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• 1. [Article] Does Large-Scale offshore Aquaculture Farming in Western Australia Make Economic Sense? the Case of Yellowtail Kingfish

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Does Large-Scale offshore Aquaculture Farming in Western Australia Make Economic Sense? the Case of Yellowtail Kingfish Author: McLeod, Paul, McElroy, Seamus Abstract only. Title: Does Large-Scale offshore Aquaculture Farming in Western Australia Make Economic Sense? the Case of Yellowtail Kingfish Author: McLeod, Paul, McElroy, Seamus Abstract only. Close

• 2. [Article] Cultural evolution and small-scale farming

  Small-scale farmers are defined under United States Department of Agriculture guidelines as those whose gross farm sales are less than $40,000. They are typically contrasted with mid-scale farmers whose ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cultural evolution and small-scale farming Author: Caday, Peter P. Small-scale farmers are defined under United States Department of Agriculture guidelines as those whose gross farm sales are less than $40,000. They are typically contrasted with mid-scale farmers whose gross sales are less than $100,000, and with large-scale farmers whose sales are more than $100,000. Arguments from cultural and historical sources are cited to show that in fact only two cultural traditions may be distinguished: family farmers and industrial farmers. Furthermore, these two traditions represent contemporary examples of specific and general trends in cultural evolution. The small-scale or family farm tradition is examined at length, based on results from the 1978 Small Farm Project interviews in Polk County, Oregon, and on the author's subsequent survey in 1985, as well as other published sources. The salient features of the small-scale farming lifeway, including its perceived strengths and weaknesses, is presented and recommendations are advanced for ways in which small farm communities may be helped to survive or even thrive in the presence of apparent dominance by large-scale, industrial farms. Title: Cultural evolution and small-scale farming Author: Caday, Peter P. Small-scale farmers are defined under United States Department of Agriculture guidelines as those whose gross farm sales are less than $40,000. They are typically contrasted with mid-scale farmers whose gross sales are less than $100,000, and with large-scale farmers whose sales are more than $100,000. Arguments from cultural and historical sources are cited to show that in fact only two cultural traditions may be distinguished: family farmers and industrial farmers. Furthermore, these two traditions represent contemporary examples of specific and general trends in cultural evolution. The small-scale or family farm tradition is examined at length, based on results from the 1978 Small Farm Project interviews in Polk County, Oregon, and on the author's subsequent survey in 1985, as well as other published sources. The salient features of the small-scale farming lifeway, including its perceived strengths and weaknesses, is presented and recommendations are advanced for ways in which small farm communities may be helped to survive or even thrive in the presence of apparent dominance by large-scale, industrial farms. Close

• 3. [Article] Are Middlemen Really Exploitative? Empirical Evidence from the Sun-Dried Fish Market in Southwest, Nigeria

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Are Middlemen Really Exploitative? Empirical Evidence from the Sun-Dried Fish Market in Southwest, Nigeria Author: Mafimisebi, T. E., Okunmadewa, F. Y. Research Paper Title: Are Middlemen Really Exploitative? Empirical Evidence from the Sun-Dried Fish Market in Southwest, Nigeria Author: Mafimisebi, T. E., Okunmadewa, F. Y. Research Paper Close

• 4. [Article] Economic considerations in marketing Oregon grain : factors affecting Columbia Basin producers

  Wheat is the primary field crop in Oregon. Selection of time of sale is one of the most important marketing problems facing grain producers. The objectives of the study deal with economic considerations involved ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic considerations in marketing Oregon grain : factors affecting Columbia Basin producers Author: Wood, George E. Wheat is the primary field crop in Oregon. Selection of time of sale is one of the most important marketing problems facing grain producers. The objectives of the study deal with economic considerations involved in a wheat producer's marketing process including factors motivating the time of sale, price analysis, availability and use of market information, the role of country grain handlers, and the use of marketing alternatives to improve net income. The study area consisted of wheat-fallow farms in the Columbia Basin in north central Oregon. Included are specialized wheat units in Umatilla, Gilliam, Morrow, Sherman, and Wasco Counties. Data were obtained through a mail survey of a selected sample of farms and through personal interviews with country elevator managers. The most frequently used alternatives for marketing wheat are selling the grain all at one time (34 percent), selling at more than one time (23 percent), and placing all or part of the wheat under government loan (43 percent). The time of marketing wheat varied from year to year for 70 percent of the growers. Eighty-five percent of the growers who varied the time of sale did so to sell at a better price. Barley sales were much more concentrated in the late summer and early fall months than were wheat sales. Wheat is held longer than barley before selling because of greater fluctuations of wheat prices during the marketing year. The months were ranked from high to low according to an adjusted seasonal price index. Grower estimates of the high and low months of wheat and barley prices ranged throughout the adjusted seasonal price index. Growers have a greater awareness of the months of low prices than the months of high prices for both wheat and barley. In basing their selling decision growers place more importance on unofficial market information than on official reports. Grain handlers, newsletters, magazines, and past experience were the most important unofficial information sources. The weekly grain market report issued at Portland was the most important official source of market information. Even though farmers have ready access to general market and price information, they expressed a need for more specific information on the demand and supply outlook in foreign countries and government grain marketing operations. Country elevator managers stressed the point they do not offer advice on when to market. They only present the market information they have available, and all marketing decisions rest with the grower. The price growers receive equals coastal price minus transportation, wheat commission, and elevator charges. Characteristics of a producer's marketing environment are price uncertainty, scarcity of relevant market information, and the oligopsonistic market structure a producer faces in the sale of his grain. The following marketing plan was profitable from 1955-56 through 1964-65. If the domestic cash price minus the effective support rate for wheat is greater than or equal to $0.10 per bushel during August then August sale of the grain is recommended. If the difference is less than $0.10 per bushel, the sale is made in November or December. The net income received from using this alternative for marketing wheat is $0.035 per bushel more than a straight August sale and more than $0.015 per bushel greater than a straight November or December sale. Barley sales in October and November during the same time period returned about $1.25 per ton more than an August sale. All calculations include storage charges and the opportunity cost of not having sold the grain in August, freeing the producer's capital for other uses. Title: Economic considerations in marketing Oregon grain : factors affecting Columbia Basin producers Author: Wood, George E. Wheat is the primary field crop in Oregon. Selection of time of sale is one of the most important marketing problems facing grain producers. The objectives of the study deal with economic considerations involved in a wheat producer's marketing process including factors motivating the time of sale, price analysis, availability and use of market information, the role of country grain handlers, and the use of marketing alternatives to improve net income. The study area consisted of wheat-fallow farms in the Columbia Basin in north central Oregon. Included are specialized wheat units in Umatilla, Gilliam, Morrow, Sherman, and Wasco Counties. Data were obtained through a mail survey of a selected sample of farms and through personal interviews with country elevator managers. The most frequently used alternatives for marketing wheat are selling the grain all at one time (34 percent), selling at more than one time (23 percent), and placing all or part of the wheat under government loan (43 percent). The time of marketing wheat varied from year to year for 70 percent of the growers. Eighty-five percent of the growers who varied the time of sale did so to sell at a better price. Barley sales were much more concentrated in the late summer and early fall months than were wheat sales. Wheat is held longer than barley before selling because of greater fluctuations of wheat prices during the marketing year. The months were ranked from high to low according to an adjusted seasonal price index. Grower estimates of the high and low months of wheat and barley prices ranged throughout the adjusted seasonal price index. Growers have a greater awareness of the months of low prices than the months of high prices for both wheat and barley. In basing their selling decision growers place more importance on unofficial market information than on official reports. Grain handlers, newsletters, magazines, and past experience were the most important unofficial information sources. The weekly grain market report issued at Portland was the most important official source of market information. Even though farmers have ready access to general market and price information, they expressed a need for more specific information on the demand and supply outlook in foreign countries and government grain marketing operations. Country elevator managers stressed the point they do not offer advice on when to market. They only present the market information they have available, and all marketing decisions rest with the grower. The price growers receive equals coastal price minus transportation, wheat commission, and elevator charges. Characteristics of a producer's marketing environment are price uncertainty, scarcity of relevant market information, and the oligopsonistic market structure a producer faces in the sale of his grain. The following marketing plan was profitable from 1955-56 through 1964-65. If the domestic cash price minus the effective support rate for wheat is greater than or equal to $0.10 per bushel during August then August sale of the grain is recommended. If the difference is less than $0.10 per bushel, the sale is made in November or December. The net income received from using this alternative for marketing wheat is $0.035 per bushel more than a straight August sale and more than $0.015 per bushel greater than a straight November or December sale. Barley sales in October and November during the same time period returned about $1.25 per ton more than an August sale. All calculations include storage charges and the opportunity cost of not having sold the grain in August, freeing the producer's capital for other uses. Close

• 5. [Article] Oregon agricultural commodities : farm values and processed values

  Published July 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon agricultural commodities : farm values and processed values Author: Cornelius, James C. (James Conley), Miles, Stanley, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published July 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Oregon agricultural commodities : farm values and processed values Author: Cornelius, James C. (James Conley), Miles, Stanley, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published July 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 6. [Article] The influence of net real estate income and other property characteristics on prices of agricultural properties within and among selected areas of Oregon, 1965-69

  Concern over the apparent disparity between the farm use value and current market value of property in agricultural areas continues to remain a source of concern in many areas. This concern has intensified ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of net real estate income and other property characteristics on prices of agricultural properties within and among selected areas of Oregon, 1965-69 Author: Crowley, William D. Concern over the apparent disparity between the farm use value and current market value of property in agricultural areas continues to remain a source of concern in many areas. This concern has intensified in recent years, particularly in those agricultural areas situated near urban centers and recreational areas. The main thrust of the study was directed toward determining the relationship between net real estate income per acre and sale price pier acres of properties in selected agricultural areas of Oregon. Three areas, ostensibly called agricultural areas, were selected for analysis. The areas, as classified, included a basic agricultural production area (dry land grain area in northcentral Oregon), an urban-recreation influenced area (Douglas County in southwestern Oregon bordered by the Pacific Ocean on the west and the Umpqua National Forest on the east) and an urban influenced area (Marion County in the populous and productive Willamette Valley in northwestern Oregon). In addition to determining the influence of net real estate income on property prices, the influence of other property characteristics on property prices was analyzed in each area. The other property characteristics included: year of sale, number of acres in sale, assessed value of buildings per acre, miles to nearest paved road, and miles to nearest town of at least 1,000 population. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the influence of particular property characteristics on sale price per acre. The same six-variable model was used in each area to test whether partial regression coefficient values on corresponding variables differed significantly among areas. Overlapping of 95 percent confidence intervals around corresponding partial regression coefficient values among areas was observed for all independent variables except net real estate income per acre. The income variable was an important determinant of sale price per acre only for grain area and Douglas County sales. However, the partial regression coefficient value of 49.71 in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County implies an approximate 2.0 percent capitalization rate compared to a coefficient value of 17.11 and a 5.8 percent implied capitalization rate in the grain area. Year of sale was an important influence on sale price per acre in areas influenced more strongly by nonagricultural influences, i.e., Douglas and Marion Counties, as evidenced both by the level of significance of the coefficient value and the value of the coefficient in each of these areas. The annual rate of property price appreciation at the mean was 14.3 percent in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County and 12.1 percent in urban influenced Marion County. While not significantly different from zero, the rate of price change was slightly negative in the grain area. Conclusions from the study were (1) that there is a significant difference in the influence of net real estate income and other property characteristics on prices of properties among selected agricultural areas of Oregon, (2) that the nature and degree of relationship between prices oi property sales analyzed and property characteristics of these sales varied considerably within each agricultural area selected for analysis, but especially in the urban-recreation and urban influenced areas, and (3) that in spite of relatively low mean rates of return in all three areas studied, a disparity between the farm use value and current market value of land was found to exist only in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County. Implication of these results are that variously influenced agricultural areas do exist, and that motives for and sources of satisfaction from ownership of property in agricultural areas vary within and among areas. Title: The influence of net real estate income and other property characteristics on prices of agricultural properties within and among selected areas of Oregon, 1965-69 Author: Crowley, William D. Concern over the apparent disparity between the farm use value and current market value of property in agricultural areas continues to remain a source of concern in many areas. This concern has intensified in recent years, particularly in those agricultural areas situated near urban centers and recreational areas. The main thrust of the study was directed toward determining the relationship between net real estate income per acre and sale price pier acres of properties in selected agricultural areas of Oregon. Three areas, ostensibly called agricultural areas, were selected for analysis. The areas, as classified, included a basic agricultural production area (dry land grain area in northcentral Oregon), an urban-recreation influenced area (Douglas County in southwestern Oregon bordered by the Pacific Ocean on the west and the Umpqua National Forest on the east) and an urban influenced area (Marion County in the populous and productive Willamette Valley in northwestern Oregon). In addition to determining the influence of net real estate income on property prices, the influence of other property characteristics on property prices was analyzed in each area. The other property characteristics included: year of sale, number of acres in sale, assessed value of buildings per acre, miles to nearest paved road, and miles to nearest town of at least 1,000 population. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the influence of particular property characteristics on sale price per acre. The same six-variable model was used in each area to test whether partial regression coefficient values on corresponding variables differed significantly among areas. Overlapping of 95 percent confidence intervals around corresponding partial regression coefficient values among areas was observed for all independent variables except net real estate income per acre. The income variable was an important determinant of sale price per acre only for grain area and Douglas County sales. However, the partial regression coefficient value of 49.71 in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County implies an approximate 2.0 percent capitalization rate compared to a coefficient value of 17.11 and a 5.8 percent implied capitalization rate in the grain area. Year of sale was an important influence on sale price per acre in areas influenced more strongly by nonagricultural influences, i.e., Douglas and Marion Counties, as evidenced both by the level of significance of the coefficient value and the value of the coefficient in each of these areas. The annual rate of property price appreciation at the mean was 14.3 percent in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County and 12.1 percent in urban influenced Marion County. While not significantly different from zero, the rate of price change was slightly negative in the grain area. Conclusions from the study were (1) that there is a significant difference in the influence of net real estate income and other property characteristics on prices of properties among selected agricultural areas of Oregon, (2) that the nature and degree of relationship between prices oi property sales analyzed and property characteristics of these sales varied considerably within each agricultural area selected for analysis, but especially in the urban-recreation and urban influenced areas, and (3) that in spite of relatively low mean rates of return in all three areas studied, a disparity between the farm use value and current market value of land was found to exist only in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County. Implication of these results are that variously influenced agricultural areas do exist, and that motives for and sources of satisfaction from ownership of property in agricultural areas vary within and among areas. Close

• 7. [Article] Cost and Returns of Extensive Shrimp (Penaeus Monodon) in Disease-Affected Area: A Farm Ownerships Comparison

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cost and Returns of Extensive Shrimp (Penaeus Monodon) in Disease-Affected Area: A Farm Ownerships Comparison Author: Nazmul Alam, S. M. Abstract only. Title: Cost and Returns of Extensive Shrimp (Penaeus Monodon) in Disease-Affected Area: A Farm Ownerships Comparison Author: Nazmul Alam, S. M. Abstract only. Close

• 8. [Article] Internationalization Processes in the Salmon Farming Industry

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Internationalization Processes in the Salmon Farming Industry Author: Iversen, Audun Research Paper Title: Internationalization Processes in the Salmon Farming Industry Author: Iversen, Audun Research Paper Close

• 9. [Article] Economics of sewerage feed multivarietal fish farming in West Bengal

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economics of sewerage feed multivarietal fish farming in West Bengal Author: Lahiri, Debabrata Research Paper Title: Economics of sewerage feed multivarietal fish farming in West Bengal Author: Lahiri, Debabrata Research Paper Close

• 10. [Article] Descriptive epidemiology of consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, Oregon, 2011-2016

  Consumption of raw dairy products has been linked to diseases such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, E. coli and Listeria. Current retail sale of raw milk in Oregon is limited to disease-free goat or sheep ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Descriptive epidemiology of consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, Oregon, 2011-2016 Author: Pearson, Kaitlyn Consumption of raw dairy products has been linked to diseases such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, E. coli and Listeria. Current retail sale of raw milk in Oregon is limited to disease-free goat or sheep milk. Raw cow milk is legally for sale on farms with less than three cows. Consumers have various perceived benefits of raw milk consumption including but not limited to: Better taste, increased nutritional value and the presence of beneficial bacteria. Title: Descriptive epidemiology of consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, Oregon, 2011-2016 Author: Pearson, Kaitlyn Consumption of raw dairy products has been linked to diseases such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, E. coli and Listeria. Current retail sale of raw milk in Oregon is limited to disease-free goat or sheep milk. Raw cow milk is legally for sale on farms with less than three cows. Consumers have various perceived benefits of raw milk consumption including but not limited to: Better taste, increased nutritional value and the presence of beneficial bacteria. Close

• 11. [Article] Oregon farms generate buying power : $176 million first step beyond the farm gate

  Published May 1958. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon farms generate buying power : $176 million first step beyond the farm gate Author: Korzan, Gerald E. (Gerald Earl), Oregon State College. Agricultural Experiment Station Published May 1958. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Oregon farms generate buying power : $176 million first step beyond the farm gate Author: Korzan, Gerald E. (Gerald Earl), Oregon State College. Agricultural Experiment Station Published May 1958. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 12. [Article] An economic analysis of land prices of mountainous grazing land in eastern Oregon

  The "unusual" behavior of agricultural land prices is the subject of considerable debate and controversy and is the object of this research. There is little doubt that land prices have been increasing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An economic analysis of land prices of mountainous grazing land in eastern Oregon Author: Winter, John R. The "unusual" behavior of agricultural land prices is the subject of considerable debate and controversy and is the object of this research. There is little doubt that land prices have been increasing steadily since 1959 and dramatically throughout the decade of the 1970's. However, there is widespread disagreement among economists, appraisers, and other interested parties as to the causes of the dramatic increases in land prices. Net agricultural income is undoubtedly an important factor in the agricultural land market. Yet, land prices have continued to increase in the face of steady and even declining net incomes. Other factors often considered as exerting considerable influences are inflation, pressures from an increasing population, incentives to attain economies of size through ranch enlargement, and capitalization of government farm program "payments" into land values. The objective of this research is to identify the factors that exert significant influence on agricultural grazing land sale prices in two Eastern Oregon counties and to assess the impact of changes in these factors on the selling price of grazing land. A single equation linear regression model is used to identify the factors that have a significant impact on the price of grazing land. The variables determined to be positively correlated to the price of grazing land are the productivity of the land, the price of feeder cattle, inflation, and the assessed value of real property included in the land sales. The price of hay is negatively correlated with the price of grazing land. The inclusion of public land (USFS and BLM) grazing privileges in the sale was found to have no significant effect on the price of grazing land. In addition, purchases for the purpose of ranch enlargement are occurring at lower prices than purchases for ranch establishment. The major limitations of this study are the restrictions placed on the sales that are analyzed and the problem of standardizing a measure of land productivity. The first limitation is defensible given the stated objectives of the study and the need to limit the analysis to a roughly homogeneous class of land sales. The latter limitation prohibits generalization of the results to other areas without appropriate standardization of the measure of land productivity. Title: An economic analysis of land prices of mountainous grazing land in eastern Oregon Author: Winter, John R. The "unusual" behavior of agricultural land prices is the subject of considerable debate and controversy and is the object of this research. There is little doubt that land prices have been increasing steadily since 1959 and dramatically throughout the decade of the 1970's. However, there is widespread disagreement among economists, appraisers, and other interested parties as to the causes of the dramatic increases in land prices. Net agricultural income is undoubtedly an important factor in the agricultural land market. Yet, land prices have continued to increase in the face of steady and even declining net incomes. Other factors often considered as exerting considerable influences are inflation, pressures from an increasing population, incentives to attain economies of size through ranch enlargement, and capitalization of government farm program "payments" into land values. The objective of this research is to identify the factors that exert significant influence on agricultural grazing land sale prices in two Eastern Oregon counties and to assess the impact of changes in these factors on the selling price of grazing land. A single equation linear regression model is used to identify the factors that have a significant impact on the price of grazing land. The variables determined to be positively correlated to the price of grazing land are the productivity of the land, the price of feeder cattle, inflation, and the assessed value of real property included in the land sales. The price of hay is negatively correlated with the price of grazing land. The inclusion of public land (USFS and BLM) grazing privileges in the sale was found to have no significant effect on the price of grazing land. In addition, purchases for the purpose of ranch enlargement are occurring at lower prices than purchases for ranch establishment. The major limitations of this study are the restrictions placed on the sales that are analyzed and the problem of standardizing a measure of land productivity. The first limitation is defensible given the stated objectives of the study and the need to limit the analysis to a roughly homogeneous class of land sales. The latter limitation prohibits generalization of the results to other areas without appropriate standardization of the measure of land productivity. Close

• 13. [Article] The effect of various management and policy options on the financial stress situation of Oregon grain and cattle producers

  Agricultural economists have devoted considerable attention to the financial stress situation of agricultural producers. Many studies have been conducted in various regions of the U.S. in an attempt to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of various management and policy options on the financial stress situation of Oregon grain and cattle producers Author: Hewlett, John P. Agricultural economists have devoted considerable attention to the financial stress situation of agricultural producers. Many studies have been conducted in various regions of the U.S. in an attempt to better understand the causes of the problem. The costs associated with farm financial stress imply corresponding benefits to be realized by its reduction. Benefits of studying and resolving farm financial stress reach beyond the farms and ranches to many related sectors such as rural communities, agribusinesses, and lending institutions. The specific hypothesis tested in this thesis is as follows: some but not all farms and ranches which have undergone serious financial stress in the early part of the 1980's in Oregon can be assisted in withstanding fluctuations in economic conditions by adopting specific strategies which promote financial stability and profitability. One of the specific objectives of this thesis was to evaluate the level of financial stress for two different agricultural production units in Oregon under differing leverage positions, and macroeconomic conditions. The production units selected for study were a cattle ranch and a wheat farm, based on their relative importance to Oregon. This first objective was satisfied through analysis of a baseline scenario, which was essentially a continuation of current conditions. Debt levels and growth rates were then altered to reflect the desired study conditions. Changing and considering three leverage ratios (20%, 40%, and 70%) and three sets of macroeconomic conditions (baseline, pessimistic, and optimistic) allowed studying of nine alternative situations to the base firm type or a total of 18 alternatives. Analysis of these different alternative production units was accomplished through a deterministic computer-based simulation model. The model simulates the financial structure and performance of a farm business over a transition period of four years with emphasis placed on the financial transactions of the firm. These transactions include purchases and sales of farm assets, financing terms, debt management, cash flows, tax obligations, consumption levels, and growth rates. The computer-based model made necessary calculations of cash flows and changes in financial statements to derive the ratios used for financial analysis over the planning horizon of four years beyond the present input case and is deterministic in the sense that all essential variables are entered by the researcher. Output from this model includes a set of coordinated financial statements for the firm over the planning horizon: a balance sheet, an income statement, statements for changes in net worth, flow of funds statement, and a fund availability report. The model also calculates profitability, liquidity, and solvency ratios used in financial ratio analysis which are provided on a summary sheet. These statements and reports are provided on an annual basis; thus, financial information is provided on yearly changes in financial position over the four year horizon. Another objective of this thesis was to evaluate various policy and management strategies designed to reduce financial stress. This objective was achieved by analysis of various scenarios designed to reduce stress simultaneously with the baseline case, which served for comparison. The specific scenarios considered were: 35% reduction of debt, 35% reduction of interest rates, two year deferral of debt, sales of 35% of total assets with no lease back, sales of 35% of total assets with lease back arrangements, and an infusion of equity capital equal to 35% of total debt. Results from this analysis were intended to show what, if any, courses of action could be pursued by agricultural firm managers and policy makers to reduce farm financial stress. The best test of the ability of these scenarios to reduce financial stress occurred in application to the high leverage wheat farm situations, as these were the cases with the most financial stress. Appropriate programs could be adopted to strengthen the financial position of the farm; in the case of low liquidity, asset sales-lease back; in cases of low solvency, equity infusions; and in circumstances where profitability needs to be enhanced, interest reductions would be the best choice. The results also seemed to suggested that public programs can maintain current levels of financial performance for producers under financial stress but do little to improve those positions. Title: The effect of various management and policy options on the financial stress situation of Oregon grain and cattle producers Author: Hewlett, John P. Agricultural economists have devoted considerable attention to the financial stress situation of agricultural producers. Many studies have been conducted in various regions of the U.S. in an attempt to better understand the causes of the problem. The costs associated with farm financial stress imply corresponding benefits to be realized by its reduction. Benefits of studying and resolving farm financial stress reach beyond the farms and ranches to many related sectors such as rural communities, agribusinesses, and lending institutions. The specific hypothesis tested in this thesis is as follows: some but not all farms and ranches which have undergone serious financial stress in the early part of the 1980's in Oregon can be assisted in withstanding fluctuations in economic conditions by adopting specific strategies which promote financial stability and profitability. One of the specific objectives of this thesis was to evaluate the level of financial stress for two different agricultural production units in Oregon under differing leverage positions, and macroeconomic conditions. The production units selected for study were a cattle ranch and a wheat farm, based on their relative importance to Oregon. This first objective was satisfied through analysis of a baseline scenario, which was essentially a continuation of current conditions. Debt levels and growth rates were then altered to reflect the desired study conditions. Changing and considering three leverage ratios (20%, 40%, and 70%) and three sets of macroeconomic conditions (baseline, pessimistic, and optimistic) allowed studying of nine alternative situations to the base firm type or a total of 18 alternatives. Analysis of these different alternative production units was accomplished through a deterministic computer-based simulation model. The model simulates the financial structure and performance of a farm business over a transition period of four years with emphasis placed on the financial transactions of the firm. These transactions include purchases and sales of farm assets, financing terms, debt management, cash flows, tax obligations, consumption levels, and growth rates. The computer-based model made necessary calculations of cash flows and changes in financial statements to derive the ratios used for financial analysis over the planning horizon of four years beyond the present input case and is deterministic in the sense that all essential variables are entered by the researcher. Output from this model includes a set of coordinated financial statements for the firm over the planning horizon: a balance sheet, an income statement, statements for changes in net worth, flow of funds statement, and a fund availability report. The model also calculates profitability, liquidity, and solvency ratios used in financial ratio analysis which are provided on a summary sheet. These statements and reports are provided on an annual basis; thus, financial information is provided on yearly changes in financial position over the four year horizon. Another objective of this thesis was to evaluate various policy and management strategies designed to reduce financial stress. This objective was achieved by analysis of various scenarios designed to reduce stress simultaneously with the baseline case, which served for comparison. The specific scenarios considered were: 35% reduction of debt, 35% reduction of interest rates, two year deferral of debt, sales of 35% of total assets with no lease back, sales of 35% of total assets with lease back arrangements, and an infusion of equity capital equal to 35% of total debt. Results from this analysis were intended to show what, if any, courses of action could be pursued by agricultural firm managers and policy makers to reduce farm financial stress. The best test of the ability of these scenarios to reduce financial stress occurred in application to the high leverage wheat farm situations, as these were the cases with the most financial stress. Appropriate programs could be adopted to strengthen the financial position of the farm; in the case of low liquidity, asset sales-lease back; in cases of low solvency, equity infusions; and in circumstances where profitability needs to be enhanced, interest reductions would be the best choice. The results also seemed to suggested that public programs can maintain current levels of financial performance for producers under financial stress but do little to improve those positions. Close

• 14. [Article] Breaking New Ground: Farmer Perspectives on Organic Transition

  Despite increasing consumer demand for organic food and farm products and double-digit annual sales growth, U.S. organic production is currently flat and unable to meet demand. This report presents findings ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Breaking New Ground: Farmer Perspectives on Organic Transition Author: Brown, Sarah, Schreiner, Chris, Gwin, Lauren, Stephenson, Garry Despite increasing consumer demand for organic food and farm products and double-digit annual sales growth, U.S. organic production is currently flat and unable to meet demand. This report presents findings from a national survey of farmers about their experiences with organic transition, exploring motivations, obstacles, and desired resources and support related to the transition process. We found significant variation among farms who had successfully transitioned, who were still in process, who have split operations, and who ultimately decided not to pursue organic farming. Farmers in our study echo long-standing concerns about costs, recordkeeping, on-farm production challenges, infrastructure, and access to profitable markets. We offer a set of specific recommendations, observing that there is plenty of work to do by a wide variety of organizations and agencies that specialize in crop research, infrastructure development, market development, and policy development related to the organic sector. The report is a collaboration between Oregon State University’s Center for Small Farms & Community Food Systems and Oregon Tilth, Inc. Title: Breaking New Ground: Farmer Perspectives on Organic Transition Author: Brown, Sarah, Schreiner, Chris, Gwin, Lauren, Stephenson, Garry Despite increasing consumer demand for organic food and farm products and double-digit annual sales growth, U.S. organic production is currently flat and unable to meet demand. This report presents findings from a national survey of farmers about their experiences with organic transition, exploring motivations, obstacles, and desired resources and support related to the transition process. We found significant variation among farms who had successfully transitioned, who were still in process, who have split operations, and who ultimately decided not to pursue organic farming. Farmers in our study echo long-standing concerns about costs, recordkeeping, on-farm production challenges, infrastructure, and access to profitable markets. We offer a set of specific recommendations, observing that there is plenty of work to do by a wide variety of organizations and agencies that specialize in crop research, infrastructure development, market development, and policy development related to the organic sector. The report is a collaboration between Oregon State University’s Center for Small Farms & Community Food Systems and Oregon Tilth, Inc. Close

• 15. [Article] The Effect of Oyster Farm on the Neighboring Housing Value in Rhode Island

  From 2000 onwards, the United States saw an increasing trend for the shellfish aquaculture practices especially along the Northeast coast. Despite the supporting majority of public regarding the shellfish ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effect of Oyster Farm on the Neighboring Housing Value in Rhode Island Author: Uchida, Hiro, Sudhakaran, Pratheesh O., Opaluch, Jim, Puggioni, Gavino From 2000 onwards, the United States saw an increasing trend for the shellfish aquaculture practices especially along the Northeast coast. Despite the supporting majority of public regarding the shellfish aquaculture operations, these operations are sometimes opposed by local communities claiming the devaluation of housing property due to the construction of oyster farm. Since the uproars against the devaluing of housing property is directly affecting the lives of public, it is critically important to study the effect of construction of oyster farm on its value. A difference-in-difference (DoD) model within hedonic price model (HPM) was used to evaluate the effect of oyster farm on property value. We collected the details of the oyster farms operated in Rhode Island from the Coastal Resource Management Council (CRMC). Our housing sales data lists all the housing transactions in Rhode Island between 2000 and 2013. We used a linear mixed model with lot size as unit level fixed effect and city as random effect. The result showed that the DoD coefficient associated with interaction of distance bands and the construction of oyster farm, was statistically insignificant. The statistical insignificance of the coefficients suggests that there is not much change in housing value due to the construction of oyster farm. The analysis shows that houses further away from coastline will reduce the value of the property. One of the caveats of this study is lesser housing transactions since the construction of oyster farm happened in recent years. Title: The Effect of Oyster Farm on the Neighboring Housing Value in Rhode Island Author: Uchida, Hiro, Sudhakaran, Pratheesh O., Opaluch, Jim, Puggioni, Gavino From 2000 onwards, the United States saw an increasing trend for the shellfish aquaculture practices especially along the Northeast coast. Despite the supporting majority of public regarding the shellfish aquaculture operations, these operations are sometimes opposed by local communities claiming the devaluation of housing property due to the construction of oyster farm. Since the uproars against the devaluing of housing property is directly affecting the lives of public, it is critically important to study the effect of construction of oyster farm on its value. A difference-in-difference (DoD) model within hedonic price model (HPM) was used to evaluate the effect of oyster farm on property value. We collected the details of the oyster farms operated in Rhode Island from the Coastal Resource Management Council (CRMC). Our housing sales data lists all the housing transactions in Rhode Island between 2000 and 2013. We used a linear mixed model with lot size as unit level fixed effect and city as random effect. The result showed that the DoD coefficient associated with interaction of distance bands and the construction of oyster farm, was statistically insignificant. The statistical insignificance of the coefficients suggests that there is not much change in housing value due to the construction of oyster farm. The analysis shows that houses further away from coastline will reduce the value of the property. One of the caveats of this study is lesser housing transactions since the construction of oyster farm happened in recent years. Close

• 16. [Article] An analysis of the growth and development of the 'Tangent Grange Oil Company' as a case study

  The foundation upon which any cooperative rests is the economic need for it as a business enterprise. The existence of such a need cannot by itself provide the basis for a thriving cooperative. Not only ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis of the growth and development of the 'Tangent Grange Oil Company' as a case study Author: Maina, Francis Mugoiyo The foundation upon which any cooperative rests is the economic need for it as a business enterprise. The existence of such a need cannot by itself provide the basis for a thriving cooperative. Not only mus.t the need exist, but the members or the promoters must through realistic and diligent investigations establish convincingly that: (1) the particular needs will be better met by cooperative action, (2) enough business and capital will be forthcoming for efficient and economic operations, (3) members as the chief source of business and risk capital, will obtain benefits not otherwise obtainable. This includes goods and services not available in their area or available but at unreasonable prices or inferior quality. The rapid evolution of Grange Oil Company int a financially stable business enterprise is proof of the need and the demand that existed for its services. Agricultural recovery during World War II and the subsequent demand for agricultural products in the postwar years, had a great impact on the growth and development of many cooperatives started during or soon after the great depression in the early 1930's. High agricultural prices relative to non-farm prices, facilitated relatively large net margins and therefore greater capital accumulation. Cooperatives were able to build and to consolidate their net-worth position in readiness for the problems that beset agriculture in the 1950's. In the decade 1952 to 1961, agriculture entered an era of price-cost squeeze. Improvements in farm technology and greater use of commercial fertilizers induced greater farm output. Consequently, prices received by farmers declined 20 percent while prices paid increased 5 percent. Narrowing net margins, caused by generally increasing operating expenses triggered sizeable sales promotion efforts. Increased sales, by virtue of their ability to keep plant overhead costs down, facilitated low per dollar expenses and enabled Grange Oil Company to make substantial savings for its members in the period 1950 to 1959. Sales alone cannot be expected to keep expenses down indefinitely. Other methods of holding down expenses have to be sought. There is a limit to the amount of inventory that present plant facilities can hold. A sales-expenses oriented plant size could prove uneconomic to run for many years. Present and future plant requirements must therefore take into account not only the sales-expenses relationship, but also current economic trends, future business expectations, size of the market and the possible degree of competition. The long run firm plans should provide for expansion when the need arises but the current plant capacity should be related to short run business expectations. The present Grange Oil Company's plant capacity exceeds the ability of the association to increase business volume in the next few years. This problem must be overcome before further expansion is contemplated. This study revealed four important points: (1) The environment in which a cooperative is launched has a great influence on its success; (2) Cooperatives need to broaden their equity capital base. More capital should be raised from members in good years for financing business and plant expansions; (3) Success hinges, among other things, on the ability of the cooperative to keep pace with the changes in the market or the industry which it serves; (4) Good effective and efficient management and employees are vital for successful operations. Title: An analysis of the growth and development of the 'Tangent Grange Oil Company' as a case study Author: Maina, Francis Mugoiyo The foundation upon which any cooperative rests is the economic need for it as a business enterprise. The existence of such a need cannot by itself provide the basis for a thriving cooperative. Not only mus.t the need exist, but the members or the promoters must through realistic and diligent investigations establish convincingly that: (1) the particular needs will be better met by cooperative action, (2) enough business and capital will be forthcoming for efficient and economic operations, (3) members as the chief source of business and risk capital, will obtain benefits not otherwise obtainable. This includes goods and services not available in their area or available but at unreasonable prices or inferior quality. The rapid evolution of Grange Oil Company int a financially stable business enterprise is proof of the need and the demand that existed for its services. Agricultural recovery during World War II and the subsequent demand for agricultural products in the postwar years, had a great impact on the growth and development of many cooperatives started during or soon after the great depression in the early 1930's. High agricultural prices relative to non-farm prices, facilitated relatively large net margins and therefore greater capital accumulation. Cooperatives were able to build and to consolidate their net-worth position in readiness for the problems that beset agriculture in the 1950's. In the decade 1952 to 1961, agriculture entered an era of price-cost squeeze. Improvements in farm technology and greater use of commercial fertilizers induced greater farm output. Consequently, prices received by farmers declined 20 percent while prices paid increased 5 percent. Narrowing net margins, caused by generally increasing operating expenses triggered sizeable sales promotion efforts. Increased sales, by virtue of their ability to keep plant overhead costs down, facilitated low per dollar expenses and enabled Grange Oil Company to make substantial savings for its members in the period 1950 to 1959. Sales alone cannot be expected to keep expenses down indefinitely. Other methods of holding down expenses have to be sought. There is a limit to the amount of inventory that present plant facilities can hold. A sales-expenses oriented plant size could prove uneconomic to run for many years. Present and future plant requirements must therefore take into account not only the sales-expenses relationship, but also current economic trends, future business expectations, size of the market and the possible degree of competition. The long run firm plans should provide for expansion when the need arises but the current plant capacity should be related to short run business expectations. The present Grange Oil Company's plant capacity exceeds the ability of the association to increase business volume in the next few years. This problem must be overcome before further expansion is contemplated. This study revealed four important points: (1) The environment in which a cooperative is launched has a great influence on its success; (2) Cooperatives need to broaden their equity capital base. More capital should be raised from members in good years for financing business and plant expansions; (3) Success hinges, among other things, on the ability of the cooperative to keep pace with the changes in the market or the industry which it serves; (4) Good effective and efficient management and employees are vital for successful operations. Close

• 17. [Article] Farm machinery merchandising : farmer and dealer preferences concerning used equipment guarantees, farm service centers and information services

  Many changes have been taking place in Oregon's agriculture. Average size of farms has increased. The trend is toward fewer but larger, highly mechanized farms, leading to changed demand for farm machinery ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farm machinery merchandising : farmer and dealer preferences concerning used equipment guarantees, farm service centers and information services Author: Singh, Ashok K. Many changes have been taking place in Oregon's agriculture. Average size of farms has increased. The trend is toward fewer but larger, highly mechanized farms, leading to changed demand for farm machinery and consequently changes in farm machinery firms to meet the changing demands of farmers. In general, the research question of interest was: "What are the most effective and efficient ways farm machinery firms might adjust to the changing demands of farmers for used farm machinery and related products and services. The specific purposes of this study were to 1) evaluate farmers' and dealers' attitudes and preferences relative to guarantees on used equipment, farm service centers and information services, 2) to evaluate inconsistencies between farmers and dealer attitudes and preferences, and 3) to evaluate which of selected farm, farmer, dealer, and dealership characteristics may or may not be related to respective attitudes and preferences of farmers and dealers. Farm machinery dealers in Oregon, Washington and Western Idaho were sent questionnaires. Questionnaires were also sent to a sample of all Oregon farmers. The relationships of interest were tested for significance via a computerized contingency analysis. The farmers' attitudes and preferences suggest strongly that gross sales of used equipment could be increased if machinery dealers would provide guarantees more acceptable to farmers. Apparently, smaller farmers in particular might be induced to purchase more used equipment if guarantees were more acceptable to them. Farmers in general indicated a preference for used equipment guarantees that cover all breakdowns for a longer period, with larger farmers preferring guarantees covering only major breakdowns. Farmers were divided as to whether used equipment guarantees should cover all or half the labor costs of repairing breakdowns, but felt more strongly that guarantees should cover all parts costs. They were also divided as to whether the guarantee period should be 30, 60 or 90 days. Dealers, however, strongly preferred guarantees covering 30 days and 1/2 the labor and parts costs. Farmers preferred to have more acceptable guarantees rather than lower prices, which suggests a willingness to pay some price for the added services. Farmers indicated farm service centers would be more convenient for them. Smaller farmers were more inclined than larger farmers to prefer doing business with a farm service center. The study indicates about 2/5 of a service centers' customers would be within 25 miles and 4/5 within 50 miles. Farmers much preferred to have service centers house competing suppliers of products and services, and decidedly felt the service center should be located outside the city limits of towns. Farmers were divided as to whether the service center should be operated as a farmers' cooperative, as independent business or as a combination of both. Three fourths or more of the farmers preferred that farm service centers carry the following products, listed in order of priority, highest priority first: Farm machinery; fertilizer; chemicals; hardware and power tools; tires, batteries and accessories; and feed, followed closely by a preference for a blacksmith and machine shop, and irrigation supplies. Farmers indicated a substantial preference for machinery related information/educational services, with primary preference for material relating to machinery and equipment maintenance, minor engine repairs, equipment leasing and engine tune-ups. The information/ educational services appealed particularly to larger farmers, farmers planning larger machinery expenditures and younger farmers. Title: Farm machinery merchandising : farmer and dealer preferences concerning used equipment guarantees, farm service centers and information services Author: Singh, Ashok K. Many changes have been taking place in Oregon's agriculture. Average size of farms has increased. The trend is toward fewer but larger, highly mechanized farms, leading to changed demand for farm machinery and consequently changes in farm machinery firms to meet the changing demands of farmers. In general, the research question of interest was: "What are the most effective and efficient ways farm machinery firms might adjust to the changing demands of farmers for used farm machinery and related products and services. The specific purposes of this study were to 1) evaluate farmers' and dealers' attitudes and preferences relative to guarantees on used equipment, farm service centers and information services, 2) to evaluate inconsistencies between farmers and dealer attitudes and preferences, and 3) to evaluate which of selected farm, farmer, dealer, and dealership characteristics may or may not be related to respective attitudes and preferences of farmers and dealers. Farm machinery dealers in Oregon, Washington and Western Idaho were sent questionnaires. Questionnaires were also sent to a sample of all Oregon farmers. The relationships of interest were tested for significance via a computerized contingency analysis. The farmers' attitudes and preferences suggest strongly that gross sales of used equipment could be increased if machinery dealers would provide guarantees more acceptable to farmers. Apparently, smaller farmers in particular might be induced to purchase more used equipment if guarantees were more acceptable to them. Farmers in general indicated a preference for used equipment guarantees that cover all breakdowns for a longer period, with larger farmers preferring guarantees covering only major breakdowns. Farmers were divided as to whether used equipment guarantees should cover all or half the labor costs of repairing breakdowns, but felt more strongly that guarantees should cover all parts costs. They were also divided as to whether the guarantee period should be 30, 60 or 90 days. Dealers, however, strongly preferred guarantees covering 30 days and 1/2 the labor and parts costs. Farmers preferred to have more acceptable guarantees rather than lower prices, which suggests a willingness to pay some price for the added services. Farmers indicated farm service centers would be more convenient for them. Smaller farmers were more inclined than larger farmers to prefer doing business with a farm service center. The study indicates about 2/5 of a service centers' customers would be within 25 miles and 4/5 within 50 miles. Farmers much preferred to have service centers house competing suppliers of products and services, and decidedly felt the service center should be located outside the city limits of towns. Farmers were divided as to whether the service center should be operated as a farmers' cooperative, as independent business or as a combination of both. Three fourths or more of the farmers preferred that farm service centers carry the following products, listed in order of priority, highest priority first: Farm machinery; fertilizer; chemicals; hardware and power tools; tires, batteries and accessories; and feed, followed closely by a preference for a blacksmith and machine shop, and irrigation supplies. Farmers indicated a substantial preference for machinery related information/educational services, with primary preference for material relating to machinery and equipment maintenance, minor engine repairs, equipment leasing and engine tune-ups. The information/ educational services appealed particularly to larger farmers, farmers planning larger machinery expenditures and younger farmers. Close

• 18. [Article] Marketing management: guidelines for farm level wheat sales decisions

  Published June 1983. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Marketing management: guidelines for farm level wheat sales decisions Author: Cornelius, James C. (James Conley), Oregon State University. Extension Service Published June 1983. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Marketing management: guidelines for farm level wheat sales decisions Author: Cornelius, James C. (James Conley), Oregon State University. Extension Service Published June 1983. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 19. [Article] Agriculture in Oregon counties : farm sales and general characteristics

  Published June 1971. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agriculture in Oregon counties : farm sales and general characteristics Author: Oregon State University. Cooperative Extension Service Published June 1971. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Agriculture in Oregon counties : farm sales and general characteristics Author: Oregon State University. Cooperative Extension Service Published June 1971. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 20. [Article] Potential expansion of fresh market sales as an outlet for Oregon-grown vegetables

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential expansion of fresh market sales as an outlet for Oregon-grown vegetables Author: Gorman, William David Title: Potential expansion of fresh market sales as an outlet for Oregon-grown vegetables Author: Gorman, William David Close

• 21. [Article] Profitability analysis of abalone farming in Port Nolloth, in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa.

  Abstract only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Profitability analysis of abalone farming in Port Nolloth, in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Author: Jensson, Pall, Cloete, Adeleen Abstract only Title: Profitability analysis of abalone farming in Port Nolloth, in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Author: Jensson, Pall, Cloete, Adeleen Abstract only Close

• 22. [Article] An analysis of foodgrain market in Korea

  In order to effectively use foodgrain prices as tools of government policy, it is necessary to know the possible effects of price incentives on different economic variables. The present study attempts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis of foodgrain market in Korea Author: Mun, Pal-lyong In order to effectively use foodgrain prices as tools of government policy, it is necessary to know the possible effects of price incentives on different economic variables. The present study attempts to measure the effects of foodgrain prices, upon various economic variables, including production, consumption, both at the farm and urban levels, and farm sales of two major foodgrains, and to explore possible measures to improve the current foodgrain price policy. The results of the empirical study of farm producers' response indicate that Korean farmers respond significantly in their grain production to price changes and that they are more responsive in barley than in rice production in terms of both input use and planted acreage. This suggests that policy designed to raise barley price to farm producers would contribute relatively more to increasing overall foodgrain production. In studying the consumption behavior of farm and urban consumers, and sales decisions of farmers, a simultaneous equation model was used. The system comprises eight equations: six behavioral and two market identity equations. In specifying the model, special attention was given to a peculiar feature emerging from the dual role of farmers in semi-monetized agriculture, that is, as consumers on the one hand and as sellers of products on the other. Two types of analyses were carried out on the basis of the estimated behavioral parameters of the model. First, an analysis was made of the partial response to price changes by treating each behavioral equation as an independent single equation under the usual ceteris paribus assumption. Secondly, the total behavioral responses were analyzed by taking account of simultaneous changes in all endogenous variables in the system. The partial response analysis indicates that both farm and urban consumers have a “potential” tendency to respond negatively to price changes in their consumption of rice and barley and also a "potential" tendency to substitute one grain for another in the face of changing relative prices. It also shows a positive response in the foodgrain marketings of farm producers. But the total response analysis shows that the responses measured in the partial analysis are substantially offset by the interdependence of the prices of rice and barley on the open market, resulting in positive changes in the quantity demanded or no substitution at all. The empirical results also provide counter-evidence concerning the validity in the Korean economy of the so-called "target cash requirements hypothesis," advanced by a number of economists. One important policy implication that can be drawn from the study is that if the government's objective is to reduce foreign exchange spending on rice imports by restructuring foodgrain consumption (in addition to increased domestic production), it can be done through the use of price incentives by inducing the consumers to reveal their "potential" responses on the market. This is equivalent to forcing the ceteris paribus assumption made in the partial response analysis to operate in the real world through an appropriate governmental operation. Title: An analysis of foodgrain market in Korea Author: Mun, Pal-lyong In order to effectively use foodgrain prices as tools of government policy, it is necessary to know the possible effects of price incentives on different economic variables. The present study attempts to measure the effects of foodgrain prices, upon various economic variables, including production, consumption, both at the farm and urban levels, and farm sales of two major foodgrains, and to explore possible measures to improve the current foodgrain price policy. The results of the empirical study of farm producers' response indicate that Korean farmers respond significantly in their grain production to price changes and that they are more responsive in barley than in rice production in terms of both input use and planted acreage. This suggests that policy designed to raise barley price to farm producers would contribute relatively more to increasing overall foodgrain production. In studying the consumption behavior of farm and urban consumers, and sales decisions of farmers, a simultaneous equation model was used. The system comprises eight equations: six behavioral and two market identity equations. In specifying the model, special attention was given to a peculiar feature emerging from the dual role of farmers in semi-monetized agriculture, that is, as consumers on the one hand and as sellers of products on the other. Two types of analyses were carried out on the basis of the estimated behavioral parameters of the model. First, an analysis was made of the partial response to price changes by treating each behavioral equation as an independent single equation under the usual ceteris paribus assumption. Secondly, the total behavioral responses were analyzed by taking account of simultaneous changes in all endogenous variables in the system. The partial response analysis indicates that both farm and urban consumers have a “potential” tendency to respond negatively to price changes in their consumption of rice and barley and also a "potential" tendency to substitute one grain for another in the face of changing relative prices. It also shows a positive response in the foodgrain marketings of farm producers. But the total response analysis shows that the responses measured in the partial analysis are substantially offset by the interdependence of the prices of rice and barley on the open market, resulting in positive changes in the quantity demanded or no substitution at all. The empirical results also provide counter-evidence concerning the validity in the Korean economy of the so-called "target cash requirements hypothesis," advanced by a number of economists. One important policy implication that can be drawn from the study is that if the government's objective is to reduce foreign exchange spending on rice imports by restructuring foodgrain consumption (in addition to increased domestic production), it can be done through the use of price incentives by inducing the consumers to reveal their "potential" responses on the market. This is equivalent to forcing the ceteris paribus assumption made in the partial response analysis to operate in the real world through an appropriate governmental operation. Close

• 23. [Article] Consequences of the Crisis in French Oyster Culture Sector on the Domestic Market

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Consequences of the Crisis in French Oyster Culture Sector on the Domestic Market Author: Mariojouls, Catherine, Jolly, Laurene Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Consequences of the Crisis in French Oyster Culture Sector on the Domestic Market Author: Mariojouls, Catherine, Jolly, Laurene Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 24. [Article] Economic and institutional Constraints to Development of Marine Fish Cage Culture in Viet Nam

  No poster available.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic and institutional Constraints to Development of Marine Fish Cage Culture in Viet Nam Author: Hien, Tran Thi No poster available. Title: Economic and institutional Constraints to Development of Marine Fish Cage Culture in Viet Nam Author: Hien, Tran Thi No poster available. Close

• 25. [Article] An economic study of irrigation potential for Columbia Plateau farms in Oregon

  The farmers of the Columbia Plateau region of Oregon, as well as other individuals and groups, have expressed a desire for information on the economic feasibility of irrigated farming in their area. This ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An economic study of irrigation potential for Columbia Plateau farms in Oregon Author: Bowman, Thomas Michael The farmers of the Columbia Plateau region of Oregon, as well as other individuals and groups, have expressed a desire for information on the economic feasibility of irrigated farming in their area. This recent interest in irrigation is a result of reduced lifts and lower pumping costs brought about by the construction of The Dalles, John Day and McNary Dams, the appearance of alternative uses for Columbia River water, and the introduction of new crops. Linear programming models were developed for farms of four different sizes to determine if enough additional income would be produced by irrigation to pay for its added costs. Profit maximization was assumed to be the goal of the farm operator, realizing that other goals are undoubtedly involved. The resources of interest for this study include land, labor, water, operating capital, and management. The MVPs or shadow prices found by the models identified the restricting resources for each respective farm, thereby providing some hints about the most efficient use of additional resources. It was assumed that a large amount of the cultural practices necessary for crop production would be custom hired, which reduced the quantity of labor needed for the production of the various crops selected by the models. Other assumptions included; better than average management, successful production of crops selected by the models, contracts or other marketing arrangements for the sale of these products at given prices, and the availability of labor, water, and operating capital at the levels used by the model farms. The results of this study, based on the linear programming models, indicate that irrigation may be profitable for some farms in this area. The model farms returned gross profits of from 55.50 to 150 dollars per acre as a return to irrigation and management. However, to enable these farms to cover the costs of relatively expensive irrigation systems it is necessary that they raise some high income producing horticultural crops. While some of these crops have been grown here, there are horticulturists that question whether such crops can be widely produced in this area. Many technical production problems remain to be solved before these crops can be produced extensively. The availability of capital for investment and operating purposes presents another problem when these high income producing crops are raised. Although irrigation appears to be profitable under certain circumstances, it is evident that many economic and technical problems remain to be solved. Title: An economic study of irrigation potential for Columbia Plateau farms in Oregon Author: Bowman, Thomas Michael The farmers of the Columbia Plateau region of Oregon, as well as other individuals and groups, have expressed a desire for information on the economic feasibility of irrigated farming in their area. This recent interest in irrigation is a result of reduced lifts and lower pumping costs brought about by the construction of The Dalles, John Day and McNary Dams, the appearance of alternative uses for Columbia River water, and the introduction of new crops. Linear programming models were developed for farms of four different sizes to determine if enough additional income would be produced by irrigation to pay for its added costs. Profit maximization was assumed to be the goal of the farm operator, realizing that other goals are undoubtedly involved. The resources of interest for this study include land, labor, water, operating capital, and management. The MVPs or shadow prices found by the models identified the restricting resources for each respective farm, thereby providing some hints about the most efficient use of additional resources. It was assumed that a large amount of the cultural practices necessary for crop production would be custom hired, which reduced the quantity of labor needed for the production of the various crops selected by the models. Other assumptions included; better than average management, successful production of crops selected by the models, contracts or other marketing arrangements for the sale of these products at given prices, and the availability of labor, water, and operating capital at the levels used by the model farms. The results of this study, based on the linear programming models, indicate that irrigation may be profitable for some farms in this area. The model farms returned gross profits of from 55.50 to 150 dollars per acre as a return to irrigation and management. However, to enable these farms to cover the costs of relatively expensive irrigation systems it is necessary that they raise some high income producing horticultural crops. While some of these crops have been grown here, there are horticulturists that question whether such crops can be widely produced in this area. Many technical production problems remain to be solved before these crops can be produced extensively. The availability of capital for investment and operating purposes presents another problem when these high income producing crops are raised. Although irrigation appears to be profitable under certain circumstances, it is evident that many economic and technical problems remain to be solved. Close

• 26. [Article] Essays on nursery labor, sales contracts, and price discovery

  Oregon's nursery and greenhouse industry has ranked the first in the State's agricultural for 18 years. The majority of nursery sales from the Pacific Northwest come from Oregon. Due to data limitations, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Essays on nursery labor, sales contracts, and price discovery Author: Li, Cheng Oregon's nursery and greenhouse industry has ranked the first in the State's agricultural for 18 years. The majority of nursery sales from the Pacific Northwest come from Oregon. Due to data limitations, empirical study of the Oregon nursery industry is rare. The present dissertation consists of three essays that analyze the demand and supply of inputs and outputs and the relationship between producers and retailers in the Oregon nursery industry. Chapter 2 identifies the major factors affecting farm labor supply and demand and evaluates their relative importance in the Oregon nursery industry from 1991 to 2008. Empirical results show that border control effort doesn't have an influential role in labor supply, while the Oregon and Mexican minimum wage do. It is because of the substantial gap between the U.S. and Mexican economies, reflected for an example in the minimum wage gap, which attracts a continual flow of immigrants. Risk of border apprehension is not great enough to prevent the flow. Increases in Oregon minimum wage is more effective than border apprehension policies in boosting the average wage and in reducing the number of hours that illegal immigrants work in the nursery sector. Chapter 3 investigates producers' and retailers' choices of, and reactions to, various contract types in the Oregon nursery industry from 2005 to 2010. As new and fast-growing retailers in the industry, big-box stores are less likely than independent retailers to make pre-order contracts with the producer. However, once a pre-order contract is chosen, big-box stores demand more days of pre-order interval than independent retailers do. Transactions with independent retailers exhibit – on average over the sample range – scale economies and scope diseconomies. Boosting per-transaction revenue scale and the number of species sold to big-box stores enhances transaction efficiency. Chapter 4 examines the interaction between supply and demand in Oregon nursery products. The result indicates that the production and transaction costs are major drivers on the supply side, while transportation costs and consumer demand for nursery products play important roles on the demand side. At the genus level, the supply elasticities of coniferous plants are larger than those of deciduous plants, which in turn are higher than those of flowering plants. The demand elasticities are the lowest in coniferous trees followed by deciduous plants, then flowering plants. Price discounts on plants with high demand elasticities would significantly boost sales and enlarge the market, while those on plants with low demand elasticities would have less sales impact. Empirically, patenting seems to bring no direct signs of greater profitability. The wholesale nursery may wish to reconsider the pricing and marketing policies of its patented plants to differentiate them more effectively from its non-patented plants. Title: Essays on nursery labor, sales contracts, and price discovery Author: Li, Cheng Oregon's nursery and greenhouse industry has ranked the first in the State's agricultural for 18 years. The majority of nursery sales from the Pacific Northwest come from Oregon. Due to data limitations, empirical study of the Oregon nursery industry is rare. The present dissertation consists of three essays that analyze the demand and supply of inputs and outputs and the relationship between producers and retailers in the Oregon nursery industry. Chapter 2 identifies the major factors affecting farm labor supply and demand and evaluates their relative importance in the Oregon nursery industry from 1991 to 2008. Empirical results show that border control effort doesn't have an influential role in labor supply, while the Oregon and Mexican minimum wage do. It is because of the substantial gap between the U.S. and Mexican economies, reflected for an example in the minimum wage gap, which attracts a continual flow of immigrants. Risk of border apprehension is not great enough to prevent the flow. Increases in Oregon minimum wage is more effective than border apprehension policies in boosting the average wage and in reducing the number of hours that illegal immigrants work in the nursery sector. Chapter 3 investigates producers' and retailers' choices of, and reactions to, various contract types in the Oregon nursery industry from 2005 to 2010. As new and fast-growing retailers in the industry, big-box stores are less likely than independent retailers to make pre-order contracts with the producer. However, once a pre-order contract is chosen, big-box stores demand more days of pre-order interval than independent retailers do. Transactions with independent retailers exhibit – on average over the sample range – scale economies and scope diseconomies. Boosting per-transaction revenue scale and the number of species sold to big-box stores enhances transaction efficiency. Chapter 4 examines the interaction between supply and demand in Oregon nursery products. The result indicates that the production and transaction costs are major drivers on the supply side, while transportation costs and consumer demand for nursery products play important roles on the demand side. At the genus level, the supply elasticities of coniferous plants are larger than those of deciduous plants, which in turn are higher than those of flowering plants. The demand elasticities are the lowest in coniferous trees followed by deciduous plants, then flowering plants. Price discounts on plants with high demand elasticities would significantly boost sales and enlarge the market, while those on plants with low demand elasticities would have less sales impact. Empirically, patenting seems to bring no direct signs of greater profitability. The wholesale nursery may wish to reconsider the pricing and marketing policies of its patented plants to differentiate them more effectively from its non-patented plants. Close

• 27. [Article] Agricultural export promotion and economic structure : an historical perspective

  The United States has had a long history of promoting agricultural exports, and the return to conditions of extreme surplus in many agricultural markets in recent years has revived interest in this topic. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agricultural export promotion and economic structure : an historical perspective Author: Townsend, Terry P. The United States has had a long history of promoting agricultural exports, and the return to conditions of extreme surplus in many agricultural markets in recent years has revived interest in this topic. Some products received imperial bounties during our colonial era, but the systematic collection of trade statistics for the purpose of investigating agricultural export opportunities did not begin until 1883. In the early 1890's, agents were sent to Europe to promote the use of corn as a human food. With the entry of the United States into World War I, massive government shipments for relief purposes were authorized, and the value of commodities exported under government programs reached a similar magnitude during World War II. Since World War II, numerous government programs such as Section 32 subsidies, soft currency sales, long-term dollar credits, barter, disaster relief and short-term credit sales have been used to increase agricultural exports. However, the long-run implications of these increases deserve consideration. Research in the field of international economic development has indicated that the emphasis of primary product exports may retard beneficial structural change in small primary product oriented economies. Research to test the applicability of these theories to farm states with small populations seems justified in light of recent interest in economic development. Patterns of income growth in the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Montana, Idaho and Arkansas, as well as four other small manufacturing states and seven large states were studied for evidence of structural change in response to increased agricultural exports. The evidence indicates that the large increases in agricultural export values seen since 1958 have speeded, not delayed, the process of structural change in the farm states. Consequently, the fear that increased exports will encourage a heightened dependence on agriculture in these states seems not to be borne out. Title: Agricultural export promotion and economic structure : an historical perspective Author: Townsend, Terry P. The United States has had a long history of promoting agricultural exports, and the return to conditions of extreme surplus in many agricultural markets in recent years has revived interest in this topic. Some products received imperial bounties during our colonial era, but the systematic collection of trade statistics for the purpose of investigating agricultural export opportunities did not begin until 1883. In the early 1890's, agents were sent to Europe to promote the use of corn as a human food. With the entry of the United States into World War I, massive government shipments for relief purposes were authorized, and the value of commodities exported under government programs reached a similar magnitude during World War II. Since World War II, numerous government programs such as Section 32 subsidies, soft currency sales, long-term dollar credits, barter, disaster relief and short-term credit sales have been used to increase agricultural exports. However, the long-run implications of these increases deserve consideration. Research in the field of international economic development has indicated that the emphasis of primary product exports may retard beneficial structural change in small primary product oriented economies. Research to test the applicability of these theories to farm states with small populations seems justified in light of recent interest in economic development. Patterns of income growth in the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Montana, Idaho and Arkansas, as well as four other small manufacturing states and seven large states were studied for evidence of structural change in response to increased agricultural exports. The evidence indicates that the large increases in agricultural export values seen since 1958 have speeded, not delayed, the process of structural change in the farm states. Consequently, the fear that increased exports will encourage a heightened dependence on agriculture in these states seems not to be borne out. Close

• 28. [Article] Farmer-to-consumer marketing, 3 : merchandising, pricing, and promotional strategies

  Revised June 2009. A more recent revision exists. Please check for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farmer-to-consumer marketing, 3 : merchandising, pricing, and promotional strategies Author: Washington State University. Extension, Pacific Northwest Cooperative Extension, United States. Dept. of Agriculture, University of Idaho. Extension, Wolfley, Blair F., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Burt, Lawrence A. Revised June 2009. A more recent revision exists. Please check for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Farmer-to-consumer marketing, 3 : merchandising, pricing, and promotional strategies Author: Washington State University. Extension, Pacific Northwest Cooperative Extension, United States. Dept. of Agriculture, University of Idaho. Extension, Wolfley, Blair F., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Burt, Lawrence A. Revised June 2009. A more recent revision exists. Please check for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 29. [Article] The Economics of Recirculation Aquaculture

  This paper investigates the financial and economic efficiencies of three scales of recirculation aquaculture production growing Murray Cod (Maccullochelli peelli peelli) at tonnages of 25 tonne, 50 tonne ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Economics of Recirculation Aquaculture Author: Forster, Anthony, Rawlinson, Peter Year: 2001 This paper investigates the financial and economic efficiencies of three scales of recirculation aquaculture production growing Murray Cod (Maccullochelli peelli peelli) at tonnages of 25 tonne, 50 tonne and 150 tonne. Best practice industry data is used (growth, FCR, mortality, equipment and running costs) in conjunction with AQUAFarmer feasibility software1 to determine the relationship between key bio-economic variables such as the sale price of the product, FCR, stocking density and growth. Title: The Economics of Recirculation Aquaculture Author: Forster, Anthony, Rawlinson, Peter Year: 2001 This paper investigates the financial and economic efficiencies of three scales of recirculation aquaculture production growing Murray Cod (Maccullochelli peelli peelli) at tonnages of 25 tonne, 50 tonne and 150 tonne. Best practice industry data is used (growth, FCR, mortality, equipment and running costs) in conjunction with AQUAFarmer feasibility software1 to determine the relationship between key bio-economic variables such as the sale price of the product, FCR, stocking density and growth. Close

• 30. [Article] Alaska Mariculture Initiative–Why not Alaska? Six Economic Case Studies of Successful Mariculture Industries and Their Potential Relationship to a Statewide Strategic Plan to Develop Alaska’s Industry

  The potential economic impact of a fully developed mariculture industry in Alaska is not well understood by industry or policy makers. It is also not entirely clear what is needed to move from Alaska’s ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Alaska Mariculture Initiative–Why not Alaska? Six Economic Case Studies of Successful Mariculture Industries and Their Potential Relationship to a Statewide Strategic Plan to Develop Alaska’s Industry Author: Decker, Julie, Wellman, Katherine The potential economic impact of a fully developed mariculture industry in Alaska is not well understood by industry or policy makers. It is also not entirely clear what is needed to move from Alaska’s current micro industry (approximately $500,000 in annual sales) to a fully developed industry. In general, the existing seafood industry (harvesters and processors) does not consider itself to be potential beneficiaries of mariculture development. Since the Aquatic Farm Act was passed in 1988, allowing for aquatic farming of shellfish and marine plants in Alaska, the stakeholders and agencies have not been acting in coordination to expedite the development of the industry, pointing to the necessity for a statewide strategic plan. The Alaska Fisheries Development Foundation (AFDF) is spearheading the Alaska Mariculture Initiative (Initiative), which will develop a clear and comprehensive statewide strategic plan. An important part of the Initiative is an economic analysis to inform the decisions to be made in the creation of the strategic plan. Phase I of the economic analysis will be six comparative case studies which outline examples of successful mariculture industries in different regions of the world with similar or relevant environmental and/or economic conditions to Alaska, including native species and potential stakeholders. The results of these case studies will be presented as well as their potential relationship to Alaska’s statewide strategic plan. Title: Alaska Mariculture Initiative–Why not Alaska? Six Economic Case Studies of Successful Mariculture Industries and Their Potential Relationship to a Statewide Strategic Plan to Develop Alaska’s Industry Author: Decker, Julie, Wellman, Katherine The potential economic impact of a fully developed mariculture industry in Alaska is not well understood by industry or policy makers. It is also not entirely clear what is needed to move from Alaska’s current micro industry (approximately $500,000 in annual sales) to a fully developed industry. In general, the existing seafood industry (harvesters and processors) does not consider itself to be potential beneficiaries of mariculture development. Since the Aquatic Farm Act was passed in 1988, allowing for aquatic farming of shellfish and marine plants in Alaska, the stakeholders and agencies have not been acting in coordination to expedite the development of the industry, pointing to the necessity for a statewide strategic plan. The Alaska Fisheries Development Foundation (AFDF) is spearheading the Alaska Mariculture Initiative (Initiative), which will develop a clear and comprehensive statewide strategic plan. An important part of the Initiative is an economic analysis to inform the decisions to be made in the creation of the strategic plan. Phase I of the economic analysis will be six comparative case studies which outline examples of successful mariculture industries in different regions of the world with similar or relevant environmental and/or economic conditions to Alaska, including native species and potential stakeholders. The results of these case studies will be presented as well as their potential relationship to Alaska’s statewide strategic plan. Close

• 31. [Article] Developing Smallholder Aquaculture in Kenya into Viable Enterprises: A case study of Nyaguta fish ponds in Kisii, Kenya

  Smallholder fish farming contribute to improved nutrition, incomes and livelihoods of rural communities. Despite the potential, aquaculture in most rural areas is based on extensive production systems ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Developing Smallholder Aquaculture in Kenya into Viable Enterprises: A case study of Nyaguta fish ponds in Kisii, Kenya Author: Charo-Karisa, Harrison, Okechi, John, Mikolasek, Olivier Smallholder fish farming contribute to improved nutrition, incomes and livelihoods of rural communities. Despite the potential, aquaculture in most rural areas is based on extensive production systems characterized by low availability in inputs. In Nyaguta, farmers are involved in agricultural production activities, including fish farming. However, most farmers do not keep records of resources used in their ponds (inputs, and labour) and outputs. This makes it impossible to assess the profitability of the enterprises. A study was carried out with the objectives: To characterize the inputs used by the farmers and determine the rearing parameters, to describe the fish farmers' practices and assess the fish farming cycle and to determine profitability. Monosex tilapia was stocked in 300m2 ponds at 3 fish/m2 and fed on pellet feed at 5% body weight. Semi-quantitative and qualitative data was collected from nine ponds over the production cycle (February 2010 to June 2011). An enterprise budget was used to compare profitability. Sale of harvested fish, gave the revenue or total income (TI) from each pond. Variable costs (inputs, labour and other operational inputs) were calculated. Family labour costs, were calculated separately to differentiate from casual labour. Total income (TI) less total variable costs (TVC) gave net income (NI) for each pond. From such a snapshot analysis of costs and returns, farmers would tell if their ventures were profitable or not. It also offered them an opportunity to determine areas to cut down or upscale during the production cycle to maximize on profits. It is only after profit realization, that farmers can be motivated to continue investing in fish farming and related activities. Title: Developing Smallholder Aquaculture in Kenya into Viable Enterprises: A case study of Nyaguta fish ponds in Kisii, Kenya Author: Charo-Karisa, Harrison, Okechi, John, Mikolasek, Olivier Smallholder fish farming contribute to improved nutrition, incomes and livelihoods of rural communities. Despite the potential, aquaculture in most rural areas is based on extensive production systems characterized by low availability in inputs. In Nyaguta, farmers are involved in agricultural production activities, including fish farming. However, most farmers do not keep records of resources used in their ponds (inputs, and labour) and outputs. This makes it impossible to assess the profitability of the enterprises. A study was carried out with the objectives: To characterize the inputs used by the farmers and determine the rearing parameters, to describe the fish farmers' practices and assess the fish farming cycle and to determine profitability. Monosex tilapia was stocked in 300m2 ponds at 3 fish/m2 and fed on pellet feed at 5% body weight. Semi-quantitative and qualitative data was collected from nine ponds over the production cycle (February 2010 to June 2011). An enterprise budget was used to compare profitability. Sale of harvested fish, gave the revenue or total income (TI) from each pond. Variable costs (inputs, labour and other operational inputs) were calculated. Family labour costs, were calculated separately to differentiate from casual labour. Total income (TI) less total variable costs (TVC) gave net income (NI) for each pond. From such a snapshot analysis of costs and returns, farmers would tell if their ventures were profitable or not. It also offered them an opportunity to determine areas to cut down or upscale during the production cycle to maximize on profits. It is only after profit realization, that farmers can be motivated to continue investing in fish farming and related activities. Close

• 32. [Article] Development of an instrument assessing ATV use among Oregon's youth on ranches and farms

  During the 1980s the sales and use of all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) was on the rise. Many people used them for recreation, while others started using them on their ranch or farm for work-related purposes. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of an instrument assessing ATV use among Oregon's youth on ranches and farms Author: Iggulden, Kathryn G., White, David During the 1980s the sales and use of all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) was on the rise. Many people used them for recreation, while others started using them on their ranch or farm for work-related purposes. As a result, morbidity and mortality rates also began to climb. It became apparent that the various tasks which ATVs are used for on ranches or farms created room for concern, and the need for education in making sure that those who are operating them are doing do as safely as possible. Therefore the purpose of this research project was to develop a data collection instrument that would be sent out to ranchers and farmers to determine how ATVs are being used by employee’s ages 14-17 years old on their ranches or farms. The first step to developing the instrument was to find information that would be pertinent to its structure. After some time and thought, my mentors and I decided that the instrument would entail questions pertaining to demographics, the operation on the ranch or farm itself, along with questions about ATV use on the ranch or farm. From there we agreed that we would want to be able to determine from the instrument what age groups are operating ATVs, what size of ATV they are operating, how many hours a day they are operating the ATV, along with whether employees are required to wear personal protective equipment, and if they are using accessories and or attachments with the ATV. Currently the hard copy of the instrument is nearly finished and I have begun the process of implementing some parts of the instrument into a survey program called Qualtrics. One of my mentors, Dr. David White has also sent the instrument to OSU Extension Faculty in Agriculture and Forestry for additional feedback. Once all feedback has been received, the instrument will be revised until it is ready to be fully incorporated into Qualtrics where it will be sent out to ranchers and farmers to complete. Ultimately the data collected from this instrument will be used for youth ages 14-17 who are employed in Oregon’s agricultural industry. Youth are required to complete education, training, and acquire certification so that they can operate tractors and machinery in a safe and responsible manner. In addition to this, the data collected from the instrument will also be used to develop a companion curriculum that will aid in education, training, and certification for youth so that they are equipped to safely and responsibly operate all-terrain vehicles along with other machinery in the agricultural industry as well. Both curriculums developed as a result from the data collected from the instrument will then be used for not only education, but training and certification for youth in a program known as the Oregon Safe Tractor, ATV and Machinery Operation Program. Title: Development of an instrument assessing ATV use among Oregon's youth on ranches and farms Author: Iggulden, Kathryn G., White, David During the 1980s the sales and use of all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) was on the rise. Many people used them for recreation, while others started using them on their ranch or farm for work-related purposes. As a result, morbidity and mortality rates also began to climb. It became apparent that the various tasks which ATVs are used for on ranches or farms created room for concern, and the need for education in making sure that those who are operating them are doing do as safely as possible. Therefore the purpose of this research project was to develop a data collection instrument that would be sent out to ranchers and farmers to determine how ATVs are being used by employee’s ages 14-17 years old on their ranches or farms. The first step to developing the instrument was to find information that would be pertinent to its structure. After some time and thought, my mentors and I decided that the instrument would entail questions pertaining to demographics, the operation on the ranch or farm itself, along with questions about ATV use on the ranch or farm. From there we agreed that we would want to be able to determine from the instrument what age groups are operating ATVs, what size of ATV they are operating, how many hours a day they are operating the ATV, along with whether employees are required to wear personal protective equipment, and if they are using accessories and or attachments with the ATV. Currently the hard copy of the instrument is nearly finished and I have begun the process of implementing some parts of the instrument into a survey program called Qualtrics. One of my mentors, Dr. David White has also sent the instrument to OSU Extension Faculty in Agriculture and Forestry for additional feedback. Once all feedback has been received, the instrument will be revised until it is ready to be fully incorporated into Qualtrics where it will be sent out to ranchers and farmers to complete. Ultimately the data collected from this instrument will be used for youth ages 14-17 who are employed in Oregon’s agricultural industry. Youth are required to complete education, training, and acquire certification so that they can operate tractors and machinery in a safe and responsible manner. In addition to this, the data collected from the instrument will also be used to develop a companion curriculum that will aid in education, training, and certification for youth so that they are equipped to safely and responsibly operate all-terrain vehicles along with other machinery in the agricultural industry as well. Both curriculums developed as a result from the data collected from the instrument will then be used for not only education, but training and certification for youth in a program known as the Oregon Safe Tractor, ATV and Machinery Operation Program. Close

• 33. [Article] Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning in the Context of Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management: Assessing Tradeoffs between Wind Farms and Marine Fisheries in New England

  presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning in the Context of Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management: Assessing Tradeoffs between Wind Farms and Marine Fisheries in New England Author: Jin, Di, Hoagland, Porter, Dalton, Tracey, Dwyer, Joseph presentation Title: Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning in the Context of Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management: Assessing Tradeoffs between Wind Farms and Marine Fisheries in New England Author: Jin, Di, Hoagland, Porter, Dalton, Tracey, Dwyer, Joseph presentation Close

• 34. [Article] An economic analysis of changes in exclusive farm use regulations for homesteads in Oregon : a case study in Yamhill County

  Criticisms to the new regulations created in 1994 governing dwellings in Exclusive Farmland Use zones (zones where agricultural activities are allowed outright) have triggered an overall scrutiny directed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An economic analysis of changes in exclusive farm use regulations for homesteads in Oregon : a case study in Yamhill County Author: Chen, Li, 1976- Criticisms to the new regulations created in 1994 governing dwellings in Exclusive Farmland Use zones (zones where agricultural activities are allowed outright) have triggered an overall scrutiny directed by the 70th Oregon Legislative Assembly. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of the new regulations on the value of farmland in the Willamette Valley with existing homesteads. A hedonic price analysis of farmland sales in Yamhill County, which is located in the western portion of the Willamette Valley, was performed to reveal the influence of the new regulations. Estimation includes a test of functional form, examination of multicollinearity problem, a test of heteroscedasticity, and a test for the significance of structural difference between farmland markets with and without existing homesteads. Value of Yamhill County farmland with existing homesteads was shown to have been influenced by the new regulations. Specifically, during the transition years (1994-1997) when people didn't feel much pressure from the control over new dwelling construction, significant value increase due to the new regulations was not displayed. However, in 1998 when the implementation of the new regulations became less ambiguous, higher demand for farmland with existing homesteads has resulted in significant increase of the market price. The price increase dropped in 1999, though, probably because of the tighter control over replacement dwellings in Exclusive Farm Use zones. Title: An economic analysis of changes in exclusive farm use regulations for homesteads in Oregon : a case study in Yamhill County Author: Chen, Li, 1976- Criticisms to the new regulations created in 1994 governing dwellings in Exclusive Farmland Use zones (zones where agricultural activities are allowed outright) have triggered an overall scrutiny directed by the 70th Oregon Legislative Assembly. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of the new regulations on the value of farmland in the Willamette Valley with existing homesteads. A hedonic price analysis of farmland sales in Yamhill County, which is located in the western portion of the Willamette Valley, was performed to reveal the influence of the new regulations. Estimation includes a test of functional form, examination of multicollinearity problem, a test of heteroscedasticity, and a test for the significance of structural difference between farmland markets with and without existing homesteads. Value of Yamhill County farmland with existing homesteads was shown to have been influenced by the new regulations. Specifically, during the transition years (1994-1997) when people didn't feel much pressure from the control over new dwelling construction, significant value increase due to the new regulations was not displayed. However, in 1998 when the implementation of the new regulations became less ambiguous, higher demand for farmland with existing homesteads has resulted in significant increase of the market price. The price increase dropped in 1999, though, probably because of the tighter control over replacement dwellings in Exclusive Farm Use zones. Close

• 35. [Article] A comparison of box-cox and additive exponential models to estimate the depreciation of farm machinery

  Farm machinery continues to increase in its importance to the agricultural sector. Depreciation, the decline in value of a durable asset over time, represents one of the largest costs of agricultural production. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparison of box-cox and additive exponential models to estimate the depreciation of farm machinery Author: Wu, Jing Farm machinery continues to increase in its importance to the agricultural sector. Depreciation, the decline in value of a durable asset over time, represents one of the largest costs of agricultural production. The general objectives of this study were to update and expand the number of Remaining Value (RV) functions for farm machinery; estimate and compare the depreciation patterns for Box-Cox (B-C) and Additive- Exponential (A-E) functional forms; and compare the predictive abilities of the two models. Data used in estimation were obtained from 15 years of machinery auction sales. Based on the hedonic approach, the Box-Cox and Additive-Exponential models were formulated to include variables for age, usage per year, condition, manufacturer, auction type and macroeconomic variables. Models were tested for potential correlation and heteroscedasticity problems. A Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) method was used to compare the predictive abilities. Depreciation functions were estimated for 17 types of machinery in four major categories: tractors, harvesting equipments, planting and tillage equipment and other equipment. A series of comparisons were conducted to examine the difference in depreciation patterns within and between major categories. B-C and A-E functions were estimated and compared for each data set. The comparison results showed that B-C always generated higher Log-likelihood values, but was relatively weak in predictive ability. The predictive ability of the Exponential model was also examined and the MAPE results showed that the Exponential model generally exhibited an overall best predictive ability. Title: A comparison of box-cox and additive exponential models to estimate the depreciation of farm machinery Author: Wu, Jing Farm machinery continues to increase in its importance to the agricultural sector. Depreciation, the decline in value of a durable asset over time, represents one of the largest costs of agricultural production. The general objectives of this study were to update and expand the number of Remaining Value (RV) functions for farm machinery; estimate and compare the depreciation patterns for Box-Cox (B-C) and Additive- Exponential (A-E) functional forms; and compare the predictive abilities of the two models. Data used in estimation were obtained from 15 years of machinery auction sales. Based on the hedonic approach, the Box-Cox and Additive-Exponential models were formulated to include variables for age, usage per year, condition, manufacturer, auction type and macroeconomic variables. Models were tested for potential correlation and heteroscedasticity problems. A Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) method was used to compare the predictive abilities. Depreciation functions were estimated for 17 types of machinery in four major categories: tractors, harvesting equipments, planting and tillage equipment and other equipment. A series of comparisons were conducted to examine the difference in depreciation patterns within and between major categories. B-C and A-E functions were estimated and compared for each data set. The comparison results showed that B-C always generated higher Log-likelihood values, but was relatively weak in predictive ability. The predictive ability of the Exponential model was also examined and the MAPE results showed that the Exponential model generally exhibited an overall best predictive ability. Close

• 36. [Article] Evaluating village-based tree nurseries in Senegal a comparative study of four projects

  Reforestation projects in Senegal are often the vehicles which administer and implement social forestry activities. Their objectives are to help people solve their wood supply problems, enhance the environment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating village-based tree nurseries in Senegal a comparative study of four projects Author: Glowacki, Therese L. Reforestation projects in Senegal are often the vehicles which administer and implement social forestry activities. Their objectives are to help people solve their wood supply problems, enhance the environment by planting trees on farms and in villages, and introduce reforestation as a self-sustaining practice in village culture. Many projects establish village-based tree nurseries where community members grow seedlings to supplement or replace those supplied by government-owned regional nurseries. Village-based nurseries are promoted by the Division for Conservation of Soil and Reforestation and other Senegalese government agencies. This study, based on a survey of 32 villages, contained within four different projects: 1) investigates village-based tree nurseries in the Peanut Basin of Senegal by evaluating performance in terms of seedling survival and village nursery manager's intention-to-continue, 2) compares the structure of four reforestation projects descriptively and quantitatively. Finally, it presents recommendations for future implementation of nursery projects. Results indicate that village participation is a significant predictor for survival success. Three factors were significant predictors of intention-to-continue: previous nursery experience, water availability in the village, and the commercial sale of seedlings by nursery managers. Analysis of these success factors provides insight into project organization. Project extension strategies range from very structured methods to informal approaches. Awareness campaigns, field trips, and group training were variations found among projects in various mixes. Projects were similar in organizational structure, financial incentives, and encouragement of self-sustaining activities. Project design should include: 1) village participation from goal setting through evaluating results, 2) economic incentives that are based on encouraging the sale of seedlings, and 3) financing to improve water sources. Projects could also benefit from well-planned awareness campaigns, practical group training, and the application of more structured extension methods. Future studies are needed on villagers' behavior towards practice, adoption, and continuance. Title: Evaluating village-based tree nurseries in Senegal a comparative study of four projects Author: Glowacki, Therese L. Reforestation projects in Senegal are often the vehicles which administer and implement social forestry activities. Their objectives are to help people solve their wood supply problems, enhance the environment by planting trees on farms and in villages, and introduce reforestation as a self-sustaining practice in village culture. Many projects establish village-based tree nurseries where community members grow seedlings to supplement or replace those supplied by government-owned regional nurseries. Village-based nurseries are promoted by the Division for Conservation of Soil and Reforestation and other Senegalese government agencies. This study, based on a survey of 32 villages, contained within four different projects: 1) investigates village-based tree nurseries in the Peanut Basin of Senegal by evaluating performance in terms of seedling survival and village nursery manager's intention-to-continue, 2) compares the structure of four reforestation projects descriptively and quantitatively. Finally, it presents recommendations for future implementation of nursery projects. Results indicate that village participation is a significant predictor for survival success. Three factors were significant predictors of intention-to-continue: previous nursery experience, water availability in the village, and the commercial sale of seedlings by nursery managers. Analysis of these success factors provides insight into project organization. Project extension strategies range from very structured methods to informal approaches. Awareness campaigns, field trips, and group training were variations found among projects in various mixes. Projects were similar in organizational structure, financial incentives, and encouragement of self-sustaining activities. Project design should include: 1) village participation from goal setting through evaluating results, 2) economic incentives that are based on encouraging the sale of seedlings, and 3) financing to improve water sources. Projects could also benefit from well-planned awareness campaigns, practical group training, and the application of more structured extension methods. Future studies are needed on villagers' behavior towards practice, adoption, and continuance. Close

• 37. [Article] Production and invasion of butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii) in Oregon

  Butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii), an ornamental native to China, is an invasive species in Oregon and many other areas. In Oregon, butterfly bush invades disturbed areas, particularly riparian areas. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Production and invasion of butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii) in Oregon Author: Ream, Julie Butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii), an ornamental native to China, is an invasive species in Oregon and many other areas. In Oregon, butterfly bush invades disturbed areas, particularly riparian areas. The Oregon nursery industry has the highest farm-gate value of all agricultural commodities and butterfly bush is a significant plant to them. However, the nursery industry does not appear to be a major source of invasion because of their pruning production practices. Butterfly bush is a unique plant because it does not release its seed until mid to late winter. The dispersal mechanisms of butterfly bush are not well documented, but wind is one possibility. Formulations of glyphosate effectively control butterfly bushes up to two years old. Both spraying a dilute herbicide on the entire plant and painting herbicide concentrate on recently cut stumps are effective in controlling butterfly bush, but stump painting may be the preferred option in natural areas that butterfly bush invades. Title: Production and invasion of butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii) in Oregon Author: Ream, Julie Butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii), an ornamental native to China, is an invasive species in Oregon and many other areas. In Oregon, butterfly bush invades disturbed areas, particularly riparian areas. The Oregon nursery industry has the highest farm-gate value of all agricultural commodities and butterfly bush is a significant plant to them. However, the nursery industry does not appear to be a major source of invasion because of their pruning production practices. Butterfly bush is a unique plant because it does not release its seed until mid to late winter. The dispersal mechanisms of butterfly bush are not well documented, but wind is one possibility. Formulations of glyphosate effectively control butterfly bushes up to two years old. Both spraying a dilute herbicide on the entire plant and painting herbicide concentrate on recently cut stumps are effective in controlling butterfly bush, but stump painting may be the preferred option in natural areas that butterfly bush invades. Close

• 38. [Article] Farmer-to-consumer marketing, 5 : personnel management

  Revised June 2009. A more recent revision exists. Please check for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farmer-to-consumer marketing, 5 : personnel management Author: Washington State University. Extension, Pacific Northwest Cooperative Extension, United States. Dept. of Agriculture, University of Idaho. Extension, Wolfley, Blair F., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Burt, Lawrence A. Revised June 2009. A more recent revision exists. Please check for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Farmer-to-consumer marketing, 5 : personnel management Author: Washington State University. Extension, Pacific Northwest Cooperative Extension, United States. Dept. of Agriculture, University of Idaho. Extension, Wolfley, Blair F., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Burt, Lawrence A. Revised June 2009. A more recent revision exists. Please check for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 39. [Article] Hedonic price analysis to reveal value of water in irrigation : an application to northern Malheur County, Oregon

  Increasing water demand for growing municipalities, for water-based recreation and for fishery and wildlife habitat has intensified pressure on the existing resource. Reallocation of water from existing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hedonic price analysis to reveal value of water in irrigation : an application to northern Malheur County, Oregon Author: Faux, John Increasing water demand for growing municipalities, for water-based recreation and for fishery and wildlife habitat has intensified pressure on the existing resource. Reallocation of water from existing uses to other, higher-valued uses is receiving greater attention due to constraints on development of new water supplies. A key to reallocation is identification of the economic value associated with existing and alternative water uses. A hedonic price analysis of farm sales in eastern Oregon is performed to reveal the value of water used in irrigation. Estimation includes a joint test of heteroskedasticity and functional form. The value of water is shown to be strongly influenced by the crop-growing-capability of the soil on which it is applied. The value of an irrigated acre is not significantly influenced by the source of irrigation supply. The implicit market price of irrigation water in this area ranges from $44 per acre-foot (one-time delivery) on the best soils to $9 per acre-foot on the poorest soils irrigated. Title: Hedonic price analysis to reveal value of water in irrigation : an application to northern Malheur County, Oregon Author: Faux, John Increasing water demand for growing municipalities, for water-based recreation and for fishery and wildlife habitat has intensified pressure on the existing resource. Reallocation of water from existing uses to other, higher-valued uses is receiving greater attention due to constraints on development of new water supplies. A key to reallocation is identification of the economic value associated with existing and alternative water uses. A hedonic price analysis of farm sales in eastern Oregon is performed to reveal the value of water used in irrigation. Estimation includes a joint test of heteroskedasticity and functional form. The value of water is shown to be strongly influenced by the crop-growing-capability of the soil on which it is applied. The value of an irrigated acre is not significantly influenced by the source of irrigation supply. The implicit market price of irrigation water in this area ranges from $44 per acre-foot (one-time delivery) on the best soils to $9 per acre-foot on the poorest soils irrigated. Close

• 40. [Article] Determining member contributions to marketing cooperative returns when raw products are commingled before sale

  Marketing cooperatives that operate on a pool basis allocate net returns on the basis of the "economic value" of the raw products each member has delivered. Economic values ideally reflect the raw products' ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determining member contributions to marketing cooperative returns when raw products are commingled before sale Author: Stokstad, Grete Synnove Marketing cooperatives that operate on a pool basis allocate net returns on the basis of the "economic value" of the raw products each member has delivered. Economic values ideally reflect the raw products' expected contributions to pool net return. In a competitive market, raw product prices would reflect these expected returns quite well. In the absence of such a competitive market, one must formulate expectations models of returns to each product, which requires identifying the separate returns. The purpose of this thesis is to describe and employ a method of distinguishing expected return to each raw product when raw products are commingled on the assembly line. The approach taken is to conduct a hedonic analysis of processed product net returns as a function of raw product ingredients. Title: Determining member contributions to marketing cooperative returns when raw products are commingled before sale Author: Stokstad, Grete Synnove Marketing cooperatives that operate on a pool basis allocate net returns on the basis of the "economic value" of the raw products each member has delivered. Economic values ideally reflect the raw products' expected contributions to pool net return. In a competitive market, raw product prices would reflect these expected returns quite well. In the absence of such a competitive market, one must formulate expectations models of returns to each product, which requires identifying the separate returns. The purpose of this thesis is to describe and employ a method of distinguishing expected return to each raw product when raw products are commingled on the assembly line. The approach taken is to conduct a hedonic analysis of processed product net returns as a function of raw product ingredients. Close

• 41. [Article] Preplanning used in acquisition of children's clothing by women who patronize a free clothing distribution center

  The purpose of this study was to obtain information about clothing acquisition practices of low-income mothers. An interview questionnaire was designed to obtain information about the clothing sources ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preplanning used in acquisition of children's clothing by women who patronize a free clothing distribution center Author: Klein, Carol Ann The purpose of this study was to obtain information about clothing acquisition practices of low-income mothers. An interview questionnaire was designed to obtain information about the clothing sources perceived as available to these women, the sources of clothing used, the sources of information used, the preplanning practices used, and demographic information including the respondent's age, educational level, place of residence (farm or nonfarm), household size, income level (above or below a predetermined poverty level), and county of residence. The interview was administered to 55 women at a free clothing distribution center in Corvallis, Oregon. Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis. Chi-square was used in analyzing the preplanning practices used in relation to age, educational level, household size, and income level of the mother. Clothing sources perceived as available by over half of the respondents included: Department stores, Thrift shops, and a free clothing distribution center. Clothing sources used by over half of the respondents included: Handed-down,Thrift shops, Department stores, Gifts (new clothes), Discount stores, Secondhand stores, Homemade, Rummage sales, Garage sales, Organizations, and Exchange. Friends or Relatives and the Newspaper were information sources used most frequently and considered the most important. Women with incomes below a predetermined poverty threshold level were more often accompanied by friends or relatives when acquiring clothing. The women responded by answering Always, Sometimes, or Never to questions about 13 preplanning practices. Preplanning practices used Always or Sometimes by at least 90 percent of the respondents included: a) taking the children along when shopping, b) leaving the house knowing how they would pay for the clothes, c) repairing or remodeling clothes on hand, d) deciding before leaving the house whether fabric to make clothes or store-bought clothes would be acquired, e) considering obtaining clothing from sources other than a free clothing distribution center or buying new clothes, and f) looking for sales. Age was significantly related to four preplanning practices as determined by Chi-square. These practices included: 1) measuring the children in order to obtain clothes that fit, 2) saving money for the acquisition of clothing, 3) deciding before leaving the house if store-bought clothes or fabric to make clothes would be obtained, and 4) considering obtaining clothes from sources other than the free clothes distribution center or buying new clothes. Education was significantly related to two preplanning practices. They included: 1) leaving the house knowing exactly how to pay for the clothes obtained, and 2) leaving the house knowing at which store looking for clothes would take place. Household size was significantly related to these two preplanning practices: 1) leaving the house knowing exactly what kind of clothes will be obtained, and 2) measuring the children in order to obtain clothes that fit. Income level was significantly related to this preplanning practice: looking at two or more places before obtaining clothes. Title: Preplanning used in acquisition of children's clothing by women who patronize a free clothing distribution center Author: Klein, Carol Ann The purpose of this study was to obtain information about clothing acquisition practices of low-income mothers. An interview questionnaire was designed to obtain information about the clothing sources perceived as available to these women, the sources of clothing used, the sources of information used, the preplanning practices used, and demographic information including the respondent's age, educational level, place of residence (farm or nonfarm), household size, income level (above or below a predetermined poverty level), and county of residence. The interview was administered to 55 women at a free clothing distribution center in Corvallis, Oregon. Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis. Chi-square was used in analyzing the preplanning practices used in relation to age, educational level, household size, and income level of the mother. Clothing sources perceived as available by over half of the respondents included: Department stores, Thrift shops, and a free clothing distribution center. Clothing sources used by over half of the respondents included: Handed-down,Thrift shops, Department stores, Gifts (new clothes), Discount stores, Secondhand stores, Homemade, Rummage sales, Garage sales, Organizations, and Exchange. Friends or Relatives and the Newspaper were information sources used most frequently and considered the most important. Women with incomes below a predetermined poverty threshold level were more often accompanied by friends or relatives when acquiring clothing. The women responded by answering Always, Sometimes, or Never to questions about 13 preplanning practices. Preplanning practices used Always or Sometimes by at least 90 percent of the respondents included: a) taking the children along when shopping, b) leaving the house knowing how they would pay for the clothes, c) repairing or remodeling clothes on hand, d) deciding before leaving the house whether fabric to make clothes or store-bought clothes would be acquired, e) considering obtaining clothing from sources other than a free clothing distribution center or buying new clothes, and f) looking for sales. Age was significantly related to four preplanning practices as determined by Chi-square. These practices included: 1) measuring the children in order to obtain clothes that fit, 2) saving money for the acquisition of clothing, 3) deciding before leaving the house if store-bought clothes or fabric to make clothes would be obtained, and 4) considering obtaining clothes from sources other than the free clothes distribution center or buying new clothes. Education was significantly related to two preplanning practices. They included: 1) leaving the house knowing exactly how to pay for the clothes obtained, and 2) leaving the house knowing at which store looking for clothes would take place. Household size was significantly related to these two preplanning practices: 1) leaving the house knowing exactly what kind of clothes will be obtained, and 2) measuring the children in order to obtain clothes that fit. Income level was significantly related to this preplanning practice: looking at two or more places before obtaining clothes. Close

• 42. [Article] Oregon's Mid-Willamette Valley wetlands : agricultural uses, alternative uses, problems and trends

  The wetlands are distinguished from other lands of the Mid-Willamette Valley by excessive soil moisture. The wetlands, as defined for this study, consist of 20 soil series (in 22 soil mapping units) which ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon's Mid-Willamette Valley wetlands : agricultural uses, alternative uses, problems and trends Author: Tsutsui, Setsuo Harry The wetlands are distinguished from other lands of the Mid-Willamette Valley by excessive soil moisture. The wetlands, as defined for this study, consist of 20 soil series (in 22 soil mapping units) which are classified by the Soil Conservation Service as having excessive wetness as the major factor limiting their uses. The five counties considered in this study, Benton, Linn, Marion, Polk, and Yamhill, have been and continue to be important to the agricultural production of Oregon. In 1977, this region produced 28.4% of the state's value of sales from agricultural Products. In the same year, this five-county area also produced 100% of the nation's ryegrass, crimson clover, and red fescue seeds, and large quantities of other important seeds. Personal interviews were conducted with 141 wetland farmers during the period January through March, 1979. The land farmed by the interviewed farmers amounted to 63,748 acres, which represented 9.8% of the 652,000 acres of wetlands in the Mid-Willamette Valley. Farmer responses obtained from the interviews provided the data base for much of this study. Information Pertaining to farm types and crops were cross tabulated with other variables using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences at Oregon State University. The resulting statistics were evaluated for patterns of distributions and emerging trends in agricultural land uses. Of the surveyed farmers, 73% were full-time operators; the remainder were part-time, semi-retired, or hobby farmers. There were wide variability in farm sizes, 15 to 5,400 acres for full-time farmers, and 5 to 424 acres for part-time farmers. Farms producing grass seeds, row crops, and grain were generally large in size, while farms producing tree fruits, nuts, berries, nursery products, and other specialty crops were generally small. Although the Mid-Willamette Valley wetlands form a valuable part of Oregon's agricultural land base, the production capacity of much of the wetlands can be further upgraded by installation of drainage and irrigation systems. However, the current high costs for these resource converting systems, and the elimination of Federal cost-sharing for farm drainage projects, may make installation of these systems economically infeasible for many farmers. In early 1979, costs for installation of new drainage systems were $300 to $400 per acre. Irrigation systems cost $225 to $450 per acre, with the actual cost depending on the type of irrigation system selected. Farmers' perceptions of factors considered to have adverse effects on their farming operations were examined for two periods: the past five years, 1974 through 1978, and the current agricultural year, 1979. For the five-year period, 64% of the farmers stated that they had experienced what they considered to be serious problems. The two primary groups of problems were those related to reduction of the farmers' net income and farm production. The third group of problems pertained to policy limitations, particularly the acreage limitations to open field burning, and government regulations, restrictions, and interference. During the period 1977 to 1978, 10.6% of the interviewed farmers had made land use changes. The 15 farmers made 19 changes involving 773 acres. There were large net gains in acreage for legumes, and smaller net gains for row crops, peppermint, and strawberries. The largest net acreage loss was for grain. Smaller net losses occurred for grass seed and silage. Farmers who had made land use changes rated 12 of the 19 changes as satisfactory, 3 as unsatisfactory, and 4 as not possible to evaluate until crop is harvested. Most of the wetlands are currently limited to the production of grass seed due to the severe physical limitations. Therefore, open field burning will continue to be an important issue on Oregon's Mid-Willamette Valley wetlands. Title: Oregon's Mid-Willamette Valley wetlands : agricultural uses, alternative uses, problems and trends Author: Tsutsui, Setsuo Harry The wetlands are distinguished from other lands of the Mid-Willamette Valley by excessive soil moisture. The wetlands, as defined for this study, consist of 20 soil series (in 22 soil mapping units) which are classified by the Soil Conservation Service as having excessive wetness as the major factor limiting their uses. The five counties considered in this study, Benton, Linn, Marion, Polk, and Yamhill, have been and continue to be important to the agricultural production of Oregon. In 1977, this region produced 28.4% of the state's value of sales from agricultural Products. In the same year, this five-county area also produced 100% of the nation's ryegrass, crimson clover, and red fescue seeds, and large quantities of other important seeds. Personal interviews were conducted with 141 wetland farmers during the period January through March, 1979. The land farmed by the interviewed farmers amounted to 63,748 acres, which represented 9.8% of the 652,000 acres of wetlands in the Mid-Willamette Valley. Farmer responses obtained from the interviews provided the data base for much of this study. Information Pertaining to farm types and crops were cross tabulated with other variables using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences at Oregon State University. The resulting statistics were evaluated for patterns of distributions and emerging trends in agricultural land uses. Of the surveyed farmers, 73% were full-time operators; the remainder were part-time, semi-retired, or hobby farmers. There were wide variability in farm sizes, 15 to 5,400 acres for full-time farmers, and 5 to 424 acres for part-time farmers. Farms producing grass seeds, row crops, and grain were generally large in size, while farms producing tree fruits, nuts, berries, nursery products, and other specialty crops were generally small. Although the Mid-Willamette Valley wetlands form a valuable part of Oregon's agricultural land base, the production capacity of much of the wetlands can be further upgraded by installation of drainage and irrigation systems. However, the current high costs for these resource converting systems, and the elimination of Federal cost-sharing for farm drainage projects, may make installation of these systems economically infeasible for many farmers. In early 1979, costs for installation of new drainage systems were $300 to $400 per acre. Irrigation systems cost $225 to $450 per acre, with the actual cost depending on the type of irrigation system selected. Farmers' perceptions of factors considered to have adverse effects on their farming operations were examined for two periods: the past five years, 1974 through 1978, and the current agricultural year, 1979. For the five-year period, 64% of the farmers stated that they had experienced what they considered to be serious problems. The two primary groups of problems were those related to reduction of the farmers' net income and farm production. The third group of problems pertained to policy limitations, particularly the acreage limitations to open field burning, and government regulations, restrictions, and interference. During the period 1977 to 1978, 10.6% of the interviewed farmers had made land use changes. The 15 farmers made 19 changes involving 773 acres. There were large net gains in acreage for legumes, and smaller net gains for row crops, peppermint, and strawberries. The largest net acreage loss was for grain. Smaller net losses occurred for grass seed and silage. Farmers who had made land use changes rated 12 of the 19 changes as satisfactory, 3 as unsatisfactory, and 4 as not possible to evaluate until crop is harvested. Most of the wetlands are currently limited to the production of grass seed due to the severe physical limitations. Therefore, open field burning will continue to be an important issue on Oregon's Mid-Willamette Valley wetlands. Close

• 43. [Article] Sustainability and Socio-Economic Analysis of Long Line Mussel- Farming in the Gulf of Trieste. Tools for Development of Production Sector

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sustainability and Socio-Economic Analysis of Long Line Mussel- Farming in the Gulf of Trieste. Tools for Development of Production Sector Author: Bastianoni, Simone, Melaku Canu, Donata, Solidoro, Cosimo, Sustersic, Anna Abstract only. Title: Sustainability and Socio-Economic Analysis of Long Line Mussel- Farming in the Gulf of Trieste. Tools for Development of Production Sector Author: Bastianoni, Simone, Melaku Canu, Donata, Solidoro, Cosimo, Sustersic, Anna Abstract only. Close

• 44. [Article] Bluefin Tuna Full Life Cycle: Review and Prospects over the Next Thirty Years

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bluefin Tuna Full Life Cycle: Review and Prospects over the Next Thirty Years Author: McElroy, Seamus Abstract Only Title: Bluefin Tuna Full Life Cycle: Review and Prospects over the Next Thirty Years Author: McElroy, Seamus Abstract Only Close

• 45. [Article] Profitability Analysis of Public-Private Partnerships in Village-based Sea Cucumber Aquaculture

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Profitability Analysis of Public-Private Partnerships in Village-based Sea Cucumber Aquaculture Author: Oleson, Kirsten, Andriamahefazafy, Mialy, Rougier, Antoine, Harris, Alasdair Abstract Only Title: Profitability Analysis of Public-Private Partnerships in Village-based Sea Cucumber Aquaculture Author: Oleson, Kirsten, Andriamahefazafy, Mialy, Rougier, Antoine, Harris, Alasdair Abstract Only Close

• 46. [Article] Case studies of the resource base of low-income rural families in Oregon

  This study investigated the level of available resources, the use of available resources, and the degree of planning and personal perception of the situation of four female heads of households under 60 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Case studies of the resource base of low-income rural families in Oregon Author: Tam, Marilyn Hay-lit This study investigated the level of available resources, the use of available resources, and the degree of planning and personal perception of the situation of four female heads of households under 60 years old and four households with male heads over 65 years old. The study was conducted in the Badger Mountain census division of Lane County, Oregon. The case study method was used in this study. An average of seven and one-half hours were spent with each household with an average of three hours per visit. All households contacted cooperated and followed through with the study. The female heads had a mean age of 40.0 years, with a mean of 2.25 children. They had a mean of 9.25 years of schooling and two had some vocational training. Only one had a part-time job; the other three were primarily dependent on Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) grants for financial support. Other sources of monetary resources were Social Security, veterans benefits, food stamps, and child support payments. Total yearly monetary income ranged from $3,074 to $3,981. The major asset for two households was equity in their home. For the other two, home furnishings was the major asset. No insurance or savings were held by any household with a female head. Non-money income ranged from $300 to $3,235 per year. Community resources were used to varying degrees by all. However, planning and budgeting was practiced by only two of the households. There was an indication of hope and effort to become more self sufficient in all four cases. The male heads of households had a mean age of 79.0 years; their spouses' was 71.25 years. Mean grade in school completed was 7.2 years for the male heads and 8.2 for their spouses. All the male heads had vocational training, two of their spouses also had some. The households consisted of only husband and wife in all four cases. One household was still engaged in income producing work; all four households depended mainly on Social Security payments for financial support. Other sources of monetary resources were Veteran's benefits, sale of farm and garden produce, sale of handicrafts, food stamps, and "water witching." Total monetary resources ranged from $2,296 to $4,136. Major assets for the four households were equity in their home, automobile, and savings. Non-money income ranged from $1,931 to $3,930 per year. All four households had a garden to supplement food bought from the stores. The level of use of community resources was related to the level of involvement with the home /farm. Planning and budgeting was practiced to some degree by all four households. An air of optimism prevailed, but apprehension about future health problems was also present. Title: Case studies of the resource base of low-income rural families in Oregon Author: Tam, Marilyn Hay-lit This study investigated the level of available resources, the use of available resources, and the degree of planning and personal perception of the situation of four female heads of households under 60 years old and four households with male heads over 65 years old. The study was conducted in the Badger Mountain census division of Lane County, Oregon. The case study method was used in this study. An average of seven and one-half hours were spent with each household with an average of three hours per visit. All households contacted cooperated and followed through with the study. The female heads had a mean age of 40.0 years, with a mean of 2.25 children. They had a mean of 9.25 years of schooling and two had some vocational training. Only one had a part-time job; the other three were primarily dependent on Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) grants for financial support. Other sources of monetary resources were Social Security, veterans benefits, food stamps, and child support payments. Total yearly monetary income ranged from $3,074 to $3,981. The major asset for two households was equity in their home. For the other two, home furnishings was the major asset. No insurance or savings were held by any household with a female head. Non-money income ranged from $300 to $3,235 per year. Community resources were used to varying degrees by all. However, planning and budgeting was practiced by only two of the households. There was an indication of hope and effort to become more self sufficient in all four cases. The male heads of households had a mean age of 79.0 years; their spouses' was 71.25 years. Mean grade in school completed was 7.2 years for the male heads and 8.2 for their spouses. All the male heads had vocational training, two of their spouses also had some. The households consisted of only husband and wife in all four cases. One household was still engaged in income producing work; all four households depended mainly on Social Security payments for financial support. Other sources of monetary resources were Veteran's benefits, sale of farm and garden produce, sale of handicrafts, food stamps, and "water witching." Total monetary resources ranged from $2,296 to $4,136. Major assets for the four households were equity in their home, automobile, and savings. Non-money income ranged from $1,931 to $3,930 per year. All four households had a garden to supplement food bought from the stores. The level of use of community resources was related to the level of involvement with the home /farm. Planning and budgeting was practiced to some degree by all four households. An air of optimism prevailed, but apprehension about future health problems was also present. Close

• 47. [Article] Irrigated agriculture, energy, and endangered species in the Upper Klamath Basin : evaluating trade-offs and interconnections

  In 2001, an extreme drought tightened water supply in the Upper Klamath Basin (basin) while earlier increases in Endangered Species Act (ESA) water requirements for basin fish species that same year elevated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Irrigated agriculture, energy, and endangered species in the Upper Klamath Basin : evaluating trade-offs and interconnections Author: Boehlert, Brent B. In 2001, an extreme drought tightened water supply in the Upper Klamath Basin (basin) while earlier increases in Endangered Species Act (ESA) water requirements for basin fish species that same year elevated demands. The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), which manages irrigation water in parts of the basin located near the Oregon-California border, responded to ESA Section 7 obligations by severely curtailing water allocations to Reclamation Project irrigators for the 2001 growing season, costing irrigators an estimated $35 million in farm income. This event has directed attention to several important factors that may further undermine effective water management in the basin. These include higher ESA flow requirements due to a recent Ninth Circuit Court ruling and a ten-fold energy rate increase to irrigators resulting from a mid-2006 contract expiration with the regional energy provider. The overall objective of this research is to assess the impact of changes in ESA flow requirements and energy prices on the Upper Klamath Basin farm economy given variable levels of water trading flexibility and groundwater availability. A mathematical programming and Geographic Information System (GIS) framework is used in which farm decisions are assumed to maximize net revenue subject to hydrological, institutional, economic, and agronomic constraints. The results suggest that greater development of basin groundwater resources and the institution of a flexible water bank may be sufficient to mitigate the majority of costs related to increased ESA flow requirements in future years. Title: Irrigated agriculture, energy, and endangered species in the Upper Klamath Basin : evaluating trade-offs and interconnections Author: Boehlert, Brent B. In 2001, an extreme drought tightened water supply in the Upper Klamath Basin (basin) while earlier increases in Endangered Species Act (ESA) water requirements for basin fish species that same year elevated demands. The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), which manages irrigation water in parts of the basin located near the Oregon-California border, responded to ESA Section 7 obligations by severely curtailing water allocations to Reclamation Project irrigators for the 2001 growing season, costing irrigators an estimated $35 million in farm income. This event has directed attention to several important factors that may further undermine effective water management in the basin. These include higher ESA flow requirements due to a recent Ninth Circuit Court ruling and a ten-fold energy rate increase to irrigators resulting from a mid-2006 contract expiration with the regional energy provider. The overall objective of this research is to assess the impact of changes in ESA flow requirements and energy prices on the Upper Klamath Basin farm economy given variable levels of water trading flexibility and groundwater availability. A mathematical programming and Geographic Information System (GIS) framework is used in which farm decisions are assumed to maximize net revenue subject to hydrological, institutional, economic, and agronomic constraints. The results suggest that greater development of basin groundwater resources and the institution of a flexible water bank may be sufficient to mitigate the majority of costs related to increased ESA flow requirements in future years. Close

• 48. [Article] The role of borrowed funds in Oregon cooperatives

  In Oregon agricultural cooperatives perform an important part of the marketing of agricultural products and the distributing of farm supplies. The performance of these associations directly affects the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The role of borrowed funds in Oregon cooperatives Author: Wissman, Roger A. In Oregon agricultural cooperatives perform an important part of the marketing of agricultural products and the distributing of farm supplies. The performance of these associations directly affects the financial returns of the many farmers who belong to these cooperatives. The purpose of this study is to examine capital structures of cooperatives with particular reference to the current role of borrowed funds and their importance in future growth. A personal interview was held with the manager or chief financial officer of 66 local cooperatives and information for the year 1963 was obtained. The cooperatives included in this survey represented over 90 percent of the total volume of Oregon local cooperatives. Four regional cooperatives were also included in the study. The marketing of farm products represented over three-fourths of the total volume of $181,727,644 of the local cooperatives. The sale of farm supplies accounted for the remainder. The local cooperatives had $101,539,370 of assets. The regionals cooperatives had a volume of $94,112,365 and assets of $30,362,163. The proportion of equity capital varied among the different groups of cooperatives. But when the amount of certificates of indebtedness and marketing pool accounts due to the members were included with member equity, all commodity groups of local cooperatives had about comparable financial support from their members. Local cooperatives relied heavily on retained earnings and marketing retains for equity capital. Only five percent of members' equity was obtained from cash investment. The local cooperatives paid dividends on less than one-fifth of their equity capital. Associations are gradually dropping the practice of paying dividends on their revolving funds. Short-term borrowed funds were important to Oregon cooperatives. Large seasonal marketing inventories were the principal use of short-term credit. The Bank for Cooperatives supplied over 90 percent of these short-term loans. The average interest rate of the Bank for Cooperatives was 4.78 plus a required stock purchase. The average interest rate on commercial bank short-term loans to local cooperatives was 5.60. The total long-term loans of the local cooperatives was 11.9 percent of total equities and liabilities. When an allowance was made for the required stock purchase of the Bank for Cooperatives and the current rate of currently issued certificates of indebtedness was considered, there appeared to be no important differences between the interest rates of the various sources of long-term credit. The farm supply cooperatives' principal source of short and long-term credit was their suppliers. The Bank for Cooperatives supplied most of long and short-term loans of the grain and seed marketing firms and of the fruit, vegetable, and nut marketing firms. The dairy cooperatives and the regional cooperatives used both the Bank for Cooperatives and commercial banks for the majority of their loans. Current federal regulations which require 20 percent of current earnings to be returned to the patrons and the highly competitive situation facing many associations may limit the amount of internally generated funds in Oregon In the future. It is estimated that short-term borrowing may increase due mainly to the increased marketing of the fruit, vegetable, and nut marketing cooperatives. The need for long-term borrowed funds will depend to some extent on the amount of adjustment Oregon cooperatives make in the products and services offered their members. Rapid adjustment will require additional long-term borrowed funds. Some cooperatives have made liberal use of borrowed funds in the past; others have resisted using any long-term loans in their capital structure. Increased use of borrowed capital may better enable Oregon cooperatives to meet the challenges and opportunities of the future. Title: The role of borrowed funds in Oregon cooperatives Author: Wissman, Roger A. In Oregon agricultural cooperatives perform an important part of the marketing of agricultural products and the distributing of farm supplies. The performance of these associations directly affects the financial returns of the many farmers who belong to these cooperatives. The purpose of this study is to examine capital structures of cooperatives with particular reference to the current role of borrowed funds and their importance in future growth. A personal interview was held with the manager or chief financial officer of 66 local cooperatives and information for the year 1963 was obtained. The cooperatives included in this survey represented over 90 percent of the total volume of Oregon local cooperatives. Four regional cooperatives were also included in the study. The marketing of farm products represented over three-fourths of the total volume of $181,727,644 of the local cooperatives. The sale of farm supplies accounted for the remainder. The local cooperatives had $101,539,370 of assets. The regionals cooperatives had a volume of $94,112,365 and assets of $30,362,163. The proportion of equity capital varied among the different groups of cooperatives. But when the amount of certificates of indebtedness and marketing pool accounts due to the members were included with member equity, all commodity groups of local cooperatives had about comparable financial support from their members. Local cooperatives relied heavily on retained earnings and marketing retains for equity capital. Only five percent of members' equity was obtained from cash investment. The local cooperatives paid dividends on less than one-fifth of their equity capital. Associations are gradually dropping the practice of paying dividends on their revolving funds. Short-term borrowed funds were important to Oregon cooperatives. Large seasonal marketing inventories were the principal use of short-term credit. The Bank for Cooperatives supplied over 90 percent of these short-term loans. The average interest rate of the Bank for Cooperatives was 4.78 plus a required stock purchase. The average interest rate on commercial bank short-term loans to local cooperatives was 5.60. The total long-term loans of the local cooperatives was 11.9 percent of total equities and liabilities. When an allowance was made for the required stock purchase of the Bank for Cooperatives and the current rate of currently issued certificates of indebtedness was considered, there appeared to be no important differences between the interest rates of the various sources of long-term credit. The farm supply cooperatives' principal source of short and long-term credit was their suppliers. The Bank for Cooperatives supplied most of long and short-term loans of the grain and seed marketing firms and of the fruit, vegetable, and nut marketing firms. The dairy cooperatives and the regional cooperatives used both the Bank for Cooperatives and commercial banks for the majority of their loans. Current federal regulations which require 20 percent of current earnings to be returned to the patrons and the highly competitive situation facing many associations may limit the amount of internally generated funds in Oregon In the future. It is estimated that short-term borrowing may increase due mainly to the increased marketing of the fruit, vegetable, and nut marketing cooperatives. The need for long-term borrowed funds will depend to some extent on the amount of adjustment Oregon cooperatives make in the products and services offered their members. Rapid adjustment will require additional long-term borrowed funds. Some cooperatives have made liberal use of borrowed funds in the past; others have resisted using any long-term loans in their capital structure. Increased use of borrowed capital may better enable Oregon cooperatives to meet the challenges and opportunities of the future. Close

• 49. [Article] Gender Participation in Aquaculture Value Chain in Delta State, Nigeria

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender Participation in Aquaculture Value Chain in Delta State, Nigeria Author: Okoh, Peace, Fregene, Bernadette Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Gender Participation in Aquaculture Value Chain in Delta State, Nigeria Author: Okoh, Peace, Fregene, Bernadette Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 50. [Article] Trout, Seabass and Seabream Value Chains. An Overview of South Europe

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trout, Seabass and Seabream Value Chains. An Overview of South Europe Author: Valle, Paul S., Mora, Cristina, Santiago, José L., Sogari, Giovanni, Taskov, Dimitar Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Trout, Seabass and Seabream Value Chains. An Overview of South Europe Author: Valle, Paul S., Mora, Cristina, Santiago, José L., Sogari, Giovanni, Taskov, Dimitar Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close