration in Fisheries Value Chains: A Good Practice from Gender Research Analysis to Gender Action Plan in Fisheries Development in Thailand

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender Integration in Fisheries Value Chains: A Good Practice from Gender Research Analysis to Gender Action Plan in Fisheries Development in Thailand Author: Sermwatanakul, Amonrat, Khumsri, Malasri, Naksung, Kanit Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Gender Integration in Fisheries Value Chains: A Good Practice from Gender Research Analysis to Gender Action Plan in Fisheries Development in Thailand Author: Sermwatanakul, Amonrat, Khumsri, Malasri, Naksung, Kanit Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 3. [Article] Gender Inequality in Food Insecurity: An Examination of Single Adults without Children in the United States

  Using Current Population Survey data from 2008, 2009 and 2010 this paper explores the extent to which there is gender inequality in food insecurity among employed single adults without children. Gender ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender Inequality in Food Insecurity: An Examination of Single Adults without Children in the United States Author: Osborne, Megan Using Current Population Survey data from 2008, 2009 and 2010 this paper explores the extent to which there is gender inequality in food insecurity among employed single adults without children. Gender inequality in the U.S. is well documented in a wide variety of spheres from the home to the world economy and is built and reinforced through the institutions of marriage and the family, work and the economy, politics, religion and many other cultural productions (Lorber 2010). This paper focuses on one kind of gender inequality of material hardship – food insecurity – examining its links to unequal and segregated economic opportunity. This study is unique as it examines how, when controlling for the influences of some of these structures ( e.g., marriage, and the dynamics of family with children) there remains evidence of gender inequality in food insecurity. Using ordinal logistic regression, results indicate a persistent presence of gender inequality in food insecurity with women showing consistently higher likelihoods of being food insecure when compared to men. This study both contributes to and expands on the existing literature on both gender inequality and food insecurity, linking occupational sex segregation and a gender income gap to higher likelihoods of food insecurity among women. Title: Gender Inequality in Food Insecurity: An Examination of Single Adults without Children in the United States Author: Osborne, Megan Using Current Population Survey data from 2008, 2009 and 2010 this paper explores the extent to which there is gender inequality in food insecurity among employed single adults without children. Gender inequality in the U.S. is well documented in a wide variety of spheres from the home to the world economy and is built and reinforced through the institutions of marriage and the family, work and the economy, politics, religion and many other cultural productions (Lorber 2010). This paper focuses on one kind of gender inequality of material hardship – food insecurity – examining its links to unequal and segregated economic opportunity. This study is unique as it examines how, when controlling for the influences of some of these structures ( e.g., marriage, and the dynamics of family with children) there remains evidence of gender inequality in food insecurity. Using ordinal logistic regression, results indicate a persistent presence of gender inequality in food insecurity with women showing consistently higher likelihoods of being food insecure when compared to men. This study both contributes to and expands on the existing literature on both gender inequality and food insecurity, linking occupational sex segregation and a gender income gap to higher likelihoods of food insecurity among women. Close

• 4. [Article] A Performance of Instinct: Bechdel’s Experience as Criticism of Butler’s Gender Trouble

  Presented at the 2015 American Conversations Student Research Conference

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Performance of Instinct: Bechdel’s Experience as Criticism of Butler’s Gender Trouble Author: Haverman, Megan Presented at the 2015 American Conversations Student Research Conference Title: A Performance of Instinct: Bechdel’s Experience as Criticism of Butler’s Gender Trouble Author: Haverman, Megan Presented at the 2015 American Conversations Student Research Conference Close

• 5. [Article] Gender Pluralism in Problem-Solving Software

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/interacting-wit...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender Pluralism in Problem-Solving Software Author: Burnett, Margaret M., Rector, Kyle, Fleming, Scott D., Cao, Jill, Beckwith, Laura, Wiedenbeck, Susan, Grigoreanu, Valentina, Park, Thomas H. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/interacting-with-computers/. Title: Gender Pluralism in Problem-Solving Software Author: Burnett, Margaret M., Rector, Kyle, Fleming, Scott D., Cao, Jill, Beckwith, Laura, Wiedenbeck, Susan, Grigoreanu, Valentina, Park, Thomas H. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/interacting-with-computers/. Close

• 6. [Article] From sister to sister to woman : the role of sororities in the social transmission of gender

  Sororities play an important role in the process by which sorority women become gendered by influencing members' ideas about what it means to be a woman. Women and men become gendered through regular social ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: From sister to sister to woman : the role of sororities in the social transmission of gender Author: Gilmore, Jennifer Sororities play an important role in the process by which sorority women become gendered by influencing members' ideas about what it means to be a woman. Women and men become gendered through regular social interaction with other women and men, and sororities have a particularly strong impact on their members because sorority women spend nearly all of their time with other Greeks. Gender is one of the major ways that we organize our lives and gender is the texture and foundation of our social, political, and economic worlds. This is why we must consider the consequences of gender negotiation in all arenas, including sororities. For the most part, the sorority women who participated in this study negotiated traditional gender arrangements and constructed conservative identities. Sororities on this Pacific Northwestern university created and perpetuated conformity, dependence and political apathy in their members. These organizations developed an environment in which gender stereotyping and victimization was learned and then legitimized. Within these organizations, however, are pockets of resistance, non-compliance, empowerment, and what could be called "potentially feminist" gender negotiation. Title: From sister to sister to woman : the role of sororities in the social transmission of gender Author: Gilmore, Jennifer Sororities play an important role in the process by which sorority women become gendered by influencing members' ideas about what it means to be a woman. Women and men become gendered through regular social interaction with other women and men, and sororities have a particularly strong impact on their members because sorority women spend nearly all of their time with other Greeks. Gender is one of the major ways that we organize our lives and gender is the texture and foundation of our social, political, and economic worlds. This is why we must consider the consequences of gender negotiation in all arenas, including sororities. For the most part, the sorority women who participated in this study negotiated traditional gender arrangements and constructed conservative identities. Sororities on this Pacific Northwestern university created and perpetuated conformity, dependence and political apathy in their members. These organizations developed an environment in which gender stereotyping and victimization was learned and then legitimized. Within these organizations, however, are pockets of resistance, non-compliance, empowerment, and what could be called "potentially feminist" gender negotiation. Close

• 7. [Article] Summary: Overcoming Gender Inequalities in Fish Supply Chains to Inform Policy and Action

  This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summary: Overcoming Gender Inequalities in Fish Supply Chains to Inform Policy and Action Author: Williams, Meryl This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in conjunction with 16th IIFET Conference. The complete proceedings of this special session are available (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Documents/Uploads/FileManager/IIFET%202012%20CRSP%20Session%20Proceedings%20Final_small.pdf) through the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program gender web site, (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Gender/). Title: Summary: Overcoming Gender Inequalities in Fish Supply Chains to Inform Policy and Action Author: Williams, Meryl This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in conjunction with 16th IIFET Conference. The complete proceedings of this special session are available (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Documents/Uploads/FileManager/IIFET%202012%20CRSP%20Session%20Proceedings%20Final_small.pdf) through the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program gender web site, (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Gender/). Close

• 8. [Article] Gender Biases in Counselor Supervisor Evaluations of Counselors

  Gender bias and discrimination are currently some of the most pertinent topics being explored in counseling practice and counselor education and supervision. Because of all the public attention in recent ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender Biases in Counselor Supervisor Evaluations of Counselors Author: Hadeed, Sabrina Gender bias and discrimination are currently some of the most pertinent topics being explored in counseling practice and counselor education and supervision. Because of all the public attention in recent years to the topics of transgender and marriage equality, the definitions of gender identity and gender roles have become more inclusive. This expansion includes definitions of gender identity that extend beyond the binary, to include gender neutral, gender non-conforming, gender fluid, and transgender. The current literature confirms that gender diversity and gender issues in counseling have been recognized as important components of multicultural competencies, counselor supervision, and counselor education. However, there is a dearth of empirical research investigating transgender discrimination issues in counselor supervision. Additionally, intersectionality has been described as an important framework of research exploring diversity. And yet, the topic of gender diversity in counselor education and supervision research has been neglected. Based on the Theory of Intersectionality in diversity and existing definitions on gender identity and ageism, the intention of research in this dissertation is two-fold: (a) to understand how the construct of gender has been examined in the field thus far and (b) to contribute to filling some of the gaps in the research pertaining to transgender issues (such as transphobia) in counselor education and supervision. To address the first object, the researcher conducted a critical examination of recent literature since the publication of Hindes and Andrews (2011) critical review of the empirical studies and Nilsson, Barazanji, Scahl, and Bahner’s (2008) book chapter on the topic. Findings in this critical review revealed an overall scarcity of empirical studies on gender-related topics in counselor education and supervision and few empirical studies that expanded beyond the binary understanding of gender, included intersectional analyses, and discussed transgender/gender diverse specific issues. Findings further conclude that there are no existing studies that include intersectionality in counselor education and training issues related to LGBTQ MC competencies. Future research recommendations are also reviewed. To address the second object, the researcher conducted an experimental design study to examine whether counseling supervisors’ evaluations of a counselor’s social influence attributes and ability to repair therapeutic rupture would differ when they were randomly presented with 1 of 4 counseling vignettes that differed only in the counselor’s gender identity (cis-gender female vs. transgender female) and age (younger vs. older). The researcher hypothesized that older transgender and cisgender females would be evaluated more poorly than their younger counterparts; and that transgender females would be evaluated the most poorly in both measures. Of the completed data records, the sample consisted of 76 participants from the CRF-S (Counselor Rating Form- Short version) and 69 participants from the SWAI-O (Segmented Working Alliance Inventory – Observer version). Two-way t-tests and logistic regression analyses were used to test the study’s hypotheses. Findings indicate that there were no statistically significant results to support the hypotheses. Plausible reasons for the findings of non-significance are discussed. Despite the insignificant results, there was a suggestive finding related to survey break-offs (incomplete surveys). Namely, when respondents were assigned to Vignette B (older transgender female), logistic regression analysis showed that they were 26% less likely to complete the survey than those assigned to Vignette C (younger cisgender female). Although this was not a part of the original research questions, it is noted as a possible future research topic. Overall, this study contributes to the gap in existing empirical research by focusing on issues of discrimination based on transgender identity and age in counselor supervision despite the high probability of its insignificant results related to methodological issues. Title: Gender Biases in Counselor Supervisor Evaluations of Counselors Author: Hadeed, Sabrina Gender bias and discrimination are currently some of the most pertinent topics being explored in counseling practice and counselor education and supervision. Because of all the public attention in recent years to the topics of transgender and marriage equality, the definitions of gender identity and gender roles have become more inclusive. This expansion includes definitions of gender identity that extend beyond the binary, to include gender neutral, gender non-conforming, gender fluid, and transgender. The current literature confirms that gender diversity and gender issues in counseling have been recognized as important components of multicultural competencies, counselor supervision, and counselor education. However, there is a dearth of empirical research investigating transgender discrimination issues in counselor supervision. Additionally, intersectionality has been described as an important framework of research exploring diversity. And yet, the topic of gender diversity in counselor education and supervision research has been neglected. Based on the Theory of Intersectionality in diversity and existing definitions on gender identity and ageism, the intention of research in this dissertation is two-fold: (a) to understand how the construct of gender has been examined in the field thus far and (b) to contribute to filling some of the gaps in the research pertaining to transgender issues (such as transphobia) in counselor education and supervision. To address the first object, the researcher conducted a critical examination of recent literature since the publication of Hindes and Andrews (2011) critical review of the empirical studies and Nilsson, Barazanji, Scahl, and Bahner’s (2008) book chapter on the topic. Findings in this critical review revealed an overall scarcity of empirical studies on gender-related topics in counselor education and supervision and few empirical studies that expanded beyond the binary understanding of gender, included intersectional analyses, and discussed transgender/gender diverse specific issues. Findings further conclude that there are no existing studies that include intersectionality in counselor education and training issues related to LGBTQ MC competencies. Future research recommendations are also reviewed. To address the second object, the researcher conducted an experimental design study to examine whether counseling supervisors’ evaluations of a counselor’s social influence attributes and ability to repair therapeutic rupture would differ when they were randomly presented with 1 of 4 counseling vignettes that differed only in the counselor’s gender identity (cis-gender female vs. transgender female) and age (younger vs. older). The researcher hypothesized that older transgender and cisgender females would be evaluated more poorly than their younger counterparts; and that transgender females would be evaluated the most poorly in both measures. Of the completed data records, the sample consisted of 76 participants from the CRF-S (Counselor Rating Form- Short version) and 69 participants from the SWAI-O (Segmented Working Alliance Inventory – Observer version). Two-way t-tests and logistic regression analyses were used to test the study’s hypotheses. Findings indicate that there were no statistically significant results to support the hypotheses. Plausible reasons for the findings of non-significance are discussed. Despite the insignificant results, there was a suggestive finding related to survey break-offs (incomplete surveys). Namely, when respondents were assigned to Vignette B (older transgender female), logistic regression analysis showed that they were 26% less likely to complete the survey than those assigned to Vignette C (younger cisgender female). Although this was not a part of the original research questions, it is noted as a possible future research topic. Overall, this study contributes to the gap in existing empirical research by focusing on issues of discrimination based on transgender identity and age in counselor supervision despite the high probability of its insignificant results related to methodological issues. Close

• 9. [Article] Introduction to the Proceedings for the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender

  This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Introduction to the Proceedings for the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender Author: Egna, Hillary This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in conjunction with 16th IIFET Conference. The complete proceedings of this special session are available (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Documents/Uploads/FileManager/IIFET%202012%20CRSP%20Session%20Proceedings%20Final_small.pdf) through the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program gender web site, (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Gender/). Title: Introduction to the Proceedings for the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender Author: Egna, Hillary This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in conjunction with 16th IIFET Conference. The complete proceedings of this special session are available (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Documents/Uploads/FileManager/IIFET%202012%20CRSP%20Session%20Proceedings%20Final_small.pdf) through the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program gender web site, (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Gender/). Close

• 10. [Article] Exploring Embodied Gender Identities in Steven Universe

  Steven Universe, a relatively new show from Cartoon Network, explores an unexpectedly complex understanding of gender through their main protagonists. Utilizing Judith Butler’s work on gender performativity ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Exploring Embodied Gender Identities in Steven Universe Author: Painter, Stephanie (Stephanie Lauryn) Steven Universe, a relatively new show from Cartoon Network, explores an unexpectedly complex understanding of gender through their main protagonists. Utilizing Judith Butler’s work on gender performativity and doing gender, as well as Daniel Dennett’s conception of the self as a theorist’s fiction, and Alexander Weheliye’s understanding of power and oppression existing in the articulated assemblages of people’s embodiment, I analyze the construction of several of the characters in Steven Universe and how they deviate from normative modes of being. In this paper, I argue that Steven Universe is expanding the normative construction of what it means to have an identity and a gender identity in children’s animation. Title: Exploring Embodied Gender Identities in Steven Universe Author: Painter, Stephanie (Stephanie Lauryn) Steven Universe, a relatively new show from Cartoon Network, explores an unexpectedly complex understanding of gender through their main protagonists. Utilizing Judith Butler’s work on gender performativity and doing gender, as well as Daniel Dennett’s conception of the self as a theorist’s fiction, and Alexander Weheliye’s understanding of power and oppression existing in the articulated assemblages of people’s embodiment, I analyze the construction of several of the characters in Steven Universe and how they deviate from normative modes of being. In this paper, I argue that Steven Universe is expanding the normative construction of what it means to have an identity and a gender identity in children’s animation. Close

• 11. [Article] Effectiveness of end-user debugging software features : are there gender issues?

  Although gender differences in a technological world are receiving significant research attention, much of the research and practice has aimed at how society and education can impact the successes and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effectiveness of end-user debugging software features : are there gender issues? Author: Cook, Curtis R., Beckwith, Laura A., Burnett, Margaret, 1949-, Sorte, Shraddha, Wiedenbeck, Susan, Hastings, Michelle, Oregon State University. Dept. of Computer Science Although gender differences in a technological world are receiving significant research attention, much of the research and practice has aimed at how society and education can impact the successes and retention of female computer science professionals—but the possibility of gender issues within software has received almost no attention. If gender issues exist with some types of software features, it is possible that accommodating them by changing these features can increase effectiveness, but only if we know what these issues are. In this paper, we empirically investigate gender differences for end users in the context of debugging spreadsheets. Our results uncover significant gender differences in feature acceptance, and show that these differences can significantly impact effectiveness. Title: Effectiveness of end-user debugging software features : are there gender issues? Author: Cook, Curtis R., Beckwith, Laura A., Burnett, Margaret, 1949-, Sorte, Shraddha, Wiedenbeck, Susan, Hastings, Michelle, Oregon State University. Dept. of Computer Science Although gender differences in a technological world are receiving significant research attention, much of the research and practice has aimed at how society and education can impact the successes and retention of female computer science professionals—but the possibility of gender issues within software has received almost no attention. If gender issues exist with some types of software features, it is possible that accommodating them by changing these features can increase effectiveness, but only if we know what these issues are. In this paper, we empirically investigate gender differences for end users in the context of debugging spreadsheets. Our results uncover significant gender differences in feature acceptance, and show that these differences can significantly impact effectiveness. Close

• 12. [Article] The Experiences of Male Students in Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies

  Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (WGSS) is an interdisciplinary academic field that addresses gender, sexuality, and social justice issues. The research objective of this project was to examine the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Experiences of Male Students in Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Author: Viveros Cespedes, Marcos Andres Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (WGSS) is an interdisciplinary academic field that addresses gender, sexuality, and social justice issues. The research objective of this project was to examine the attitudes of self-identified male students in introductory Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies for winter term 2016 at Oregon State University. This project used the research method from a similar study done in 2005 at Oregon State University to provide an analysis on male attitudes about gender and social justice. The purpose of this replication was to measure the attitudes of research participants in both studies about gender and social justice. A mix-methods approach was used to assess potential impacts that WGSS has on self-identified male students. The results of this research demonstrate that male students in 2016 gained new perspectives on gender and social equality. This research showed evidence of the conflict between privileged male students identities and how these identities impacted their engagement with WGSS. The results of the comparison between 2016 and 2005 indicated that self-identified male students perceived themselves to be more open about gender and social equality. Recommendations for Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies and for future research are also discussed Title: The Experiences of Male Students in Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Author: Viveros Cespedes, Marcos Andres Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (WGSS) is an interdisciplinary academic field that addresses gender, sexuality, and social justice issues. The research objective of this project was to examine the attitudes of self-identified male students in introductory Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies for winter term 2016 at Oregon State University. This project used the research method from a similar study done in 2005 at Oregon State University to provide an analysis on male attitudes about gender and social justice. The purpose of this replication was to measure the attitudes of research participants in both studies about gender and social justice. A mix-methods approach was used to assess potential impacts that WGSS has on self-identified male students. The results of this research demonstrate that male students in 2016 gained new perspectives on gender and social equality. This research showed evidence of the conflict between privileged male students identities and how these identities impacted their engagement with WGSS. The results of the comparison between 2016 and 2005 indicated that self-identified male students perceived themselves to be more open about gender and social equality. Recommendations for Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies and for future research are also discussed Close

• 13. [Article] Children's housework in single-mother and single-father families

  Using data from the 1987-1988 National Survey of Families and Households, this study compared time children of single mothers (n = 717) and fathers (n = 78) spent on housework. Housework takes time and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Children's housework in single-mother and single-father families Author: Hall, Leslie Duke Using data from the 1987-1988 National Survey of Families and Households, this study compared time children of single mothers (n = 717) and fathers (n = 78) spent on housework. Housework takes time and many parents combine it with employment and child rearing. Characteristics of families headed by single mothers and fathers differ: mothers have more and younger children, fathers have more. The purpose of this study was to use a nationally representative data set to examine participation in housework by children in single-parent families. It examined whether the pattern of labor differed by gender of parent or child, or by an interaction between the two. Central to the theoretical perspective is the nation that the gendered division of labor in unpaid family work is part of socially constructed gender. Because parent characteristics and child characteristics influence children's housework, these and other variables were explored. Variables which were significant in preliminary analyses were entered into the final analyses. The dependent variables were time children spent in housework, both absolute (hours) and relative (percentage of time spent by children of the time spent by children and parents), measured for overall, "feminine," and "masculine" housework. General Linear Models were used in the first set of analyses, testing for differences by gender of parent as if mother households and father households were equal on all covariates. Multiple regression models were used in the second set of analyses exploring the impact of child gender. Multiple regression models with an interaction factor (gender of child and gender of parent) were used in the final analyses. Families headed by single fathers overall did less housework than families headed by single mothers. Children of fathers spent a higher percentage of time in housework than children of mothers. There was no interaction between parent gender and child gender that would show only fathers or only mothers burden their daughters. As in two-parent households, daughters in single-mother and in single-father families do more housework than sons. Title: Children's housework in single-mother and single-father families Author: Hall, Leslie Duke Using data from the 1987-1988 National Survey of Families and Households, this study compared time children of single mothers (n = 717) and fathers (n = 78) spent on housework. Housework takes time and many parents combine it with employment and child rearing. Characteristics of families headed by single mothers and fathers differ: mothers have more and younger children, fathers have more. The purpose of this study was to use a nationally representative data set to examine participation in housework by children in single-parent families. It examined whether the pattern of labor differed by gender of parent or child, or by an interaction between the two. Central to the theoretical perspective is the nation that the gendered division of labor in unpaid family work is part of socially constructed gender. Because parent characteristics and child characteristics influence children's housework, these and other variables were explored. Variables which were significant in preliminary analyses were entered into the final analyses. The dependent variables were time children spent in housework, both absolute (hours) and relative (percentage of time spent by children of the time spent by children and parents), measured for overall, "feminine," and "masculine" housework. General Linear Models were used in the first set of analyses, testing for differences by gender of parent as if mother households and father households were equal on all covariates. Multiple regression models were used in the second set of analyses exploring the impact of child gender. Multiple regression models with an interaction factor (gender of child and gender of parent) were used in the final analyses. Families headed by single fathers overall did less housework than families headed by single mothers. Children of fathers spent a higher percentage of time in housework than children of mothers. There was no interaction between parent gender and child gender that would show only fathers or only mothers burden their daughters. As in two-parent households, daughters in single-mother and in single-father families do more housework than sons. Close

• 14. [Article] Gender-role orientation as a predictor of marital quality

  Over the past 10 years there has been much research on various aspects of gender-role orientation. Specifically, many studies have explored gender-role orientation as a predictor of psychological adjustment. Findings ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender-role orientation as a predictor of marital quality Author: Lange, Sandra L. Over the past 10 years there has been much research on various aspects of gender-role orientation. Specifically, many studies have explored gender-role orientation as a predictor of psychological adjustment. Findings suggest that masculine and androgynous individuals are high on psychological adjustment whereas, feminine and undifferentiated individuals score lower on adjustment. On the other hand, the research on gender-role orientation as a predictor of marital quality reveal that highly feminine individuals (feminine and androgynous) score high on marital quality and masculine individuals, which are found to score highly on psychological adjustment, score lower on marital quality. The purpose of this study was to further explore gender-role orientation as a predictor of marital quality and to shed some light on the findings between psychological adjustment and marital quality. Bems Sex Role Inventory (1974) was used to measure gender-role orientation. Marital quality was measured by Braiker and Kelley's (1979) relationship questionnaire which served as a global assessment of the relationships. A second measurement of marital quality was an inventory of marital activities (Cate, 1980). This measured the number of specific activities the couples participated in, as well as a subjective evaluation of the amount of pleasure of the specific activities. One-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) were run to examine differences in wives' marital quality scores between groups of husbands with different gender-role orientations. Additional AMOVA's were run to test for differences in husband's marital quality scores between groups of wives with different gender-role orientations. Correlation coefficients were then performed between husbands' femininity and wives' marital quality and other correlations were run between wives' femininity and husbands' marital quality. These were performed to explore the relationship between femininity and marital quality. Lastly, the same logic applied in testing the relationship between masculinity and marital quality. Results indicated that husbands married to highly feminine wives perceived the pleasure of their marital activities to be significantly higher than husbands married to masculine wives. There were no significant differences in wives' marital quality among the husbands' different gender-role orientations. Masculine orientation did not relate to marital quality. Title: Gender-role orientation as a predictor of marital quality Author: Lange, Sandra L. Over the past 10 years there has been much research on various aspects of gender-role orientation. Specifically, many studies have explored gender-role orientation as a predictor of psychological adjustment. Findings suggest that masculine and androgynous individuals are high on psychological adjustment whereas, feminine and undifferentiated individuals score lower on adjustment. On the other hand, the research on gender-role orientation as a predictor of marital quality reveal that highly feminine individuals (feminine and androgynous) score high on marital quality and masculine individuals, which are found to score highly on psychological adjustment, score lower on marital quality. The purpose of this study was to further explore gender-role orientation as a predictor of marital quality and to shed some light on the findings between psychological adjustment and marital quality. Bems Sex Role Inventory (1974) was used to measure gender-role orientation. Marital quality was measured by Braiker and Kelley's (1979) relationship questionnaire which served as a global assessment of the relationships. A second measurement of marital quality was an inventory of marital activities (Cate, 1980). This measured the number of specific activities the couples participated in, as well as a subjective evaluation of the amount of pleasure of the specific activities. One-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) were run to examine differences in wives' marital quality scores between groups of husbands with different gender-role orientations. Additional AMOVA's were run to test for differences in husband's marital quality scores between groups of wives with different gender-role orientations. Correlation coefficients were then performed between husbands' femininity and wives' marital quality and other correlations were run between wives' femininity and husbands' marital quality. These were performed to explore the relationship between femininity and marital quality. Lastly, the same logic applied in testing the relationship between masculinity and marital quality. Results indicated that husbands married to highly feminine wives perceived the pleasure of their marital activities to be significantly higher than husbands married to masculine wives. There were no significant differences in wives' marital quality among the husbands' different gender-role orientations. Masculine orientation did not relate to marital quality. Close

• 15. [Article] Fishermen, fisherwoman and Climate Change

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fishermen, fisherwoman and Climate Change Author: Frocklin, Sara, Torre-Castro, Maricela de la, Jiddawi, Narriman, Lindstrom, Lars Abstract Only Title: Fishermen, fisherwoman and Climate Change Author: Frocklin, Sara, Torre-Castro, Maricela de la, Jiddawi, Narriman, Lindstrom, Lars Abstract Only Close

• 16. [Article] The impact of gender-role identity, gender ideology and drinking motivation on binge drinking and behavioral outcomes

  The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a difference in students' drinking patterns and the resultant negative consequences based on gender role identity, gender role ideology and self-reported ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The impact of gender-role identity, gender ideology and drinking motivation on binge drinking and behavioral outcomes Author: Ketcham, Patricia The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a difference in students' drinking patterns and the resultant negative consequences based on gender role identity, gender role ideology and self-reported drinking motivations on a college campus. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 735 university students. Gender identity, gender role ideology and drinking motivations were measured using the following scales: 1) Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ) (Cooper, 1994), 2) Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) (Bem, 1974), and 3) Sex Role Egalitarianism Scale, short version (SRES) (King, Beere, King & Beere, 1984). Results of this study indicated that the vast majority of students (93.2%) had consumed alcohol during the past 30 days and almost three-quarters (74.3%) of the students responding to the survey were binge drinkers. Seventy-seven percentof males and 72. percent of females reported binge drinking. Support was found in this study for the convergence model, as the distribution of binge drinkers and nonbinge drinkers was not significantly different between men and women. Gender identity and gender role ideology were analyzed to provide a possible explanation for lack of difference found between males and females drinking patterns. Students with higher expressive traits were less likely to binge drink and more likely to limit the number of drinks they consumed. Sex role egalitarianism appeared to have some influence on binge drinking behavior. Students with more traditional attitudes towards gender roles were more likely to be binge drinkers. While gender ideology was able to predict the probability of being a binge drinker, gender identity was not a significant predictor of binge drinking. As a result of drinking, a large number of students had experienced negative behavioral consequences within the last six months. Overall 45.4 percent of students experienced 1-4 negative consequences, while 38.6 percent reported 5-13 negative consequences during the previous 6 months. Students who were binge drinkers were almost 3 times as likely to have an alcohol related arrest as nonbingers, and two times as likely to have participated in unplanned or regretted sex. Considering all other independent variables (gender ideology and gender identity), drinking motives were the strongest predictors of student binge drinking and the negative consequences associated with that drinking. Title: The impact of gender-role identity, gender ideology and drinking motivation on binge drinking and behavioral outcomes Author: Ketcham, Patricia The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a difference in students' drinking patterns and the resultant negative consequences based on gender role identity, gender role ideology and self-reported drinking motivations on a college campus. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 735 university students. Gender identity, gender role ideology and drinking motivations were measured using the following scales: 1) Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ) (Cooper, 1994), 2) Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) (Bem, 1974), and 3) Sex Role Egalitarianism Scale, short version (SRES) (King, Beere, King & Beere, 1984). Results of this study indicated that the vast majority of students (93.2%) had consumed alcohol during the past 30 days and almost three-quarters (74.3%) of the students responding to the survey were binge drinkers. Seventy-seven percentof males and 72. percent of females reported binge drinking. Support was found in this study for the convergence model, as the distribution of binge drinkers and nonbinge drinkers was not significantly different between men and women. Gender identity and gender role ideology were analyzed to provide a possible explanation for lack of difference found between males and females drinking patterns. Students with higher expressive traits were less likely to binge drink and more likely to limit the number of drinks they consumed. Sex role egalitarianism appeared to have some influence on binge drinking behavior. Students with more traditional attitudes towards gender roles were more likely to be binge drinkers. While gender ideology was able to predict the probability of being a binge drinker, gender identity was not a significant predictor of binge drinking. As a result of drinking, a large number of students had experienced negative behavioral consequences within the last six months. Overall 45.4 percent of students experienced 1-4 negative consequences, while 38.6 percent reported 5-13 negative consequences during the previous 6 months. Students who were binge drinkers were almost 3 times as likely to have an alcohol related arrest as nonbingers, and two times as likely to have participated in unplanned or regretted sex. Considering all other independent variables (gender ideology and gender identity), drinking motives were the strongest predictors of student binge drinking and the negative consequences associated with that drinking. Close

• 17. [Article] Fraternity men's diversity experiences and degree of gender role conflict

  Gender role conflict has been found to be a psychological condition that produces negative outcomes for men as they negotiate the tensions between who they truly are and who they feel they must be based ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fraternity men's diversity experiences and degree of gender role conflict Author: Schalewski, Lucas L. Gender role conflict has been found to be a psychological condition that produces negative outcomes for men as they negotiate the tensions between who they truly are and who they feel they must be based on social expectations (O'Neil, Helms, Gable, David, & Wrightsman, 1986). Recent studies on college men's gender identity development suggests diversity experiences in higher education may influence positive and healthy masculine identities (Harris III, 2010; Edwards & Jones, 2009). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify relationships between fraternity men's diversity experiences and their degree of gender role conflict. The research subjects in the present study include 341 fraternity men at a comprehensive research university in the Pacific Northwest. Data was collected through a survey instrument that measured fraternity men's degree of gender role conflict, interactional diversity experiences, and classroom diversity experiences. Descriptive statistics and inferential analysis is used to evaluate the existence of relationships between fraternity men's diversity experiences and their degree of gender role conflict. Findings indicate there is no significant statistical relationship between gender role conflict and interactional diversity experiences or gender role conflict and classroom diversity experiences. However, results do show college men's interactional diversity experiences may be an indirect negative predictor of gender role conflict because of the identified negative relationship interactional diversity experiences has on two out of the four patterns that make up gender role conflict: Restrictive Emotionality and Restrictive Affectionate Behavior Between Men. These results suggest interactional diversity experiences is one educational opportunity in college that encourages men to make meaning of different social identities in a way that supports the expression of emotions and intimacy between men, which in return, lowers men's degree of gender role conflict. Title: Fraternity men's diversity experiences and degree of gender role conflict Author: Schalewski, Lucas L. Gender role conflict has been found to be a psychological condition that produces negative outcomes for men as they negotiate the tensions between who they truly are and who they feel they must be based on social expectations (O'Neil, Helms, Gable, David, & Wrightsman, 1986). Recent studies on college men's gender identity development suggests diversity experiences in higher education may influence positive and healthy masculine identities (Harris III, 2010; Edwards & Jones, 2009). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify relationships between fraternity men's diversity experiences and their degree of gender role conflict. The research subjects in the present study include 341 fraternity men at a comprehensive research university in the Pacific Northwest. Data was collected through a survey instrument that measured fraternity men's degree of gender role conflict, interactional diversity experiences, and classroom diversity experiences. Descriptive statistics and inferential analysis is used to evaluate the existence of relationships between fraternity men's diversity experiences and their degree of gender role conflict. Findings indicate there is no significant statistical relationship between gender role conflict and interactional diversity experiences or gender role conflict and classroom diversity experiences. However, results do show college men's interactional diversity experiences may be an indirect negative predictor of gender role conflict because of the identified negative relationship interactional diversity experiences has on two out of the four patterns that make up gender role conflict: Restrictive Emotionality and Restrictive Affectionate Behavior Between Men. These results suggest interactional diversity experiences is one educational opportunity in college that encourages men to make meaning of different social identities in a way that supports the expression of emotions and intimacy between men, which in return, lowers men's degree of gender role conflict. Close

• 18. [Article] A literary discourse on the evolution of gender & sexuality in the first & second waves of feminism : Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" deconstructs established gender roles as Willa Cather's "Paul's Case" reconstructs them

  The two literary touchstones of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Willa Cather examined in this thesis anchored a larger discussion of the discourse about gender and sexuality during the First and Second Waves ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A literary discourse on the evolution of gender & sexuality in the first & second waves of feminism : Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" deconstructs established gender roles as Willa Cather's "Paul's Case" reconstructs them Author: Hotard, Tami The two literary touchstones of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Willa Cather examined in this thesis anchored a larger discussion of the discourse about gender and sexuality during the First and Second Waves of feminism in America. "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Gilman deconstructed the notion of "femininity" manifested at the turn of the century in America, while Cather's "Paul's Case" reconstructed the notion of "masculinity." Both Cather and Gilman wrote their short stories at the turn of the century in America during the First Wave of Feminism yet they resurfaced in discussions about gender and sexuality in the Second Wave of Feminism. Readings of both Cather and Gilman's writings have evolved with the First and Second Waves because their protagonists defied and undercut the established social norms enabling them to be re-examined much after their publication date. Although their writing styles are different, Gilman and Cather share a complex understanding of gender and sexuality that earmark the social position of women in America which can be interpreted by the most contemporary critics of present date. During the First Wave of Feminism, women discussed how their ability to reproduce contributed to unbalanced gender relations, caused middle and upper class women to remain confined to the household, and economically dependent upon their husbands. This devaluation of women's participation in valued economic work sickened many women and left them reliant on their physician's care as well. Challenging this social structure, Gilman recorded her experience after being diagnosed with neurasthenia by Dr. Mitchell, ordered to remain in bed for months while consuming fatty foods and with no support from friends. Meanwhile, Cather expressed her discontent with the social construction of gender in America by asserting a male character that reconsidered the established norms for men and women of Victorian America. When the Second Wave of Feminism emerged in America, the discussions about gender and sexuality reread these touchstone texts of Gilman and Cather as flexible visions of reality but in different discursive contexts depending on the social time frame in which they reviewed them. In the 1960s, the Women's Rights Movement and the Women's Liberation Movement generated most theoretical discussions on the condition of women themselves, the issues pertaining to women's confinement like establishing a political voice and the "problem with no name." While in the 1970s, discussions about gender and sexuality concluded that the "sex/gender system," also known as patriarchy, defeated their purpose toward complete liberation because of its economic structure aimed at benefiting men. Although they appreciated the notion of a collective voice for all women, the development of individual voices among women played a more significant role in the 1970's discourses about gender and sexuality. Because men have predominantly controlled the medical field, women in the 1970s, who wrote about gender and sexuality then, also attacked physicians like Dr. Mitchell who diagnosed women with strange treatments and also worked for the prohibition of the practice of mid-wifery in America at the turn of the century. Other critics of the 1970s decided that Cather's life reflected that of a lesbian, so that by the 1980s, literary discourses involving gender and sexuality began asking questions about the purpose of Cather and Gilman's writings. If female authors like Cather and Gilman lived such politically conscious lives, then why did they not create narratives that reflected their political agendas? After questioning their narratives, some critics decided that Cather and Gilman carried a "duplicitous nature" or a twofold message in their short yet complex stories. This duplicitous style of writing explained how that by the 1990s discussions about gender and sexuality had evolved into the "crafting of characters" that resulted in "gender performances," and one acting out one's gender. While First and Second Wavers fought for the elimination of binary gender divisions and a balance in gender relations that supported the economic development of all women in America, Cather and Gilman's writings facilitated discussions during both Waves that contributed to the reasons why the social construction of gender and sexuality did not result in equal human treatment, and should therefore be reconstructed. The literature concerning women during the First and Second Waves of Feminism can be summarized as a tactfully-formulated, continuing rumination on the question of the nature and genesis of women's oppression and social subordination, and how to change its effects on the future of the human race. What started off as strictly constructed and enforced gender roles in Victorian America evolved into gender performativity in the latter part of this century. This socio-sexuo evolution lies within the protagonists' discontent and total rebellion in Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" and Cather's "Paul's Case," whose stories both surfaced at the turn of the 20th century in America, when socially-conscious citizens inspected these rigid Victorian ideals, and whose stories later resurfaced again during the Second Wave of Feminism at the middle to end of the 20th century, when individuals re-enacted these same socially constructed gender roles, and deconstructed them. Lather's "Paul's Case" functions as a touchstone of her short fiction that even Cather agreed valued notice, since she only allowed it to be reprinted of all her other stories. With consideration toward conducting future research, a more thorough examination of say The Professor's House and A Lost Lady as well as My Antonia to explore more glimpses of Cather confirming this fluctuating, non-conforming, even elusive authorial approach toward gender and sexuality that has made her reputation outlast herself, should reveal even a deeper sense of her literary complexities. Gilman's utopian novels, Moving the Mountain, Herland, and With Her in Ourland, that came after "The Yellow Wallpaper" deserve a closer look in the same respect as she struggled to portray the possibilities and barriers facing a woman who attempted to combine love and work. The movement in Gilman's writing progressively develops the possibilities and highlights the key barriers for a woman: female resistance to social change and male incomprehension concerning the necessity for love and work in a woman's life. She visualized the transition from the present to the future as one of internal conversion to an egalitarian society. This is a dual process of women awakening to their own interior power and men renouncing oppressive power structures as individuals and as a society. Perhaps too this is why Gilman, like Cather, switched to a male narrator in order to express her utopian vision. Title: A literary discourse on the evolution of gender & sexuality in the first & second waves of feminism : Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" deconstructs established gender roles as Willa Cather's "Paul's Case" reconstructs them Author: Hotard, Tami The two literary touchstones of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Willa Cather examined in this thesis anchored a larger discussion of the discourse about gender and sexuality during the First and Second Waves of feminism in America. "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Gilman deconstructed the notion of "femininity" manifested at the turn of the century in America, while Cather's "Paul's Case" reconstructed the notion of "masculinity." Both Cather and Gilman wrote their short stories at the turn of the century in America during the First Wave of Feminism yet they resurfaced in discussions about gender and sexuality in the Second Wave of Feminism. Readings of both Cather and Gilman's writings have evolved with the First and Second Waves because their protagonists defied and undercut the established social norms enabling them to be re-examined much after their publication date. Although their writing styles are different, Gilman and Cather share a complex understanding of gender and sexuality that earmark the social position of women in America which can be interpreted by the most contemporary critics of present date. During the First Wave of Feminism, women discussed how their ability to reproduce contributed to unbalanced gender relations, caused middle and upper class women to remain confined to the household, and economically dependent upon their husbands. This devaluation of women's participation in valued economic work sickened many women and left them reliant on their physician's care as well. Challenging this social structure, Gilman recorded her experience after being diagnosed with neurasthenia by Dr. Mitchell, ordered to remain in bed for months while consuming fatty foods and with no support from friends. Meanwhile, Cather expressed her discontent with the social construction of gender in America by asserting a male character that reconsidered the established norms for men and women of Victorian America. When the Second Wave of Feminism emerged in America, the discussions about gender and sexuality reread these touchstone texts of Gilman and Cather as flexible visions of reality but in different discursive contexts depending on the social time frame in which they reviewed them. In the 1960s, the Women's Rights Movement and the Women's Liberation Movement generated most theoretical discussions on the condition of women themselves, the issues pertaining to women's confinement like establishing a political voice and the "problem with no name." While in the 1970s, discussions about gender and sexuality concluded that the "sex/gender system," also known as patriarchy, defeated their purpose toward complete liberation because of its economic structure aimed at benefiting men. Although they appreciated the notion of a collective voice for all women, the development of individual voices among women played a more significant role in the 1970's discourses about gender and sexuality. Because men have predominantly controlled the medical field, women in the 1970s, who wrote about gender and sexuality then, also attacked physicians like Dr. Mitchell who diagnosed women with strange treatments and also worked for the prohibition of the practice of mid-wifery in America at the turn of the century. Other critics of the 1970s decided that Cather's life reflected that of a lesbian, so that by the 1980s, literary discourses involving gender and sexuality began asking questions about the purpose of Cather and Gilman's writings. If female authors like Cather and Gilman lived such politically conscious lives, then why did they not create narratives that reflected their political agendas? After questioning their narratives, some critics decided that Cather and Gilman carried a "duplicitous nature" or a twofold message in their short yet complex stories. This duplicitous style of writing explained how that by the 1990s discussions about gender and sexuality had evolved into the "crafting of characters" that resulted in "gender performances," and one acting out one's gender. While First and Second Wavers fought for the elimination of binary gender divisions and a balance in gender relations that supported the economic development of all women in America, Cather and Gilman's writings facilitated discussions during both Waves that contributed to the reasons why the social construction of gender and sexuality did not result in equal human treatment, and should therefore be reconstructed. The literature concerning women during the First and Second Waves of Feminism can be summarized as a tactfully-formulated, continuing rumination on the question of the nature and genesis of women's oppression and social subordination, and how to change its effects on the future of the human race. What started off as strictly constructed and enforced gender roles in Victorian America evolved into gender performativity in the latter part of this century. This socio-sexuo evolution lies within the protagonists' discontent and total rebellion in Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" and Cather's "Paul's Case," whose stories both surfaced at the turn of the 20th century in America, when socially-conscious citizens inspected these rigid Victorian ideals, and whose stories later resurfaced again during the Second Wave of Feminism at the middle to end of the 20th century, when individuals re-enacted these same socially constructed gender roles, and deconstructed them. Lather's "Paul's Case" functions as a touchstone of her short fiction that even Cather agreed valued notice, since she only allowed it to be reprinted of all her other stories. With consideration toward conducting future research, a more thorough examination of say The Professor's House and A Lost Lady as well as My Antonia to explore more glimpses of Cather confirming this fluctuating, non-conforming, even elusive authorial approach toward gender and sexuality that has made her reputation outlast herself, should reveal even a deeper sense of her literary complexities. Gilman's utopian novels, Moving the Mountain, Herland, and With Her in Ourland, that came after "The Yellow Wallpaper" deserve a closer look in the same respect as she struggled to portray the possibilities and barriers facing a woman who attempted to combine love and work. The movement in Gilman's writing progressively develops the possibilities and highlights the key barriers for a woman: female resistance to social change and male incomprehension concerning the necessity for love and work in a woman's life. She visualized the transition from the present to the future as one of internal conversion to an egalitarian society. This is a dual process of women awakening to their own interior power and men renouncing oppressive power structures as individuals and as a society. Perhaps too this is why Gilman, like Cather, switched to a male narrator in order to express her utopian vision. Close

• 19. [Article] URAP- Gender differences by SES-draft 2.pptx

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: URAP- Gender differences by SES-draft 2.pptx Author: Gilmore, Brittany D., Duncan, Rob, McClelland, Megan M. Title: URAP- Gender differences by SES-draft 2.pptx Author: Gilmore, Brittany D., Duncan, Rob, McClelland, Megan M. Close

• 20. [Article] URAP- Gender differences by SES-draft 2.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: URAP- Gender differences by SES-draft 2.pdf Author: Gilmore, Brittany D., Duncan, Rob, McClelland, Megan M. Title: URAP- Gender differences by SES-draft 2.pdf Author: Gilmore, Brittany D., Duncan, Rob, McClelland, Megan M. Close

• 21. [Article] Gendered Leadership? Female Community College Presidents and their Leadership Behaviors

  Considerable research has been done on women and leadership styles, and while most have found very little to no difference in leadership style between men and women, there has been conflict with individual ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gendered Leadership? Female Community College Presidents and their Leadership Behaviors Author: Rafia, Lida Considerable research has been done on women and leadership styles, and while most have found very little to no difference in leadership style between men and women, there has been conflict with individual gender roles and organizational roles (Eagly & Johnson, 1990; Eddy & Cox, 2008; Kanter, 1997). These studies on gendered organizations led to more questions regarding women's leadership behaviors once in presidency roles. Are women a product of their gendered organization, meaning that their leadership behavior represents a stereotypic male? The purpose of this study is to examine the ways in which gender has had an impact on women community college presidents. With the impending retirement of community college leaders, the need to evaluate current female presidents' respective leadership behaviors can add to understanding of the individual women in these roles, but also to their institutions' cultures of gender and leadership behaviors. Utilizing critical feminist theory, this qualitative narrative analysis examined how gender has impacted the leadership behaviors of current female community college presidents in the Pacific Northwest. The methods used included 90-minute, face-to-face interviews with eight current female community college presidents in the Pacific Northwest. The findings from the study suggest that gender, among other aspects of identity, has affected the leadership behaviors of female community college presidents. The study found that five themes emerged as a result of the data analysis: 1) intersectionality, 2) image, 3) preserving integrity, 4) credibility, 5) authenticity. This study also attempted to understand through research the institutional and society barriers women community college presidents face in order to create positive change for more women to succeed. Title: Gendered Leadership? Female Community College Presidents and their Leadership Behaviors Author: Rafia, Lida Considerable research has been done on women and leadership styles, and while most have found very little to no difference in leadership style between men and women, there has been conflict with individual gender roles and organizational roles (Eagly & Johnson, 1990; Eddy & Cox, 2008; Kanter, 1997). These studies on gendered organizations led to more questions regarding women's leadership behaviors once in presidency roles. Are women a product of their gendered organization, meaning that their leadership behavior represents a stereotypic male? The purpose of this study is to examine the ways in which gender has had an impact on women community college presidents. With the impending retirement of community college leaders, the need to evaluate current female presidents' respective leadership behaviors can add to understanding of the individual women in these roles, but also to their institutions' cultures of gender and leadership behaviors. Utilizing critical feminist theory, this qualitative narrative analysis examined how gender has impacted the leadership behaviors of current female community college presidents in the Pacific Northwest. The methods used included 90-minute, face-to-face interviews with eight current female community college presidents in the Pacific Northwest. The findings from the study suggest that gender, among other aspects of identity, has affected the leadership behaviors of female community college presidents. The study found that five themes emerged as a result of the data analysis: 1) intersectionality, 2) image, 3) preserving integrity, 4) credibility, 5) authenticity. This study also attempted to understand through research the institutional and society barriers women community college presidents face in order to create positive change for more women to succeed. Close

• 22. [Article] Gender and science identity and the visitor experience : looking closely at aquarium visitors

  In recent years, there has been an increased focus on identity and how it shapes visitor experience in free-choice learning (FCL) environments. Inquiry into how visitor's sex impacts identity and experience ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender and science identity and the visitor experience : looking closely at aquarium visitors Author: Robichaux, Laia C. In recent years, there has been an increased focus on identity and how it shapes visitor experience in free-choice learning (FCL) environments. Inquiry into how visitor's sex impacts identity and experience has yielded equivocal results. To date there has been no research into how the psychosocial construct of gender and gender identity influence visitor identity, experience, and science identity. This thesis set out to discover possible connections between and individual's visitor experience, visitor identity, free-time science activities, and science identity through the gender identity lens. The study took place at the Oregon Coast Aquarium in Newport, Oregon. The Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) was used to measure gender identity, and interviews were conducted to determine visitor experience, visitor identity, and science identity based on free-time science activities engaged in by the participants. Raw PAQ scores were statistically analyzed within the study population using standardized scores, which were then applied to the coded interview data. Links and "hints" were noted based on this analysis, and hypotheses for future research were formulated based on this data. Gender identity emerged as a useful construct that could broaden the FCL field's ability to understand the complexity of the visitor experience and explain some of the equivocal findings about traditional influences of sex in such settings. Although science identity did not emerge as an important variable, there are likely conceptual and measurement issues affecting these findings. The information gathered here and applied to research in the future, both in school and FCL settings, could lead to a deeper understanding of why there is still a gender gap in many science, mathematics, engineering, and technology fields. Title: Gender and science identity and the visitor experience : looking closely at aquarium visitors Author: Robichaux, Laia C. In recent years, there has been an increased focus on identity and how it shapes visitor experience in free-choice learning (FCL) environments. Inquiry into how visitor's sex impacts identity and experience has yielded equivocal results. To date there has been no research into how the psychosocial construct of gender and gender identity influence visitor identity, experience, and science identity. This thesis set out to discover possible connections between and individual's visitor experience, visitor identity, free-time science activities, and science identity through the gender identity lens. The study took place at the Oregon Coast Aquarium in Newport, Oregon. The Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) was used to measure gender identity, and interviews were conducted to determine visitor experience, visitor identity, and science identity based on free-time science activities engaged in by the participants. Raw PAQ scores were statistically analyzed within the study population using standardized scores, which were then applied to the coded interview data. Links and "hints" were noted based on this analysis, and hypotheses for future research were formulated based on this data. Gender identity emerged as a useful construct that could broaden the FCL field's ability to understand the complexity of the visitor experience and explain some of the equivocal findings about traditional influences of sex in such settings. Although science identity did not emerge as an important variable, there are likely conceptual and measurement issues affecting these findings. The information gathered here and applied to research in the future, both in school and FCL settings, could lead to a deeper understanding of why there is still a gender gap in many science, mathematics, engineering, and technology fields. Close

• 23. [Article] It’s a Man’s World

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: It’s a Man’s World Author: Harris, Amy Title: It’s a Man’s World Author: Harris, Amy Close

• 24. [Article] Gender role attitudes among Thai college students : traditional or egalitarian?

  The purpose of this investigation is to explore gender role attitudes among Thai college students and to determine whether differences in gender role attitudes among Thai college students are related to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender role attitudes among Thai college students : traditional or egalitarian? Author: Surinya, Tippavan The purpose of this investigation is to explore gender role attitudes among Thai college students and to determine whether differences in gender role attitudes among Thai college students are related to the sex of students, college major and family structure. To investigate this problem a Gender Role Attitude Inventory is developed and three hypothesis are developed. Research participants include 300 junior/undergraduate college students at Kasetsart University in Bangkok, Thailand. Frequencies and descriptive statistics are used to analyze the sample and inferential statistics are used to interpret the data and to answer the research question posed. The group West is used to compare the mean difference of students' gender role attitude scores between male and female students, between female students who participate in traditional feminine college majors and those who are involved in nontraditional college majors, and between students who grew up in families where both parents worked outside the home and those who were raised in families where fathers were employed and mothers did not work outside the home. The results show that female students expressed significantly more egalitarian gender role attitudes than male students. Female students with nontraditional majors tend to demonstrate more egalitarian gender role attitudes than those with traditional majors. Students from dual-earner families, where both father and mother worked outside the home, are shown to have higher levels of egalitarian gender role attitudes as compare to students from single-earner families, where fathers were employed outside the home and mothers were not employed in wage labor. Title: Gender role attitudes among Thai college students : traditional or egalitarian? Author: Surinya, Tippavan The purpose of this investigation is to explore gender role attitudes among Thai college students and to determine whether differences in gender role attitudes among Thai college students are related to the sex of students, college major and family structure. To investigate this problem a Gender Role Attitude Inventory is developed and three hypothesis are developed. Research participants include 300 junior/undergraduate college students at Kasetsart University in Bangkok, Thailand. Frequencies and descriptive statistics are used to analyze the sample and inferential statistics are used to interpret the data and to answer the research question posed. The group West is used to compare the mean difference of students' gender role attitude scores between male and female students, between female students who participate in traditional feminine college majors and those who are involved in nontraditional college majors, and between students who grew up in families where both parents worked outside the home and those who were raised in families where fathers were employed and mothers did not work outside the home. The results show that female students expressed significantly more egalitarian gender role attitudes than male students. Female students with nontraditional majors tend to demonstrate more egalitarian gender role attitudes than those with traditional majors. Students from dual-earner families, where both father and mother worked outside the home, are shown to have higher levels of egalitarian gender role attitudes as compare to students from single-earner families, where fathers were employed outside the home and mothers were not employed in wage labor. Close

• 25. [Article] Preservice teachers explore gender issues in education through talk

  The purpose of this study was to analyze preservice teachers' talk about gender issues in education through a poststructural feminist theoretical framework. Eighteen Master of Arts in Teaching students ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preservice teachers explore gender issues in education through talk Author: Cammack, J. Camille The purpose of this study was to analyze preservice teachers' talk about gender issues in education through a poststructural feminist theoretical framework. Eighteen Master of Arts in Teaching students volunteered to participate in a seminar. During the seminar the participants wrote about and discussed gender issues in teaching. Data collected from the seminar included transcripts of audio-taped conversations as well as response journals and autobiographical sketches written by the participants. Four themes, gender talk, teacher talk, confessional talk, and resistance talk, were explored in the data. The theme gender talk included the participants' observations of and discussions about the differences between females and males. Teacher talk included discussions of what it means to be a teacher and how gender, race, and class impact the teacher's role and the educational experience of children. The data illustrated the multiple and competing discourses these preservice teachers employed when discussing gender issues. The themes confessional talk and resistance talk focused on how the participants talked about gender. These themes raised questions about teacher education practices. They served to illustrate the power relationships inherent in teacher education and how these relations of power act to authorize some discourses and suppress others. Modifications of teacher education practices were recommended by the researcher. These recommendations included helping preservice teachers deconstruct the discourses of education and the role of the teacher as well as suggesting that preservice teachers could benefit from alternate and varied educational sites in which to explore issues of teaching. Title: Preservice teachers explore gender issues in education through talk Author: Cammack, J. Camille The purpose of this study was to analyze preservice teachers' talk about gender issues in education through a poststructural feminist theoretical framework. Eighteen Master of Arts in Teaching students volunteered to participate in a seminar. During the seminar the participants wrote about and discussed gender issues in teaching. Data collected from the seminar included transcripts of audio-taped conversations as well as response journals and autobiographical sketches written by the participants. Four themes, gender talk, teacher talk, confessional talk, and resistance talk, were explored in the data. The theme gender talk included the participants' observations of and discussions about the differences between females and males. Teacher talk included discussions of what it means to be a teacher and how gender, race, and class impact the teacher's role and the educational experience of children. The data illustrated the multiple and competing discourses these preservice teachers employed when discussing gender issues. The themes confessional talk and resistance talk focused on how the participants talked about gender. These themes raised questions about teacher education practices. They served to illustrate the power relationships inherent in teacher education and how these relations of power act to authorize some discourses and suppress others. Modifications of teacher education practices were recommended by the researcher. These recommendations included helping preservice teachers deconstruct the discourses of education and the role of the teacher as well as suggesting that preservice teachers could benefit from alternate and varied educational sites in which to explore issues of teaching. Close

• 26. [Article] Gender Differences in Robot Teleoperation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender Differences in Robot Teleoperation Author: Showkat, Dilruba Title: Gender Differences in Robot Teleoperation Author: Showkat, Dilruba Close

• 27. [Article] Exploring gender differences in self regulation among Head Start and non-Head Start kids

  Children’s self-regulation and socio-economic status are important factors in predicting later academic outcomes and kindergarten readiness. This study examined relationships between socio-economic status ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Exploring gender differences in self regulation among Head Start and non-Head Start kids Author: Gilmore, Brittany D., Duncan, Rob, McClelland, Megan M. Children’s self-regulation and socio-economic status are important factors in predicting later academic outcomes and kindergarten readiness. This study examined relationships between socio-economic status (SES), gender differences, and performance on the Heads-Toes-Knees-Shoulders (HTKS) self-regulation assessment. Using a diverse sample of 408 preschool children, results indicated: Low-income children in Head Start displayed significantly lower self-regulation than children not enrolled in Head Start. The gender gap in self-regulation was significantly larger in Non-Head Start children when compared to Head Start children. Title: Exploring gender differences in self regulation among Head Start and non-Head Start kids Author: Gilmore, Brittany D., Duncan, Rob, McClelland, Megan M. Children’s self-regulation and socio-economic status are important factors in predicting later academic outcomes and kindergarten readiness. This study examined relationships between socio-economic status (SES), gender differences, and performance on the Heads-Toes-Knees-Shoulders (HTKS) self-regulation assessment. Using a diverse sample of 408 preschool children, results indicated: Low-income children in Head Start displayed significantly lower self-regulation than children not enrolled in Head Start. The gender gap in self-regulation was significantly larger in Non-Head Start children when compared to Head Start children. Close

• 28. [Article] S(He)

  Industries such as science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), continue to employ fewer women compared to men. These professions that are traditionally considered more masculine sustain gender-imbalanced ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: S(He) Author: Parker, Kari Industries such as science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), continue to employ fewer women compared to men. These professions that are traditionally considered more masculine sustain gender-imbalanced work forces and are also unattractive to women at an academic level. This thesis explores the hypothesis that performance can be a powerful instrument when used to expose the social issues surrounding women in the STEM industries. The research on this topic confirms the existing gap between genders in this industry and the benefits of closing this gap. A study is performed exploring the possible reasons for the ongoing gap as well as the symptoms of perpetuating gender inequality in STEM. In order to discover possible remedies, an additional analysis on the impact of various forms of media is documented. The results of this research inspired a potential solution in the form of a comedic monologue, in hopes of raising awareness about the current issues experienced by women studying or working in STEM. Title: S(He) Author: Parker, Kari Industries such as science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), continue to employ fewer women compared to men. These professions that are traditionally considered more masculine sustain gender-imbalanced work forces and are also unattractive to women at an academic level. This thesis explores the hypothesis that performance can be a powerful instrument when used to expose the social issues surrounding women in the STEM industries. The research on this topic confirms the existing gap between genders in this industry and the benefits of closing this gap. A study is performed exploring the possible reasons for the ongoing gap as well as the symptoms of perpetuating gender inequality in STEM. In order to discover possible remedies, an additional analysis on the impact of various forms of media is documented. The results of this research inspired a potential solution in the form of a comedic monologue, in hopes of raising awareness about the current issues experienced by women studying or working in STEM. Close

• 29. [Article] Academic standing by college, class, gender, Winter 2006

  Academic standing of undergraduate students by college, class and gender, Winter 2006 (200602).

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Academic standing by college, class, gender, Winter 2006 Author: Rhodes, Mary Academic standing of undergraduate students by college, class and gender, Winter 2006 (200602). Title: Academic standing by college, class, gender, Winter 2006 Author: Rhodes, Mary Academic standing of undergraduate students by college, class and gender, Winter 2006 (200602). Close

• 30. [Article] The effects of teacher gender on mathematics achievement of first-grade students

  Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study was to determine whether there were significant statistical differences in achievement between first-grade students taught mathematics by male teachers as ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of teacher gender on mathematics achievement of first-grade students Author: Barnett, Werner Joseph Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study was to determine whether there were significant statistical differences in achievement between first-grade students taught mathematics by male teachers as compared to first-grade students taught mathematics by female teachers. A substantive hypothesis was formed, which stated: "This writer hypothesizes that mean-gain scores are independent of teacher gender." Two null hypotheses were formed and tested: (1) Acquisition of mathematics concepts by first-grade students will not be affected significantly by teacher gender as measured by the SRA Assessment Series; and (2) Acquisition of mathematics computation knowledge by first-grade students will not be affected significantly by teacher gender as measured by the SRA Assessment Series. Six subhypotheses were formed for each null hypothesis. The sub-hypotheses dealt with all possible combinations of teacher-student groupings. Procedures A total of 206 first-grade students participated in the study. Four male first-grade teachers were found. Six female first-grade teachers were matched with the male first-grade teachers. A pre-test was administered to the students in October and early November. A posttest was administered to the same students in May. Differences in the results of these two tests were computed as mean-gain scores. The null hypotheses were tested by analysis of covariance. The sub-hypotheses had all possible t-tests applied to them. Findings The findings of this study indicated the need to reject null hypothesis number one and number two. The effect of teacher gender was statistically significant for these null hypotheses. Students taught by male teachers had significantly higher mean-gain scores than students taught by female teachers. The gender of the student was not significant. Five of the twelve sub-hypotheses also had to be rejected due to the effects of teacher gender. Recommendations In view of the findings of this study, the writer offers the follow ing recommendations to schools of teacher education, public schools, and other groups concerned with having a balance of male and female teachers throughout the range of grade levels and subject matter: 1. Dropping the barriers that may prevent either gender from teaching at any grade or subject area. 2. Exercising strict control over such variables as quality of teachers, enthusiasm for teaching, and views on testing needs and procedure, before attempting a study of the influence of teacher gender. 3. Researching further in other areas of the curriculum to see if there are differences due to teacher gender in these other areas. 4. Conducting needed long-range studies of the effect of teacher gender on primary-grade students. 5. Using a large population of subjects to do research in the area of both social and academic influence exerted by teacher gender. 6. Conducting studies of the effects of items on the survey to determine the importance of each as it relates to mathematics achievement. Title: The effects of teacher gender on mathematics achievement of first-grade students Author: Barnett, Werner Joseph Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study was to determine whether there were significant statistical differences in achievement between first-grade students taught mathematics by male teachers as compared to first-grade students taught mathematics by female teachers. A substantive hypothesis was formed, which stated: "This writer hypothesizes that mean-gain scores are independent of teacher gender." Two null hypotheses were formed and tested: (1) Acquisition of mathematics concepts by first-grade students will not be affected significantly by teacher gender as measured by the SRA Assessment Series; and (2) Acquisition of mathematics computation knowledge by first-grade students will not be affected significantly by teacher gender as measured by the SRA Assessment Series. Six subhypotheses were formed for each null hypothesis. The sub-hypotheses dealt with all possible combinations of teacher-student groupings. Procedures A total of 206 first-grade students participated in the study. Four male first-grade teachers were found. Six female first-grade teachers were matched with the male first-grade teachers. A pre-test was administered to the students in October and early November. A posttest was administered to the same students in May. Differences in the results of these two tests were computed as mean-gain scores. The null hypotheses were tested by analysis of covariance. The sub-hypotheses had all possible t-tests applied to them. Findings The findings of this study indicated the need to reject null hypothesis number one and number two. The effect of teacher gender was statistically significant for these null hypotheses. Students taught by male teachers had significantly higher mean-gain scores than students taught by female teachers. The gender of the student was not significant. Five of the twelve sub-hypotheses also had to be rejected due to the effects of teacher gender. Recommendations In view of the findings of this study, the writer offers the follow ing recommendations to schools of teacher education, public schools, and other groups concerned with having a balance of male and female teachers throughout the range of grade levels and subject matter: 1. Dropping the barriers that may prevent either gender from teaching at any grade or subject area. 2. Exercising strict control over such variables as quality of teachers, enthusiasm for teaching, and views on testing needs and procedure, before attempting a study of the influence of teacher gender. 3. Researching further in other areas of the curriculum to see if there are differences due to teacher gender in these other areas. 4. Conducting needed long-range studies of the effect of teacher gender on primary-grade students. 5. Using a large population of subjects to do research in the area of both social and academic influence exerted by teacher gender. 6. Conducting studies of the effects of items on the survey to determine the importance of each as it relates to mathematics achievement. Close

• 31. [Article] Gender Discrimination in Education and Its Impact on Economic Growth: A Cross Country Panel Study

  Studies suggest that higher investment in human capital boosts economic growth by increased productivity. Education is considered to improve human capital, but it takes relatively long to achieve progress ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender Discrimination in Education and Its Impact on Economic Growth: A Cross Country Panel Study Author: Fouzia, Sultana Zeenat Studies suggest that higher investment in human capital boosts economic growth by increased productivity. Education is considered to improve human capital, but it takes relatively long to achieve progress in education. Literacy of female population holds particular importance as it has both direct and indirect effect on growth. Apart from individual productivity, female literacy has positive effect on reducing fertility, improving health and nutrition of family and education of future generations. Using cross country data and panel regression, this study intends to explore how the gender gap in education at different levels of attainment affects GDP growth. This study found that female education, especially secondary education, is positively associated with economic growth. It found mixed results for the impact of gender gap on economic growth. In recent times, national development strategies of many countries have been expanded to focus on social development issues like health, education, environment and gender equality along with GDP growth. But, countries with very limited resources have to prioritize the investment policy. This study will be helpful for policymakers to redefine the budgetary policy to maximize the return in both monetary and non-monetary terms and thus address the persistent issues of poverty and inequality. Title: Gender Discrimination in Education and Its Impact on Economic Growth: A Cross Country Panel Study Author: Fouzia, Sultana Zeenat Studies suggest that higher investment in human capital boosts economic growth by increased productivity. Education is considered to improve human capital, but it takes relatively long to achieve progress in education. Literacy of female population holds particular importance as it has both direct and indirect effect on growth. Apart from individual productivity, female literacy has positive effect on reducing fertility, improving health and nutrition of family and education of future generations. Using cross country data and panel regression, this study intends to explore how the gender gap in education at different levels of attainment affects GDP growth. This study found that female education, especially secondary education, is positively associated with economic growth. It found mixed results for the impact of gender gap on economic growth. In recent times, national development strategies of many countries have been expanded to focus on social development issues like health, education, environment and gender equality along with GDP growth. But, countries with very limited resources have to prioritize the investment policy. This study will be helpful for policymakers to redefine the budgetary policy to maximize the return in both monetary and non-monetary terms and thus address the persistent issues of poverty and inequality. Close

• 32. [Article] An Introduction to Scientific Masculinities

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the History of Science Society and published by the University of Chicago Press. It can be found at: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/to...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Introduction to Scientific Masculinities Author: Nye, Robert A., Milam, Erika Lorraine This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the History of Science Society and published by the University of Chicago Press. It can be found at: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/osiris/current. Title: An Introduction to Scientific Masculinities Author: Nye, Robert A., Milam, Erika Lorraine This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the History of Science Society and published by the University of Chicago Press. It can be found at: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/osiris/current. Close

• 33. [Article] "Born of ourselves" : gendered doubling and the femme fatale in Vernon Lee's ghost stories

  This thesis examines the characterization of the femme fatale and the implications of this trope for late-Victorian gender and sexuality in the ghost stories of female aesthete Vernon Lee. In her treatment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Born of ourselves" : gendered doubling and the femme fatale in Vernon Lee's ghost stories Author: Delf, Liz This thesis examines the characterization of the femme fatale and the implications of this trope for late-Victorian gender and sexuality in the ghost stories of female aesthete Vernon Lee. In her treatment of the femme fatale figure, Lee both reinforces and complicates the image of the sexualized, often bestialized woman as an object for the male gaze by blurring the boundaries of gender, sex roles, and forms of empowerment. In closely examining these figures in Lee's work, I clarify the complexity and dynamism of Lee’s project as a woman on the threshold of a new century. Through close reading and analysis of the primary texts, as well as incorporation of secondary critical work and literary theory, I explore issues of doubling, androgyny, religion, and decadence in three fin de siècle stories. This thesis challenges the notion of Decadents and New Women as discrete categorizations, as well as recent critical attempts to claim Lee as a contemporary feminist. Acknowledging the liminality and ambivalence of Lee's writing and life, my project complicates and expands on our understanding of gender politics and literature at the end of the nineteenth century. Title: "Born of ourselves" : gendered doubling and the femme fatale in Vernon Lee's ghost stories Author: Delf, Liz This thesis examines the characterization of the femme fatale and the implications of this trope for late-Victorian gender and sexuality in the ghost stories of female aesthete Vernon Lee. In her treatment of the femme fatale figure, Lee both reinforces and complicates the image of the sexualized, often bestialized woman as an object for the male gaze by blurring the boundaries of gender, sex roles, and forms of empowerment. In closely examining these figures in Lee's work, I clarify the complexity and dynamism of Lee’s project as a woman on the threshold of a new century. Through close reading and analysis of the primary texts, as well as incorporation of secondary critical work and literary theory, I explore issues of doubling, androgyny, religion, and decadence in three fin de siècle stories. This thesis challenges the notion of Decadents and New Women as discrete categorizations, as well as recent critical attempts to claim Lee as a contemporary feminist. Acknowledging the liminality and ambivalence of Lee's writing and life, my project complicates and expands on our understanding of gender politics and literature at the end of the nineteenth century. Close

• 34. [Article] Gender and Willingness-to-pay for Recreational Benefits from Water Quality Improvements

  The economics literature has recently turned its attention to the existence of gender differences in various aspects of choice behaviour. This paper focuses upon such differences as may exist in the valuation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender and Willingness-to-pay for Recreational Benefits from Water Quality Improvements Author: Dupont, Diane P. Year: 2001 The economics literature has recently turned its attention to the existence of gender differences in various aspects of choice behaviour. This paper focuses upon such differences as may exist in the valuation of environmental resources. Firstly, the paper presents several reasons why women are expected to have a lower willingness-to-pay (WTP) for environmental improvements than do men. Secondly, in order to establish the empirical extent of gender differences the paper presents a model for estimating individual-specific benefits from environmental improvements. CVM referenda data from are collected and used in a double-bounded probit model to estimate female versus male WTP for remedial actions designed to improve three different water-based recreational activities in a previously highly polluted area. For these data, the paper finds that, even after controlling for income differences, women consistently have lower WTP values. The findings in this paper have potentially important consequences for the subsequent calculation of aggregate benefits from contingent valuation models that ignore the role of gender. Since women generally constitute about one half of a population base, turning a blind eye to gender means that aggregate WTP values will overstate the extent of benefits from environmental improvements. Title: Gender and Willingness-to-pay for Recreational Benefits from Water Quality Improvements Author: Dupont, Diane P. Year: 2001 The economics literature has recently turned its attention to the existence of gender differences in various aspects of choice behaviour. This paper focuses upon such differences as may exist in the valuation of environmental resources. Firstly, the paper presents several reasons why women are expected to have a lower willingness-to-pay (WTP) for environmental improvements than do men. Secondly, in order to establish the empirical extent of gender differences the paper presents a model for estimating individual-specific benefits from environmental improvements. CVM referenda data from are collected and used in a double-bounded probit model to estimate female versus male WTP for remedial actions designed to improve three different water-based recreational activities in a previously highly polluted area. For these data, the paper finds that, even after controlling for income differences, women consistently have lower WTP values. The findings in this paper have potentially important consequences for the subsequent calculation of aggregate benefits from contingent valuation models that ignore the role of gender. Since women generally constitute about one half of a population base, turning a blind eye to gender means that aggregate WTP values will overstate the extent of benefits from environmental improvements. Close

• 35. [Article] Cognitive development of Korean kindergarten children and its relationship to age, gender, social class, and maternal attitude

  This study was designed to investigate whether the conservation of substance, weight, continuous quantity, discontinuous quantity, number, area, distance, length, and two-dimensional space are developed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cognitive development of Korean kindergarten children and its relationship to age, gender, social class, and maternal attitude Author: Kim, Mikyung This study was designed to investigate whether the conservation of substance, weight, continuous quantity, discontinuous quantity, number, area, distance, length, and two-dimensional space are developed in sequence in the acquisition of conservation operations. More specifically, the purposes of the study are two-fold: (1) To assess the sequence and rate of conservation acquisition among children in the Korean culture; and (2) To assess whether the factors of age, gender, maternal attitude, and socioeconomic status are related to the performance of Korean children on conservation tasks. The findings of this study were as follows: 1. The older group of children clearly performed better than the younger children on every task, indicating that there was an age-related developmental pattern. 2. There were no significant differences between the two gender groups, indicating that the development of cognition in children is not related to gender. 3. Conservation task scores differed significantly among three different social classes. 4. Children with mothers reflecting a possessive attitude obtained higher scores on conservation tasks. 5. There was a significant interaction effect between age and social class. 6. There was a significant interaction effect between age and maternal attitude. 7. There was a significant interaction effect between gender and social class. Title: Cognitive development of Korean kindergarten children and its relationship to age, gender, social class, and maternal attitude Author: Kim, Mikyung This study was designed to investigate whether the conservation of substance, weight, continuous quantity, discontinuous quantity, number, area, distance, length, and two-dimensional space are developed in sequence in the acquisition of conservation operations. More specifically, the purposes of the study are two-fold: (1) To assess the sequence and rate of conservation acquisition among children in the Korean culture; and (2) To assess whether the factors of age, gender, maternal attitude, and socioeconomic status are related to the performance of Korean children on conservation tasks. The findings of this study were as follows: 1. The older group of children clearly performed better than the younger children on every task, indicating that there was an age-related developmental pattern. 2. There were no significant differences between the two gender groups, indicating that the development of cognition in children is not related to gender. 3. Conservation task scores differed significantly among three different social classes. 4. Children with mothers reflecting a possessive attitude obtained higher scores on conservation tasks. 5. There was a significant interaction effect between age and social class. 6. There was a significant interaction effect between age and maternal attitude. 7. There was a significant interaction effect between gender and social class. Close

• 36. [Article] Confessing our sims : the construction of gender and sexuality among women ages 18-22 on MySpace.

  MySpace is a social network phenomenon with over 100 million profiles and a strong presence in over 24 countries. As digital media become more commonplace, social networks are becoming sites where women ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Confessing our sims : the construction of gender and sexuality among women ages 18-22 on MySpace. Author: Papaleo, November R. MySpace is a social network phenomenon with over 100 million profiles and a strong presence in over 24 countries. As digital media become more commonplace, social networks are becoming sites where women create and manage relationships and identities. This thesis is a study of how women ages 18-22 are constructing their gender and sexuality on the social network site MySpace. By using a rhetorical analysis of 58 MySpace profiles, this study identifies several themes, including the strong presence of horizontal hostility. Rather than functioning as a forum for women to challenge conventional gender roles, MySpace gives women an opportunity to perform femininity. These women are reinforcing the values associated with traditional femininity by competing for both social and romantic attentions in their autobiographical writings and profile photographs. Title: Confessing our sims : the construction of gender and sexuality among women ages 18-22 on MySpace. Author: Papaleo, November R. MySpace is a social network phenomenon with over 100 million profiles and a strong presence in over 24 countries. As digital media become more commonplace, social networks are becoming sites where women create and manage relationships and identities. This thesis is a study of how women ages 18-22 are constructing their gender and sexuality on the social network site MySpace. By using a rhetorical analysis of 58 MySpace profiles, this study identifies several themes, including the strong presence of horizontal hostility. Rather than functioning as a forum for women to challenge conventional gender roles, MySpace gives women an opportunity to perform femininity. These women are reinforcing the values associated with traditional femininity by competing for both social and romantic attentions in their autobiographical writings and profile photographs. Close

• 37. [Article] Women farmers and ranchers and agricultural knowledge : gender, experience, and connection

  This research is based on in-depth interviews with 20 women farmers and ranchers from the state of Oregon. These women employ a variety of methods and subscribe to a number of divergent philosophies regarding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Women farmers and ranchers and agricultural knowledge : gender, experience, and connection Author: Filan, Trina Robin This research is based on in-depth interviews with 20 women farmers and ranchers from the state of Oregon. These women employ a variety of methods and subscribe to a number of divergent philosophies regarding agricultural practices. The intention of this study is to examine how women who are the primary or equal operators of their farms or ranches experience gender in the acquisition, use, and sharing of agricultural knowledge. While most respondents feel they have not experienced gender bias in these circumstances, they do discuss other gendered challenges and benefits to being women in their male-dominated profession. They also discuss other unexpected aspects of agricultural knowledge, among them the value of long-term experience with one's land in building one's knowledge of agriculture; the value of agriculture not only to agriculturalists but also to non-farmers, to the broader culture, and to society; and the need to bridge the knowledge disconnect between agriculturalists, consumers, and environmentalists in order to create a truly economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable agriculture. Future research should include an exploration of the realities that differences of race/ethnicity, sexuality, age, and ownership status across gender make to farmer and rancher perceptions of the value of agriculture to themselves, to non-farmers, and to the rest of society. Title: Women farmers and ranchers and agricultural knowledge : gender, experience, and connection Author: Filan, Trina Robin This research is based on in-depth interviews with 20 women farmers and ranchers from the state of Oregon. These women employ a variety of methods and subscribe to a number of divergent philosophies regarding agricultural practices. The intention of this study is to examine how women who are the primary or equal operators of their farms or ranches experience gender in the acquisition, use, and sharing of agricultural knowledge. While most respondents feel they have not experienced gender bias in these circumstances, they do discuss other gendered challenges and benefits to being women in their male-dominated profession. They also discuss other unexpected aspects of agricultural knowledge, among them the value of long-term experience with one's land in building one's knowledge of agriculture; the value of agriculture not only to agriculturalists but also to non-farmers, to the broader culture, and to society; and the need to bridge the knowledge disconnect between agriculturalists, consumers, and environmentalists in order to create a truly economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable agriculture. Future research should include an exploration of the realities that differences of race/ethnicity, sexuality, age, and ownership status across gender make to farmer and rancher perceptions of the value of agriculture to themselves, to non-farmers, and to the rest of society. Close

• 38. [Article] A Brief Report on Predicting Self-Harm: Is It Gender or Abuse that Matters?

  Self-harm, which consists of non-suicidal self-injury and attempted suicide, is a public health problem that is not well understood. There is conflicting evidence on the role of gender in predicting self-harm. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Brief Report on Predicting Self-Harm: Is It Gender or Abuse that Matters? Author: Becker-Blease, Kathryn, Freyd, Jennifer J., Gómez, Jennifer M. Self-harm, which consists of non-suicidal self-injury and attempted suicide, is a public health problem that is not well understood. There is conflicting evidence on the role of gender in predicting self-harm. Abuse history also is a potentially relevant factor to explore, as it is related to both gender and self-harm. In the current study, we hypothesized that abuse history, as opposed to gender, would predict self-harm. Three hundred ninety-seven undergraduates completed a self-report survey that assessed abuse history, non-suicidal self-injury, and attempted suicide. The results suggested that abuse history predicted non-suicidal self-injury and attempted suicide. These findings can inform clinical interventions, as they reinforce the importance of including abuse history in the conceptualizations and treatment of self-harm. Title: A Brief Report on Predicting Self-Harm: Is It Gender or Abuse that Matters? Author: Becker-Blease, Kathryn, Freyd, Jennifer J., Gómez, Jennifer M. Self-harm, which consists of non-suicidal self-injury and attempted suicide, is a public health problem that is not well understood. There is conflicting evidence on the role of gender in predicting self-harm. Abuse history also is a potentially relevant factor to explore, as it is related to both gender and self-harm. In the current study, we hypothesized that abuse history, as opposed to gender, would predict self-harm. Three hundred ninety-seven undergraduates completed a self-report survey that assessed abuse history, non-suicidal self-injury, and attempted suicide. The results suggested that abuse history predicted non-suicidal self-injury and attempted suicide. These findings can inform clinical interventions, as they reinforce the importance of including abuse history in the conceptualizations and treatment of self-harm. Close

• 39. [Article] End user software engineering features for both genders

  Previous research has revealed gender differences that impact females’ willingness to adopt software features in end users’ programming environments. Since these features have separately been shown to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: End user software engineering features for both genders Author: Sorte, Shraddha Previous research has revealed gender differences that impact females’ willingness to adopt software features in end users’ programming environments. Since these features have separately been shown to help end users problem solve, it is important to female end users’ productivity that we find ways to make these features more acceptable to females. This thesis draws from our ongoing work with users to help inform our design of theory-based methods for encouraging effective feature usage by both genders. This design effort is the first to begin addressing the gender differences in the ways that people go about problem solving in end-user programming situations. Title: End user software engineering features for both genders Author: Sorte, Shraddha Previous research has revealed gender differences that impact females’ willingness to adopt software features in end users’ programming environments. Since these features have separately been shown to help end users problem solve, it is important to female end users’ productivity that we find ways to make these features more acceptable to females. This thesis draws from our ongoing work with users to help inform our design of theory-based methods for encouraging effective feature usage by both genders. This design effort is the first to begin addressing the gender differences in the ways that people go about problem solving in end-user programming situations. Close

• 40. [Article] The relationship of gender and perceived sex role identity to the leadership style, range, and adaptability of selected graduate students

  This study examined the relationship and strength of association of the two independent variables of gender (male, female) and perceived sex role identity (masculine, androgynous, feminine, and undifferentiated) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The relationship of gender and perceived sex role identity to the leadership style, range, and adaptability of selected graduate students Author: Wall, James Keith This study examined the relationship and strength of association of the two independent variables of gender (male, female) and perceived sex role identity (masculine, androgynous, feminine, and undifferentiated) on the leadership style, leadership range (number of back-up styles), and leadership adaptability (effectiveness) of nonforeign graduate students at a Land Grant Institution. A sex role scale (The Personal Attribute Questionnaire) and a leadership scale (The Leader Effectiveness and Adaptability Description) were administered to a randomly selected sample of 700 (350 males, 350 females) graduate students. Usable responses were obtained from 65 percent (455) of the subjects. Chi-square, Cramer's V, and lambda analyses were performed on the categorical data. A significant relationship (.05 level) and low strength of association was found between males and females and their selection of a primary leadership style and their leadership range or the number of support styles. Males tended to select an instrumental (task oriented) and females an expressive (relationship oriented) primary style and males in this study tended to utilize a broader range of back-up or support styles. No significant difference or strength of relationship was found between gender and effectiveness. In terms of perceived sex role identity alone, no significant difference or strength of relationship was found in leadership style, range, or effectiveness. When gender and sex role identity were combined, stronger significant differences were found in the selection of a primary leadership style (.05 to .01) and leadership range (.05 to .02). Also, when combined, a significant difference (.05) was found in effectiveness which was not observed when gender and sex role identity were examined separately. There was no support in this study that androgynous persons (those high in both expressive and instrumental orientations) were any more flexible (as measured by range) or effective (as measured by adaptability) than nonandrogynous persons. The findings further suggest that sex role studies which do not differentiate by gender may, in fact, be measuring primarily the effect of gender and not sex role identity. Recommendations for further research were suggested by the findings. Title: The relationship of gender and perceived sex role identity to the leadership style, range, and adaptability of selected graduate students Author: Wall, James Keith This study examined the relationship and strength of association of the two independent variables of gender (male, female) and perceived sex role identity (masculine, androgynous, feminine, and undifferentiated) on the leadership style, leadership range (number of back-up styles), and leadership adaptability (effectiveness) of nonforeign graduate students at a Land Grant Institution. A sex role scale (The Personal Attribute Questionnaire) and a leadership scale (The Leader Effectiveness and Adaptability Description) were administered to a randomly selected sample of 700 (350 males, 350 females) graduate students. Usable responses were obtained from 65 percent (455) of the subjects. Chi-square, Cramer's V, and lambda analyses were performed on the categorical data. A significant relationship (.05 level) and low strength of association was found between males and females and their selection of a primary leadership style and their leadership range or the number of support styles. Males tended to select an instrumental (task oriented) and females an expressive (relationship oriented) primary style and males in this study tended to utilize a broader range of back-up or support styles. No significant difference or strength of relationship was found between gender and effectiveness. In terms of perceived sex role identity alone, no significant difference or strength of relationship was found in leadership style, range, or effectiveness. When gender and sex role identity were combined, stronger significant differences were found in the selection of a primary leadership style (.05 to .01) and leadership range (.05 to .02). Also, when combined, a significant difference (.05) was found in effectiveness which was not observed when gender and sex role identity were examined separately. There was no support in this study that androgynous persons (those high in both expressive and instrumental orientations) were any more flexible (as measured by range) or effective (as measured by adaptability) than nonandrogynous persons. The findings further suggest that sex role studies which do not differentiate by gender may, in fact, be measuring primarily the effect of gender and not sex role identity. Recommendations for further research were suggested by the findings. Close

• 41. [Article] Gender HCI issues in end-user programming

  Until recently, research has not considered whether the design of end-user programming environments, such as spreadsheets, multimedia authoring languages, and CAD systems, affects males and females differently. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender HCI issues in end-user programming Author: Beckwith, Laura A. Until recently, research has not considered whether the design of end-user programming environments, such as spreadsheets, multimedia authoring languages, and CAD systems, affects males and females differently. As a result, we began investigating how the two genders are impacted by end-user programming software and whether attention to gender differences is important in the design of software. Evidence from other domains, such as psychology and marketing, strongly suggests that females process information and problem solve in very different ways than males. This implies that without taking these differences into account in the design of problem-solving software, the needs of half the population for whom the software is intended are potentially being ignored. In fact, some research has shown that software is unintentionally designed for males. Our research has uncovered several factors which affect males and females differently as they engage in end-user programming. The gender differences range from the effects of self-efficacy (a form of confidence) on engagement with environment features to how males and females use "tinkering" as part of their problem-solving strategy. We further investigate the effects of several environment changes on both males' and females' problem solving. This research is the first to both uncover what gender differences are relevant in end-user programming environments and address how to account for these gender differences in the design of such environments. Title: Gender HCI issues in end-user programming Author: Beckwith, Laura A. Until recently, research has not considered whether the design of end-user programming environments, such as spreadsheets, multimedia authoring languages, and CAD systems, affects males and females differently. As a result, we began investigating how the two genders are impacted by end-user programming software and whether attention to gender differences is important in the design of software. Evidence from other domains, such as psychology and marketing, strongly suggests that females process information and problem solve in very different ways than males. This implies that without taking these differences into account in the design of problem-solving software, the needs of half the population for whom the software is intended are potentially being ignored. In fact, some research has shown that software is unintentionally designed for males. Our research has uncovered several factors which affect males and females differently as they engage in end-user programming. The gender differences range from the effects of self-efficacy (a form of confidence) on engagement with environment features to how males and females use "tinkering" as part of their problem-solving strategy. We further investigate the effects of several environment changes on both males' and females' problem solving. This research is the first to both uncover what gender differences are relevant in end-user programming environments and address how to account for these gender differences in the design of such environments. Close

• 42. [Article] Gender and housework : postretirement change

  Retirement is a later life transition that may affect a variety of areas in a person's life. One area is the division of household labor. Historically, women have been responsible for and performed the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender and housework : postretirement change Author: Richards, Catherine M. Retirement is a later life transition that may affect a variety of areas in a person's life. One area is the division of household labor. Historically, women have been responsible for and performed the majority of household labor. Women's responsibility for household labor follows the traditional dual sphere ideology, which is that women are responsible for the home and family and men are responsible for providing income. The transition to retirement may change the division of household labor and the relationship between gender attitudes and how much men and women invest in household labor. This issue was addressed using longitudinal data from the National Survey of Families and Households. The sample consisted of 172 married men and women who were not working full time and who self-identified as retired. Structural Equation Modeling was used to assess the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks before and after the retirement transition. For this sample, gender attitude and investment in routine tasks were stable over time. Results show that the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks was not significant for men but marginally significant for women. Women who had an egalitarian attitude before retirement increased their investment in routine tasks after retirement, which was opposite of the expected relationship. Housework may be used as a source of power for these women who may increase their investment to keep a power balance in their marriage. The results suggest that the retirement transition does not greatly influence the relationship between gender attitude and household labor. Further study should assess the influence of situational factors on this relationship. Situational pressures, such as external group norms or health complications, may affect the influence of gender attitudes on housework investment. Additionally, structural differences, such as remarriage or gay and lesbian relationships, may be important contexts in which to examine this relationship. Examining situational influences and researching different contexts are important future directions in the study of the division of household labor. Title: Gender and housework : postretirement change Author: Richards, Catherine M. Retirement is a later life transition that may affect a variety of areas in a person's life. One area is the division of household labor. Historically, women have been responsible for and performed the majority of household labor. Women's responsibility for household labor follows the traditional dual sphere ideology, which is that women are responsible for the home and family and men are responsible for providing income. The transition to retirement may change the division of household labor and the relationship between gender attitudes and how much men and women invest in household labor. This issue was addressed using longitudinal data from the National Survey of Families and Households. The sample consisted of 172 married men and women who were not working full time and who self-identified as retired. Structural Equation Modeling was used to assess the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks before and after the retirement transition. For this sample, gender attitude and investment in routine tasks were stable over time. Results show that the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks was not significant for men but marginally significant for women. Women who had an egalitarian attitude before retirement increased their investment in routine tasks after retirement, which was opposite of the expected relationship. Housework may be used as a source of power for these women who may increase their investment to keep a power balance in their marriage. The results suggest that the retirement transition does not greatly influence the relationship between gender attitude and household labor. Further study should assess the influence of situational factors on this relationship. Situational pressures, such as external group norms or health complications, may affect the influence of gender attitudes on housework investment. Additionally, structural differences, such as remarriage or gay and lesbian relationships, may be important contexts in which to examine this relationship. Examining situational influences and researching different contexts are important future directions in the study of the division of household labor. Close

• 43. [Article] The gendered experience of professional practice : a phenomenological study of the lived experiences of male elementary school counselors

  This qualitative study explored the gendered professional experiences of male elementary school counselors. The participants or co-researchers were twelve men of varied ethnic and racial backgrounds between ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The gendered experience of professional practice : a phenomenological study of the lived experiences of male elementary school counselors Author: Edwards, Charles C. (Charles Charlton) This qualitative study explored the gendered professional experiences of male elementary school counselors. The participants or co-researchers were twelve men of varied ethnic and racial backgrounds between 25 and 60 years old. They lived and worked in five US states in urban, suburban and rural settings. They provided school counseling program services to students from 4-12 years old. All co-researchers had graduate degrees in counseling and state certification as school counselors. Their professional experience ranged from 2-20 years. The research utilized phenomenological methodology to uncover the "essence" of their experiences as male elementary school counselors. Co-researchers were interviewed up to three times for at least 45 minutes total. The interviews of all participants were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and then analyzed at four levels. First, a textural analysis of all relevant statements to the experience of being a male elementary school counselor was done. Second, a structural analysis was done to identify important contextual factors that helped to shape the experiences. Third, a textural-structural analysis was done to explore the connection between structural factors and the actual experience of being a male elementary school counselor. The final level of analysis produced a composite textural-structural analysis in arriving at the "essence" of the gendered experiences of male elementary school counselors. Strengths, limitations and research implications were included. This study highlighted literature relevant to the study of a nontraditional career choice for men and literature on the "feminization of education." The study and its findings highlighted the importance of considering sex and gender in school counseling and professional school counselor-student relationships. Implications of sex and gender on social-emotional and educational outcomes for elementary school students are discussed. Title: The gendered experience of professional practice : a phenomenological study of the lived experiences of male elementary school counselors Author: Edwards, Charles C. (Charles Charlton) This qualitative study explored the gendered professional experiences of male elementary school counselors. The participants or co-researchers were twelve men of varied ethnic and racial backgrounds between 25 and 60 years old. They lived and worked in five US states in urban, suburban and rural settings. They provided school counseling program services to students from 4-12 years old. All co-researchers had graduate degrees in counseling and state certification as school counselors. Their professional experience ranged from 2-20 years. The research utilized phenomenological methodology to uncover the "essence" of their experiences as male elementary school counselors. Co-researchers were interviewed up to three times for at least 45 minutes total. The interviews of all participants were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and then analyzed at four levels. First, a textural analysis of all relevant statements to the experience of being a male elementary school counselor was done. Second, a structural analysis was done to identify important contextual factors that helped to shape the experiences. Third, a textural-structural analysis was done to explore the connection between structural factors and the actual experience of being a male elementary school counselor. The final level of analysis produced a composite textural-structural analysis in arriving at the "essence" of the gendered experiences of male elementary school counselors. Strengths, limitations and research implications were included. This study highlighted literature relevant to the study of a nontraditional career choice for men and literature on the "feminization of education." The study and its findings highlighted the importance of considering sex and gender in school counseling and professional school counselor-student relationships. Implications of sex and gender on social-emotional and educational outcomes for elementary school students are discussed. Close

• 44. [Article] The structural relationship among gender role conflict, social support and health behavior in older men

  Inquiry into the cause of men's premature mortality has been historically framed in a biological deterministic perspective. This research takes an alternative view whereby the possible interactions of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The structural relationship among gender role conflict, social support and health behavior in older men Author: Hill, Wade Garrison Inquiry into the cause of men's premature mortality has been historically framed in a biological deterministic perspective. This research takes an alternative view whereby the possible interactions of psychosocial variables with men's health promoting and health seeking behaviors are examined using cross-sectional survey data with older men. Specifically, this research explored the relationships among gender role conflict, perceived social support, and older men's health behaviors. Traditional pencil/paper (n=256) and electronic (n=147) surveys were completed by older men aged 40 and over selected from university alumni of a large western university. As the Gender Role Conflict Scale (O'Neil et al., 1986) had not been previously validated within a sample of older men, confirmatory factor analysis was used to verify that the instrument performed as well or better in older men than in previous samples of college age men. Secondly, multiple regression and canonical correlation was used to find that gender role conflict predicts less perceived social support in our sample. Moreover, restrictive emotionality appears to have the greatest influence on perceived social support and interacts greatest with emotional/informational support. Last, structural equation modeling was used to validate the findings from the regression analysis as well as determine that perceived social support predicts health promoting behaviors in our sample. While there did not appear to be a direct effect of gender role conflict on health seeking behaviors as hypothesized, health promoting behaviors did predict health seeking among these men. The findings from this study are an important step into examining how the gender role socialization of men may relate to health through protective and harmful behaviors supported by normative standards. This research allows health researchers to examine gender role conflict in older men through the validation of an instrument, and suggests that men who are highly socialized into male role norms are less likely to benefit from the well documented stress buffering effects of social support. Title: The structural relationship among gender role conflict, social support and health behavior in older men Author: Hill, Wade Garrison Inquiry into the cause of men's premature mortality has been historically framed in a biological deterministic perspective. This research takes an alternative view whereby the possible interactions of psychosocial variables with men's health promoting and health seeking behaviors are examined using cross-sectional survey data with older men. Specifically, this research explored the relationships among gender role conflict, perceived social support, and older men's health behaviors. Traditional pencil/paper (n=256) and electronic (n=147) surveys were completed by older men aged 40 and over selected from university alumni of a large western university. As the Gender Role Conflict Scale (O'Neil et al., 1986) had not been previously validated within a sample of older men, confirmatory factor analysis was used to verify that the instrument performed as well or better in older men than in previous samples of college age men. Secondly, multiple regression and canonical correlation was used to find that gender role conflict predicts less perceived social support in our sample. Moreover, restrictive emotionality appears to have the greatest influence on perceived social support and interacts greatest with emotional/informational support. Last, structural equation modeling was used to validate the findings from the regression analysis as well as determine that perceived social support predicts health promoting behaviors in our sample. While there did not appear to be a direct effect of gender role conflict on health seeking behaviors as hypothesized, health promoting behaviors did predict health seeking among these men. The findings from this study are an important step into examining how the gender role socialization of men may relate to health through protective and harmful behaviors supported by normative standards. This research allows health researchers to examine gender role conflict in older men through the validation of an instrument, and suggests that men who are highly socialized into male role norms are less likely to benefit from the well documented stress buffering effects of social support. Close

• 45. [Article] Gender identification and growth of juvenile lesser prairie-chickens

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by Cooper Ornithological Society and published by Central Ornithology Publication Office. It can be found at: http://www.aoucospubs.org/loi...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender identification and growth of juvenile lesser prairie-chickens Author: Robel, Robert J., Hagen, Christian A., Applegate, Roger D., Pitman, James C., Loughlin, Thomas M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by Cooper Ornithological Society and published by Central Ornithology Publication Office. It can be found at: http://www.aoucospubs.org/loi/cond Title: Gender identification and growth of juvenile lesser prairie-chickens Author: Robel, Robert J., Hagen, Christian A., Applegate, Roger D., Pitman, James C., Loughlin, Thomas M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by Cooper Ornithological Society and published by Central Ornithology Publication Office. It can be found at: http://www.aoucospubs.org/loi/cond Close

• 46. [Article] Gender-Dependent Mechanisms of Alpha-Tocopherol Protection from Benzo[a]pyrene Exposure in Rats

  Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), are environmental pollutants linked to increased disease susceptibilities. Alpha-Tocopherol (αT) supplementation decreases B[a]P-DNA ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender-Dependent Mechanisms of Alpha-Tocopherol Protection from Benzo[a]pyrene Exposure in Rats Author: Crimp, Caitlin A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), are environmental pollutants linked to increased disease susceptibilities. Alpha-Tocopherol (αT) supplementation decreases B[a]P-DNA adducts in smokers, particularly women; but the mechanism is unknown. To test the hypothesis that αT protection from B[a]P exposure is gender-dependent, male and female rats received 7 daily subcutaneous (SQ) injections of αT (100 mg αT/ kg body wt) or vehicle, followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of B[a]P (20 mg/kg, spiked with 3H-B[a]P) on day 9. Urine and bile were collected pre- and post-B[a]P; plasma and tissues were collected 5 or 24 h post-B[a]P. αT supplementation increased αT levels to a greater extent in females than in males. Compared to vehicle, αT supplementation increased total urinary and biliary excretion of B[a]P and/or B[a]P metabolites more than 2.5-fold in females, but decreased total excretion in males (p<0.05). αT prevented B[a]P-induced increases in urine 8-isoprostanes (males) and decreased tissue malondialdehyde levels in a tissue- and gender-dependent manner. Thus, αT protection from B[a]P exposure is gender-dependent and occurs by both antioxidant and non-antioxidant mechanisms. Further elucidation of the mechanism(s) of αT protection against environmental toxins may lead to the development of protective strategies for occupational PAH exposures. Title: Gender-Dependent Mechanisms of Alpha-Tocopherol Protection from Benzo[a]pyrene Exposure in Rats Author: Crimp, Caitlin A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), are environmental pollutants linked to increased disease susceptibilities. Alpha-Tocopherol (αT) supplementation decreases B[a]P-DNA adducts in smokers, particularly women; but the mechanism is unknown. To test the hypothesis that αT protection from B[a]P exposure is gender-dependent, male and female rats received 7 daily subcutaneous (SQ) injections of αT (100 mg αT/ kg body wt) or vehicle, followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of B[a]P (20 mg/kg, spiked with 3H-B[a]P) on day 9. Urine and bile were collected pre- and post-B[a]P; plasma and tissues were collected 5 or 24 h post-B[a]P. αT supplementation increased αT levels to a greater extent in females than in males. Compared to vehicle, αT supplementation increased total urinary and biliary excretion of B[a]P and/or B[a]P metabolites more than 2.5-fold in females, but decreased total excretion in males (p<0.05). αT prevented B[a]P-induced increases in urine 8-isoprostanes (males) and decreased tissue malondialdehyde levels in a tissue- and gender-dependent manner. Thus, αT protection from B[a]P exposure is gender-dependent and occurs by both antioxidant and non-antioxidant mechanisms. Further elucidation of the mechanism(s) of αT protection against environmental toxins may lead to the development of protective strategies for occupational PAH exposures. Close

• 47. [Article] Does Women’s Empowerment have Economic Benefits?

  Presentaiton

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Does Women’s Empowerment have Economic Benefits? Author: Williams, Meryl Presentaiton Title: Does Women’s Empowerment have Economic Benefits? Author: Williams, Meryl Presentaiton Close

• 48. [Article] Gender differences in the perceptions of sexual abuse

  The purpose of this study is to explore gender differences in adult perceptions of sexual abuse encounters between an adult male and children of both genders and of various ages. Subjects were four hundred and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender differences in the perceptions of sexual abuse Author: Sandras, Eric The purpose of this study is to explore gender differences in adult perceptions of sexual abuse encounters between an adult male and children of both genders and of various ages. Subjects were four hundred and fifty three students from a northwestern university. They were recruited from a lower-level human development course and from introductory courses in the arts and humanities department. One hundred and seventy-nine males and 274 females participated in the study. Participants were randomly given one of four vignettes that contained a scenario describing an "ambiguous" sexual encounter between a neighbor man and a child. The age of the child (5 or 13) and the child's gender differed between the scenarios. Results showed that female respondents were more likely than their male counterparts to perceive that the encounter was serious in nature (p=.022) and to expect the child in the scenario to be negatively impacted by the encounter (p=.001). Other results indicated that female respondents perceived the encounter with the older child, regardless of the child's gender, as more serious in nature (p=.008) and would have more negative outcomes (p=.002) than the encounter with the younger child. Male respondents also perceived that the encounter with the older child would have more negative outcomes for the child (p=.003) than the encounter with the younger child. Gender of child in the scenario was not predictive of perceived seriousness of the encounter nor of the negative impact of the encounter for either male or female respondents. Conclusions and implications are discussed. Title: Gender differences in the perceptions of sexual abuse Author: Sandras, Eric The purpose of this study is to explore gender differences in adult perceptions of sexual abuse encounters between an adult male and children of both genders and of various ages. Subjects were four hundred and fifty three students from a northwestern university. They were recruited from a lower-level human development course and from introductory courses in the arts and humanities department. One hundred and seventy-nine males and 274 females participated in the study. Participants were randomly given one of four vignettes that contained a scenario describing an "ambiguous" sexual encounter between a neighbor man and a child. The age of the child (5 or 13) and the child's gender differed between the scenarios. Results showed that female respondents were more likely than their male counterparts to perceive that the encounter was serious in nature (p=.022) and to expect the child in the scenario to be negatively impacted by the encounter (p=.001). Other results indicated that female respondents perceived the encounter with the older child, regardless of the child's gender, as more serious in nature (p=.008) and would have more negative outcomes (p=.002) than the encounter with the younger child. Male respondents also perceived that the encounter with the older child would have more negative outcomes for the child (p=.003) than the encounter with the younger child. Gender of child in the scenario was not predictive of perceived seriousness of the encounter nor of the negative impact of the encounter for either male or female respondents. Conclusions and implications are discussed. Close

• 49. [Article] Language differences between women and men and the attribution of leadership

  This research addresses the perception of leadership attributes in light of evaluator and target gender. It specifically investigates whether there is a difference in language usage when the evaluator ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Language differences between women and men and the attribution of leadership Author: Dunsworth, Sabrina J. This research addresses the perception of leadership attributes in light of evaluator and target gender. It specifically investigates whether there is a difference in language usage when the evaluator is female versus when the evaluator is male. Two studies were conducted. A pre-test used instrumental development drawing from studies conducted by Bem (1974) and Berlo et al. (1969). The pre-test sampled a population of 56 students in a Small Group Problem Solving class at Oregon State University and used a survey to determine the top six gender attributes used to describe women (Self-reliant, Sensitive, Understanding, Warm, Affectionate, and Cheerful) and the top six gender attributes used to describe men (Analytical, Strong personality, Competitive, Loyal, Assertive, and Dominant). The present study consisted of a survey that placed the 12 attributes on semantic differential scales. A population of 54 students in a Small Group Problem Solving class at Oregon State University used the scales to indicate to what degree the target displayed the attribute in question. The gender of the evaluator and target were coded and six group comparisons were run to determine measures of statistical significance. Significant results were found for 13 out of 96 individual attribute comparisons. Because only a few individual attribute comparisons were found to be significant, future research could return to Bem’s (1974) study and replicate it in new populations to determine its validity and reliability. Title: Language differences between women and men and the attribution of leadership Author: Dunsworth, Sabrina J. This research addresses the perception of leadership attributes in light of evaluator and target gender. It specifically investigates whether there is a difference in language usage when the evaluator is female versus when the evaluator is male. Two studies were conducted. A pre-test used instrumental development drawing from studies conducted by Bem (1974) and Berlo et al. (1969). The pre-test sampled a population of 56 students in a Small Group Problem Solving class at Oregon State University and used a survey to determine the top six gender attributes used to describe women (Self-reliant, Sensitive, Understanding, Warm, Affectionate, and Cheerful) and the top six gender attributes used to describe men (Analytical, Strong personality, Competitive, Loyal, Assertive, and Dominant). The present study consisted of a survey that placed the 12 attributes on semantic differential scales. A population of 54 students in a Small Group Problem Solving class at Oregon State University used the scales to indicate to what degree the target displayed the attribute in question. The gender of the evaluator and target were coded and six group comparisons were run to determine measures of statistical significance. Significant results were found for 13 out of 96 individual attribute comparisons. Because only a few individual attribute comparisons were found to be significant, future research could return to Bem’s (1974) study and replicate it in new populations to determine its validity and reliability. Close

• 50. [Article] Role of Gender in Global Fishery Value Chains: A feminist Perspective on Activity, Access and Control Profile

  This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Role of Gender in Global Fishery Value Chains: A feminist Perspective on Activity, Access and Control Profile Author: De Silva, Achini, Bjorndal, Trond, Lem, Audun This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in conjunction with 16th IIFET Conference. The complete proceedings of this special session are available (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Documents/Uploads/FileManager/IIFET%202012%20CRSP%20Session%20Proceedings%20Final_small.pdf) through the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program gender web site, (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Gender/). Title: Role of Gender in Global Fishery Value Chains: A feminist Perspective on Activity, Access and Control Profile Author: De Silva, Achini, Bjorndal, Trond, Lem, Audun This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in conjunction with 16th IIFET Conference. The complete proceedings of this special session are available (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Documents/Uploads/FileManager/IIFET%202012%20CRSP%20Session%20Proceedings%20Final_small.pdf) through the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program gender web site, (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Gender/). Close