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• 1. [Article] The experience of southeast Asian refugee families : an exploration of family identity

  Every year thousands of families experience a major life-changing event when they are torn from their homeland and become refugees. Little is known about how the refugee experience impacts the family and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The experience of southeast Asian refugee families : an exploration of family identity Author: Lynch, Maureen Jessica Every year thousands of families experience a major life-changing event when they are torn from their homeland and become refugees. Little is known about how the refugee experience impacts the family and how members perceive it affects their sense of family identity. The construct of family identity as proposed by Bennett, Wolin, & McAvity (1988) includes: (a) family membership, (b) quality of day to day life, and (c) an elusive historical dynamic that includes recollections and beliefs about a family's past. The purpose of this study was to explore the third component, that is, how family history affects family identity. This was done by asking family members how they perceive that their experience, the discrete event of being refugees, shaped, and continues to shape, their sense of family identity. Seventeen members from ten refugee families who fled Cambodia and Vietnam and who subsequently resettled in the United States between 1975 and 1990, were interviewed. Transcripts were qualitatively analyzed. Findings support the two primary components of the family identity construct as well as the existence of a third component. The experience of being a refugee influences (in both expected and unexpected ways) how members perceive their family identity. Title: The experience of southeast Asian refugee families : an exploration of family identity Author: Lynch, Maureen Jessica Every year thousands of families experience a major life-changing event when they are torn from their homeland and become refugees. Little is known about how the refugee experience impacts the family and how members perceive it affects their sense of family identity. The construct of family identity as proposed by Bennett, Wolin, & McAvity (1988) includes: (a) family membership, (b) quality of day to day life, and (c) an elusive historical dynamic that includes recollections and beliefs about a family's past. The purpose of this study was to explore the third component, that is, how family history affects family identity. This was done by asking family members how they perceive that their experience, the discrete event of being refugees, shaped, and continues to shape, their sense of family identity. Seventeen members from ten refugee families who fled Cambodia and Vietnam and who subsequently resettled in the United States between 1975 and 1990, were interviewed. Transcripts were qualitatively analyzed. Findings support the two primary components of the family identity construct as well as the existence of a third component. The experience of being a refugee influences (in both expected and unexpected ways) how members perceive their family identity. Close

• 2. [Article] Housing for nuclear and single parent families : a comparison by two methods

  The vast majority of housing in the United States today has been created to conform to a family definition that does not match current demographic realities. The "traditional family" - a married couple ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Housing for nuclear and single parent families : a comparison by two methods Author: Asam, Susan Lynn The vast majority of housing in the United States today has been created to conform to a family definition that does not match current demographic realities. The "traditional family" - a married couple with an employed husband, a homemaker wife, and several children has been the model family that housing designers have strived to accommodate on a grand scale since at least the mid-1940's. This type of family, however, comprises only 10% of all American families; the remaining 90%, despite being a majority, have had their housing needs ignored. One family group often considered to be non-traditional and often left out of housing considerations is the single parent family. This family type is an established household form in the United States; currently nearly one third of all American families are single parent families, most of which are headed by women. During the past few years housing projects have begun to appear that are designed to house "non-traditional families" such as single parent families. It has been generally assumed that the spatial needs of single parent families are different from those of nuclear families or the "traditional family". This research will focus on the analysis of housing as designed for single parent families in comparison to housing as designed for the American nuclear family. Floor plans of the two housing types were obtained from the following cities: Denver, CO, Hayward, CA, Providence, RI, and Minneapolis, MN. The intent of this study is to examine what, if any, differences occur in the spatial orientation of housing designed for single parent families and housing designed for the nuclear family: the single family detached home. The study examined room layout in relation to use and commonly accepted social function. Two methods of analysis were employed: gamma analysis as developed by Hillier and Hanson and annotated analysis developed specifically for this research. The method of gamma analysis was used to determine if the housing as designed for the two family types is different in form and social function, while the annotated analysis was used to measure the "fit" of the housing for each of the family types. It was originally expected that the single parent family dwellings would exhibit a higher degree of integration than the single family detached homes based on predictions gleaned form the literature. However, the gamma analysis revealed a lower mean relative asymmetry value for the single family detached houses (0.308), indicating a higher degree of integration, than the mean relative asymmetry value for the single parent family dwellings (0.368). This difference was not found to be significant (p = 0.276). The annotated analysis results indicated single family detached houses scored a better fit to their intended family type (mean annotated analysis score = 0.638) than did the single parent family dwellings to their intended family type (mean annotated analysis score = 0.533). Again, this difference was not found to be significant (p = 0.385). The findings of this study provide a glimpse at the interior spatial arrangements of housing as designed for the two family types in question. While the results of the two analysis methods seems to indicate that the interior spatial arrangement of housing is not meeting the needs of either family type, more research should be conducted to further substantiate the findings. These findings will be of interest to designers of homes, housing developers, planners and policy makers, and researchers in the field of housing, all of whom can have an effect on the shape of the housing environment and can help make it more suitable for all family types. Title: Housing for nuclear and single parent families : a comparison by two methods Author: Asam, Susan Lynn The vast majority of housing in the United States today has been created to conform to a family definition that does not match current demographic realities. The "traditional family" - a married couple with an employed husband, a homemaker wife, and several children has been the model family that housing designers have strived to accommodate on a grand scale since at least the mid-1940's. This type of family, however, comprises only 10% of all American families; the remaining 90%, despite being a majority, have had their housing needs ignored. One family group often considered to be non-traditional and often left out of housing considerations is the single parent family. This family type is an established household form in the United States; currently nearly one third of all American families are single parent families, most of which are headed by women. During the past few years housing projects have begun to appear that are designed to house "non-traditional families" such as single parent families. It has been generally assumed that the spatial needs of single parent families are different from those of nuclear families or the "traditional family". This research will focus on the analysis of housing as designed for single parent families in comparison to housing as designed for the American nuclear family. Floor plans of the two housing types were obtained from the following cities: Denver, CO, Hayward, CA, Providence, RI, and Minneapolis, MN. The intent of this study is to examine what, if any, differences occur in the spatial orientation of housing designed for single parent families and housing designed for the nuclear family: the single family detached home. The study examined room layout in relation to use and commonly accepted social function. Two methods of analysis were employed: gamma analysis as developed by Hillier and Hanson and annotated analysis developed specifically for this research. The method of gamma analysis was used to determine if the housing as designed for the two family types is different in form and social function, while the annotated analysis was used to measure the "fit" of the housing for each of the family types. It was originally expected that the single parent family dwellings would exhibit a higher degree of integration than the single family detached homes based on predictions gleaned form the literature. However, the gamma analysis revealed a lower mean relative asymmetry value for the single family detached houses (0.308), indicating a higher degree of integration, than the mean relative asymmetry value for the single parent family dwellings (0.368). This difference was not found to be significant (p = 0.276). The annotated analysis results indicated single family detached houses scored a better fit to their intended family type (mean annotated analysis score = 0.638) than did the single parent family dwellings to their intended family type (mean annotated analysis score = 0.533). Again, this difference was not found to be significant (p = 0.385). The findings of this study provide a glimpse at the interior spatial arrangements of housing as designed for the two family types in question. While the results of the two analysis methods seems to indicate that the interior spatial arrangement of housing is not meeting the needs of either family type, more research should be conducted to further substantiate the findings. These findings will be of interest to designers of homes, housing developers, planners and policy makers, and researchers in the field of housing, all of whom can have an effect on the shape of the housing environment and can help make it more suitable for all family types. Close

• 3. [Article] Linking generations : the family legacies of older Armenian mothers

  Families stay connected over time through the intergenerational transmission of legacies. Legacies help family members to articulate family identity, learn more about family history, and provide succeeding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Linking generations : the family legacies of older Armenian mothers Author: Manoogian, Margaret M. Families stay connected over time through the intergenerational transmission of legacies. Legacies help family members to articulate family identity, learn more about family history, and provide succeeding generations with information about family culture and ethnicity. This qualitative study examines how older mothers transmit family meanings, history, and culture to family members through legacies and how ethnic histories influenced this process. Thirty older Armenian American mothers residing in California were interviewed. A life course perspective provides the overarching framework for analysis. Participants described the legacies they received and those they planned to pass on to family members. Emphasis was given to those legacies that symbolized connection to family, underscored family cohesion, and accentuated Armenian cultural roots. Individual age, larger historical events, and the gendered construction of family life influenced both the receipt of legacies and those that were passed on to family members. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Armenian families were forced to leave their native homeland. Because of these events, Armenian families passed few physical legacies on to family members. Legacies took on other forms such as stories, rituals, family gatherings, religious participation, cooking, and service to others. Women viewed their legacies within the context of motherhood and worked to ensure that certain legacies would be valued and remembered by future generations. Shaped by age, generational position, and ethnic identity, women expressed variation in types of legacies and the ways they planned to share them with family members. Women reported tension when certain legacies lacked meaning for their children (in-law) and grandchildren due to the influences of assimilation, intermarriage, changes in family and paid work patterns, and the characteristics and interests of adult children. A focus on legacies provides a useful lens for understanding how families transmit family identity, culture, and ethnicity to succeeding generations. Title: Linking generations : the family legacies of older Armenian mothers Author: Manoogian, Margaret M. Families stay connected over time through the intergenerational transmission of legacies. Legacies help family members to articulate family identity, learn more about family history, and provide succeeding generations with information about family culture and ethnicity. This qualitative study examines how older mothers transmit family meanings, history, and culture to family members through legacies and how ethnic histories influenced this process. Thirty older Armenian American mothers residing in California were interviewed. A life course perspective provides the overarching framework for analysis. Participants described the legacies they received and those they planned to pass on to family members. Emphasis was given to those legacies that symbolized connection to family, underscored family cohesion, and accentuated Armenian cultural roots. Individual age, larger historical events, and the gendered construction of family life influenced both the receipt of legacies and those that were passed on to family members. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Armenian families were forced to leave their native homeland. Because of these events, Armenian families passed few physical legacies on to family members. Legacies took on other forms such as stories, rituals, family gatherings, religious participation, cooking, and service to others. Women viewed their legacies within the context of motherhood and worked to ensure that certain legacies would be valued and remembered by future generations. Shaped by age, generational position, and ethnic identity, women expressed variation in types of legacies and the ways they planned to share them with family members. Women reported tension when certain legacies lacked meaning for their children (in-law) and grandchildren due to the influences of assimilation, intermarriage, changes in family and paid work patterns, and the characteristics and interests of adult children. A focus on legacies provides a useful lens for understanding how families transmit family identity, culture, and ethnicity to succeeding generations. Close

• 4. [Article] Achievement as a family theme in drama

  The development and maintenance of a family achievement theme was analyzed using two dramas: Long Day's Journey Into Night by Eugene O'Neill and A Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller. Three propositions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Achievement as a family theme in drama Author: Gray, Cecilia D. The development and maintenance of a family achievement theme was analyzed using two dramas: Long Day's Journey Into Night by Eugene O'Neill and A Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller. Three propositions were tested: 1) The development of a family achievement theme involves a transaction between individual personality needs and cultural values; 2) Establishing and maintaining a family achievement theme involves a series of transactions between husband and wife; and 3) Continuity of the achievement theme is maintained through parent-parent, parent-child and sibling interaction. Results indicated the presence of a strong achievement need in the husband-father and various manifestations of the same need in all family members. Family interaction patterns revealed continual support of the theme over time. An analysis of the results revealed that 1) personality need and social role demands encouraged the development of the theme, and 2) family members influenced and were influenced by the theme as they attempted to meet their psycho-social needs in the family group. The need was so strong that other needs generally met through family interaction we re neglected. Future analyses of drama might focus on other factors contributing to theme development, other concepts and propositions delineating family interaction, and other dramas with family themes. The propositions developed might be used in analyzing case studies of family behavior. Title: Achievement as a family theme in drama Author: Gray, Cecilia D. The development and maintenance of a family achievement theme was analyzed using two dramas: Long Day's Journey Into Night by Eugene O'Neill and A Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller. Three propositions were tested: 1) The development of a family achievement theme involves a transaction between individual personality needs and cultural values; 2) Establishing and maintaining a family achievement theme involves a series of transactions between husband and wife; and 3) Continuity of the achievement theme is maintained through parent-parent, parent-child and sibling interaction. Results indicated the presence of a strong achievement need in the husband-father and various manifestations of the same need in all family members. Family interaction patterns revealed continual support of the theme over time. An analysis of the results revealed that 1) personality need and social role demands encouraged the development of the theme, and 2) family members influenced and were influenced by the theme as they attempted to meet their psycho-social needs in the family group. The need was so strong that other needs generally met through family interaction we re neglected. Future analyses of drama might focus on other factors contributing to theme development, other concepts and propositions delineating family interaction, and other dramas with family themes. The propositions developed might be used in analyzing case studies of family behavior. Close

• 5. [Article] An integrated systems framework for analyzing family business planning

  The purpose of this research study was to create an integrated systems framework to analyze the planning process in family businesses. The model was developed from a literature review of family study, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An integrated systems framework for analyzing family business planning Author: Legler, James Richard The purpose of this research study was to create an integrated systems framework to analyze the planning process in family businesses. The model was developed from a literature review of family study, organizational development, and family business research. Major components of the family business planning process were identified. A systems framework for examining family business planning was proposed. A fieldwork research plan was designed using a case study of a family business. The data collected in the case study analysis were used to explain the functioning of the model. The research data were organized within a proposed seven-stage model consisting of Facilitating Conditions, Assessment, Issue Identification, Reconciliation, Congruence, Specific Plan Development, and Plan Output. Individual congruence profiles were developed in relation to family member goal attainment and family business goal attainment. A summary congruence model was presented describing a composite congruence of all family members within the family business. The proposed planning structure provided an effective means of assessing a family business. The congruency structure was instrumental in determining whether the goals of the business and the individual family members were congruent. The model was refined through the use of the case study. Title: An integrated systems framework for analyzing family business planning Author: Legler, James Richard The purpose of this research study was to create an integrated systems framework to analyze the planning process in family businesses. The model was developed from a literature review of family study, organizational development, and family business research. Major components of the family business planning process were identified. A systems framework for examining family business planning was proposed. A fieldwork research plan was designed using a case study of a family business. The data collected in the case study analysis were used to explain the functioning of the model. The research data were organized within a proposed seven-stage model consisting of Facilitating Conditions, Assessment, Issue Identification, Reconciliation, Congruence, Specific Plan Development, and Plan Output. Individual congruence profiles were developed in relation to family member goal attainment and family business goal attainment. A summary congruence model was presented describing a composite congruence of all family members within the family business. The proposed planning structure provided an effective means of assessing a family business. The congruency structure was instrumental in determining whether the goals of the business and the individual family members were congruent. The model was refined through the use of the case study. Close

• 6. [Article] Compulsive-addictive buying behavior : exploring effects of chilhood experiences and family types

  This exploratory study investigates the probable causes of compulsive-addictive buying behavior, employs the family system's theory developed by Constantine (1986) as a theoretical framework, and develops ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Compulsive-addictive buying behavior : exploring effects of chilhood experiences and family types Author: Friese, Susanne, 1967- This exploratory study investigates the probable causes of compulsive-addictive buying behavior, employs the family system's theory developed by Constantine (1986) as a theoretical framework, and develops an appropriate measuring scale in order to classify individuals according to family types. The purpose of the study is to examine the influence of childhood and family experiences on this phenomenon which is emerging in industrialized nations, and to explore the question of whether individuals raised in different family types are more or less likely to become addictive buyers. A questionnaire was administered to 52 clients of the Consumer Credit Counseling Services, in Oregon and Washington, investigating the degree of buying addiction and the family background. In addition, 14 personal interviews provided more detailed information about the family situations of the addicted consumers. No significant difference was found between individuals belonging to a particular family type and their degree of addictive buying behavior, although the mean rank on the addictive buying scale was highest for individuals raised in a closed family and lowest for individuals raised in a random family. A positive relationship was found between five pairs of variables; 1) addictive buying behavior and family discord, 2) addictive buying behavior and obsessive-compulsive personality traits, 3) obsessive-compulsive personality traits and family discord, 4) addictive behavioral tendencies of the subjects' parents and addictive buying behavior of the subjects themselves, and 5) childhood experiences, such as the suppression of feelings, especially the suppression of negative feelings, and high expectations by parents which could not be fulfilled, were associated with a high level of family discord. A high score on the family discord scale indicates that a person perceives his/her parental family life as unpleasant. This was particularly prevalent for individuals raised in a closed family. The results of the study suggest that the development of addictive buying tendencies is influenced by family and childhood experiences and that addicted shoppers often face severe psychological difficulties. Personal interviews also supported these results. The findings indicate that individuals raised in a closed family type are more likely to experience their family lives as less pleasant and more disturbing which may contribute to the development of behavioral problems. Title: Compulsive-addictive buying behavior : exploring effects of chilhood experiences and family types Author: Friese, Susanne, 1967- This exploratory study investigates the probable causes of compulsive-addictive buying behavior, employs the family system's theory developed by Constantine (1986) as a theoretical framework, and develops an appropriate measuring scale in order to classify individuals according to family types. The purpose of the study is to examine the influence of childhood and family experiences on this phenomenon which is emerging in industrialized nations, and to explore the question of whether individuals raised in different family types are more or less likely to become addictive buyers. A questionnaire was administered to 52 clients of the Consumer Credit Counseling Services, in Oregon and Washington, investigating the degree of buying addiction and the family background. In addition, 14 personal interviews provided more detailed information about the family situations of the addicted consumers. No significant difference was found between individuals belonging to a particular family type and their degree of addictive buying behavior, although the mean rank on the addictive buying scale was highest for individuals raised in a closed family and lowest for individuals raised in a random family. A positive relationship was found between five pairs of variables; 1) addictive buying behavior and family discord, 2) addictive buying behavior and obsessive-compulsive personality traits, 3) obsessive-compulsive personality traits and family discord, 4) addictive behavioral tendencies of the subjects' parents and addictive buying behavior of the subjects themselves, and 5) childhood experiences, such as the suppression of feelings, especially the suppression of negative feelings, and high expectations by parents which could not be fulfilled, were associated with a high level of family discord. A high score on the family discord scale indicates that a person perceives his/her parental family life as unpleasant. This was particularly prevalent for individuals raised in a closed family. The results of the study suggest that the development of addictive buying tendencies is influenced by family and childhood experiences and that addicted shoppers often face severe psychological difficulties. Personal interviews also supported these results. The findings indicate that individuals raised in a closed family type are more likely to experience their family lives as less pleasant and more disturbing which may contribute to the development of behavioral problems. Close

• 7. [Article] Effects of selected family characteristics on interrelated components of household asset portfolios

  The effects of selected family characteristics on interrelated components of household asset portfolios over a three-year time period were investigated. Specifically, this study attempted to conceptually ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of selected family characteristics on interrelated components of household asset portfolios Author: Xiao, Jing-jian The effects of selected family characteristics on interrelated components of household asset portfolios over a three-year time period were investigated. Specifically, this study attempted to conceptually define mental accounts, to identify own-adjustment and cross-adjustment characteristics of these mental accounts, to explore influences of selected family characteristics on these mental accounts, and to examine substantial effects of income on family portfolio behavior. Based on the behavioral life-cycle hypothesis, consumer demand theory, household production theory, and the stock adjustment hypothesis, a family portfolio behavior model was formulated for studying family saving behavior as reflected in household asset portfolios. A tobit model was utilized to estimate own- and cross-adjustment coefficients of the portfolio components, and short-term and equilibrium effects of family characteristics. The data were from the Survey of Consumer Finances conducted in 1983 and 1986. Findings strongly support the mental account hierarchy hypothesis which was reflected in the own- and cross-adjustment coefficients estimated. In addition, family income and education of the household head showed positive influences on various mental accounts. Age of the household head, employment status, family life cycle stage, house mortgage, home value, other assets, and other debts showed effects on some mental accounts. Income had a substantial influence on family portfolio behavior. The behavior of middle-income families was more consistent with the hypothesis of a mental account hierarchy than the other income groups, which implies diverse preferences for asset characteristics and varying financial needs of families at different income levels. This study has contributed to the body of knowledge of family saving behavior and increased the understanding of adaptivity and dynamics of family saving behavior. The research findings could be utilized by family finance educators and consultants, financial service marketers, and public policy makers in working successfully with different family types, marketing various financial instruments, and designing effective savings policies. In addition, this study has provided empirical evidence to assess existing theoretical models and to inspire the building of new theories. Title: Effects of selected family characteristics on interrelated components of household asset portfolios Author: Xiao, Jing-jian The effects of selected family characteristics on interrelated components of household asset portfolios over a three-year time period were investigated. Specifically, this study attempted to conceptually define mental accounts, to identify own-adjustment and cross-adjustment characteristics of these mental accounts, to explore influences of selected family characteristics on these mental accounts, and to examine substantial effects of income on family portfolio behavior. Based on the behavioral life-cycle hypothesis, consumer demand theory, household production theory, and the stock adjustment hypothesis, a family portfolio behavior model was formulated for studying family saving behavior as reflected in household asset portfolios. A tobit model was utilized to estimate own- and cross-adjustment coefficients of the portfolio components, and short-term and equilibrium effects of family characteristics. The data were from the Survey of Consumer Finances conducted in 1983 and 1986. Findings strongly support the mental account hierarchy hypothesis which was reflected in the own- and cross-adjustment coefficients estimated. In addition, family income and education of the household head showed positive influences on various mental accounts. Age of the household head, employment status, family life cycle stage, house mortgage, home value, other assets, and other debts showed effects on some mental accounts. Income had a substantial influence on family portfolio behavior. The behavior of middle-income families was more consistent with the hypothesis of a mental account hierarchy than the other income groups, which implies diverse preferences for asset characteristics and varying financial needs of families at different income levels. This study has contributed to the body of knowledge of family saving behavior and increased the understanding of adaptivity and dynamics of family saving behavior. The research findings could be utilized by family finance educators and consultants, financial service marketers, and public policy makers in working successfully with different family types, marketing various financial instruments, and designing effective savings policies. In addition, this study has provided empirical evidence to assess existing theoretical models and to inspire the building of new theories. Close

• 8. [Article] The relationship of families' money management practices and their control of credit card use

  The use of credit cards by young families, their money management practices, and the relationship between money management practices and their control of credit card use was researched in this study. A ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The relationship of families' money management practices and their control of credit card use Author: Wright, Julie Edwards The use of credit cards by young families, their money management practices, and the relationship between money management practices and their control of credit card use was researched in this study. A sample of 60 Oregon families was drawn from the 1975 Johnson's Albany Area City Directory. These families were composed of a married couple living together with at least 1 child between the ages of 6 and 10 years, who used credit cards monthly. The husbands had a mean age of 33 years, and had completed a mean of 14 years of schooling. The wives were younger with a mean age of 30 and had completed a mean of 13 years of schooling. The couples were married a mean of 10 years, and 60 percent had 2 children. The husbands were principally employed in operative and laborer occupations, and the wives were largely homemakers. Sixty-three percent of the families earned a total yearly income between $10, 000 and $22, 000. The mean yearly income was $17, 857. The number of credit cards used by the families in a month ranged from 1 to 21 with a mean of 4 cards. Credit cards were used 1 to 61 times in an average month, with a mean frequency of 9 times per month. The mean number of types of purchases made with credit cards in a month was 6. Sixty-seven percent of the families used an oil company credit card regularly, followed closely by 65 percent who used a retail store card. Clothing was the commodity purchased with credit cards by the largest number of families, gasoline was the second most frequently purchased item. Most families charged under $100 per month with credit cards. Eighty-seven percent of the families reported that both the husband and wife decided upon the purchases to make with credit cards, although 60 percent reported that the wives made the most purchases using credit cards. Most of the wives used a credit card bearing their names, including those whose accounts were in the husbands' names. Spending plans were used by 78 percent of the families; the most common being unwritten plans for a month. Eighty-two percent of the families kept their sales slips from credit card purchases as a means of keeping records of their purchases. A regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses that control of credit card use was linearly related to the money management practices of the families. The money management practices included 1) the number of credit cards used by the families, 2) the number of types of purchases for which the families used a credit card, 3) record keeping practices used by the families, 4) budgeting practices employed by the families, and 5) the frequency with which the families made purchases using a credit card. Hypothesis 1, Hypothesis 1, the number of credit card bills paid in full is linearly related to the money management practices employed by a family, was not supported by the data at the .10 level of significance. Fifty percent of the families paid their credit card bills in full 11 or 12 months of the year. The mean number of months in which all credit card bills were paid in full was 7. Hypothesis 2. Hypothesis 2, the number of monthly credit card billings that are missed is linearly related to the money management practices employed by a family, was not supported at the .10 significance level. Eighty percent of the families reported that they never missed payment on a credit card debt. Hypothesis 3. Hypothesis 3, the degree to which the family buys more with credit cards than if cash were required is linearly related to the money management practices employed by a family was not supported at the .10 level of significance. Sixty-eight percent of the families reported that credit cards caused them to buy no more or just slightly more than if cash were required. Hypothesis 4. Hypothesis 4, the degree to which the family buys more with credit cards than if another loan were required is linearly related to the money management practices employed by a family, was not supported by the data at the .10 level of significance. Fifty percent of the 60 families reported that credit cards caused them to buy no more than if another type of credit were required to make a purchase. Hypothesis 5. Hypothesis 5, the degree to which the family indicates that it feels in control of its credit card use is linearly related to the money management practices employed by a family, was supported at the . 01 level of significance. A strong direct relationship (significant at the .001 level) was shown to exist between the families' feelings of control of credit card use and their budgeting practices. In the presence of all money management practices, the frequency with which families used credit cards was shown to have an inverse effect upon the families' feelings of control, significant at the .05 level. The families in the study demonstrated control of their credit card use, and used them for convenience rather than for installment debt instruments. Credit cards were regarded by a large number of families as a temptation to overspend. Title: The relationship of families' money management practices and their control of credit card use Author: Wright, Julie Edwards The use of credit cards by young families, their money management practices, and the relationship between money management practices and their control of credit card use was researched in this study. A sample of 60 Oregon families was drawn from the 1975 Johnson's Albany Area City Directory. These families were composed of a married couple living together with at least 1 child between the ages of 6 and 10 years, who used credit cards monthly. The husbands had a mean age of 33 years, and had completed a mean of 14 years of schooling. The wives were younger with a mean age of 30 and had completed a mean of 13 years of schooling. The couples were married a mean of 10 years, and 60 percent had 2 children. The husbands were principally employed in operative and laborer occupations, and the wives were largely homemakers. Sixty-three percent of the families earned a total yearly income between $10, 000 and $22, 000. The mean yearly income was $17, 857. The number of credit cards used by the families in a month ranged from 1 to 21 with a mean of 4 cards. Credit cards were used 1 to 61 times in an average month, with a mean frequency of 9 times per month. The mean number of types of purchases made with credit cards in a month was 6. Sixty-seven percent of the families used an oil company credit card regularly, followed closely by 65 percent who used a retail store card. Clothing was the commodity purchased with credit cards by the largest number of families, gasoline was the second most frequently purchased item. Most families charged under $100 per month with credit cards. Eighty-seven percent of the families reported that both the husband and wife decided upon the purchases to make with credit cards, although 60 percent reported that the wives made the most purchases using credit cards. Most of the wives used a credit card bearing their names, including those whose accounts were in the husbands' names. Spending plans were used by 78 percent of the families; the most common being unwritten plans for a month. Eighty-two percent of the families kept their sales slips from credit card purchases as a means of keeping records of their purchases. A regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses that control of credit card use was linearly related to the money management practices of the families. The money management practices included 1) the number of credit cards used by the families, 2) the number of types of purchases for which the families used a credit card, 3) record keeping practices used by the families, 4) budgeting practices employed by the families, and 5) the frequency with which the families made purchases using a credit card. Hypothesis 1, Hypothesis 1, the number of credit card bills paid in full is linearly related to the money management practices employed by a family, was not supported by the data at the .10 level of significance. Fifty percent of the families paid their credit card bills in full 11 or 12 months of the year. The mean number of months in which all credit card bills were paid in full was 7. Hypothesis 2. Hypothesis 2, the number of monthly credit card billings that are missed is linearly related to the money management practices employed by a family, was not supported at the .10 significance level. Eighty percent of the families reported that they never missed payment on a credit card debt. Hypothesis 3. Hypothesis 3, the degree to which the family buys more with credit cards than if cash were required is linearly related to the money management practices employed by a family was not supported at the .10 level of significance. Sixty-eight percent of the families reported that credit cards caused them to buy no more or just slightly more than if cash were required. Hypothesis 4. Hypothesis 4, the degree to which the family buys more with credit cards than if another loan were required is linearly related to the money management practices employed by a family, was not supported by the data at the .10 level of significance. Fifty percent of the 60 families reported that credit cards caused them to buy no more than if another type of credit were required to make a purchase. Hypothesis 5. Hypothesis 5, the degree to which the family indicates that it feels in control of its credit card use is linearly related to the money management practices employed by a family, was supported at the . 01 level of significance. A strong direct relationship (significant at the .001 level) was shown to exist between the families' feelings of control of credit card use and their budgeting practices. In the presence of all money management practices, the frequency with which families used credit cards was shown to have an inverse effect upon the families' feelings of control, significant at the .05 level. The families in the study demonstrated control of their credit card use, and used them for convenience rather than for installment debt instruments. Credit cards were regarded by a large number of families as a temptation to overspend. Close

• 9. [Article] Longitudinal study of the relationship between family coalitions and adolescent antisocial behavior

  Family therapists have proposed that specific types of family interactions are dysfunctional for the family system and can produce long-term negative effects for the child. They further propose that, for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Longitudinal study of the relationship between family coalitions and adolescent antisocial behavior Author: Coughlin, Chris D. Family therapists have proposed that specific types of family interactions are dysfunctional for the family system and can produce long-term negative effects for the child. They further propose that, for healthy family functioning to be maintained, parental alliances must be sustained and excessive cross-generational coalitions (parent-child alliances) must be blocked. This fundamental assumption, proposed by family therapists, has rarely been empirically tested. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between family interactional patterns and the misconduct of adolescent males. Misconduct by the adolescent was defined by the youth having contact with the police due to delinquent behavior. Specifically, this study was concerned with determining if cross-generational coalitions, witnessed in parent-child interactions, were predictive of later antisocial behavior on the part of the adolescent while controlling for family structure, family problem solving, marital satisfaction, parental conflict, and child externality. Subjects were 68 families consisting of mother, father or stepfather, and son. The first family interaction assessment took place in 1984-1985 when the child was 9.7 years old. The second assessment of family interaction occurred two years later. Follow-up data on the adolescent's delinquent behavior, assessed through county court records, was last collected in 1991 when subjects were 15 to 16 years old. Families were paid for their participation as part of their involvement in a larger study (Capaldi & Patterson, 1987). The results of logistic and multiple regression analyses indicated no association between parent-child coalitions and occurrence or the severity of delinquent behavior. Both analyses did, however, find that family problem-solving skills and a non-intact family structure were significant predictors of later delinquency and of the severity of the delinquency by the adolescent. Title: Longitudinal study of the relationship between family coalitions and adolescent antisocial behavior Author: Coughlin, Chris D. Family therapists have proposed that specific types of family interactions are dysfunctional for the family system and can produce long-term negative effects for the child. They further propose that, for healthy family functioning to be maintained, parental alliances must be sustained and excessive cross-generational coalitions (parent-child alliances) must be blocked. This fundamental assumption, proposed by family therapists, has rarely been empirically tested. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between family interactional patterns and the misconduct of adolescent males. Misconduct by the adolescent was defined by the youth having contact with the police due to delinquent behavior. Specifically, this study was concerned with determining if cross-generational coalitions, witnessed in parent-child interactions, were predictive of later antisocial behavior on the part of the adolescent while controlling for family structure, family problem solving, marital satisfaction, parental conflict, and child externality. Subjects were 68 families consisting of mother, father or stepfather, and son. The first family interaction assessment took place in 1984-1985 when the child was 9.7 years old. The second assessment of family interaction occurred two years later. Follow-up data on the adolescent's delinquent behavior, assessed through county court records, was last collected in 1991 when subjects were 15 to 16 years old. Families were paid for their participation as part of their involvement in a larger study (Capaldi & Patterson, 1987). The results of logistic and multiple regression analyses indicated no association between parent-child coalitions and occurrence or the severity of delinquent behavior. Both analyses did, however, find that family problem-solving skills and a non-intact family structure were significant predictors of later delinquency and of the severity of the delinquency by the adolescent. Close

• 10. [Article] Differences between young adult perceptions of family environment, family values, sexual behavior, sexual attitudes and attitude toward divorce by gender and family type

  Four questions were examined concerning student perceptions of their launching family environment, expected family environment, family values, sexual attitudes and behavior, and attitudes toward divorce. A ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Differences between young adult perceptions of family environment, family values, sexual behavior, sexual attitudes and attitude toward divorce by gender and family type Author: Ladd, Linda Darmer Four questions were examined concerning student perceptions of their launching family environment, expected family environment, family values, sexual attitudes and behavior, and attitudes toward divorce. A total of 383 college students from three family types participated in this study: intact (298, 77.8%), divorced (47, 12.3%), and remarried (38, 9.9%). The sample was evenly split between males (185; 48.9%) and females (198; 51.1%). Using a 2 x 3 Manova for gender by family type, no gender differences were found on the Moos Family Environment Scale (R). Differences between family type were revealed on two of ten subscales: Moral-Religious Emphasis and Organization. Student reports of their expectations of their future families were compared on the Moos Family Environment Scale (E), but family type differences were revealed subscale: Control. Gender differences were found on five of the ten Moos FES(E) subscales: Cohesion, Expressiveness, Intellectual-Cultural Orientation, Active-Recreational Orientation, and Moral-Religious emphasis. On a second question, family type differences were found when students evaluated three questions comprising the Attitude Toward Divorce Scale (Ladd & Pratt, 1988). Students from divorced families were more accepting of divorce than students from the other two family groups, and students from remarried families were more accepting of divorce than students from intact families. On a third question, no gender or family type differences were found on the Hudson Short Form of the Sexual Attitude Scale or student first sexual behaviors. A fourth question, an attempt to measure student values on the Family Value Index proved insignificant. Examination of descriptive statistics indicates that students from all three family types consider family values to be very important. In conclusion, it appears that gender is more discriminating than family type on how family social environment is perceived. The experience of living in a particular family type does effect student attitudes toward divorce, but no judgment can be made about future divorce behavior. Title: Differences between young adult perceptions of family environment, family values, sexual behavior, sexual attitudes and attitude toward divorce by gender and family type Author: Ladd, Linda Darmer Four questions were examined concerning student perceptions of their launching family environment, expected family environment, family values, sexual attitudes and behavior, and attitudes toward divorce. A total of 383 college students from three family types participated in this study: intact (298, 77.8%), divorced (47, 12.3%), and remarried (38, 9.9%). The sample was evenly split between males (185; 48.9%) and females (198; 51.1%). Using a 2 x 3 Manova for gender by family type, no gender differences were found on the Moos Family Environment Scale (R). Differences between family type were revealed on two of ten subscales: Moral-Religious Emphasis and Organization. Student reports of their expectations of their future families were compared on the Moos Family Environment Scale (E), but family type differences were revealed subscale: Control. Gender differences were found on five of the ten Moos FES(E) subscales: Cohesion, Expressiveness, Intellectual-Cultural Orientation, Active-Recreational Orientation, and Moral-Religious emphasis. On a second question, family type differences were found when students evaluated three questions comprising the Attitude Toward Divorce Scale (Ladd & Pratt, 1988). Students from divorced families were more accepting of divorce than students from the other two family groups, and students from remarried families were more accepting of divorce than students from intact families. On a third question, no gender or family type differences were found on the Hudson Short Form of the Sexual Attitude Scale or student first sexual behaviors. A fourth question, an attempt to measure student values on the Family Value Index proved insignificant. Examination of descriptive statistics indicates that students from all three family types consider family values to be very important. In conclusion, it appears that gender is more discriminating than family type on how family social environment is perceived. The experience of living in a particular family type does effect student attitudes toward divorce, but no judgment can be made about future divorce behavior. Close

• 11. [Article] Response of family businesses to a natural disaster : a case study approach

  Throughout the world, weather-related and other natural phenomena claim thousands of lives and devour billions of dollars annually in recovery efforts. Destruction of life and property in the wake of disasters ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Response of family businesses to a natural disaster : a case study approach Author: Hammond, Clark H. Throughout the world, weather-related and other natural phenomena claim thousands of lives and devour billions of dollars annually in recovery efforts. Destruction of life and property in the wake of disasters is devastating, and can have a dramatic impact on families and businesses around the globe. Yet, published works specifically in the field of Family Resource Management (FRM) reveal a limited understanding of how families respond when these critical events strike with little or no warning, particularly for business-owning families. This paper explores family business responses to a particular natural disaster through case study research from the FRM perspective. Essentially, its purpose is to ascertain whether the FRM description of management is useful for family business systems in the wake of a natural disaster. A review of the FRM and family business literature is offered, followed by a broad description of qualitative methods and a justification for the case study methodology for this project. In-depth information about the successful management of a natural disaster was gathered through face-to-face and phone interviews with five leaders of family-owned businesses. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed, followed by member checks and peer reviews to strengthen the trustworthiness of the findings. Based on the experiences of the five CEOs that participated in this study, it appears that the FRM conceptualization of management generally captured their experience and can perhaps be a useful tool in conceptualizing the preparation for, and recovery from, critical events. It was also found, as anticipated, that access to tangible resources (money, materials, equipment) and intangible resources (communication processes, family unity, adaptability, relationships) was a key to successful management. What was somewhat surprising, however, was the emphasis placed on the power of relationships in the management process. A discussion on how this study relates to previous work on family stress and coping models is offered, and implications for researchers, practitioners, and government agencies that interface with families in business are provided. Title: Response of family businesses to a natural disaster : a case study approach Author: Hammond, Clark H. Throughout the world, weather-related and other natural phenomena claim thousands of lives and devour billions of dollars annually in recovery efforts. Destruction of life and property in the wake of disasters is devastating, and can have a dramatic impact on families and businesses around the globe. Yet, published works specifically in the field of Family Resource Management (FRM) reveal a limited understanding of how families respond when these critical events strike with little or no warning, particularly for business-owning families. This paper explores family business responses to a particular natural disaster through case study research from the FRM perspective. Essentially, its purpose is to ascertain whether the FRM description of management is useful for family business systems in the wake of a natural disaster. A review of the FRM and family business literature is offered, followed by a broad description of qualitative methods and a justification for the case study methodology for this project. In-depth information about the successful management of a natural disaster was gathered through face-to-face and phone interviews with five leaders of family-owned businesses. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed, followed by member checks and peer reviews to strengthen the trustworthiness of the findings. Based on the experiences of the five CEOs that participated in this study, it appears that the FRM conceptualization of management generally captured their experience and can perhaps be a useful tool in conceptualizing the preparation for, and recovery from, critical events. It was also found, as anticipated, that access to tangible resources (money, materials, equipment) and intangible resources (communication processes, family unity, adaptability, relationships) was a key to successful management. What was somewhat surprising, however, was the emphasis placed on the power of relationships in the management process. A discussion on how this study relates to previous work on family stress and coping models is offered, and implications for researchers, practitioners, and government agencies that interface with families in business are provided. Close

• 12. [Article] Development of a family clothing resource unit for high school senior girls

  The major purpose of this study was to develop a guide to teach family clothing at the twelfth grade level stressing decision-making in family concerns. An interview-questionnaire was administered to Canby ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of a family clothing resource unit for high school senior girls Author: Cook, Nancy Louise The major purpose of this study was to develop a guide to teach family clothing at the twelfth grade level stressing decision-making in family concerns. An interview-questionnaire was administered to Canby Union High School senior girls to discover information about their families, to find what they believed was important to learn in their instruction in a unit on family clothing, and to find how they would like to be taught family clothing. Sixty-three out of 82, or 77 percent, of the Canby Union High School senior girls answered the interview-questionnaire. From the results of the family clothing interview, a composite of a Canby Union High School senior girl was formulated. Her father's occupation was that of an operative and kindred worker. Her mother was a full-time homemaker. No one but the immediate family lived in her home. Two children lived at home. The family lived on a farm. The senior high school girl did no work other than her school or home responsibilities. She made five garments a year. The father was more likely to purchase all of his clothing than any other member of the family. At least 50 percent of the respondents said it was most important to them to know about the following areas of family clothing: types of stores and their services, sales, attitudes about family clothing, the clothing needs of the individual; the effects of income of the family on clothing, climate, costs, and fashion trends; and suitable or adequate clothing for infants, children, teen-agers, young women, young men, expectant mothers, and people in middle adulthood. Teen-agers, young women, and young men were the age levels of family members chosen most frequently in which the respondents believed topics of family clothing should be studied. The composite girl regarded the following teaching methods very valuable when she was learning about family clothing: 1. The students and the teacher should plan cooperatively what they need to learn. 2. The class should interview clothing authorities. 3. The class should make observations of clothing for different ages. 4. The students should plan and carry out a family clothing project, such as comparing homemade children's clothing, comparing men's shirts of different qualities, or planning a wardrobe for a boy. 5. The class should examine articles of clothing. 6. The class needs to take field trips to clothing stores. The concepts developed in the family clothing resource unit were concerned with: 1. The influences which the history of clothing, the clothing industry, and the legislation related to clothing have on the clothing available to the family today. 2. The characteristics of families, family activities, and family locations which influence clothing decisions. 3. The factors which affect clothing selection. 4. The factors which affect the clothing needs of individual family members. A variety of learning experiences and references were provided to help the high school seniors understand the needs and problems of clothing the family today. Twenty-one high school and university home economics teachers and home economics education graduate students criticized the behavioral goals, behavioral objectives, concepts, generalizations, and learning experiences in order to perfect the family clothing resource unit. Title: Development of a family clothing resource unit for high school senior girls Author: Cook, Nancy Louise The major purpose of this study was to develop a guide to teach family clothing at the twelfth grade level stressing decision-making in family concerns. An interview-questionnaire was administered to Canby Union High School senior girls to discover information about their families, to find what they believed was important to learn in their instruction in a unit on family clothing, and to find how they would like to be taught family clothing. Sixty-three out of 82, or 77 percent, of the Canby Union High School senior girls answered the interview-questionnaire. From the results of the family clothing interview, a composite of a Canby Union High School senior girl was formulated. Her father's occupation was that of an operative and kindred worker. Her mother was a full-time homemaker. No one but the immediate family lived in her home. Two children lived at home. The family lived on a farm. The senior high school girl did no work other than her school or home responsibilities. She made five garments a year. The father was more likely to purchase all of his clothing than any other member of the family. At least 50 percent of the respondents said it was most important to them to know about the following areas of family clothing: types of stores and their services, sales, attitudes about family clothing, the clothing needs of the individual; the effects of income of the family on clothing, climate, costs, and fashion trends; and suitable or adequate clothing for infants, children, teen-agers, young women, young men, expectant mothers, and people in middle adulthood. Teen-agers, young women, and young men were the age levels of family members chosen most frequently in which the respondents believed topics of family clothing should be studied. The composite girl regarded the following teaching methods very valuable when she was learning about family clothing: 1. The students and the teacher should plan cooperatively what they need to learn. 2. The class should interview clothing authorities. 3. The class should make observations of clothing for different ages. 4. The students should plan and carry out a family clothing project, such as comparing homemade children's clothing, comparing men's shirts of different qualities, or planning a wardrobe for a boy. 5. The class should examine articles of clothing. 6. The class needs to take field trips to clothing stores. The concepts developed in the family clothing resource unit were concerned with: 1. The influences which the history of clothing, the clothing industry, and the legislation related to clothing have on the clothing available to the family today. 2. The characteristics of families, family activities, and family locations which influence clothing decisions. 3. The factors which affect clothing selection. 4. The factors which affect the clothing needs of individual family members. A variety of learning experiences and references were provided to help the high school seniors understand the needs and problems of clothing the family today. Twenty-one high school and university home economics teachers and home economics education graduate students criticized the behavioral goals, behavioral objectives, concepts, generalizations, and learning experiences in order to perfect the family clothing resource unit. Close

• 13. [Article] Family Communication Patterns and Adolescent Emotional Well-being : Cross Classification of Mother-child and Father-child Interactions

  The family as a social unit is the earliest and most fundamental socialization influence and is an important contributor to children's development. Studies of family communication patterns (FCP) have emphasized ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Family Communication Patterns and Adolescent Emotional Well-being : Cross Classification of Mother-child and Father-child Interactions Author: Clark, Adam M., 1983- The family as a social unit is the earliest and most fundamental socialization influence and is an important contributor to children's development. Studies of family communication patterns (FCP) have emphasized two particular dimensions--a family's conversation orientation and their conformity orientation. However, many studies of FCP and its related outcomes have relied on self-report measures and deductive methods to classify families. The current study uses an empirical, inductive approach in an attempt to identify FCP in a community-based sample of two-parent families with a target child (N = 262 families). Data from video recorded family interactions were coded using the Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales (IFIRS) and analyzed using latent cross-classification, an extension of latent profile analysis. Four FCP groups were identified including two parent-matching groups and two parent-mismatched groups. FCP group was unrelated to adolescent depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. Implications for future FCP research as discussed. Title: Family Communication Patterns and Adolescent Emotional Well-being : Cross Classification of Mother-child and Father-child Interactions Author: Clark, Adam M., 1983- The family as a social unit is the earliest and most fundamental socialization influence and is an important contributor to children's development. Studies of family communication patterns (FCP) have emphasized two particular dimensions--a family's conversation orientation and their conformity orientation. However, many studies of FCP and its related outcomes have relied on self-report measures and deductive methods to classify families. The current study uses an empirical, inductive approach in an attempt to identify FCP in a community-based sample of two-parent families with a target child (N = 262 families). Data from video recorded family interactions were coded using the Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales (IFIRS) and analyzed using latent cross-classification, an extension of latent profile analysis. Four FCP groups were identified including two parent-matching groups and two parent-mismatched groups. FCP group was unrelated to adolescent depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. Implications for future FCP research as discussed. Close

• 14. [Article] Keeping a Roof Overhead : An Examination of Housing Strategies Among Low-Income White Families in Rural Trailer Parks

  Housing is a critical component of family life, however, keeping a safe and stable roof overhead is increasingly difficult for the approximately 21 million low-income families in the United States (Urban ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Keeping a Roof Overhead : An Examination of Housing Strategies Among Low-Income White Families in Rural Trailer Parks Author: Barrett-Rivera, Brenda C. Housing is a critical component of family life, however, keeping a safe and stable roof overhead is increasingly difficult for the approximately 21 million low-income families in the United States (Urban Institute, n.d.; U.S. Census, 2015). Low-income families struggle to keep a roof overhead within the context of rising housing costs, limited affordable housing options, and decreased public investment in affordable housing (Housing Assistance Council, 2012b). Working within these constraints, low-income families develop strategies to find and keep a roof overhead. Low-income families turn to their social networks for housing support or rely in their own knowledge and ability to navigate housing systems. Such strategies are shaped and constrained by contexts and personal circumstances, and are not without costs. In a political climate that is increasingly focused on individual rather than collective solutions to social issues, a better understanding of how low-income families navigate housing issues is critical. The purpose of this study is to better understand the housing strategies of low-income families. While previous work has identified low-income families’ strategies around parenting, family formation, and employment, housing strategies remain a rich and underexplored area. The few studies that have examined low-income families’ housing strategies are focused on the strategies of minority, single mothers in urban settings (Clark et al., 2011; Heflin, London & Scott, 2011; Hernandez, 2016). To better understand the ways that low-income families deal with housing issues, it is important to look at housing strategies in variety of family types and residential settings. This study seeks to address a gap in the literature by examining the housing strategies of White, married, low-income families in a rural context, a group largely missing from the survival strategies literature. Building on the survival strategies literature and guided by the life course theoretical perspective, this study maintains a focus on both process and structure in asking the following questions: 1. What strategies do low-income, rural families use to keep a roof overhead? 2. How do contexts and personal circumstances shape housing strategies? This study makes use of existing ethnographic data from the Growing Up Mobile in a Rural Trailer Park study to examine the housing strategies of 12 low-income families living in three rural trailer parks. Field notes from interviews and observations provided detailed information about family and residential histories across early adulthood through midlife. The families in this study provided examples not only of strategic efforts to keep a roof overhead, but also of the benefits and consequences of those strategies. The findings from this study highlight the important roles that relationships and planning play in low-income, rural families housing strategies. This research provides rich examples of the ways that context and personal circumstances shape low-income, rural families’ housing situations, and serves as a valuable guide for future research. Title: Keeping a Roof Overhead : An Examination of Housing Strategies Among Low-Income White Families in Rural Trailer Parks Author: Barrett-Rivera, Brenda C. Housing is a critical component of family life, however, keeping a safe and stable roof overhead is increasingly difficult for the approximately 21 million low-income families in the United States (Urban Institute, n.d.; U.S. Census, 2015). Low-income families struggle to keep a roof overhead within the context of rising housing costs, limited affordable housing options, and decreased public investment in affordable housing (Housing Assistance Council, 2012b). Working within these constraints, low-income families develop strategies to find and keep a roof overhead. Low-income families turn to their social networks for housing support or rely in their own knowledge and ability to navigate housing systems. Such strategies are shaped and constrained by contexts and personal circumstances, and are not without costs. In a political climate that is increasingly focused on individual rather than collective solutions to social issues, a better understanding of how low-income families navigate housing issues is critical. The purpose of this study is to better understand the housing strategies of low-income families. While previous work has identified low-income families’ strategies around parenting, family formation, and employment, housing strategies remain a rich and underexplored area. The few studies that have examined low-income families’ housing strategies are focused on the strategies of minority, single mothers in urban settings (Clark et al., 2011; Heflin, London & Scott, 2011; Hernandez, 2016). To better understand the ways that low-income families deal with housing issues, it is important to look at housing strategies in variety of family types and residential settings. This study seeks to address a gap in the literature by examining the housing strategies of White, married, low-income families in a rural context, a group largely missing from the survival strategies literature. Building on the survival strategies literature and guided by the life course theoretical perspective, this study maintains a focus on both process and structure in asking the following questions: 1. What strategies do low-income, rural families use to keep a roof overhead? 2. How do contexts and personal circumstances shape housing strategies? This study makes use of existing ethnographic data from the Growing Up Mobile in a Rural Trailer Park study to examine the housing strategies of 12 low-income families living in three rural trailer parks. Field notes from interviews and observations provided detailed information about family and residential histories across early adulthood through midlife. The families in this study provided examples not only of strategic efforts to keep a roof overhead, but also of the benefits and consequences of those strategies. The findings from this study highlight the important roles that relationships and planning play in low-income, rural families housing strategies. This research provides rich examples of the ways that context and personal circumstances shape low-income, rural families’ housing situations, and serves as a valuable guide for future research. Close

• 15. [Article] The military occupational subculture : work and family role conflict for families of military personnel

  The focus of this study is the American military family. The primary purpose is to examine the family from the paradigm of a distinct occupational subculture and, substantiating that existence, to understand ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The military occupational subculture : work and family role conflict for families of military personnel Author: Gilbert, Thomas B. The focus of this study is the American military family. The primary purpose is to examine the family from the paradigm of a distinct occupational subculture and, substantiating that existence, to understand the implications of work-family role conflict of the military family. The objectives are to substantiate the military as an occupational subculture and explore military work and family conflict through participative observation techniques and, to a lesser extent, thematic analysis. The research questions are "Is the military an occupational subculture?", and "How does the work-role of the service member affect the family?" A pilot survey instrument based on the seven tenets of an occupational subculture (Trice, 1993) was developed to ascertain the level of subcultural affiliation of the respondents. In total, 78 members of the military (Army) were interviewed using the instrument. Examination of thematic responses from spousal surveys complement the overall analysis. The findings indicate a strong affiliation within the Army that would support the supposition that the Army is an occupational subculture. Respondents exhibited affiliation with all seven tenets above the 75% level that had been established as a benchmark. Taken together, thematic analysis of spouse perceptions viewed through a subcultural paradigm, and service members interviews, converged to demonstrate the probability of the military as a distinct occupational subculture. As such, the military has the capability to influence members and their families through infrastructure (both formal and informal), social, and perceptive requirements. Subcultural forces may provide powerful conformance tools for the membership. Obvious implications for acknowledging the uniqueness of the military family as a distinct subculture within American society are important. To retain a viable fighting force, Army family policy must be responsive and understanding of the military family entity. Preliminary results indicate that further exploration of the military with a subcultural perspective could enhance soldier readiness. Further studies should focus on the military family as the primary support mechanism for soldiers serving in the modern military. Additional study on families leaving the military to a civilian environment would provide insight into the mechanics of subcultural transitions. Title: The military occupational subculture : work and family role conflict for families of military personnel Author: Gilbert, Thomas B. The focus of this study is the American military family. The primary purpose is to examine the family from the paradigm of a distinct occupational subculture and, substantiating that existence, to understand the implications of work-family role conflict of the military family. The objectives are to substantiate the military as an occupational subculture and explore military work and family conflict through participative observation techniques and, to a lesser extent, thematic analysis. The research questions are "Is the military an occupational subculture?", and "How does the work-role of the service member affect the family?" A pilot survey instrument based on the seven tenets of an occupational subculture (Trice, 1993) was developed to ascertain the level of subcultural affiliation of the respondents. In total, 78 members of the military (Army) were interviewed using the instrument. Examination of thematic responses from spousal surveys complement the overall analysis. The findings indicate a strong affiliation within the Army that would support the supposition that the Army is an occupational subculture. Respondents exhibited affiliation with all seven tenets above the 75% level that had been established as a benchmark. Taken together, thematic analysis of spouse perceptions viewed through a subcultural paradigm, and service members interviews, converged to demonstrate the probability of the military as a distinct occupational subculture. As such, the military has the capability to influence members and their families through infrastructure (both formal and informal), social, and perceptive requirements. Subcultural forces may provide powerful conformance tools for the membership. Obvious implications for acknowledging the uniqueness of the military family as a distinct subculture within American society are important. To retain a viable fighting force, Army family policy must be responsive and understanding of the military family entity. Preliminary results indicate that further exploration of the military with a subcultural perspective could enhance soldier readiness. Further studies should focus on the military family as the primary support mechanism for soldiers serving in the modern military. Additional study on families leaving the military to a civilian environment would provide insight into the mechanics of subcultural transitions. Close

• 16. [Article] Comparison of the uses of living and family rooms in houses built from two floorplans in Corvallis, Oregon

  The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of social position and stage in the family life cycle on the use of living and family rooms in houses with and without a family room. Homes built ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparison of the uses of living and family rooms in houses built from two floorplans in Corvallis, Oregon Author: Wagner, Jeanette Ann The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of social position and stage in the family life cycle on the use of living and family rooms in houses with and without a family room. Homes built from two floorplans were selected for the sample. These two floorplans were similar in square footage and room layout with the exception one plan included a family room. The 76 addresses of the population to be studied were obtained from Harman Homes. The addresses of 34 Laura houses and 42 Judy houses were received, The occupants living at these addresses were contacted to request an interview. The families selected met the criterion that both the husband and wife were presently living in the house. Of the 76 occupants contacted, 61 -- 27 Laura occupants and 34 Judy occupants -- met the criteria and consented to be interviewed. Of the 61 occupants interviewed, 37 occupants completed and returned diary records, 15 Judy and 22 Laura interviewees, Hollingshead's "Two Factor Index of Social Position" was used to classify interviewees into low, middle, or high social position. Interviewees were placed into one of these three stages of the family life cycle: beginning stage, expanding stage, or contracting stage. Three types of room use were studied: (1) time use, (2) activity use, and (3) activity time use. Time use was the actual amount of time in minutes or hours the room was occupied in a 24 hour day. Activity use was the number of activities pursued in the room regardless of the number of people involved or amount of time spent in the activity, The highest number of activities any one category could have for one day was 24 or 144 for the six activity categories: interaction activities, home operations, audio-visual activities, sleep/ rest/relaxation, job or school operations, and simultaneous multiple activities. Activity time use was the number of man hours involved in specific activity in a given room and was computed by multiplying the number of people involved in activity by amount of time spent in it. Interview schedules and diary records were tabulated and analyzed to describe the sample and report room use. The living room in the house without a family room was used an average of 7.9 hours per day. However, in the house with the family room, the living room was used an average of 4.6 hours per day and the family room was used 5. 9 hours per day. The combined use of these two rooms averaged 10.5 hours. Of the 10.5 hours, 43 percent was spent in the living room and 57 percent was spent in the family room. The living room in houses without a family room was used an average of 75 percent of the combined room use of living and family rooms in houses with a family room. However, the living room in houses without a family room was used 42 percent more than the living room was used and 25 percent more than the family room was used in houses with both living and family rooms. Audio-visual and interaction activities occurred with the greatest frequency in the living and family rooms studied while job or school operations occurred least frequently. When reported, sleep/ rest/relaxation occurred most in the family rooms. Generally, as stage in the family life cycle changed, the time use, activity use, and activity time use of the living and family rooms increased. However, as social position became higher, the time use, activity use, and activity time use of the living and family rooms decreased Title: Comparison of the uses of living and family rooms in houses built from two floorplans in Corvallis, Oregon Author: Wagner, Jeanette Ann The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of social position and stage in the family life cycle on the use of living and family rooms in houses with and without a family room. Homes built from two floorplans were selected for the sample. These two floorplans were similar in square footage and room layout with the exception one plan included a family room. The 76 addresses of the population to be studied were obtained from Harman Homes. The addresses of 34 Laura houses and 42 Judy houses were received, The occupants living at these addresses were contacted to request an interview. The families selected met the criterion that both the husband and wife were presently living in the house. Of the 76 occupants contacted, 61 -- 27 Laura occupants and 34 Judy occupants -- met the criteria and consented to be interviewed. Of the 61 occupants interviewed, 37 occupants completed and returned diary records, 15 Judy and 22 Laura interviewees, Hollingshead's "Two Factor Index of Social Position" was used to classify interviewees into low, middle, or high social position. Interviewees were placed into one of these three stages of the family life cycle: beginning stage, expanding stage, or contracting stage. Three types of room use were studied: (1) time use, (2) activity use, and (3) activity time use. Time use was the actual amount of time in minutes or hours the room was occupied in a 24 hour day. Activity use was the number of activities pursued in the room regardless of the number of people involved or amount of time spent in the activity, The highest number of activities any one category could have for one day was 24 or 144 for the six activity categories: interaction activities, home operations, audio-visual activities, sleep/ rest/relaxation, job or school operations, and simultaneous multiple activities. Activity time use was the number of man hours involved in specific activity in a given room and was computed by multiplying the number of people involved in activity by amount of time spent in it. Interview schedules and diary records were tabulated and analyzed to describe the sample and report room use. The living room in the house without a family room was used an average of 7.9 hours per day. However, in the house with the family room, the living room was used an average of 4.6 hours per day and the family room was used 5. 9 hours per day. The combined use of these two rooms averaged 10.5 hours. Of the 10.5 hours, 43 percent was spent in the living room and 57 percent was spent in the family room. The living room in houses without a family room was used an average of 75 percent of the combined room use of living and family rooms in houses with a family room. However, the living room in houses without a family room was used 42 percent more than the living room was used and 25 percent more than the family room was used in houses with both living and family rooms. Audio-visual and interaction activities occurred with the greatest frequency in the living and family rooms studied while job or school operations occurred least frequently. When reported, sleep/ rest/relaxation occurred most in the family rooms. Generally, as stage in the family life cycle changed, the time use, activity use, and activity time use of the living and family rooms increased. However, as social position became higher, the time use, activity use, and activity time use of the living and family rooms decreased Close

• 17. [Article] Increasing Access to Quality Child Care for Children from Low-Income Families: Families’ Experiences

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/children-and-yo...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Increasing Access to Quality Child Care for Children from Low-Income Families: Families’ Experiences Author: Lipscomb, Shannon T. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/children-and-youth-services-review/. Title: Increasing Access to Quality Child Care for Children from Low-Income Families: Families’ Experiences Author: Lipscomb, Shannon T. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/children-and-youth-services-review/. Close

• 18. [Article] Behavioral changes of participants in family group consultation

  The study investigated the effect of family group consultation. Specific hypotheses to be examined were: 1. Family group consultation is productive in helping individuals move toward more effective behavior ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Behavioral changes of participants in family group consultation Author: Irish, Grace The study investigated the effect of family group consultation. Specific hypotheses to be examined were: 1. Family group consultation is productive in helping individuals move toward more effective behavior as measured by the increase in correlation between self sort and the ideal sort at the end of consultation. 2. An individual will have accomplished greater congruence between self and ideal self indicating the likelihood of more effective behavior after eight weeks of participation than after twelve weeks in family group consultation. 3. As family group consultation progresses the goals of the individual family members become more congruent with the goals of the counselors. The subjects included two groups, one of which was made up of families who had been referred to the counseling staff at Portland Center. Families who were having difficulties because of faulty communication were accepted. In all cases the identified reason for referral was an adolescent in the family who was having difficulty in school. Twenty persons participated in the experimental group. The comparison group was made up of family members who had sought help at two other agencies in the Portland metropolitan area. There were sixteen persons in this group. The counselors who were involved with the experimental group subjects were of similar academic background, with the emphasis in psychology and education. The staff members of the agencies where the comparison group was located, had had academic emphasis in psychology and had had clinical training. Family group consultation was described to the family members who participated in the experimental group as a way of consulting with each other and with professional counselors. They were told that two or three families would meet together once a week for two hours. It was explained to them that they would be given an opportunity to relate to one another during the session and the counselor tried to prepare them for the openness and involvement expected of them. The first session was used to get acquainted and to gathering information. During the first hour, parents and children were seen together. The second hour the parents were seen in one group while the children were seen in another. During the second session the members were encouraged to describe family events. By the third session the individual family members were evaluating their own behavior, and the consultative process was engaged in by other families' members. The fourth session found the counselor involved in events in the group. The fifth session was devoted to encouraging the members to use the skills learned, to look at their individual behavior and to examine what messages were sent and received. The sessions from the fifth to the twelfth were a reiteration of what went before: information gathering, identification of issues, description of events, continuation of the consultative process, and discussion of alternative ways of behaving. The last session was used by the group to summarize the process of consultation. Data gathering involved the administration of an 80-item Q-sort designed to measure self-concept. Rogers' definition of the self-concept was used. The family is seen to have profound effect on the self-concept of its members. Therefore, it was in the family that change was sought through family group consultation. The data were gathered to find out if family group consultation results in change. The instrument was administered three times and comparisons were made between self-sorts, ideal sorts, and the experts' sorts. Since the experimental and the comparison groups were not taken from the same population a nonparametric statistic had to be used. A contingency table and a test of probabilities were computed directly. There was no significant change in the experimental group. The limitations of the study were a consequence of the error in research design. The study should be replicated using a larger sample from the same population. The need for evaluating family group consultation has not been met by this study. However, the methodology described represents a departure from that which has been used and may be considered a worthy contribution to the literature. Title: Behavioral changes of participants in family group consultation Author: Irish, Grace The study investigated the effect of family group consultation. Specific hypotheses to be examined were: 1. Family group consultation is productive in helping individuals move toward more effective behavior as measured by the increase in correlation between self sort and the ideal sort at the end of consultation. 2. An individual will have accomplished greater congruence between self and ideal self indicating the likelihood of more effective behavior after eight weeks of participation than after twelve weeks in family group consultation. 3. As family group consultation progresses the goals of the individual family members become more congruent with the goals of the counselors. The subjects included two groups, one of which was made up of families who had been referred to the counseling staff at Portland Center. Families who were having difficulties because of faulty communication were accepted. In all cases the identified reason for referral was an adolescent in the family who was having difficulty in school. Twenty persons participated in the experimental group. The comparison group was made up of family members who had sought help at two other agencies in the Portland metropolitan area. There were sixteen persons in this group. The counselors who were involved with the experimental group subjects were of similar academic background, with the emphasis in psychology and education. The staff members of the agencies where the comparison group was located, had had academic emphasis in psychology and had had clinical training. Family group consultation was described to the family members who participated in the experimental group as a way of consulting with each other and with professional counselors. They were told that two or three families would meet together once a week for two hours. It was explained to them that they would be given an opportunity to relate to one another during the session and the counselor tried to prepare them for the openness and involvement expected of them. The first session was used to get acquainted and to gathering information. During the first hour, parents and children were seen together. The second hour the parents were seen in one group while the children were seen in another. During the second session the members were encouraged to describe family events. By the third session the individual family members were evaluating their own behavior, and the consultative process was engaged in by other families' members. The fourth session found the counselor involved in events in the group. The fifth session was devoted to encouraging the members to use the skills learned, to look at their individual behavior and to examine what messages were sent and received. The sessions from the fifth to the twelfth were a reiteration of what went before: information gathering, identification of issues, description of events, continuation of the consultative process, and discussion of alternative ways of behaving. The last session was used by the group to summarize the process of consultation. Data gathering involved the administration of an 80-item Q-sort designed to measure self-concept. Rogers' definition of the self-concept was used. The family is seen to have profound effect on the self-concept of its members. Therefore, it was in the family that change was sought through family group consultation. The data were gathered to find out if family group consultation results in change. The instrument was administered three times and comparisons were made between self-sorts, ideal sorts, and the experts' sorts. Since the experimental and the comparison groups were not taken from the same population a nonparametric statistic had to be used. A contingency table and a test of probabilities were computed directly. There was no significant change in the experimental group. The limitations of the study were a consequence of the error in research design. The study should be replicated using a larger sample from the same population. The need for evaluating family group consultation has not been met by this study. However, the methodology described represents a departure from that which has been used and may be considered a worthy contribution to the literature. Close

• 19. [Article] Risk of food insecurity and readiness to change obesity-preventing behaviors in rural families

  Purpose: This study examines the relationship between food insecurity (FI) risk and families’ readiness to change obesity-preventing behaviors within rural home-environments. Methods: Families (n=144) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Risk of food insecurity and readiness to change obesity-preventing behaviors in rural families Author: Booth, Carolyn Jean Purpose: This study examines the relationship between food insecurity (FI) risk and families’ readiness to change obesity-preventing behaviors within rural home-environments. Methods: Families (n=144) were recruited through six elementary schools (K-5/6) in low-income, rural, Oregon communities. Families completed surveys including a FI risk screener and the Family Stage of Change Survey (FSOC), a measure of readiness to change behaviors that influence child-level nutrition and physical activity (PA) behaviors at home. Logistic regression analyses examined associations between FSOC scores and FI risk. Results: Families with FI risk (40.2%) were more likely to be non-White (p=0.036), eligible for school meal programs (p<0.001), and have lower adult education levels (p=0.015). Regarding FSOC scores, families who scored higher on family support for children to play actively and do organized PA were 55% less likely to be at-risk for FI. (OR=0.45; p=0.003), after adjusting for demographic variables. Conclusion: FI risk is associated with rural families’ readiness to change PA behaviors. Specifically, lower odds of FI were associated with family support for children to play actively and do organized PA. Family-based efforts for improving child health among under-resourced, rural families may benefit by focusing on realistically accessible and affordable PA opportunities. Title: Risk of food insecurity and readiness to change obesity-preventing behaviors in rural families Author: Booth, Carolyn Jean Purpose: This study examines the relationship between food insecurity (FI) risk and families’ readiness to change obesity-preventing behaviors within rural home-environments. Methods: Families (n=144) were recruited through six elementary schools (K-5/6) in low-income, rural, Oregon communities. Families completed surveys including a FI risk screener and the Family Stage of Change Survey (FSOC), a measure of readiness to change behaviors that influence child-level nutrition and physical activity (PA) behaviors at home. Logistic regression analyses examined associations between FSOC scores and FI risk. Results: Families with FI risk (40.2%) were more likely to be non-White (p=0.036), eligible for school meal programs (p<0.001), and have lower adult education levels (p=0.015). Regarding FSOC scores, families who scored higher on family support for children to play actively and do organized PA were 55% less likely to be at-risk for FI. (OR=0.45; p=0.003), after adjusting for demographic variables. Conclusion: FI risk is associated with rural families’ readiness to change PA behaviors. Specifically, lower odds of FI were associated with family support for children to play actively and do organized PA. Family-based efforts for improving child health among under-resourced, rural families may benefit by focusing on realistically accessible and affordable PA opportunities. Close

• 20. [Article] Parenting styles and children's outcomes mediated by family problem solving

  Contemporary parenting strategies tend to involve parent-child interactions in which the parent neither repressively dominates the child nor follows a permissive laissez-faire course but respects the child's ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Parenting styles and children's outcomes mediated by family problem solving Author: Hadlock, Terry G. Contemporary parenting strategies tend to involve parent-child interactions in which the parent neither repressively dominates the child nor follows a permissive laissez-faire course but respects the child's dignity as a person. This paper integrates several current theories of parenting and parent education into the construct of "respectful parenting," which is a new construct developed in this study. Family research suggests that such parenting is associated with the well-being of the child, including prosocial behavior, positive academic behavior, and physical, social, and emotional development. This study tests two hypotheses: (a) that respectful parenting facilitates effective family problem-solving practices, and (b) that family problem-solving skills learned in the family facilitate a child's success outside the family in school and with peers. In addressing these hypotheses key variables were measured, using instruments developed both in previous research and as part of this project. The study controlled for relevant background variables, including family income, education of parents, gender of child, and family size. Eighty-two families with two biological-parents, of which Forty-two had male target children and forty female target children, were subjects in this study. Each target child also had at least one sibling. Data was collected through questionnaires and observations of video-recorded family problem-solving sessions. The results strongly confirmed the first hypothesis: respectful parenting positively affected family problem solving. Respectful parenting and family problem solving were positively associated with children's well-being outside the home through behavior with their peers. Evidence for effects on performance at school was marginal. Also important to this study was the finding that family problem solving has mediating effects between respectful parenting and outcome in children's behavior in terms of peer relationships. Title: Parenting styles and children's outcomes mediated by family problem solving Author: Hadlock, Terry G. Contemporary parenting strategies tend to involve parent-child interactions in which the parent neither repressively dominates the child nor follows a permissive laissez-faire course but respects the child's dignity as a person. This paper integrates several current theories of parenting and parent education into the construct of "respectful parenting," which is a new construct developed in this study. Family research suggests that such parenting is associated with the well-being of the child, including prosocial behavior, positive academic behavior, and physical, social, and emotional development. This study tests two hypotheses: (a) that respectful parenting facilitates effective family problem-solving practices, and (b) that family problem-solving skills learned in the family facilitate a child's success outside the family in school and with peers. In addressing these hypotheses key variables were measured, using instruments developed both in previous research and as part of this project. The study controlled for relevant background variables, including family income, education of parents, gender of child, and family size. Eighty-two families with two biological-parents, of which Forty-two had male target children and forty female target children, were subjects in this study. Each target child also had at least one sibling. Data was collected through questionnaires and observations of video-recorded family problem-solving sessions. The results strongly confirmed the first hypothesis: respectful parenting positively affected family problem solving. Respectful parenting and family problem solving were positively associated with children's well-being outside the home through behavior with their peers. Evidence for effects on performance at school was marginal. Also important to this study was the finding that family problem solving has mediating effects between respectful parenting and outcome in children's behavior in terms of peer relationships. Close

• 21. [Article] 4-H adventures familly fun and family connections newsletters

  Published May 2003. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 4-H adventures familly fun and family connections newsletters Author: McGraw, Lori A., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Ozretich, Rachel Published May 2003. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: 4-H adventures familly fun and family connections newsletters Author: McGraw, Lori A., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Ozretich, Rachel Published May 2003. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 22. [Article] Families on the move : the Powledge family of Meriwether County, Georgia 1820-1900

  The migrations of four generations of the Powledge family centering around Meriwether County, Georgia were described within the context of social and economic forces in the United States in 1820 to 1900. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Families on the move : the Powledge family of Meriwether County, Georgia 1820-1900 Author: Roberts, Nancy A. The migrations of four generations of the Powledge family centering around Meriwether County, Georgia were described within the context of social and economic forces in the United States in 1820 to 1900. The family was representative of thousands of families that migrated westward. The migrations were found to correlate with much of the literature on migration and with the economic and social trends in the nineteenth century. Land acquisition as a means to economic improvement and, secondarily, information and support from kin and neighbors were found to be the most important factors in Powledge family movements. Title: Families on the move : the Powledge family of Meriwether County, Georgia 1820-1900 Author: Roberts, Nancy A. The migrations of four generations of the Powledge family centering around Meriwether County, Georgia were described within the context of social and economic forces in the United States in 1820 to 1900. The family was representative of thousands of families that migrated westward. The migrations were found to correlate with much of the literature on migration and with the economic and social trends in the nineteenth century. Land acquisition as a means to economic improvement and, secondarily, information and support from kin and neighbors were found to be the most important factors in Powledge family movements. Close

• 23. [Article] Expenditure differentials of selected urban families receiving AFDC assistance

  Expenditure data of 13 households receiving. Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC) were collected through use of specially designed record booklets for one month and by a brief interview. Welfare ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Expenditure differentials of selected urban families receiving AFDC assistance Author: Lowry, Helen Joanne Speckhart Expenditure data of 13 households receiving. Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC) were collected through use of specially designed record booklets for one month and by a brief interview. Welfare workers in southeast Portland discussed the study with families meeting the criteria of 1) a one-parent family with one or more children, 2) AFDC recipient, and 3) one-family household. Families who volunteered and completed the procedures included four families with one child, four families with two children, four families with three youngsters and one family with four children. All adults were female and had a mean age of 31. 5 years and had completed a mean of 11.9 years of school. The record booklets coded for each week of the month in eye-catching psychedelic colors were important in obtaining desired information. Included were specific directions for recording income and expenditures and unprofessionally drawn illustrations along with written listings of items to be reported on each page. All families received income from their AFDC grant and 12 families supplemented this income with food stamps. Six families had additional income from non-assistance sources and one family used free services of a child guidance clinic. The mean AFDC grant was $200, mean food stamp bonus was $54. 46 and mean nonassistance income was $16 for total mean financial resources of $270.77 per case. Resources from government programs, food stamps and AFDC, provided a mean of 94 percent of the families' income and non-assistance sources added six percent of the income. As family size increased, the percentage of total income allocated to food increased and the percentage of income used for housing decreased. Shelter and food demanded a mean of 82.6 percent of total income. Payments to AFDC recipients in Oregon are 80 percent of the financial needs for basic maintenance according to standards set by legislative action. Supplements to income provided by food stamps and the net from non-assistance sources increased the adequacy of the family's income in relation to the standards. The average income of families met a mean of 96.3 percent of need as defined by welfare standards. In comparing the actual expenditures in various consumption groups with the allowance figured by welfare, it was found that both housing and food expenditures were over 100 percent of the allowance while clothing, personal incidentals and household supply expenditures were far under the allowance. It was found that families were aware of the importance of planning the use of money as a means of meeting financial wants. However, the families were realistic with respect to what was possible in light of their limited resource situations. Families indicated a month by month coping when financial resources did not meet demands. The participants lacked an awareness of community resources that may be of assistance with financial problems and consumer buying decisions. Title: Expenditure differentials of selected urban families receiving AFDC assistance Author: Lowry, Helen Joanne Speckhart Expenditure data of 13 households receiving. Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC) were collected through use of specially designed record booklets for one month and by a brief interview. Welfare workers in southeast Portland discussed the study with families meeting the criteria of 1) a one-parent family with one or more children, 2) AFDC recipient, and 3) one-family household. Families who volunteered and completed the procedures included four families with one child, four families with two children, four families with three youngsters and one family with four children. All adults were female and had a mean age of 31. 5 years and had completed a mean of 11.9 years of school. The record booklets coded for each week of the month in eye-catching psychedelic colors were important in obtaining desired information. Included were specific directions for recording income and expenditures and unprofessionally drawn illustrations along with written listings of items to be reported on each page. All families received income from their AFDC grant and 12 families supplemented this income with food stamps. Six families had additional income from non-assistance sources and one family used free services of a child guidance clinic. The mean AFDC grant was $200, mean food stamp bonus was $54. 46 and mean nonassistance income was $16 for total mean financial resources of $270.77 per case. Resources from government programs, food stamps and AFDC, provided a mean of 94 percent of the families' income and non-assistance sources added six percent of the income. As family size increased, the percentage of total income allocated to food increased and the percentage of income used for housing decreased. Shelter and food demanded a mean of 82.6 percent of total income. Payments to AFDC recipients in Oregon are 80 percent of the financial needs for basic maintenance according to standards set by legislative action. Supplements to income provided by food stamps and the net from non-assistance sources increased the adequacy of the family's income in relation to the standards. The average income of families met a mean of 96.3 percent of need as defined by welfare standards. In comparing the actual expenditures in various consumption groups with the allowance figured by welfare, it was found that both housing and food expenditures were over 100 percent of the allowance while clothing, personal incidentals and household supply expenditures were far under the allowance. It was found that families were aware of the importance of planning the use of money as a means of meeting financial wants. However, the families were realistic with respect to what was possible in light of their limited resource situations. Families indicated a month by month coping when financial resources did not meet demands. The participants lacked an awareness of community resources that may be of assistance with financial problems and consumer buying decisions. Close

• 24. [Article] Shared family time : an analysis in two-parent, two-child Oregon households

  In this study patterns of shared family time in 210 two-parent, two-child Oregon households were described. The relationship between amounts of shared time and a number of family and environmental characteristics ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Shared family time : an analysis in two-parent, two-child Oregon households Author: Parker, Louise Anne In this study patterns of shared family time in 210 two-parent, two-child Oregon households were described. The relationship between amounts of shared time and a number of family and environmental characteristics was also researched. The study used the Oregon data from a contributing project of the Northeast Regional Research Project NE 113, an Interstate Urban/Rural Comparison of Families' Time Use. A sample of 210 families divided into five groups by age of the youngest child was drawn. Half the families were classified as urban and half as rural. The mean age of the homemakers and their spouses was approximately 32 years. About 72 percent of the homemakers were not employed outside the home. However, about 80 percent of the spouses reported working 40 or more weekly hours. Families recorded the time use of members over the age of six for two charted 24-hour periods. The second recording day was used to analyze the incidence of shared time. The number of shared time episodes recorded by the families for one day ranged from zero to 15, with a mean of 3.5 daily episodes. The amounts of daily shared time ranged from zero to 1,140 minutes (19 hours). About 19 percent of the families reported no shared time. The most common group of family members participating in shared activity was both parents. The whole family was reported as participants in 13 percent of the shared episodes. For shared time episodes not involving both parents, participation between the homemaker and children was more evident than that between the spouse and children. Nonwork activities accounted for the greater proportion of shared family time episodes. One-third of the episodes were spent in eating together and over one-fourth in social and recreational pursuits. About 18 percent of shared episodes were reported as household work activities, with shopping the task area most commonly shared. Care of family members accounted for 15 percent of the shared episodes reported. The home was the common site for shared activity with threefourths of the shared time episodes occurring in that setting. About 22 percent of the episodes were shared away from the home, work or school environments. More time was shared by family members on weekend days than on weekdays. While the mean amount of shared time for weekend days rose nearly 80 minutes above a daily average of 180 minutes, the mean time shared on weekdays fell 25 minutes below the average. In a regression model with twelve variables, day of the week and age of the homemaker showed significant positive relationships to amounts of shared time at the .05 level. Amounts of shared time tended to increase with the occurrence of weekend days. Shared time also tended to increase in this model as homemakers became older. In a model specifying the .05 significance level for the inclusion of variables, day of the week had a positive effect on amounts of shared time. It appeared that the larger blocks of weekend time facilitated the scheduling of shared activities. In consideration of this finding, the scheduling of hours at work may have been one factor in the degree to which employment acted as a constraint to shared family time. When using the significance level of .10, residence had a significant negative effect on shared time. Families living in rural environments tended to have reduced amounts of shared time compared to urban families. Given the findings regarding the day of week, it was suggested that demands on weekend time use which were absent in an urban setting could be operating in rural families. The independent variables in the regression models accounted for between five and 13 percent of the variation in amounts of shared family time. Title: Shared family time : an analysis in two-parent, two-child Oregon households Author: Parker, Louise Anne In this study patterns of shared family time in 210 two-parent, two-child Oregon households were described. The relationship between amounts of shared time and a number of family and environmental characteristics was also researched. The study used the Oregon data from a contributing project of the Northeast Regional Research Project NE 113, an Interstate Urban/Rural Comparison of Families' Time Use. A sample of 210 families divided into five groups by age of the youngest child was drawn. Half the families were classified as urban and half as rural. The mean age of the homemakers and their spouses was approximately 32 years. About 72 percent of the homemakers were not employed outside the home. However, about 80 percent of the spouses reported working 40 or more weekly hours. Families recorded the time use of members over the age of six for two charted 24-hour periods. The second recording day was used to analyze the incidence of shared time. The number of shared time episodes recorded by the families for one day ranged from zero to 15, with a mean of 3.5 daily episodes. The amounts of daily shared time ranged from zero to 1,140 minutes (19 hours). About 19 percent of the families reported no shared time. The most common group of family members participating in shared activity was both parents. The whole family was reported as participants in 13 percent of the shared episodes. For shared time episodes not involving both parents, participation between the homemaker and children was more evident than that between the spouse and children. Nonwork activities accounted for the greater proportion of shared family time episodes. One-third of the episodes were spent in eating together and over one-fourth in social and recreational pursuits. About 18 percent of shared episodes were reported as household work activities, with shopping the task area most commonly shared. Care of family members accounted for 15 percent of the shared episodes reported. The home was the common site for shared activity with threefourths of the shared time episodes occurring in that setting. About 22 percent of the episodes were shared away from the home, work or school environments. More time was shared by family members on weekend days than on weekdays. While the mean amount of shared time for weekend days rose nearly 80 minutes above a daily average of 180 minutes, the mean time shared on weekdays fell 25 minutes below the average. In a regression model with twelve variables, day of the week and age of the homemaker showed significant positive relationships to amounts of shared time at the .05 level. Amounts of shared time tended to increase with the occurrence of weekend days. Shared time also tended to increase in this model as homemakers became older. In a model specifying the .05 significance level for the inclusion of variables, day of the week had a positive effect on amounts of shared time. It appeared that the larger blocks of weekend time facilitated the scheduling of shared activities. In consideration of this finding, the scheduling of hours at work may have been one factor in the degree to which employment acted as a constraint to shared family time. When using the significance level of .10, residence had a significant negative effect on shared time. Families living in rural environments tended to have reduced amounts of shared time compared to urban families. Given the findings regarding the day of week, it was suggested that demands on weekend time use which were absent in an urban setting could be operating in rural families. The independent variables in the regression models accounted for between five and 13 percent of the variation in amounts of shared family time. Close

• 25. [Article] How women negotiate family responsibilities and personal health

  Women’s health affects women and society as a whole. In addition to paid employment, women provide unpaid labor as they care for their families, their homes, and ailing relatives. Only by staying healthy ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How women negotiate family responsibilities and personal health Author: Ourada, Verna E. Zehner Women’s health affects women and society as a whole. In addition to paid employment, women provide unpaid labor as they care for their families, their homes, and ailing relatives. Only by staying healthy can women provide care to their families. Using a feminist perspective, this study examined how women manage both their family responsibilities and their personal health. A sample of 13 women participated in this study. These women ranged in age from 35 – 55 years of age and in educational levels from 12 – 18 years. All but one of the participants were employed outside the home, and all were Caucasian. All 13 women who participated in this study were at risk for developing metabolic syndrome, which is a combination of health problems including diabetes. The participants attended a 12-week intervention that consisted of weekly classes on nutrition and the benefits of exercise. Qualitative interviews with the participants occurred 2 to 5 weeks after the intervention was completed. The interview questions were focused on the experiences the women had while trying to make diet and exercise changes and how their families responded to those attempts at change. This study used qualitative analysis to look for themes and patterns regarding women’s attempts to make diet and exercise changes to decrease their risk of diabetes. Three factors were found to influence changes in diet and exercise. First, family support influenced the participant’s ability to make positive changes. Family support for this study included support from any family member, including extended family members, and was in the form of encouragement, interest in what the participant was learning, and exercising with the participant. Second, women from families in which exercise was part of other family members’ routines demonstrated more change in exercise than those from families where exercise was not a routine part of family life. Finally, family demands negatively influenced some women’s ability to make diet and exercise changes as shown by three women who had disabled family members living in their homes. The women in this study experienced both structural and psychological ambivalence when trying to fulfill multiple roles of wife, mother, employee, and so forth. In terms of structural ambivalence, women from complicated families seemed unable to meet both the needs of their family members and their own health needs. Such women are vulnerable to failing when attempting to make health behavior changes. The women also experienced psychological ambivalence within their relationships with family members when trying to prioritize their own needs above those of others. The results of this study should help in designing interventions that increase the likelihood of women’s success in balancing family needs with needs regarding their own health. Title: How women negotiate family responsibilities and personal health Author: Ourada, Verna E. Zehner Women’s health affects women and society as a whole. In addition to paid employment, women provide unpaid labor as they care for their families, their homes, and ailing relatives. Only by staying healthy can women provide care to their families. Using a feminist perspective, this study examined how women manage both their family responsibilities and their personal health. A sample of 13 women participated in this study. These women ranged in age from 35 – 55 years of age and in educational levels from 12 – 18 years. All but one of the participants were employed outside the home, and all were Caucasian. All 13 women who participated in this study were at risk for developing metabolic syndrome, which is a combination of health problems including diabetes. The participants attended a 12-week intervention that consisted of weekly classes on nutrition and the benefits of exercise. Qualitative interviews with the participants occurred 2 to 5 weeks after the intervention was completed. The interview questions were focused on the experiences the women had while trying to make diet and exercise changes and how their families responded to those attempts at change. This study used qualitative analysis to look for themes and patterns regarding women’s attempts to make diet and exercise changes to decrease their risk of diabetes. Three factors were found to influence changes in diet and exercise. First, family support influenced the participant’s ability to make positive changes. Family support for this study included support from any family member, including extended family members, and was in the form of encouragement, interest in what the participant was learning, and exercising with the participant. Second, women from families in which exercise was part of other family members’ routines demonstrated more change in exercise than those from families where exercise was not a routine part of family life. Finally, family demands negatively influenced some women’s ability to make diet and exercise changes as shown by three women who had disabled family members living in their homes. The women in this study experienced both structural and psychological ambivalence when trying to fulfill multiple roles of wife, mother, employee, and so forth. In terms of structural ambivalence, women from complicated families seemed unable to meet both the needs of their family members and their own health needs. Such women are vulnerable to failing when attempting to make health behavior changes. The women also experienced psychological ambivalence within their relationships with family members when trying to prioritize their own needs above those of others. The results of this study should help in designing interventions that increase the likelihood of women’s success in balancing family needs with needs regarding their own health. Close

• 26. [Article] The Role of Product Wrongdoings on Brand Attitudes: A Comparison of Family and Non-Family Firms

  AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Alexandra Martino for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Management and Psychology presented on April 21, 2017. Title: The Role of Product Wrongdoings on Brand ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Role of Product Wrongdoings on Brand Attitudes: A Comparison of Family and Non-Family Firms Author: Martino, Alexandra AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Alexandra Martino for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Management and Psychology presented on April 21, 2017. Title: The Role of Product Wrongdoings on Brand Attitudes: A Comparison of Family and Non-Family Firms. Abstract approved: Donald Neubaum Although the prevalence of family businesses in our current economy is rapidly increasing, there is very little research involving consumer perceptions of these firms. This study aims to study these consumer attitudes (i.e., trust, attitudes, and purchase intentions) towards family and non-family firms. This thesis also discusses how those wrongdoings affect the consumers’ levels of trust. Previous literature reported that consumers view brands as being capable of possessing emotions and morals (e.g., spokescharacters used in firm branding, anthropomorphized brands). This study builds on those findings to discuss how consumers’ attitudes towards these brands changed following an incidence of product wrongdoing. It presents a series of hypotheses, followed by the results from an online experimental survey used to explore these relationships. Key Words: Marketing, family business, brand attitudes Corresponding e-mail address: martinoa@oregonstate.edu Title: The Role of Product Wrongdoings on Brand Attitudes: A Comparison of Family and Non-Family Firms Author: Martino, Alexandra AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Alexandra Martino for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Management and Psychology presented on April 21, 2017. Title: The Role of Product Wrongdoings on Brand Attitudes: A Comparison of Family and Non-Family Firms. Abstract approved: Donald Neubaum Although the prevalence of family businesses in our current economy is rapidly increasing, there is very little research involving consumer perceptions of these firms. This study aims to study these consumer attitudes (i.e., trust, attitudes, and purchase intentions) towards family and non-family firms. This thesis also discusses how those wrongdoings affect the consumers’ levels of trust. Previous literature reported that consumers view brands as being capable of possessing emotions and morals (e.g., spokescharacters used in firm branding, anthropomorphized brands). This study builds on those findings to discuss how consumers’ attitudes towards these brands changed following an incidence of product wrongdoing. It presents a series of hypotheses, followed by the results from an online experimental survey used to explore these relationships. Key Words: Marketing, family business, brand attitudes Corresponding e-mail address: martinoa@oregonstate.edu Close

• 27. [Article] Family & work, a delicate balance

  Published March 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Family & work, a delicate balance Author: Hall, Leslie D., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published March 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Family & work, a delicate balance Author: Hall, Leslie D., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published March 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 28. [Article] Processes of orientation to the informal caregiving role among Mexican-origin women : a qualitative analysis

  This thesis presents the steps that were taken to develop thematic findings using data from a qualitative study. Using a grounded approach, the study focused on qualitatively exploring Mexican origin caregivers' ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Processes of orientation to the informal caregiving role among Mexican-origin women : a qualitative analysis Author: McDermott, Elizabeth A. This thesis presents the steps that were taken to develop thematic findings using data from a qualitative study. Using a grounded approach, the study focused on qualitatively exploring Mexican origin caregivers' conceptualizations of elder caregiving in terms of role functioning, social norms, cultural beliefs, and familial obligations. Data collected from one-time, semi-structured interviews with 44 caregivers living in East Los Angeles, California were analyzed to develop thematic content. Before the onset of data analysis, all materials related to the study were reviewed to familiarize the researcher with the data. Following the review of the study materials, each transcript was systematically sorted and analyzed in the language of the interview (i.e., Spanish or English), using Atlas.ti, qualitative data management software. The cultural psychological perspective and the research question, "How do Mexican-origin women describe becoming oriented to or familiarized with the caregiving role and its associated responsibilities?" guided the analysis. Four themes related to women’s conceptualization of caregiving and women's personal sense of responsibility for taking care of familial elders emerged from the analysis. These themes include: 1) early and continued caregiving socialization; 2) psyche and personal identification; 3) familial expectations of giving care; and 4) cultural expectations of the family and the responsibility to give care. The first theme, early and continued caregiving socialization, reflects women's reports of becoming familiarized with the practice of giving care early on in their lives, often years before the actual adoption of the familial caregiving role. Women shared that the process of learning to give care involved continued observation of close relatives' caregiving behaviors and skills. Of those who reported learning how to give care through the observation of relatives, most reported having observed mothers modeling caregiving behaviors in support of elderly relatives and some reported having observed the caregiving activities of aunts and grandmothers. Women also became oriented to the caregiving role by actively participating in their families' caregiving responsibilities and activities early on in their lives (e.g., taking care of siblings, preparing family meals). The second theme to emerge from the analysis reflects the personal identification, held by some women in the sample, as primary caregiver within the family. Caregiving was described by these women as an inherent capacity or ability, not merely a set of skills or functions one becomes familiarized with or trained to do. For that reason, many were reluctant to adopt the term caregiver, instead reporting that they were performing familial duties consistent with their conceptualization of what it meant to be in a family, to be a daughter, or to be a granddaughter. The third theme, familial expectations of giving care, reflects the profound influence of familial expectations on women's behaviors and attitudes concerning the care of dependent familial elders. Families varied with respect to the degree to which familial expectations regarding the care of dependent family members were expressed. In some families, familial expectations regarding the care of dependent relatives were expressed clearly and explicitly while, in others, familial caregiving expectations were merely implied. For those belonging to families where caregiving expectations were implied, expectations within the family regarding the care of dependent relatives were generally conveyed through the allocation of caregiving tasks within the family, such as watching over younger siblings and preparing meals for the family. This implicit expression of caregiving expectations within the family made the process of becoming a caregiver a relatively passive process, involving the gradual increase in responsibilities over dependent family members. The fourth theme, cultural expectations of the family and the responsibility to give care, reflects the cultural forces influencing women's conceptualization of caregiving and women’s personal sense of responsibility for taking care of familial elders. Marianisma, the expectation within Latino culture that female members of a family should consider their own wants, desires, and needs as secondary to the needs of the family, particularly male members of the family (Hubbell, 1993; García & de Oliveira, 1997) was alluded to by many of the women in the sample. Similarly, familism, or the Latino cultural value of allegiance, attachment, dedication, reciprocity, and solidarity within the family (Ruiz & Ransford, 2012) was also reflected in women’s reports, with the majority of women in the sample sharing the view that, in times of need, family members should express loyalty to and responsibility for other dependent members of the family, by being available to give care and support. Though the goal of qualitative research is not necessarily to produce generalizable results but to instead describe as many aspects of a topic in detail, as is possible; it should be noted that, because non-random sampling techniques were utilized to recruit the study participants, the generalizability of this analysis' findings is limited. For that reason, while the discovery of common elements, across interviews, related to the processes of becoming oriented to the caregiver role lends some credibility to the findings of this analysis, caution should be taken when interpreting the results of this analysis. Additional research, involving alternative study designs, larger samples, and more diverse samples in terms of socioeconomic status and geographic location, is warranted. Title: Processes of orientation to the informal caregiving role among Mexican-origin women : a qualitative analysis Author: McDermott, Elizabeth A. This thesis presents the steps that were taken to develop thematic findings using data from a qualitative study. Using a grounded approach, the study focused on qualitatively exploring Mexican origin caregivers' conceptualizations of elder caregiving in terms of role functioning, social norms, cultural beliefs, and familial obligations. Data collected from one-time, semi-structured interviews with 44 caregivers living in East Los Angeles, California were analyzed to develop thematic content. Before the onset of data analysis, all materials related to the study were reviewed to familiarize the researcher with the data. Following the review of the study materials, each transcript was systematically sorted and analyzed in the language of the interview (i.e., Spanish or English), using Atlas.ti, qualitative data management software. The cultural psychological perspective and the research question, "How do Mexican-origin women describe becoming oriented to or familiarized with the caregiving role and its associated responsibilities?" guided the analysis. Four themes related to women’s conceptualization of caregiving and women's personal sense of responsibility for taking care of familial elders emerged from the analysis. These themes include: 1) early and continued caregiving socialization; 2) psyche and personal identification; 3) familial expectations of giving care; and 4) cultural expectations of the family and the responsibility to give care. The first theme, early and continued caregiving socialization, reflects women's reports of becoming familiarized with the practice of giving care early on in their lives, often years before the actual adoption of the familial caregiving role. Women shared that the process of learning to give care involved continued observation of close relatives' caregiving behaviors and skills. Of those who reported learning how to give care through the observation of relatives, most reported having observed mothers modeling caregiving behaviors in support of elderly relatives and some reported having observed the caregiving activities of aunts and grandmothers. Women also became oriented to the caregiving role by actively participating in their families' caregiving responsibilities and activities early on in their lives (e.g., taking care of siblings, preparing family meals). The second theme to emerge from the analysis reflects the personal identification, held by some women in the sample, as primary caregiver within the family. Caregiving was described by these women as an inherent capacity or ability, not merely a set of skills or functions one becomes familiarized with or trained to do. For that reason, many were reluctant to adopt the term caregiver, instead reporting that they were performing familial duties consistent with their conceptualization of what it meant to be in a family, to be a daughter, or to be a granddaughter. The third theme, familial expectations of giving care, reflects the profound influence of familial expectations on women's behaviors and attitudes concerning the care of dependent familial elders. Families varied with respect to the degree to which familial expectations regarding the care of dependent family members were expressed. In some families, familial expectations regarding the care of dependent relatives were expressed clearly and explicitly while, in others, familial caregiving expectations were merely implied. For those belonging to families where caregiving expectations were implied, expectations within the family regarding the care of dependent relatives were generally conveyed through the allocation of caregiving tasks within the family, such as watching over younger siblings and preparing meals for the family. This implicit expression of caregiving expectations within the family made the process of becoming a caregiver a relatively passive process, involving the gradual increase in responsibilities over dependent family members. The fourth theme, cultural expectations of the family and the responsibility to give care, reflects the cultural forces influencing women's conceptualization of caregiving and women’s personal sense of responsibility for taking care of familial elders. Marianisma, the expectation within Latino culture that female members of a family should consider their own wants, desires, and needs as secondary to the needs of the family, particularly male members of the family (Hubbell, 1993; García & de Oliveira, 1997) was alluded to by many of the women in the sample. Similarly, familism, or the Latino cultural value of allegiance, attachment, dedication, reciprocity, and solidarity within the family (Ruiz & Ransford, 2012) was also reflected in women’s reports, with the majority of women in the sample sharing the view that, in times of need, family members should express loyalty to and responsibility for other dependent members of the family, by being available to give care and support. Though the goal of qualitative research is not necessarily to produce generalizable results but to instead describe as many aspects of a topic in detail, as is possible; it should be noted that, because non-random sampling techniques were utilized to recruit the study participants, the generalizability of this analysis' findings is limited. For that reason, while the discovery of common elements, across interviews, related to the processes of becoming oriented to the caregiver role lends some credibility to the findings of this analysis, caution should be taken when interpreting the results of this analysis. Additional research, involving alternative study designs, larger samples, and more diverse samples in terms of socioeconomic status and geographic location, is warranted. Close

• 29. [Article] The relationship of some family background variables to college graduation

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships that were hypothesized to exist between the variables birth order, family size, and parents college attendance and the dependent variable, college ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The relationship of some family background variables to college graduation Author: Ghaffari, Rose Marie Hughes The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships that were hypothesized to exist between the variables birth order, family size, and parents college attendance and the dependent variable, college graduation. The three general hypotheses tested were: 1. A positive relationship exists between a given position in birth order and college graduation. 2. An inverse relationship exists between a given family size and college graduation. 3. A positive relationship exists between a given status of parents' college attendance and college graduation. The 828 subjects were female freshmen who entered Oregon State University, fall term, 1963. Excluded from the study were all subjects who came from families of more than four siblings. Data for each subject were recorded from the official student personnel data cards. A series of chi-square tests of independence were performed in order to analyze the relationship between the family background variables and college graduation. Analysis of variance was also used in order to find out the main and interaction effects of the family background variables on college graduation. The following conclusions were made: 1. No relationship exists between birth order and college graduation. 2. An inverse relationship exists between family size and college graduation. 3. A positive relationship exists between a mother's college attendance and a child's graduation from college. 4. The possible relationship which may exist between a father's college attendance and a child's graduation from college is inconclusive. 5. Individually, there is no significant difference between the effects of a mother's and father's college attendance on a child's graduation from college. 6. A positive relationship exists between both parents' college attendance and a child's graduation from college. 7. Individually, a mother's college attendance has as much influence on a child's graduation from college as when college attendance by both parents is considered jointly. 8. When parents' education differs, each has equal influence on their child's propensity to graduate from college. 9. If one parent has attended college, there is a higher probability of a child graduating than if neither parent attended college. 10. Among students who came from families in which both parents attended college, no relationship exists between birth order and the student's graduation from college. 11. Among students who came from families in which neither parent attended college, no relationship exists between birth order and the student's college graduation. 12. Among students who came from families in which only the mother attended college, no relationship exists between birth order and the student's college graduation. 13. Among students who came from families in which only the father attended college, no relationship exists between birth order and the student's graduation from college. 14. Among students who came from families in which both parents attended college, no relationship exists between family size and the student's college graduation. 15. Among students who came from families in which neither parent attended college, no relationship exists between family size and the student's graduation from college. 16. Among students who came from families in which only the mother attended college, no relationship exists between family size and the student's college graduation. 17. Among students who came from families in which only the father attended college, no relationship exists between family size and the student's graduation from college. Title: The relationship of some family background variables to college graduation Author: Ghaffari, Rose Marie Hughes The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships that were hypothesized to exist between the variables birth order, family size, and parents college attendance and the dependent variable, college graduation. The three general hypotheses tested were: 1. A positive relationship exists between a given position in birth order and college graduation. 2. An inverse relationship exists between a given family size and college graduation. 3. A positive relationship exists between a given status of parents' college attendance and college graduation. The 828 subjects were female freshmen who entered Oregon State University, fall term, 1963. Excluded from the study were all subjects who came from families of more than four siblings. Data for each subject were recorded from the official student personnel data cards. A series of chi-square tests of independence were performed in order to analyze the relationship between the family background variables and college graduation. Analysis of variance was also used in order to find out the main and interaction effects of the family background variables on college graduation. The following conclusions were made: 1. No relationship exists between birth order and college graduation. 2. An inverse relationship exists between family size and college graduation. 3. A positive relationship exists between a mother's college attendance and a child's graduation from college. 4. The possible relationship which may exist between a father's college attendance and a child's graduation from college is inconclusive. 5. Individually, there is no significant difference between the effects of a mother's and father's college attendance on a child's graduation from college. 6. A positive relationship exists between both parents' college attendance and a child's graduation from college. 7. Individually, a mother's college attendance has as much influence on a child's graduation from college as when college attendance by both parents is considered jointly. 8. When parents' education differs, each has equal influence on their child's propensity to graduate from college. 9. If one parent has attended college, there is a higher probability of a child graduating than if neither parent attended college. 10. Among students who came from families in which both parents attended college, no relationship exists between birth order and the student's graduation from college. 11. Among students who came from families in which neither parent attended college, no relationship exists between birth order and the student's college graduation. 12. Among students who came from families in which only the mother attended college, no relationship exists between birth order and the student's college graduation. 13. Among students who came from families in which only the father attended college, no relationship exists between birth order and the student's graduation from college. 14. Among students who came from families in which both parents attended college, no relationship exists between family size and the student's college graduation. 15. Among students who came from families in which neither parent attended college, no relationship exists between family size and the student's graduation from college. 16. Among students who came from families in which only the mother attended college, no relationship exists between family size and the student's college graduation. 17. Among students who came from families in which only the father attended college, no relationship exists between family size and the student's graduation from college. Close

• 30. [Article] Intervention Effects on Safety Compliance and Citizenship Behaviors: Evidence From the Work, Family, and Health Study

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Intervention Effects on Safety Compliance and Citizenship Behaviors: Evidence From the Work, Family, and Health Study Author: Hammer, Leslie B., Karuntzos, Georgia, Crain, Tori L., Chosewood, L., Bodner, Todd, Johnson, Ryan C., Buxton, Orfeu M., Davis, Kelly D., Kossek, Ellen Ernst, Berkman, Lisa, Kelly, Erin L. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association and can be found at: http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/apl/index.aspx Title: Intervention Effects on Safety Compliance and Citizenship Behaviors: Evidence From the Work, Family, and Health Study Author: Hammer, Leslie B., Karuntzos, Georgia, Crain, Tori L., Chosewood, L., Bodner, Todd, Johnson, Ryan C., Buxton, Orfeu M., Davis, Kelly D., Kossek, Ellen Ernst, Berkman, Lisa, Kelly, Erin L. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association and can be found at: http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/apl/index.aspx Close

• 31. [Article] Presentation.pptx

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Presentation.pptx Author: Navarrete, Ricardo Jr Title: Presentation.pptx Author: Navarrete, Ricardo Jr Close

• 32. [Article] Presentation.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Presentation.pdf Author: Navarrete, Ricardo Jr Title: Presentation.pdf Author: Navarrete, Ricardo Jr Close

• 33. [Article] Women's feelings about the work-family interface of long-haul truck drivers : six days on the road and he's gonna be home tonight

  Long-haul truck drivers are absent from their families for prolonged periods of time. This paper examines the methods trucking families use to remain connected given such absences. Interviews with ten ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Women's feelings about the work-family interface of long-haul truck drivers : six days on the road and he's gonna be home tonight Author: Moon, Susan F. Long-haul truck drivers are absent from their families for prolonged periods of time. This paper examines the methods trucking families use to remain connected given such absences. Interviews with ten women married to long-haul truck drivers underwent qualitative analysis. Initially, personal profiles were developed to illustrate life experiences of the women. While the trucking industry set the context, the families decided how to cope with the lifestyle. Patterns of coping strategies developed by the families were described by the women. Coping strategies did not result from the efforts of one individual. All family members contributed to it in a dynamic process. One instrumental source of support was the driver's trucking company. Support systems instrumental in helping families utilize coping mechanisms were identified. Women used ambivalent thought to resolve negative emotions. In addition, an environmental analysis that compared the homes of the women and the homes of non-truckers was conducted to determine whether trucking women's homes reflected their lifestyle and attitudes toward their husband's absence. The trucking family engages in an atypical lifestyle, yet their issues are similar to those experienced by families whose husbands and fathers are home every night. Trucking families continually seek to find methods that allow them to think of themselves as normative. Title: Women's feelings about the work-family interface of long-haul truck drivers : six days on the road and he's gonna be home tonight Author: Moon, Susan F. Long-haul truck drivers are absent from their families for prolonged periods of time. This paper examines the methods trucking families use to remain connected given such absences. Interviews with ten women married to long-haul truck drivers underwent qualitative analysis. Initially, personal profiles were developed to illustrate life experiences of the women. While the trucking industry set the context, the families decided how to cope with the lifestyle. Patterns of coping strategies developed by the families were described by the women. Coping strategies did not result from the efforts of one individual. All family members contributed to it in a dynamic process. One instrumental source of support was the driver's trucking company. Support systems instrumental in helping families utilize coping mechanisms were identified. Women used ambivalent thought to resolve negative emotions. In addition, an environmental analysis that compared the homes of the women and the homes of non-truckers was conducted to determine whether trucking women's homes reflected their lifestyle and attitudes toward their husband's absence. The trucking family engages in an atypical lifestyle, yet their issues are similar to those experienced by families whose husbands and fathers are home every night. Trucking families continually seek to find methods that allow them to think of themselves as normative. Close

• 34. [Article] Generating rural options for Weight: Healthy Kids and Communities: examining the rural family home nutrition and physical activity environment

  Childhood health is a strong determinant of adult health, including overweight and obesity. Rural children and adults experience a greater obesity prevalence compared to children and adults living in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Generating rural options for Weight: Healthy Kids and Communities: examining the rural family home nutrition and physical activity environment Author: Booth, Carolyn, Gunter, Kathy Childhood health is a strong determinant of adult health, including overweight and obesity. Rural children and adults experience a greater obesity prevalence compared to children and adults living in more urban places. The goal of Generating Rural Options for Weight-Healthy Kids & Communities (GROW HKC) is to prevent childhood obesity and promote healthy weight among children and families living in rural places. GROW HKC focuses efforts in rural communities, schools, and families. The data presented here focus on the rural family home environment. PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the family home food and physical activity environment among rural families. Title: Generating rural options for Weight: Healthy Kids and Communities: examining the rural family home nutrition and physical activity environment Author: Booth, Carolyn, Gunter, Kathy Childhood health is a strong determinant of adult health, including overweight and obesity. Rural children and adults experience a greater obesity prevalence compared to children and adults living in more urban places. The goal of Generating Rural Options for Weight-Healthy Kids & Communities (GROW HKC) is to prevent childhood obesity and promote healthy weight among children and families living in rural places. GROW HKC focuses efforts in rural communities, schools, and families. The data presented here focus on the rural family home environment. PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the family home food and physical activity environment among rural families. Close

• 35. [Article] Examining relationships between the Family Stage of Change Survey and the Family Nutrition Physical Activity Survey among Hispanic and non-Hispanic families

  Family influence in the home environment has been linked to children’s nutrition and physical activity behaviors. However few tools exist to identify family level behaviors and families’ readiness to change ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Examining relationships between the Family Stage of Change Survey and the Family Nutrition Physical Activity Survey among Hispanic and non-Hispanic families Author: Navarrete, Ricardo Jr Family influence in the home environment has been linked to children’s nutrition and physical activity behaviors. However few tools exist to identify family level behaviors and families’ readiness to change those behaviors, particularly for populations at high risk for obesity such as Hispanics. This study summarizes the relationships of similar items between a newly created family obesity-preventing behavior screening tool (Family Stage of Change [FSOC] Survey), and a validated screening tool that measures both family and child-level behaviors shown to predict child obesity (Family Nutrition and Physical Activity [FNPA] screening tool). Of particular interest for this study was whether responses on these surveys differed between Hispanic and non-Hispanic families to determine potential validity of the FSOC instrument for use with Hispanic families. Study participants included parents and caregivers (N=66) of children ages 2-14 years recruited through preschool, elementary, and middle school listservs and through word of mouth. Descriptive analyses were conducted on the demographic data, and correlations were run to examine associations between FSOC and FNPA items. Mean Domain, and Total scores were analyzed for differences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic responders. After stratifying respondents by education level, a second set of correlations was conducted to better understand the role of education on participant responses. Moderate to strong correlations were observed between the individual items (0.33 to 0.97, p<0.05). When correlations were examined by education level, the strength of several correlations decreased substantially with the lowest correlations observed among those with the lowest education level. Significant differences were also examined between FNPA and FSOC domain scores. On the FNPA Hispanics had lower FNPA mean summary score relative to Eating Behaviors (EB; 19 + 3.3 vs. 20.6 + 1.8, p=0.02)) and Screen Time Behaviors (ST; 6.1 + 1.7 vs. 6.9 + 1.5, p=0.04). On the FSOC Hispanics had lower mean individual and mean summary scores in the PA and Sleep Behavior domains (p<0.05). In conclusion, additional research is needed to determine if the FSOC is a valid and reliable instrument and has the potential to meet an identified need related to family-directed, obesity prevention efforts for Hispanic families, or any families when the caregiver has low education. Title: Examining relationships between the Family Stage of Change Survey and the Family Nutrition Physical Activity Survey among Hispanic and non-Hispanic families Author: Navarrete, Ricardo Jr Family influence in the home environment has been linked to children’s nutrition and physical activity behaviors. However few tools exist to identify family level behaviors and families’ readiness to change those behaviors, particularly for populations at high risk for obesity such as Hispanics. This study summarizes the relationships of similar items between a newly created family obesity-preventing behavior screening tool (Family Stage of Change [FSOC] Survey), and a validated screening tool that measures both family and child-level behaviors shown to predict child obesity (Family Nutrition and Physical Activity [FNPA] screening tool). Of particular interest for this study was whether responses on these surveys differed between Hispanic and non-Hispanic families to determine potential validity of the FSOC instrument for use with Hispanic families. Study participants included parents and caregivers (N=66) of children ages 2-14 years recruited through preschool, elementary, and middle school listservs and through word of mouth. Descriptive analyses were conducted on the demographic data, and correlations were run to examine associations between FSOC and FNPA items. Mean Domain, and Total scores were analyzed for differences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic responders. After stratifying respondents by education level, a second set of correlations was conducted to better understand the role of education on participant responses. Moderate to strong correlations were observed between the individual items (0.33 to 0.97, p<0.05). When correlations were examined by education level, the strength of several correlations decreased substantially with the lowest correlations observed among those with the lowest education level. Significant differences were also examined between FNPA and FSOC domain scores. On the FNPA Hispanics had lower FNPA mean summary score relative to Eating Behaviors (EB; 19 + 3.3 vs. 20.6 + 1.8, p=0.02)) and Screen Time Behaviors (ST; 6.1 + 1.7 vs. 6.9 + 1.5, p=0.04). On the FSOC Hispanics had lower mean individual and mean summary scores in the PA and Sleep Behavior domains (p<0.05). In conclusion, additional research is needed to determine if the FSOC is a valid and reliable instrument and has the potential to meet an identified need related to family-directed, obesity prevention efforts for Hispanic families, or any families when the caregiver has low education. Close

• 36. [Article] A market oriented approach to energy conservation identifying disadvantaged families as target groups for energy assistance programs

  Energy expenditures, perceived family well being, and energy conservation actions were analyzed by family composition and level of income. Data were from a three state subsample (Arizona, Colorado, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A market oriented approach to energy conservation identifying disadvantaged families as target groups for energy assistance programs Author: Marganus, Martin Energy expenditures, perceived family well being, and energy conservation actions were analyzed by family composition and level of income. Data were from a three state subsample (Arizona, Colorado, and Oregon; N = 2,633) of a larger stratified random sample of households in the Western United States. Data were collected in the spring of 1981 by mail survey. Self-reported total annual energy expenditures were correlated with scores on an Index of Well Being, a measure of the perceived level of cut-backs in areas of consumption other than energy, due to rising fuel prices. No significant (p ≤ .05) correlation was found between energy expenditures and scores on the Index of Well Being. The proportion of income spent on residential energy (energy budget share), however, was significantly (p = .001) correlated with the Index of Well Being (r = <.247). Families were classified according to the age and marital status of the head of household, and the number of dependents in the family. One-way analysis of variance was used to test differences in energy expenditures, the energy budget share, and scores on the Index of Well Being between family types and families at different income levels. All variables differed significantly (p ≤ .001) between groups. Families past retirement age had an average energy budget share of almost twice the amount of other families. The form of relationship was tested by fitting linear, quadratic, and cubic contrasts to the group means. Energy expenditures varied across stages in the family-life-cycle in the form of an inverted U. Interactions between the two grouping factors, family composition and income, were tested in a two-way analysis of variance. Only in the case of the energy budget share a significant (p ≤ .05) interaction was found. There was no significant effect of climate on energy expenditures. Log-linear analysis was used to find differences in the probability with which families at different stages in the family-life-cycle and at different income levels had taken various energy conservation actions. Models were fitted to five-way frequency tables of energy conservation actions by age and marital status of the head of household, family size, and income. Conservation actions were classified as energy efficiency improvements or curtailments. The probability of efficiency improvements generally increased with age and income, while no clear trend existed for curtailments. A stepwise logistic regression procedure was employed to find socioeconomic and housing factors associated with the differences in conservation actions between family types and income groups. Interfamily differences in energy conservation actions were largely determined by differences in the built environment. The probability for having taken conservation actions was lowest in rented multi-family dwellings, built before 1975. Weatherization programs should, therefore, be targeted to these dwellings. Since loans were equally used by all income groups, but tax credits more often by high income families, a loan program would be a more equitable way to encourage energy conservation than tax credits. Title: A market oriented approach to energy conservation identifying disadvantaged families as target groups for energy assistance programs Author: Marganus, Martin Energy expenditures, perceived family well being, and energy conservation actions were analyzed by family composition and level of income. Data were from a three state subsample (Arizona, Colorado, and Oregon; N = 2,633) of a larger stratified random sample of households in the Western United States. Data were collected in the spring of 1981 by mail survey. Self-reported total annual energy expenditures were correlated with scores on an Index of Well Being, a measure of the perceived level of cut-backs in areas of consumption other than energy, due to rising fuel prices. No significant (p ≤ .05) correlation was found between energy expenditures and scores on the Index of Well Being. The proportion of income spent on residential energy (energy budget share), however, was significantly (p = .001) correlated with the Index of Well Being (r = <.247). Families were classified according to the age and marital status of the head of household, and the number of dependents in the family. One-way analysis of variance was used to test differences in energy expenditures, the energy budget share, and scores on the Index of Well Being between family types and families at different income levels. All variables differed significantly (p ≤ .001) between groups. Families past retirement age had an average energy budget share of almost twice the amount of other families. The form of relationship was tested by fitting linear, quadratic, and cubic contrasts to the group means. Energy expenditures varied across stages in the family-life-cycle in the form of an inverted U. Interactions between the two grouping factors, family composition and income, were tested in a two-way analysis of variance. Only in the case of the energy budget share a significant (p ≤ .05) interaction was found. There was no significant effect of climate on energy expenditures. Log-linear analysis was used to find differences in the probability with which families at different stages in the family-life-cycle and at different income levels had taken various energy conservation actions. Models were fitted to five-way frequency tables of energy conservation actions by age and marital status of the head of household, family size, and income. Conservation actions were classified as energy efficiency improvements or curtailments. The probability of efficiency improvements generally increased with age and income, while no clear trend existed for curtailments. A stepwise logistic regression procedure was employed to find socioeconomic and housing factors associated with the differences in conservation actions between family types and income groups. Interfamily differences in energy conservation actions were largely determined by differences in the built environment. The probability for having taken conservation actions was lowest in rented multi-family dwellings, built before 1975. Weatherization programs should, therefore, be targeted to these dwellings. Since loans were equally used by all income groups, but tax credits more often by high income families, a loan program would be a more equitable way to encourage energy conservation than tax credits. Close

• 37. [Article] Examining Relationships Between the Family Stage of Change Survey and the Family Nutrition Physical Activity Survey among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Families

  Family influence in the home environment has been linked to children’s nutrition and physical activity behaviors. However few tools exist to identify family level behaviors and families’ readiness to change ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Examining Relationships Between the Family Stage of Change Survey and the Family Nutrition Physical Activity Survey among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Families Author: Navarrete, Ricardo Family influence in the home environment has been linked to children’s nutrition and physical activity behaviors. However few tools exist to identify family level behaviors and families’ readiness to change those behaviors, particularly for populations at high risk for obesity such as Hispanics. This study summarizes the relationships of similar items between a newly created family obesity-preventing behavior screening tool (Family Stage of Change [FSOC] Survey), and a validated screening tool that measures both family and child-level behaviors shown to predict child obesity (Family Nutrition and Physical Activity [FNPA] screening tool). Of particular interest for this study was whether responses on these surveys differed between Hispanic and non-Hispanic families to determine potential validity of the FSOC instrument for use with Hispanic families. Study participants included parents and caregivers (N=66) of children ages 2-14 years recruited through preschool, elementary, and middle school listservs and through word of mouth. Descriptive analyses were conducted on the demographic data, and correlations were run to examine associations between FSOC and FNPA items. Mean Domain, and Total scores were analyzed for differences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic responders. After stratifying respondents by education level, a second set of correlations was conducted to better understand the role of education on participant responses. Moderate to strong correlations were observed between the individual items (0.33 to 0.97, p<0.05). When correlations were examined by education level, the strength of several correlations decreased substantially with the lowest correlations observed among those with the lowest education level. Significant differences were also examined between FNPA and FSOC domain scores. On the FNPA Hispanics had lower FNPA mean summary score relative to Eating Behaviors (EB; 19 ± 3.3 vs. 20.6 ± 1.8, p=0.02)) and Screen Time Behaviors (ST; 6.1 ± 1.7 vs. 6.9 ± 1.5, p=0.04). On the FSOC Hispanics had lower mean individual and mean summary scores in the PA and Sleep Behavior domains (p<0.05). In conclusion, additional research is needed to determine if the FSOC is a valid and reliable instrument and has the potential to meet an identified need related to family-directed, obesity prevention efforts for Hispanic families, or any families when the caregiver has low education. Title: Examining Relationships Between the Family Stage of Change Survey and the Family Nutrition Physical Activity Survey among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Families Author: Navarrete, Ricardo Family influence in the home environment has been linked to children’s nutrition and physical activity behaviors. However few tools exist to identify family level behaviors and families’ readiness to change those behaviors, particularly for populations at high risk for obesity such as Hispanics. This study summarizes the relationships of similar items between a newly created family obesity-preventing behavior screening tool (Family Stage of Change [FSOC] Survey), and a validated screening tool that measures both family and child-level behaviors shown to predict child obesity (Family Nutrition and Physical Activity [FNPA] screening tool). Of particular interest for this study was whether responses on these surveys differed between Hispanic and non-Hispanic families to determine potential validity of the FSOC instrument for use with Hispanic families. Study participants included parents and caregivers (N=66) of children ages 2-14 years recruited through preschool, elementary, and middle school listservs and through word of mouth. Descriptive analyses were conducted on the demographic data, and correlations were run to examine associations between FSOC and FNPA items. Mean Domain, and Total scores were analyzed for differences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic responders. After stratifying respondents by education level, a second set of correlations was conducted to better understand the role of education on participant responses. Moderate to strong correlations were observed between the individual items (0.33 to 0.97, p<0.05). When correlations were examined by education level, the strength of several correlations decreased substantially with the lowest correlations observed among those with the lowest education level. Significant differences were also examined between FNPA and FSOC domain scores. On the FNPA Hispanics had lower FNPA mean summary score relative to Eating Behaviors (EB; 19 ± 3.3 vs. 20.6 ± 1.8, p=0.02)) and Screen Time Behaviors (ST; 6.1 ± 1.7 vs. 6.9 ± 1.5, p=0.04). On the FSOC Hispanics had lower mean individual and mean summary scores in the PA and Sleep Behavior domains (p<0.05). In conclusion, additional research is needed to determine if the FSOC is a valid and reliable instrument and has the potential to meet an identified need related to family-directed, obesity prevention efforts for Hispanic families, or any families when the caregiver has low education. Close

• 38. [Article] Agriculture teachers' work and family domain characteristics, work-family conflict, and turnover intentions : a national study

  The purpose of this study was to describe and explore the relationships between work and family domain characteristics, time-based work-family conflict (WFC), and turnover intention of agriculture teachers. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agriculture teachers' work and family domain characteristics, work-family conflict, and turnover intentions : a national study Author: Sorensen, Tyson J. (Tyson Joel) The purpose of this study was to describe and explore the relationships between work and family domain characteristics, time-based work-family conflict (WFC), and turnover intention of agriculture teachers. This study sought to identify factors influencing agriculture teachers' turnover intentions. An additional focus of this study was to explore differences between male and female agriculture teachers regarding the variables of interest. Data were collected from a simple random sample of secondary agriculture teachers across the U.S. who self-identified as being active participants in a family role during the 2014-2015 academic year. The survey instrument consisted of demographic questions and existing validated constructs and measures. Information about agriculture teachers' work and family domain characteristics, WFC, turnover intentions, and reasons for the likelihood of leaving teaching was gathered. Data were analyzed using descriptive and correlational statistics. The majority of respondents reported being married and having children. Regarding work domain characteristics, respondents reported investing an average of 55 hours per regular work week (Monday through Friday) and 18 weekend hours per month in their agriculture teaching jobs. They also indicated a lack of congruence in work hours, as they preferred to work less hours than they currently were investing in their jobs. Agriculture teachers indicated high levels of family salience and moderate levels of work salience. Respondents also reported moderate levels of work interference with family (WIF), moderately low levels of family interference with work (FIW), and moderately low levels of turnover intentions. No differences in salience, conflict, or turnover intentions by sex were found. Agriculture teachers reported the highest likelihood of leaving their teaching position; 1) for a more desirable job opportunity, 2) for an opportunity to move up in their career, 3) because of family reasons, 4) due to a lack of compensation for the amount of work done, and 5) because of excessive workload. Females were more likely than males to leave teaching for "parenthood responsibilities/rearing children" and "because it is incompatible with raising a family." Perceived family-supportive work culture, number of agriculture teachers per school, work salience, and actual work hours per work week were significant factors in predicting WIF among agriculture teachers. Family salience was the only significant factor in predicting FIW among agriculture teachers. Additionally, age of child, work hours per work week, perceived family-supportive work culture, and WIF were significant predictors of turnover intentions of agriculture teachers. It was concluded that the conflict from trying to balance work and family role responsibilities does influence agriculture teachers' turnover intentions, and this conflict originates primarily in the work domain, not the family domain. Implications and recommendations for the agricultural education profession and for research are discussed. Title: Agriculture teachers' work and family domain characteristics, work-family conflict, and turnover intentions : a national study Author: Sorensen, Tyson J. (Tyson Joel) The purpose of this study was to describe and explore the relationships between work and family domain characteristics, time-based work-family conflict (WFC), and turnover intention of agriculture teachers. This study sought to identify factors influencing agriculture teachers' turnover intentions. An additional focus of this study was to explore differences between male and female agriculture teachers regarding the variables of interest. Data were collected from a simple random sample of secondary agriculture teachers across the U.S. who self-identified as being active participants in a family role during the 2014-2015 academic year. The survey instrument consisted of demographic questions and existing validated constructs and measures. Information about agriculture teachers' work and family domain characteristics, WFC, turnover intentions, and reasons for the likelihood of leaving teaching was gathered. Data were analyzed using descriptive and correlational statistics. The majority of respondents reported being married and having children. Regarding work domain characteristics, respondents reported investing an average of 55 hours per regular work week (Monday through Friday) and 18 weekend hours per month in their agriculture teaching jobs. They also indicated a lack of congruence in work hours, as they preferred to work less hours than they currently were investing in their jobs. Agriculture teachers indicated high levels of family salience and moderate levels of work salience. Respondents also reported moderate levels of work interference with family (WIF), moderately low levels of family interference with work (FIW), and moderately low levels of turnover intentions. No differences in salience, conflict, or turnover intentions by sex were found. Agriculture teachers reported the highest likelihood of leaving their teaching position; 1) for a more desirable job opportunity, 2) for an opportunity to move up in their career, 3) because of family reasons, 4) due to a lack of compensation for the amount of work done, and 5) because of excessive workload. Females were more likely than males to leave teaching for "parenthood responsibilities/rearing children" and "because it is incompatible with raising a family." Perceived family-supportive work culture, number of agriculture teachers per school, work salience, and actual work hours per work week were significant factors in predicting WIF among agriculture teachers. Family salience was the only significant factor in predicting FIW among agriculture teachers. Additionally, age of child, work hours per work week, perceived family-supportive work culture, and WIF were significant predictors of turnover intentions of agriculture teachers. It was concluded that the conflict from trying to balance work and family role responsibilities does influence agriculture teachers' turnover intentions, and this conflict originates primarily in the work domain, not the family domain. Implications and recommendations for the agricultural education profession and for research are discussed. Close

• 39. [Article] Ecology of adult day care for family caregivers

  The purpose of the study was to learn more about the ways in which caregivers perceive the effects of adult day services. The goal was to help inform adult day providers about services family caregivers ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecology of adult day care for family caregivers Author: Patterson, Susan L. The purpose of the study was to learn more about the ways in which caregivers perceive the effects of adult day services. The goal was to help inform adult day providers about services family caregivers find useful. An ecological model was used as a framework. Data were collected from focus groups consisting of spouse and nonspouse family caregivers of past and current participants in two different program models of adult day services: adult day care and adult day health services. There were few differences in the way caregivers of past and current participants perceived adult day services. One major difference was that some caregivers of past participants perceived that the programs had failed to provide support to them after their family member passed away. Although spouse and nonspouse caregivers used adult day services for different reasons, the main reason reported by both was to keep their family member active. The perceptions of caregivers using the adult day care model differed little from those of caregivers who used adult day health services. One difference was that some caregivers saw the staff at the adult day care center as role models who taught them how to care for and accept dependent family members. Talking to family caregivers about their experiences with adult day services can provide practitioners with valuable insights about the services and activities that family caregivers find useful and those they may need to assist them in their efforts to care for impaired family members. Adult day providers need to understand what effect services and activities have on caregivers and family members to enable them to create programs that benefit both. Title: Ecology of adult day care for family caregivers Author: Patterson, Susan L. The purpose of the study was to learn more about the ways in which caregivers perceive the effects of adult day services. The goal was to help inform adult day providers about services family caregivers find useful. An ecological model was used as a framework. Data were collected from focus groups consisting of spouse and nonspouse family caregivers of past and current participants in two different program models of adult day services: adult day care and adult day health services. There were few differences in the way caregivers of past and current participants perceived adult day services. One major difference was that some caregivers of past participants perceived that the programs had failed to provide support to them after their family member passed away. Although spouse and nonspouse caregivers used adult day services for different reasons, the main reason reported by both was to keep their family member active. The perceptions of caregivers using the adult day care model differed little from those of caregivers who used adult day health services. One difference was that some caregivers saw the staff at the adult day care center as role models who taught them how to care for and accept dependent family members. Talking to family caregivers about their experiences with adult day services can provide practitioners with valuable insights about the services and activities that family caregivers find useful and those they may need to assist them in their efforts to care for impaired family members. Adult day providers need to understand what effect services and activities have on caregivers and family members to enable them to create programs that benefit both. Close

• 40. [Article] Contributions of family size, birth order, socioeconomic status, and parent-child relationships to young children's intellectual development

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of family size, birth order, socioeconomic status, and parent-child relationships to young children's intellectual development. Seventy-four ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Contributions of family size, birth order, socioeconomic status, and parent-child relationships to young children's intellectual development Author: Liang, Shu The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of family size, birth order, socioeconomic status, and parent-child relationships to young children's intellectual development. Seventy-four children, 39 boys and 35 girls, with a mean age of 4 years-8 months, and their parents (mothers and fathers), selected from 9 preschool programs and daycare centers in Corvallis, Oregon, acted as subjects for this study. Ninety-five percent of the families came from upper or upper-middle socioeconomic classes. All the families were intact, consisting of children and their biological parents, representing one-, two, and three-child families. The children in this study were either first-, second- or third-born children. Family socioeconomic status was determined via Hollingshead's Four Factor Index of Social Status. Information on family size and birth order was obtained through a Demographic Questionnaire. Parent-child relationship was assessed via the Parent Attitude Research Instrument-Short Form. Children's intellectual level was measured with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised. Zajonc and Markus' Confluence Theory, Page and Grandon's Admixture Theory, and Falbo and Polies Parent-Child Relationships Theory were utilized as the basis for investigating the relative contributions of family size, birth order, socioeconomic status, mother-child relationship, and father-child relationship to children's intellectual development. The regression procedure was used in data analyses. The .05 probability level was used as the criterion for statistical significance. Findings revealed that the variables of socioeconomic status and quality of father-child relationships contributed significantly to children's intellectual development. The higher the socioeconomic status of the family, and the more supportive the father-child relationships, the higher the children's intellectual development scores. Birth order and family size made no contributions to children's intellectual development. These findings, therefore, provided support for Page and Grandon's Admixture Theory and Falbo and Polies Parent-Child Relationships Theory, but not for Zajonc and Markus' Confluence Theory. Title: Contributions of family size, birth order, socioeconomic status, and parent-child relationships to young children's intellectual development Author: Liang, Shu The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of family size, birth order, socioeconomic status, and parent-child relationships to young children's intellectual development. Seventy-four children, 39 boys and 35 girls, with a mean age of 4 years-8 months, and their parents (mothers and fathers), selected from 9 preschool programs and daycare centers in Corvallis, Oregon, acted as subjects for this study. Ninety-five percent of the families came from upper or upper-middle socioeconomic classes. All the families were intact, consisting of children and their biological parents, representing one-, two, and three-child families. The children in this study were either first-, second- or third-born children. Family socioeconomic status was determined via Hollingshead's Four Factor Index of Social Status. Information on family size and birth order was obtained through a Demographic Questionnaire. Parent-child relationship was assessed via the Parent Attitude Research Instrument-Short Form. Children's intellectual level was measured with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised. Zajonc and Markus' Confluence Theory, Page and Grandon's Admixture Theory, and Falbo and Polies Parent-Child Relationships Theory were utilized as the basis for investigating the relative contributions of family size, birth order, socioeconomic status, mother-child relationship, and father-child relationship to children's intellectual development. The regression procedure was used in data analyses. The .05 probability level was used as the criterion for statistical significance. Findings revealed that the variables of socioeconomic status and quality of father-child relationships contributed significantly to children's intellectual development. The higher the socioeconomic status of the family, and the more supportive the father-child relationships, the higher the children's intellectual development scores. Birth order and family size made no contributions to children's intellectual development. These findings, therefore, provided support for Page and Grandon's Admixture Theory and Falbo and Polies Parent-Child Relationships Theory, but not for Zajonc and Markus' Confluence Theory. Close

• 41. [Article] The impact of perceptions of work/family overlap and objective work/family characteristics on marital satisfaction of physicians and their spouses

  Kanter (1977) conceptualized five dimensions of the interdependence between work and family: occupational subculture, job absorption, time and timing, rewards and resources, and the emotional climate of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The impact of perceptions of work/family overlap and objective work/family characteristics on marital satisfaction of physicians and their spouses Author: Bird, David Nelson Kanter (1977) conceptualized five dimensions of the interdependence between work and family: occupational subculture, job absorption, time and timing, rewards and resources, and the emotional climate of work. Each of these dimensions affects the functioning and satisfaction of families and marriages. This research examined how four of these dimensions (occupational subculture, job absorption, time and timing, and the emotional climate) influenced the marital satisfaction of physicians and their spouses. It was hypothesized that physicians and their spouses' marital satisfaction would be affected by each of the four dimensions, as well as the following physicians' work-related activities: number of hours physicians work per week, physicians' working environment, the physician's medical specialty, and the period of time that physicians' medical practice is generally the most successful (age 35-45). Included in this study was the development of a scale to assess the dimensions of work/ family overlap. The results indicated that of the four work/family dimensions, work satisfaction was the only predictor of physicians' marital satisfaction. For physicians' spouses, physicians' work satisfaction and physicians' work involvement were predictors of spouses' marital satisfaction. Within the categories of work-related demographics, age was the only variable impacting the marital satisfaction of physicians and spouses. Physicians experienced the lowest marital satisfaction during ages 35-45. Spouses experienced the lowest level of marital satisfaction during years 35-65. A combined model of the work/family dimensions and work/family demographics indicated that physicians and spouses had different predictor variables of marital satisfaction, depending on work-related activities. Discussion focused on the differences between physicians and their spouses, the limitations of the study, suggestions for future research, and implications for intervention. Title: The impact of perceptions of work/family overlap and objective work/family characteristics on marital satisfaction of physicians and their spouses Author: Bird, David Nelson Kanter (1977) conceptualized five dimensions of the interdependence between work and family: occupational subculture, job absorption, time and timing, rewards and resources, and the emotional climate of work. Each of these dimensions affects the functioning and satisfaction of families and marriages. This research examined how four of these dimensions (occupational subculture, job absorption, time and timing, and the emotional climate) influenced the marital satisfaction of physicians and their spouses. It was hypothesized that physicians and their spouses' marital satisfaction would be affected by each of the four dimensions, as well as the following physicians' work-related activities: number of hours physicians work per week, physicians' working environment, the physician's medical specialty, and the period of time that physicians' medical practice is generally the most successful (age 35-45). Included in this study was the development of a scale to assess the dimensions of work/ family overlap. The results indicated that of the four work/family dimensions, work satisfaction was the only predictor of physicians' marital satisfaction. For physicians' spouses, physicians' work satisfaction and physicians' work involvement were predictors of spouses' marital satisfaction. Within the categories of work-related demographics, age was the only variable impacting the marital satisfaction of physicians and spouses. Physicians experienced the lowest marital satisfaction during ages 35-45. Spouses experienced the lowest level of marital satisfaction during years 35-65. A combined model of the work/family dimensions and work/family demographics indicated that physicians and spouses had different predictor variables of marital satisfaction, depending on work-related activities. Discussion focused on the differences between physicians and their spouses, the limitations of the study, suggestions for future research, and implications for intervention. Close

• 42. [Article] Stress among working women : an examination of family structure, occupational status, and workplace relationships

  Since the industrial revolution, work and family have been viewed as separate spheres, with women relegated to the family sphere. With the advent of women into the paid labor force, few studies have considered the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stress among working women : an examination of family structure, occupational status, and workplace relationships Author: Schmiege, Cynthia J. Since the industrial revolution, work and family have been viewed as separate spheres, with women relegated to the family sphere. With the advent of women into the paid labor force, few studies have considered the potentially complex context of women's work and family experiences. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of family structure, occupational status, and workplace relationships on women workers' perceptions of stress. The sample for this study included 379 women dental assistants and hygienists who responded to mailed questionnaires sent to the dental offices where they worked. The dependent variables used in this analysis were mental stress, physical stress, and four social stress items. Analysis of variance was performed for the family structure groups on physical, mental, and social stress items. Single parents and parents in general were especially stressed in terms of financial stress and marital stress. The second series of analyses included t-tests on stress by occupation. Dental assistants had more financial stress than hygienists. Hygienists had more mental stress than assistants. Workplace relationships were assessed in the full regression models. Frequency of talking with fellow workers was strongly and positively associated with financial problems. The full regression models supported the findings in earlier analyses that tensions from children and financial problems were associated with the presence of children in the home. The findings in this study suggest that for women workers, work and family do not occupy separate spheres. Women workers think about family matters at the workplace and discuss them with their other women workers. Further research needs to focus on women workers, especially those in traditionally female occupations, and the work and family connections for these workers. Title: Stress among working women : an examination of family structure, occupational status, and workplace relationships Author: Schmiege, Cynthia J. Since the industrial revolution, work and family have been viewed as separate spheres, with women relegated to the family sphere. With the advent of women into the paid labor force, few studies have considered the potentially complex context of women's work and family experiences. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of family structure, occupational status, and workplace relationships on women workers' perceptions of stress. The sample for this study included 379 women dental assistants and hygienists who responded to mailed questionnaires sent to the dental offices where they worked. The dependent variables used in this analysis were mental stress, physical stress, and four social stress items. Analysis of variance was performed for the family structure groups on physical, mental, and social stress items. Single parents and parents in general were especially stressed in terms of financial stress and marital stress. The second series of analyses included t-tests on stress by occupation. Dental assistants had more financial stress than hygienists. Hygienists had more mental stress than assistants. Workplace relationships were assessed in the full regression models. Frequency of talking with fellow workers was strongly and positively associated with financial problems. The full regression models supported the findings in earlier analyses that tensions from children and financial problems were associated with the presence of children in the home. The findings in this study suggest that for women workers, work and family do not occupy separate spheres. Women workers think about family matters at the workplace and discuss them with their other women workers. Further research needs to focus on women workers, especially those in traditionally female occupations, and the work and family connections for these workers. Close

• 43. [Article] Requisite family living competencies for high school graduates of Oregon, as perceived by participants of public health prenatal classes

  The main objective of this study was to identify family life competencies needed by high school graduates, as perceived by a majority of respondents. In addition, the null hypothesis tested was: that age, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Requisite family living competencies for high school graduates of Oregon, as perceived by participants of public health prenatal classes Author: Taylor, Carolyn Diane The main objective of this study was to identify family life competencies needed by high school graduates, as perceived by a majority of respondents. In addition, the null hypothesis tested was: that age, sex, and educational level are each independent of response on each individual competency statement. Testing was done at the 5% level of significance. The questionnaire was developed through a synthesis of goals stated in twelve family life curriculum guides published since 1965. A working draft of the questionnaire was developmentally tested with three high school seniors and three mothers of teenagers. The survey instrument included provisions for indicating personal data, and offered four categories of "Essential", "Necessary", "Permissible", and "Unimportant", for participants to respond to nine family life topics and seventy competency statements. The population included those couples and individuals voluntarily attending county public health prenatal classes in western Oregon. Data were collected from all five counties with an on-going program. One hundred forty-seven usable questionnaires were obtained. Four instruments were disregarded because of incomplete personal data. Participants in the study ranged from 16 to 45 years of age with a mean age of 25, and with 46.94 percent of the people in the 25 to 29 age group. Males numbered 56 (38. 10 percent) in the participating group, with 91 (61.90 percent) females. Grouped educational levels revealed 27. 21 percent having more than 16 years of education and the groups with 12 years and with 13-15 years of education each being 26. 53 percent of the total sample. Frequency counts and percentages of the total sample indicating favorable responses, were computed and presented for each of the 9 family life topics and 70 competency statements. All 9 family life topics and 64 of the 70 competency statements received a majority (over 50 percent) of favorable responses. Chi-square tests were computed on each item of the questionnaire to test the null hypothesis that age, sex, and educational level are each independent of response. The null hypothesis was rejected for age, in seven instances. Most cases showed younger people responding favorably more often than expected and older people responding less favorably more often than expected. The null hypothesis was rejected for sex in four instances, with males responding less favorably more often and females more favorably more often than expected. The null hypothesis for educational level was rejected in nine instances. More educated people tended to respond less favorably more often and less educated people tended to respond more favorably more often than expected. Implications of the study for the family living curriculum in Oregon secondary schools, as indicated in the opinions of the respondents, are as follows: 1. Family life topics of communicating, understanding yourself, relating to others, understanding sex, being a family member, parenthood, selecting a mate, marriage, and the family relating to the community would be valuable in the family life curriculum. 2. It seems necessary that family life education topics stress making decisions, solving problems, resolving conflicts, and coping with situations. 3. It seems reasonable that sixty-four of the family life competencies identified in this study be incorporated in programs designed to prepare students for their life role as a family member. The sample of expectant parents was a biased group. On speculation it seems that the sample could be quite concerned about the topic and competencies of parenthood. In view of this, the following recommendations for future studies are made: 1. High school students, young married couples not expecting children, and middle aged couples need to be surveyed to identify family life competencies. 2. Learning experiences need to be developed for family life competencies. Title: Requisite family living competencies for high school graduates of Oregon, as perceived by participants of public health prenatal classes Author: Taylor, Carolyn Diane The main objective of this study was to identify family life competencies needed by high school graduates, as perceived by a majority of respondents. In addition, the null hypothesis tested was: that age, sex, and educational level are each independent of response on each individual competency statement. Testing was done at the 5% level of significance. The questionnaire was developed through a synthesis of goals stated in twelve family life curriculum guides published since 1965. A working draft of the questionnaire was developmentally tested with three high school seniors and three mothers of teenagers. The survey instrument included provisions for indicating personal data, and offered four categories of "Essential", "Necessary", "Permissible", and "Unimportant", for participants to respond to nine family life topics and seventy competency statements. The population included those couples and individuals voluntarily attending county public health prenatal classes in western Oregon. Data were collected from all five counties with an on-going program. One hundred forty-seven usable questionnaires were obtained. Four instruments were disregarded because of incomplete personal data. Participants in the study ranged from 16 to 45 years of age with a mean age of 25, and with 46.94 percent of the people in the 25 to 29 age group. Males numbered 56 (38. 10 percent) in the participating group, with 91 (61.90 percent) females. Grouped educational levels revealed 27. 21 percent having more than 16 years of education and the groups with 12 years and with 13-15 years of education each being 26. 53 percent of the total sample. Frequency counts and percentages of the total sample indicating favorable responses, were computed and presented for each of the 9 family life topics and 70 competency statements. All 9 family life topics and 64 of the 70 competency statements received a majority (over 50 percent) of favorable responses. Chi-square tests were computed on each item of the questionnaire to test the null hypothesis that age, sex, and educational level are each independent of response. The null hypothesis was rejected for age, in seven instances. Most cases showed younger people responding favorably more often than expected and older people responding less favorably more often than expected. The null hypothesis was rejected for sex in four instances, with males responding less favorably more often and females more favorably more often than expected. The null hypothesis for educational level was rejected in nine instances. More educated people tended to respond less favorably more often and less educated people tended to respond more favorably more often than expected. Implications of the study for the family living curriculum in Oregon secondary schools, as indicated in the opinions of the respondents, are as follows: 1. Family life topics of communicating, understanding yourself, relating to others, understanding sex, being a family member, parenthood, selecting a mate, marriage, and the family relating to the community would be valuable in the family life curriculum. 2. It seems necessary that family life education topics stress making decisions, solving problems, resolving conflicts, and coping with situations. 3. It seems reasonable that sixty-four of the family life competencies identified in this study be incorporated in programs designed to prepare students for their life role as a family member. The sample of expectant parents was a biased group. On speculation it seems that the sample could be quite concerned about the topic and competencies of parenthood. In view of this, the following recommendations for future studies are made: 1. High school students, young married couples not expecting children, and middle aged couples need to be surveyed to identify family life competencies. 2. Learning experiences need to be developed for family life competencies. Close

• 44. [Article] Effects of seed characters and competitive environment on two-year performance of open-pollinated Douglas-fir families

  Ungerminated seed and recent germinants from 39 open-pollinated Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) families were planted in each of three competitive environments in order ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of seed characters and competitive environment on two-year performance of open-pollinated Douglas-fir families Author: St. Clair, John Bradley Ungerminated seed and recent germinants from 39 open-pollinated Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) families were planted in each of three competitive environments in order to determine the degree to which growth differences among families are influenced by competitive environment, seed weight, and date of emergence. The three competitive environments were a mixture of individuals from all families planted at a narrow spacing (4x4 cms), single (pure) family blocks planted at a narrow spacing (4xL cms), and individuals from all families planted at a wide, non-competitive spacing (16xl6 cms). Despite some large changes in the relative ranking of families between competitive environments for total dry weight, the family x competitive environment interaction was non-significant (p<O.O5). Furthermore, families did not differ significantly in competitive ability or density tolerance. Competitive environment, however, had a large effect on estimates of variance components, heritability, and genetic gain. Analysis of correlated response to selection indicated that testing and selection in mixture would result in the largest estimated gains in seedling dry weight, irrespective of the competitive environment anticipated for outplanting. Families differed significantly in seed weight, total percent emergence, and rate of emergence. Nevertheless, correlations between seed weight and rate of emergence, seed weight and seedling size, and rate of emergence and seedling size were not strong. The magnitude of the correlation between seed weight and seedling size of families was no less when germinants were used than when ungerminated seed was used. Thus, using germinants did not appear to be useful for controlling seed weight effects in this study. In addition the magnitude of the correlation between seed weight and seedling size was not influenced by interfamily competition. Genetic variation in seedling architecture (the form and structure of a seedling's crown, stem, and root system, as well as the proportion of total biomass partitioned to each) was assessed in order to explore the potential for realizing gains from ideotype breeding. Families differed significantly for all traits and estimates of heritability were mostly moderate (ranging from h2=O.07 to 0.49). Relative family performance for traits of seedling architecture was dependent upon the density at which families were grown for all traits except crown width relative to height, but intergenotypic competition did not affect relative family performance. Phenotypic relationships among traits of seedling architecture and seedling size were generally consistent across competitive environments, but genetic relationships did depend to some extent on competitive environment. These results using seedlings indicate that the potential exists to realize gains from ideotype breeding. However, relative family performance for seedling architecture traits may depend upon the density at which families are grown. Correlated responses to selection as determined by genetic correlations between traits may also depend upon competitive environment. Title: Effects of seed characters and competitive environment on two-year performance of open-pollinated Douglas-fir families Author: St. Clair, John Bradley Ungerminated seed and recent germinants from 39 open-pollinated Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) families were planted in each of three competitive environments in order to determine the degree to which growth differences among families are influenced by competitive environment, seed weight, and date of emergence. The three competitive environments were a mixture of individuals from all families planted at a narrow spacing (4x4 cms), single (pure) family blocks planted at a narrow spacing (4xL cms), and individuals from all families planted at a wide, non-competitive spacing (16xl6 cms). Despite some large changes in the relative ranking of families between competitive environments for total dry weight, the family x competitive environment interaction was non-significant (p<O.O5). Furthermore, families did not differ significantly in competitive ability or density tolerance. Competitive environment, however, had a large effect on estimates of variance components, heritability, and genetic gain. Analysis of correlated response to selection indicated that testing and selection in mixture would result in the largest estimated gains in seedling dry weight, irrespective of the competitive environment anticipated for outplanting. Families differed significantly in seed weight, total percent emergence, and rate of emergence. Nevertheless, correlations between seed weight and rate of emergence, seed weight and seedling size, and rate of emergence and seedling size were not strong. The magnitude of the correlation between seed weight and seedling size of families was no less when germinants were used than when ungerminated seed was used. Thus, using germinants did not appear to be useful for controlling seed weight effects in this study. In addition the magnitude of the correlation between seed weight and seedling size was not influenced by interfamily competition. Genetic variation in seedling architecture (the form and structure of a seedling's crown, stem, and root system, as well as the proportion of total biomass partitioned to each) was assessed in order to explore the potential for realizing gains from ideotype breeding. Families differed significantly for all traits and estimates of heritability were mostly moderate (ranging from h2=O.07 to 0.49). Relative family performance for traits of seedling architecture was dependent upon the density at which families were grown for all traits except crown width relative to height, but intergenotypic competition did not affect relative family performance. Phenotypic relationships among traits of seedling architecture and seedling size were generally consistent across competitive environments, but genetic relationships did depend to some extent on competitive environment. These results using seedlings indicate that the potential exists to realize gains from ideotype breeding. However, relative family performance for seedling architecture traits may depend upon the density at which families are grown. Correlated responses to selection as determined by genetic correlations between traits may also depend upon competitive environment. Close

• 45. [Article] A qualitative analysis of clinical records from a trauma response program for families exposed to violence

  This dissertation is a qualitative secondary content analysis of clinical records collected for the Spokane Safe Start Project in Spokane, Washington, a program designed to offset trauma in children exposed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A qualitative analysis of clinical records from a trauma response program for families exposed to violence Author: Behan, Kathleen G This dissertation is a qualitative secondary content analysis of clinical records collected for the Spokane Safe Start Project in Spokane, Washington, a program designed to offset trauma in children exposed to domestic and intimate partner violence (IPV). The Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization have identified intimate partner violence (IPV) as a health policy issue. Most studies of intimate partner violence and children exposed to violence have used samples from domestic violence shelters, large phone-based community surveys, or convenience samples such as college students. Currently, studies of families that have experienced intimate partner violence and received services in their homes do not exist. As such, the process and effects of intimate violence in families residing in their homes have not been identified. The purpose of this study was to identify the structural issues, factors affecting service engagement, family characteristics, and factors promoting resiliency in families that experienced intimate partner violence and were served by the Spokane Safe Start Project in Spokane, Washington, a program designed to offset trauma in children exposed to caregiver intimate partner violence. To this end, the four research questions were: 1) What are the underlying structural problems that affected these families? 2) Is family functioning at intake associated with the length of time with the program? 3) Of the families that engaged with Safe Start for at least five face-to-face contacts, what are the caregiver and/or family characteristics that seem to indicate the presence or absence of resilience in the caregivers? This study involved the analysis of the clinical case records of 30 families that received Spokane Safe Services. The primary source of data for this study came from the narrative portions of the electronic ACCESS and written client clinical records. The Spokane Safe Start clinical narratives served as a record of clinician observations, interactions, and service delivery to families greatly affected by intimate partner violence. Using the bio-ecological perspective and family systems theory as the theoretical frameworks to understand intimate partner violence and its effects on children, data analysis and synthesis, I used qualitative content analysis thematic analysis, and data matrices. In essence, this is a multiple case study producing "context-dependent knowledge" that is vital to develop ecologically sound interventions to address intimate partner violence and its effects on families (Flyvbjerg, 2006, p. 221). This study revealed three main findings. Families encountered roadblocks in the form of environmental and individual obstacles. These obstacles included family-of-origin dynamics, severe financial problems, and individual issues such as relationship ambivalence and substance abuse that posed serious limitations to developing resilience. Parent-child interactions were strained and difficult in most families. The majority of children experienced chronic IPV and many had a history of maltreatment as well. Although many parents were concerned about the future wellbeing of their children, they also had difficulty reflecting on their children’s emotional needs and experiences. Evidence of resilience in the case narratives was quite limited. There was evidence, one particular clinician's model of service provision was more successful at engendering resilience than that of the other clinicians. Results were triangulated with the extant literature and previous quantitative studies conducted by Washington State University on the Spokane Safe Start data indicating the results of this study are trustworthy and credible. This study makes an important contribution to the family violence literature and may serve as a resource for policy and program development.   Title: A qualitative analysis of clinical records from a trauma response program for families exposed to violence Author: Behan, Kathleen G This dissertation is a qualitative secondary content analysis of clinical records collected for the Spokane Safe Start Project in Spokane, Washington, a program designed to offset trauma in children exposed to domestic and intimate partner violence (IPV). The Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization have identified intimate partner violence (IPV) as a health policy issue. Most studies of intimate partner violence and children exposed to violence have used samples from domestic violence shelters, large phone-based community surveys, or convenience samples such as college students. Currently, studies of families that have experienced intimate partner violence and received services in their homes do not exist. As such, the process and effects of intimate violence in families residing in their homes have not been identified. The purpose of this study was to identify the structural issues, factors affecting service engagement, family characteristics, and factors promoting resiliency in families that experienced intimate partner violence and were served by the Spokane Safe Start Project in Spokane, Washington, a program designed to offset trauma in children exposed to caregiver intimate partner violence. To this end, the four research questions were: 1) What are the underlying structural problems that affected these families? 2) Is family functioning at intake associated with the length of time with the program? 3) Of the families that engaged with Safe Start for at least five face-to-face contacts, what are the caregiver and/or family characteristics that seem to indicate the presence or absence of resilience in the caregivers? This study involved the analysis of the clinical case records of 30 families that received Spokane Safe Services. The primary source of data for this study came from the narrative portions of the electronic ACCESS and written client clinical records. The Spokane Safe Start clinical narratives served as a record of clinician observations, interactions, and service delivery to families greatly affected by intimate partner violence. Using the bio-ecological perspective and family systems theory as the theoretical frameworks to understand intimate partner violence and its effects on children, data analysis and synthesis, I used qualitative content analysis thematic analysis, and data matrices. In essence, this is a multiple case study producing "context-dependent knowledge" that is vital to develop ecologically sound interventions to address intimate partner violence and its effects on families (Flyvbjerg, 2006, p. 221). This study revealed three main findings. Families encountered roadblocks in the form of environmental and individual obstacles. These obstacles included family-of-origin dynamics, severe financial problems, and individual issues such as relationship ambivalence and substance abuse that posed serious limitations to developing resilience. Parent-child interactions were strained and difficult in most families. The majority of children experienced chronic IPV and many had a history of maltreatment as well. Although many parents were concerned about the future wellbeing of their children, they also had difficulty reflecting on their children’s emotional needs and experiences. Evidence of resilience in the case narratives was quite limited. There was evidence, one particular clinician's model of service provision was more successful at engendering resilience than that of the other clinicians. Results were triangulated with the extant literature and previous quantitative studies conducted by Washington State University on the Spokane Safe Start data indicating the results of this study are trustworthy and credible. This study makes an important contribution to the family violence literature and may serve as a resource for policy and program development.   Close

• 46. [Article] Connections between women's unpaid family work and their family relationships : a feminist analysis

  Women have long been responsible for the unpaid and under-recognized work of maintaining homes and family relationships (Walker, 1999). In this dissertation, I use feminist theories to address the connections ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Connections between women's unpaid family work and their family relationships : a feminist analysis Author: McGraw, Lori A. Women have long been responsible for the unpaid and under-recognized work of maintaining homes and family relationships (Walker, 1999). In this dissertation, I use feminist theories to address the connections between women's unpaid family work and their family relationships. I explore family ties between (a) aging mothers and their care giving daughters, (b) fishing wives and their husbands and children, and (c) able-bodied sisters and their siblings with disabilities. I also expand the notion of family work to include participating in a research project on behalf of one's family and community. Feminists critique women's unpaid family work as oppressive (Thorne, 1992) whereas other researchers argue that women have power within families (Kranichfeld, 1988). I focus on the tensions between the constraints women experience living in a patriarchal society and the ways they pursue purposeful and fulfilling lives. In other words, women are both oppressed and powerful. I pursue these and other issues surrounding women's lives through three separate studies. In my first study, I used a multimethod approach to show that aging mothers and their care giving daughters were purposeful in attending to one another’s lives, preserving mother's autonomy, and managing tension. Variability across pairs provided evidence for three styles of relationships: (a) intimate, (b) connected, and (c) constrained. In the second study, I addressed the ethics of doing research with women who volunteer to participate in research on behalf of their families. Using qualitative telephone interview methods, I demonstrate that fishing wives made sense of their participation in the research project by emphasizing: (a) them selves as active shapers of family life, (b) their solidarity with the fishing community, and (c) the legitimacy of science to help fishing families. In the final study, I conducted in-depth interviews with able-bodied sisters of siblings with disabilities, discovering that they describe themselves as good sisters by normalizing their sibling's disability, minimizing personal sacrifices, accepting the gendered nature of family care, and emphasizing opportunities for moral enhancement. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that women actively shape their lives and relationships within the confines of a patriarchal system. From these findings, suggestions are made for improving women's lives. Title: Connections between women's unpaid family work and their family relationships : a feminist analysis Author: McGraw, Lori A. Women have long been responsible for the unpaid and under-recognized work of maintaining homes and family relationships (Walker, 1999). In this dissertation, I use feminist theories to address the connections between women's unpaid family work and their family relationships. I explore family ties between (a) aging mothers and their care giving daughters, (b) fishing wives and their husbands and children, and (c) able-bodied sisters and their siblings with disabilities. I also expand the notion of family work to include participating in a research project on behalf of one's family and community. Feminists critique women's unpaid family work as oppressive (Thorne, 1992) whereas other researchers argue that women have power within families (Kranichfeld, 1988). I focus on the tensions between the constraints women experience living in a patriarchal society and the ways they pursue purposeful and fulfilling lives. In other words, women are both oppressed and powerful. I pursue these and other issues surrounding women's lives through three separate studies. In my first study, I used a multimethod approach to show that aging mothers and their care giving daughters were purposeful in attending to one another’s lives, preserving mother's autonomy, and managing tension. Variability across pairs provided evidence for three styles of relationships: (a) intimate, (b) connected, and (c) constrained. In the second study, I addressed the ethics of doing research with women who volunteer to participate in research on behalf of their families. Using qualitative telephone interview methods, I demonstrate that fishing wives made sense of their participation in the research project by emphasizing: (a) them selves as active shapers of family life, (b) their solidarity with the fishing community, and (c) the legitimacy of science to help fishing families. In the final study, I conducted in-depth interviews with able-bodied sisters of siblings with disabilities, discovering that they describe themselves as good sisters by normalizing their sibling's disability, minimizing personal sacrifices, accepting the gendered nature of family care, and emphasizing opportunities for moral enhancement. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that women actively shape their lives and relationships within the confines of a patriarchal system. From these findings, suggestions are made for improving women's lives. Close

• 47. [Article] Problems of families with a diet-treated phenylketonuric child

  The purpose of this study was to determine the possible problem areas in families with a diet-treated phenylketonuric child. Phenylketonuria is an inborn error of metabolism, which in the past caused mental ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Problems of families with a diet-treated phenylketonuric child Author: Mack, Marilyn Winnifred The purpose of this study was to determine the possible problem areas in families with a diet-treated phenylketonuric child. Phenylketonuria is an inborn error of metabolism, which in the past caused mental retardation as well as behavioral disturbances. Initially the discovery of diet therapy eliminated the behavioral disturbances, but not the mental retardation in phenylketonurics, primarily because of the timing of the diagnosis. In recent years, however, a test has been developed which identifies the disease in early infancy, and with early use of the diet therapy, both the mental retardation and the behavioral symptoms have been eliminated. However, because of the strictness of the diet, and as a result of studies which indicate that the diet-treated phenylketonuric child may be slower in growth and lower in I. Q. than children who do not have phenylketonuria, there exists the possibility that there may be problems within the family related to the presence of the phenylketonuric child. In the review of the literature, areas of "normal" childhood, which could be problem areas, were discussed, such as: learning, parent-child interactions, dependency and overprotection, language development, peer relationships, family relationships, and family developmental tasks. These areas were then discussed in terms of the phenylketonuric child and his family. It would be reasonable to assume that the presence of the phenylketonuric child in the family would create a discrepancy with regard to the concept of the child formed by the parents before the birth of the child; create parental anxiety because of the nature of the illness, and affect family food patterns because of the strictness of the diet. It would be reasonable to assume that since children with a chronic illness are often dependent, and their parents often show signs of overprotection, that this would be true in the case of the phenylketonuric child, also. Because of the possibility of reduced contact with peers, and the possible lower I. Q. of the phenylketonuric child, it would be reasonable to assume that this child might be slower in language development. Because of the strictness of the diet, and the reported slower growth of the phenylketonuric child, the child might he smaller than his "normal" age-mates, show signs of fatigue more quickly and therefore, be adversely affected in his social development. Because of the possible presence of fear-producing stimuli in the child's environment, such as the fear and anxiety of the parents, the child might show signs of fear and anxiety. Children with chronic illness generally show signs of emotional instability, and the phenylketonuric child could be expected to follow this pattern. Any of these complications could affect the child's self-concept and self-acceptance adversely, and could also be expected to affect his peer relationships adversely. The phenylketonuric child could be expected to affect family relationships in that parental concern could be directed toward this child with less attention given to other children in the family. Also, social relationships outside the family could be affected. The phenylketonuric child could be expected to affect the family developmental tasks in that the added task of adjusting to the child and his problems could take priority over other tasks that the family would be expected to complete. For the purpose of exploring these considerations to determine whether problems in these areas do exist, an interview schedule was formulated for use in interviewing families with a phenylketonuric child five years of age or younger. Some of the questions for the interview schedule were taken from the literature dealing directly with the known problems of the phenylketonuric child. Others were taken from the normative-descriptive literature involving problem areas in "normal" childhood, as discussed above, and others were questions which were inferred from the literature concerning the family. On the assumption that the expected problems would exist, a discussion of possible solutions to the problems was given. Title: Problems of families with a diet-treated phenylketonuric child Author: Mack, Marilyn Winnifred The purpose of this study was to determine the possible problem areas in families with a diet-treated phenylketonuric child. Phenylketonuria is an inborn error of metabolism, which in the past caused mental retardation as well as behavioral disturbances. Initially the discovery of diet therapy eliminated the behavioral disturbances, but not the mental retardation in phenylketonurics, primarily because of the timing of the diagnosis. In recent years, however, a test has been developed which identifies the disease in early infancy, and with early use of the diet therapy, both the mental retardation and the behavioral symptoms have been eliminated. However, because of the strictness of the diet, and as a result of studies which indicate that the diet-treated phenylketonuric child may be slower in growth and lower in I. Q. than children who do not have phenylketonuria, there exists the possibility that there may be problems within the family related to the presence of the phenylketonuric child. In the review of the literature, areas of "normal" childhood, which could be problem areas, were discussed, such as: learning, parent-child interactions, dependency and overprotection, language development, peer relationships, family relationships, and family developmental tasks. These areas were then discussed in terms of the phenylketonuric child and his family. It would be reasonable to assume that the presence of the phenylketonuric child in the family would create a discrepancy with regard to the concept of the child formed by the parents before the birth of the child; create parental anxiety because of the nature of the illness, and affect family food patterns because of the strictness of the diet. It would be reasonable to assume that since children with a chronic illness are often dependent, and their parents often show signs of overprotection, that this would be true in the case of the phenylketonuric child, also. Because of the possibility of reduced contact with peers, and the possible lower I. Q. of the phenylketonuric child, it would be reasonable to assume that this child might be slower in language development. Because of the strictness of the diet, and the reported slower growth of the phenylketonuric child, the child might he smaller than his "normal" age-mates, show signs of fatigue more quickly and therefore, be adversely affected in his social development. Because of the possible presence of fear-producing stimuli in the child's environment, such as the fear and anxiety of the parents, the child might show signs of fear and anxiety. Children with chronic illness generally show signs of emotional instability, and the phenylketonuric child could be expected to follow this pattern. Any of these complications could affect the child's self-concept and self-acceptance adversely, and could also be expected to affect his peer relationships adversely. The phenylketonuric child could be expected to affect family relationships in that parental concern could be directed toward this child with less attention given to other children in the family. Also, social relationships outside the family could be affected. The phenylketonuric child could be expected to affect the family developmental tasks in that the added task of adjusting to the child and his problems could take priority over other tasks that the family would be expected to complete. For the purpose of exploring these considerations to determine whether problems in these areas do exist, an interview schedule was formulated for use in interviewing families with a phenylketonuric child five years of age or younger. Some of the questions for the interview schedule were taken from the literature dealing directly with the known problems of the phenylketonuric child. Others were taken from the normative-descriptive literature involving problem areas in "normal" childhood, as discussed above, and others were questions which were inferred from the literature concerning the family. On the assumption that the expected problems would exist, a discussion of possible solutions to the problems was given. Close

• 48. [Article] Nontraditional families : a guide for parents

  Published October 1992. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nontraditional families : a guide for parents Author: Gray, Lizbeth A., Hare, Jan, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published October 1992. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Nontraditional families : a guide for parents Author: Gray, Lizbeth A., Hare, Jan, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published October 1992. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 49. [Article] Enriching foster family relationships through problem solving : guidelines for foster parents

  Published January 2001. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Enriching foster family relationships through problem solving : guidelines for foster parents Author: Bowman, Sally R., 1949-, Pratt, C., Ozretich, Rachel A., Vuchinich, S., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published January 2001. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Enriching foster family relationships through problem solving : guidelines for foster parents Author: Bowman, Sally R., 1949-, Pratt, C., Ozretich, Rachel A., Vuchinich, S., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published January 2001. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 50. [Article] A Rationale for Improving Childhood Nutrition: A Program to Enhance the Health of Families Experiencing Food Insecurity in Benton County

  Food insecurity is a growing public health concern in Oregon. Those that are food insecure often develop strategies, such as reducing the size of meals, cutting out fruits, vegetables and meats or skipping ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Rationale for Improving Childhood Nutrition: A Program to Enhance the Health of Families Experiencing Food Insecurity in Benton County Author: Wilsey, Anna M. Food insecurity is a growing public health concern in Oregon. Those that are food insecure often develop strategies, such as reducing the size of meals, cutting out fruits, vegetables and meats or skipping meals entirely, to make food last. One group that is disproportionately affected by food insecurity is families. Full Tummies, Full lives (FTFL) was designed to improve nutrition among children in families in Benton County, Oregon experiencing food insecurity by providing education, skill building and community support. To evaluate FTFL, seven one-on-one interviews were conducted with professionals working in the areas of food security and/or nutrition education. The goal of these interviews was to gain their opinions on the feasibility of nutrition education and cooking skills programs, learn more about the needs of low-income and food insecure families and the barriers these families experience to participating in health promotion programs. The information gathered from these interviews was then used to evaluate FTFL to determine if FTFL is relevant for food insecure families, addresses areas that other available programs do not; focuses on the correct needs of this population; and if the components of FTFL are feasible. Proposed changes to the program, as well as directions for future research are also discussed. Title: A Rationale for Improving Childhood Nutrition: A Program to Enhance the Health of Families Experiencing Food Insecurity in Benton County Author: Wilsey, Anna M. Food insecurity is a growing public health concern in Oregon. Those that are food insecure often develop strategies, such as reducing the size of meals, cutting out fruits, vegetables and meats or skipping meals entirely, to make food last. One group that is disproportionately affected by food insecurity is families. Full Tummies, Full lives (FTFL) was designed to improve nutrition among children in families in Benton County, Oregon experiencing food insecurity by providing education, skill building and community support. To evaluate FTFL, seven one-on-one interviews were conducted with professionals working in the areas of food security and/or nutrition education. The goal of these interviews was to gain their opinions on the feasibility of nutrition education and cooking skills programs, learn more about the needs of low-income and food insecure families and the barriers these families experience to participating in health promotion programs. The information gathered from these interviews was then used to evaluate FTFL to determine if FTFL is relevant for food insecure families, addresses areas that other available programs do not; focuses on the correct needs of this population; and if the components of FTFL are feasible. Proposed changes to the program, as well as directions for future research are also discussed. Close