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• 1. [Article] The Oregon conservation strategy

  The Oregon Conservation Strategy is an ambitious effort to synthesize the best available data, science, and knowledge into a broad vision and conceptual framework for long-term conservation of Oregon’s ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Oregon conservation strategy Author: Oregon. Department of Fish and Wildlife The Oregon Conservation Strategy is an ambitious effort to synthesize the best available data, science, and knowledge into a broad vision and conceptual framework for long-term conservation of Oregon’s native wildlife. It is intended to be a dynamic, living approach that will be adjusted as new information and insights are gained. Therefore the information contained within this archived document may be outdated. Please check for the most recent version of the Oregon Conservation Strategy on the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife website at: http://www.dfw.state.or.us/conservationstrategy/ Title: The Oregon conservation strategy Author: Oregon. Department of Fish and Wildlife The Oregon Conservation Strategy is an ambitious effort to synthesize the best available data, science, and knowledge into a broad vision and conceptual framework for long-term conservation of Oregon’s native wildlife. It is intended to be a dynamic, living approach that will be adjusted as new information and insights are gained. Therefore the information contained within this archived document may be outdated. Please check for the most recent version of the Oregon Conservation Strategy on the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife website at: http://www.dfw.state.or.us/conservationstrategy/ Close

• 2. [Article] Draft supplemental environmental impact statement : clarification of language in the 1994 record of decision for the Northwest Forest Plan : national forests and Bureau of Land Management districts within the range of the northern spotted owl

  The Secretaries of Agriculture and the Interior propose limited changes to language within the Aquatic Conservation Strategy, part of the Northwest Forest Plan. Projects needed to achieve Northwest Forest ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Draft supplemental environmental impact statement : clarification of language in the 1994 record of decision for the Northwest Forest Plan : national forests and Bureau of Land Management districts within the range of the northern spotted owl Author: United States. Forest Service, United States. Bureau of Land Management The Secretaries of Agriculture and the Interior propose limited changes to language within the Aquatic Conservation Strategy, part of the Northwest Forest Plan. Projects needed to achieve Northwest Forest Plan goals have been delayed or stopped due to misapplication of certain passages in the Aquatic Conservation Strategy. The Secretaries are responding to the underlying need to follow Northwest Forest Plan principles and achieve its goals. Two alternatives are considered in this Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement, No Action and Proposed Action. No Action would not change existing language within the Aquatic Conservation Strategy. The Proposed Action would make limited changes to clarify how the agencies should design projects to follow the Aquatic Conservation Strategy. The Proposed Action is the Preferred Alternative. Title: Draft supplemental environmental impact statement : clarification of language in the 1994 record of decision for the Northwest Forest Plan : national forests and Bureau of Land Management districts within the range of the northern spotted owl Author: United States. Forest Service, United States. Bureau of Land Management The Secretaries of Agriculture and the Interior propose limited changes to language within the Aquatic Conservation Strategy, part of the Northwest Forest Plan. Projects needed to achieve Northwest Forest Plan goals have been delayed or stopped due to misapplication of certain passages in the Aquatic Conservation Strategy. The Secretaries are responding to the underlying need to follow Northwest Forest Plan principles and achieve its goals. Two alternatives are considered in this Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement, No Action and Proposed Action. No Action would not change existing language within the Aquatic Conservation Strategy. The Proposed Action would make limited changes to clarify how the agencies should design projects to follow the Aquatic Conservation Strategy. The Proposed Action is the Preferred Alternative. Close

• 3. [Article] Greater Sage-grouse Comprehensive Conservation Strategy

  The overall goal of the Greater Sage-grouse Comprehensive Conservation Strategy (Strategy) is to maintain and enhance populations and distribution of sagegrouse by protecting and improving sagebrush habitats ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Greater Sage-grouse Comprehensive Conservation Strategy Author: Stiver, S. J. The overall goal of the Greater Sage-grouse Comprehensive Conservation Strategy (Strategy) is to maintain and enhance populations and distribution of sagegrouse by protecting and improving sagebrush habitats and ecosystems that sustain these populations. This Strategy outlines the critical need to develop the associations among local, state, provincial, tribal, and federal agencies, non-governmental organizations, and individual citizens to design and implement cooperative actions to support robust populations of sage-grouse and the landscapes and habitats upon which they depend. The justification for this effort is widespread concern for declining populations and reduced distribution of sage-grouse. Title: Greater Sage-grouse Comprehensive Conservation Strategy Author: Stiver, S. J. The overall goal of the Greater Sage-grouse Comprehensive Conservation Strategy (Strategy) is to maintain and enhance populations and distribution of sagegrouse by protecting and improving sagebrush habitats and ecosystems that sustain these populations. This Strategy outlines the critical need to develop the associations among local, state, provincial, tribal, and federal agencies, non-governmental organizations, and individual citizens to design and implement cooperative actions to support robust populations of sage-grouse and the landscapes and habitats upon which they depend. The justification for this effort is widespread concern for declining populations and reduced distribution of sage-grouse. Close

• 4. [Article] Adding climate change to the mix: using climate futures in conservation planning for Oregon’s oak-dominated habitats - Eugene, Oregon April 26-27, 2011 - Workshop Summary

  In 2009, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife initiated a process to incorporate information about climate change and its effects on fish, wildlife, and habitats into the Oregon Conservation Strategy. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Adding climate change to the mix: using climate futures in conservation planning for Oregon’s oak-dominated habitats - Eugene, Oregon April 26-27, 2011 - Workshop Summary Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Gaines, Lisa, O’Brien, Sara In 2009, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife initiated a process to incorporate information about climate change and its effects on fish, wildlife, and habitats into the Oregon Conservation Strategy. The agency acknowledged that climate change is already affecting Oregon’s species and habitats and that future climate change represents one of the most serious long-term challenges to sustaining healthy populations of fish and wildlife. This workshop brought together representatives of the research, land and resource management, and conservation communities to contribute to the update and implementation of the Oregon Conservation Strategy. Participants were asked to help ODFW identify climate change impacts and high-priority climate change adaptation strategies for Oregon’s oak-dominated habitats. The meeting was also intended to build and strengthen partnerships in the research and management communities. Title: Adding climate change to the mix: using climate futures in conservation planning for Oregon’s oak-dominated habitats - Eugene, Oregon April 26-27, 2011 - Workshop Summary Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Gaines, Lisa, O’Brien, Sara In 2009, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife initiated a process to incorporate information about climate change and its effects on fish, wildlife, and habitats into the Oregon Conservation Strategy. The agency acknowledged that climate change is already affecting Oregon’s species and habitats and that future climate change represents one of the most serious long-term challenges to sustaining healthy populations of fish and wildlife. This workshop brought together representatives of the research, land and resource management, and conservation communities to contribute to the update and implementation of the Oregon Conservation Strategy. Participants were asked to help ODFW identify climate change impacts and high-priority climate change adaptation strategies for Oregon’s oak-dominated habitats. The meeting was also intended to build and strengthen partnerships in the research and management communities. Close

• 5. [Article] Workshop on Estuaries, Climate Change, and Conservation Planning Oregon Coast Aquarium, Newport, Oregon, November 18-19, 2010 - Workshop Summary

  In 2009, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife initiated a process to incorporate information about climate change and its effects on fish, wildlife, and habitats into the Oregon Conservation Strategy. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Workshop on Estuaries, Climate Change, and Conservation Planning Oregon Coast Aquarium, Newport, Oregon, November 18-19, 2010 - Workshop Summary Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Gaines, Lisa, Lev, Esther, O’Brien, Sara In 2009, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife initiated a process to incorporate information about climate change and its effects on fish, wildlife, and habitats into the Oregon Conservation Strategy. The agency acknowledged that climate change is already affecting Oregon’s species and habitats and that future climate change represents one of the most serious long-term challenges to sustaining healthy populations of fish and wildlife. This workshop brought together representatives of the research, land and resource management, and conservation communities to contribute to the update and implementation of the Oregon Conservation Strategy. Participants were asked to help ODFW identify high-priority climate change adaptation strategies for Oregon’s estuaries. A secondary goal of the meeting was to build and strengthen partnerships in the research and management communities. Title: Workshop on Estuaries, Climate Change, and Conservation Planning Oregon Coast Aquarium, Newport, Oregon, November 18-19, 2010 - Workshop Summary Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Gaines, Lisa, Lev, Esther, O’Brien, Sara In 2009, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife initiated a process to incorporate information about climate change and its effects on fish, wildlife, and habitats into the Oregon Conservation Strategy. The agency acknowledged that climate change is already affecting Oregon’s species and habitats and that future climate change represents one of the most serious long-term challenges to sustaining healthy populations of fish and wildlife. This workshop brought together representatives of the research, land and resource management, and conservation communities to contribute to the update and implementation of the Oregon Conservation Strategy. Participants were asked to help ODFW identify high-priority climate change adaptation strategies for Oregon’s estuaries. A secondary goal of the meeting was to build and strengthen partnerships in the research and management communities. Close

• 6. [Article] Oregon comprehensive wildlife conservation strategy: Voluntary conservation tools and programs

  This draft document describes different types of conservation tools and highlights some conservation programs currently available in Oregon, along with an assessment of their effectiveness for habitat ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon comprehensive wildlife conservation strategy: Voluntary conservation tools and programs Author: Defenders of Wildlife This draft document describes different types of conservation tools and highlights some conservation programs currently available in Oregon, along with an assessment of their effectiveness for habitat conservation and for participating landowners. Title: Oregon comprehensive wildlife conservation strategy: Voluntary conservation tools and programs Author: Defenders of Wildlife This draft document describes different types of conservation tools and highlights some conservation programs currently available in Oregon, along with an assessment of their effectiveness for habitat conservation and for participating landowners. Close

• 7. [Article] Conservation strategy for landbirds in the Columbia Plateau of Eastern Oregon and Washington

  Version 1.0

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conservation strategy for landbirds in the Columbia Plateau of Eastern Oregon and Washington Author: Altman, Bob, Holmes, Aaron, Oregon-Washington Partners in flight Version 1.0 Title: Conservation strategy for landbirds in the Columbia Plateau of Eastern Oregon and Washington Author: Altman, Bob, Holmes, Aaron, Oregon-Washington Partners in flight Version 1.0 Close

• 8. [Article] Mapping conservation opportunity areas for the Intertwine's Regional Conservation Strategy

  Draft report from the Institute for Natural Resources, Portland State University

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping conservation opportunity areas for the Intertwine's Regional Conservation Strategy Author: Kagan, James S., Burcsu, Theresa Draft report from the Institute for Natural Resources, Portland State University Title: Mapping conservation opportunity areas for the Intertwine's Regional Conservation Strategy Author: Kagan, James S., Burcsu, Theresa Draft report from the Institute for Natural Resources, Portland State University Close

• 9. [Article] Habitat monitoring : an approach for reporting status and trends for state comprehensive wildlife conservation strategies

  This paper provides some background information on coarse to medium scale habitat monitoring techniques and proposes a framework for a statewide system. It is designed for state fish and wildlife agencies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat monitoring : an approach for reporting status and trends for state comprehensive wildlife conservation strategies Author: Luscombe, Wayne, Schoonmaker, Peter This paper provides some background information on coarse to medium scale habitat monitoring techniques and proposes a framework for a statewide system. It is designed for state fish and wildlife agencies and their partners to help them meet the monitoring requirement in the development of wildlife strategies. Title: Habitat monitoring : an approach for reporting status and trends for state comprehensive wildlife conservation strategies Author: Luscombe, Wayne, Schoonmaker, Peter This paper provides some background information on coarse to medium scale habitat monitoring techniques and proposes a framework for a statewide system. It is designed for state fish and wildlife agencies and their partners to help them meet the monitoring requirement in the development of wildlife strategies. Close

• 10. [Article] Modeling and mapping in support of the Regional conservational Strategy Framework

  Report from the Institute of Natural Resources, Portland State University

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling and mapping in support of the Regional conservational Strategy Framework Author: Dimiceli, Jennifer, Noone, Matthew, Burcsu, Theresa, Albo, Tommy, Kagan, James S., Bernert, Joe Report from the Institute of Natural Resources, Portland State University Title: Modeling and mapping in support of the Regional conservational Strategy Framework Author: Dimiceli, Jennifer, Noone, Matthew, Burcsu, Theresa, Albo, Tommy, Kagan, James S., Bernert, Joe Report from the Institute of Natural Resources, Portland State University Close

• 11. [Article] Collaborative Conservation Strategies: Legislative Case Studies from Across the West

  Executive Summary: As the 2005-06 Chair of the Western Governors' Association, Arizona Governor Janet Napolitano placed special emphasis on issues surrounding sustainable development. As part of that initiative, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Collaborative Conservation Strategies: Legislative Case Studies from Across the West Author: Western Governors' Association Executive Summary: As the 2005-06 Chair of the Western Governors' Association, Arizona Governor Janet Napolitano placed special emphasis on issues surrounding sustainable development. As part of that initiative, she directed WGA staff to develop a white paper on the use of negotiated compromise federal legislation as a tool both to protect unique and sensitive lands in the West and to address growth and economic development issues faced by local communities. Western states contain the vast majority of publicly owned lands. Management of these lands impact the social and economic fabric of adjacent rural Western communities. As much of the West continues experiencing unprecedented population growth, the traditional tension between growth and preservation has escalated for these lands and the communities. This white paper traces the history of land conservation in the West and the seeds of collaborative approaches reaching back to federal statutes enacted in the 1960s. The case studies show how traditional adversaries in three Western communities were able to avoid impasse and come together to hammer out difficult compromises to accommodate most interests. Success has not been fully realized in all cases, but the difficult work continues. There are those on both sides who believe compromising with “the enemy” on conservation and development is tantamount to surrender. However, as the West keeps growing, the pressure will mount to negotiate solutions on the conservation and development of land and water supplies for traditional and new uses. Negotiated, omnibus legislation for public lands is one of the new tools that can help. This approach requires undaunted leadership, (a strong motivating factor to get parties to the table), a level playing field during the collaborative process, and an outcome that has enough support to weather the federal legislative process. Western Governors are uniquely poised to identify opportunities in their respective states, help initiate a truly collaborative process, and stand with their Congressional counterparts if a bill moves through Congress. It is a leadership role that they have played in other arenas and would likely be welcomed by communities and advocates alike. Title: Collaborative Conservation Strategies: Legislative Case Studies from Across the West Author: Western Governors' Association Executive Summary: As the 2005-06 Chair of the Western Governors' Association, Arizona Governor Janet Napolitano placed special emphasis on issues surrounding sustainable development. As part of that initiative, she directed WGA staff to develop a white paper on the use of negotiated compromise federal legislation as a tool both to protect unique and sensitive lands in the West and to address growth and economic development issues faced by local communities. Western states contain the vast majority of publicly owned lands. Management of these lands impact the social and economic fabric of adjacent rural Western communities. As much of the West continues experiencing unprecedented population growth, the traditional tension between growth and preservation has escalated for these lands and the communities. This white paper traces the history of land conservation in the West and the seeds of collaborative approaches reaching back to federal statutes enacted in the 1960s. The case studies show how traditional adversaries in three Western communities were able to avoid impasse and come together to hammer out difficult compromises to accommodate most interests. Success has not been fully realized in all cases, but the difficult work continues. There are those on both sides who believe compromising with “the enemy” on conservation and development is tantamount to surrender. However, as the West keeps growing, the pressure will mount to negotiate solutions on the conservation and development of land and water supplies for traditional and new uses. Negotiated, omnibus legislation for public lands is one of the new tools that can help. This approach requires undaunted leadership, (a strong motivating factor to get parties to the table), a level playing field during the collaborative process, and an outcome that has enough support to weather the federal legislative process. Western Governors are uniquely poised to identify opportunities in their respective states, help initiate a truly collaborative process, and stand with their Congressional counterparts if a bill moves through Congress. It is a leadership role that they have played in other arenas and would likely be welcomed by communities and advocates alike. Close

• 12. [Article] Application of Bioeconomic Analyses for Marine Conservation Policy

  The Gulf of California is undoubtedly the Mexican marine region with the most research and conservation efforts. In addition to overfishing issues, it harbors endemic and Critically Endangered populations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Application of Bioeconomic Analyses for Marine Conservation Policy Author: Cisneros-Montemayor, Andrés The Gulf of California is undoubtedly the Mexican marine region with the most research and conservation efforts. In addition to overfishing issues, it harbors endemic and Critically Endangered populations of totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) and vaquita (Phocoena sinus). Conservation strategies have varied, but there is a wide recognition of their historic failure to effectively curtail negative human impacts on local ecosystems. A main reason has been a lack of explicit consideration of the economic dynamics and behavior of artisanal fishers. We develop a bioeconomic model that represents a series of past conservation and fisheries management policies, analyzing their empirical results from a simple economic theoretical framework. Results show how counteracting policies, and basic changes to fishing behavior, negate potential benefits to various objectives. Even with wide ecological knowledge and possibly legitimate commitment to sustainable actions from key stakeholders, integrating bioeconomic analyses is essential to understand the outcomes of past policies and generate more effective ones in the future.  Title: Application of Bioeconomic Analyses for Marine Conservation Policy Author: Cisneros-Montemayor, Andrés The Gulf of California is undoubtedly the Mexican marine region with the most research and conservation efforts. In addition to overfishing issues, it harbors endemic and Critically Endangered populations of totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) and vaquita (Phocoena sinus). Conservation strategies have varied, but there is a wide recognition of their historic failure to effectively curtail negative human impacts on local ecosystems. A main reason has been a lack of explicit consideration of the economic dynamics and behavior of artisanal fishers. We develop a bioeconomic model that represents a series of past conservation and fisheries management policies, analyzing their empirical results from a simple economic theoretical framework. Results show how counteracting policies, and basic changes to fishing behavior, negate potential benefits to various objectives. Even with wide ecological knowledge and possibly legitimate commitment to sustainable actions from key stakeholders, integrating bioeconomic analyses is essential to understand the outcomes of past policies and generate more effective ones in the future.  Close

• 13. [Article] Managing the spatial configuration of land : the economics of land use and habitat fragmentation

  Habitat fragmentation has been widely studied in the biological literature and is considered a primary threat to biodiversity. However, there has been little research on land-use policies to reduce fragmentation. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Managing the spatial configuration of land : the economics of land use and habitat fragmentation Author: Lewis, David James Habitat fragmentation has been widely studied in the biological literature and is considered a primary threat to biodiversity. However, there has been little research on land-use policies to reduce fragmentation. This dissertation focuses on two major research issues related to fragmentation policies. First, I develop an analytical model to analyze the optimal conservation strategy on a landscape with habitat fragmentation effects. Second, I develop an empirical methodology to quantify the economic costs of reducing fragmentation through the use of incentive-based land-use policies. A theoretical model of land use is developed to analyze the spatial configuration of landscapes when land quality is spatially heterogeneous and wildlife habitat is fragmented and socially valuable. When urban development is the primary cause of fragmentation, I show how spatial heterogeneity in amenities and household neighbor preferences affect the optimal landscape and the design of efficient land-use policies. When agriculture is the primary cause of fragmentation, I derive optimal conservation strategies for reducing fragmentation. I show that reforestation efforts should be targeted to the most fragmented landscapes with an aggregate share of forest equal to a threshold, defined by the ratio of the opportunity cost of conversion to the social value of core forest. A parcel-level econometric model of land-use change is developed and integrated with spatially-explicit landscape simulations to predict the empirical distribution of fragmentation outcomes under given market conditions and policy scenarios. I examine the effects of alternative policy designs on various measures of fragmentation and then quantify the costs of achieving spatial outcomes. I find that the costs of reducing forest fragmentation vary greatly with initial landscape conditions and that a simple uniform subsidy appears to perform well relative to more complicated spatially-targeted policies. In addition, my results suggest that initial landscape conditions, rather than the policy approach, should be the foremost consideration for wildlife managers deciding how to allocate a limited budget to conservation efforts. Title: Managing the spatial configuration of land : the economics of land use and habitat fragmentation Author: Lewis, David James Habitat fragmentation has been widely studied in the biological literature and is considered a primary threat to biodiversity. However, there has been little research on land-use policies to reduce fragmentation. This dissertation focuses on two major research issues related to fragmentation policies. First, I develop an analytical model to analyze the optimal conservation strategy on a landscape with habitat fragmentation effects. Second, I develop an empirical methodology to quantify the economic costs of reducing fragmentation through the use of incentive-based land-use policies. A theoretical model of land use is developed to analyze the spatial configuration of landscapes when land quality is spatially heterogeneous and wildlife habitat is fragmented and socially valuable. When urban development is the primary cause of fragmentation, I show how spatial heterogeneity in amenities and household neighbor preferences affect the optimal landscape and the design of efficient land-use policies. When agriculture is the primary cause of fragmentation, I derive optimal conservation strategies for reducing fragmentation. I show that reforestation efforts should be targeted to the most fragmented landscapes with an aggregate share of forest equal to a threshold, defined by the ratio of the opportunity cost of conversion to the social value of core forest. A parcel-level econometric model of land-use change is developed and integrated with spatially-explicit landscape simulations to predict the empirical distribution of fragmentation outcomes under given market conditions and policy scenarios. I examine the effects of alternative policy designs on various measures of fragmentation and then quantify the costs of achieving spatial outcomes. I find that the costs of reducing forest fragmentation vary greatly with initial landscape conditions and that a simple uniform subsidy appears to perform well relative to more complicated spatially-targeted policies. In addition, my results suggest that initial landscape conditions, rather than the policy approach, should be the foremost consideration for wildlife managers deciding how to allocate a limited budget to conservation efforts. Close

• 14. [Article] Keying forest stream protection to aquatic ecosystem values in multi-ownership watersheds

  Forested lands of western Oregon provide aquatic habitat for many fish and riparian dependent species, including a wide variety of salmon species. Current policies set riparian protections using fixed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Keying forest stream protection to aquatic ecosystem values in multi-ownership watersheds Author: Pickard, Brian R. Forested lands of western Oregon provide aquatic habitat for many fish and riparian dependent species, including a wide variety of salmon species. Current policies set riparian protections using fixed buffers on streams for federal and private lands based on stream type or size. These buffers can create a series of disjointed riparian protections, as federal lands require buffers that are much larger than private lands. In addition, the fixed buffer approach is neither flexible nor tailored to aquatic ecosystem values. This thesis presents a framework for comprehensively assessing stream networks using site specific watershed features and then suggests riparian conservation strategies that key stream and riparian protection to aquatic ecosystem values. Seven study watersheds were used in this analysis, totaling over 2.5 million acres of forested lands in western Oregon. Employing a set of geospatial tools, called NetMap, streams in each watershed were classified into higher and lower priorities using criteria of intrinsic potential, erosion/debris flow susceptibility, and thermal loading potential. Results demonstrated the inherent variability within and among watersheds based on the geomorphic and ecological processes determined important for selected salmon species. Within each watershed, both federal and non-federal lands had many miles of higher priority fish-bearing and non-fish bearing streams, suggesting the need for comprehensive, holistic watershed conservation strategies. Based on the partitioning of streams into higher and lower priorities, an alternative riparian conservation strategy was then modeled for federal lands that allocate protection on the basis of the ecological context of a stream segment’s potential and particular location while still meeting federal aquatic conservation goals and objectives. Possible increases to the land base for long-term timber production were then identified if this strategy were applied to federal Matrix lands. Results demonstrated that 8-30 percent of the current riparian buffers could be reallocated to the land base for long-term timber production. An additional 26-45 percent of current buffers could be managed simultaneously for both timber production and aquatic ecosystem goals. Results also provided a framework for targeting of conservation and restoration efforts towards higher priority streams within each watershed. As many of the most ecologically important streams were located on non-federal lands, riparian conservation policies focused on streams classified as higher priority on those lands may be needed to protect aquatic species and their environments. Title: Keying forest stream protection to aquatic ecosystem values in multi-ownership watersheds Author: Pickard, Brian R. Forested lands of western Oregon provide aquatic habitat for many fish and riparian dependent species, including a wide variety of salmon species. Current policies set riparian protections using fixed buffers on streams for federal and private lands based on stream type or size. These buffers can create a series of disjointed riparian protections, as federal lands require buffers that are much larger than private lands. In addition, the fixed buffer approach is neither flexible nor tailored to aquatic ecosystem values. This thesis presents a framework for comprehensively assessing stream networks using site specific watershed features and then suggests riparian conservation strategies that key stream and riparian protection to aquatic ecosystem values. Seven study watersheds were used in this analysis, totaling over 2.5 million acres of forested lands in western Oregon. Employing a set of geospatial tools, called NetMap, streams in each watershed were classified into higher and lower priorities using criteria of intrinsic potential, erosion/debris flow susceptibility, and thermal loading potential. Results demonstrated the inherent variability within and among watersheds based on the geomorphic and ecological processes determined important for selected salmon species. Within each watershed, both federal and non-federal lands had many miles of higher priority fish-bearing and non-fish bearing streams, suggesting the need for comprehensive, holistic watershed conservation strategies. Based on the partitioning of streams into higher and lower priorities, an alternative riparian conservation strategy was then modeled for federal lands that allocate protection on the basis of the ecological context of a stream segment’s potential and particular location while still meeting federal aquatic conservation goals and objectives. Possible increases to the land base for long-term timber production were then identified if this strategy were applied to federal Matrix lands. Results demonstrated that 8-30 percent of the current riparian buffers could be reallocated to the land base for long-term timber production. An additional 26-45 percent of current buffers could be managed simultaneously for both timber production and aquatic ecosystem goals. Results also provided a framework for targeting of conservation and restoration efforts towards higher priority streams within each watershed. As many of the most ecologically important streams were located on non-federal lands, riparian conservation policies focused on streams classified as higher priority on those lands may be needed to protect aquatic species and their environments. Close

• 15. [Article] Policy for Resource Management Plan Effectiveness Monitoring for Renewable Resources with Additional Guidance for Plans Implementing the Greater Sage-Grouse Conservation Strategy

  This Instruction Memorandum (Instruction Memorandum No. 2016-139) provides guidance on the use of terrestrial and aquatic objectives and quantitative data to determine Resource Management Plan effectiveness. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Policy for Resource Management Plan Effectiveness Monitoring for Renewable Resources with Additional Guidance for Plans Implementing the Greater Sage-Grouse Conservation Strategy Author: Bureau of Land Management, Ellis, Steven A. , U.S. Forest Service This Instruction Memorandum (Instruction Memorandum No. 2016-139) provides guidance on the use of terrestrial and aquatic objectives and quantitative data to determine Resource Management Plan effectiveness. Additionally, for RMPs that include Greater Sage-Grouse (GRSG) habitat, this IM provides guidance for tracking and reporting on the implementation of decisions using the e-Planning tracking database. Title: Policy for Resource Management Plan Effectiveness Monitoring for Renewable Resources with Additional Guidance for Plans Implementing the Greater Sage-Grouse Conservation Strategy Author: Bureau of Land Management, Ellis, Steven A. , U.S. Forest Service This Instruction Memorandum (Instruction Memorandum No. 2016-139) provides guidance on the use of terrestrial and aquatic objectives and quantitative data to determine Resource Management Plan effectiveness. Additionally, for RMPs that include Greater Sage-Grouse (GRSG) habitat, this IM provides guidance for tracking and reporting on the implementation of decisions using the e-Planning tracking database. Close

• 16. [Article] Basin-wide distributed modeling of hydrologic responses to irrigation management in the Wood River Basin, Klamath County, OR

  The Wood River Basin lies upstream of Upper Klamath Lake, the main reservoir of the USBR Klamath Irrigation Project that provides irrigation water to 210,000 acres of downstream land. Water allocation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Basin-wide distributed modeling of hydrologic responses to irrigation management in the Wood River Basin, Klamath County, OR Author: Owens, Joshua M. The Wood River Basin lies upstream of Upper Klamath Lake, the main reservoir of the USBR Klamath Irrigation Project that provides irrigation water to 210,000 acres of downstream land. Water allocation became a contentious issue in 2001 when drought led to curtailment of irrigation deliveries to the Klamath Irrigation Project in order to maintain minimum lake levels and river flows for endangered species. After lengthy negotiations the Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement was signed in February 2010, and calls for flow increases of 30,000 ac-ft/yr into Upper Klamath Lake from voluntary upstream sources. The Wood River Basin is a potential source of this water, but poorly understood hydrology makes estimates of water gains in response to conservation strategies uncertain. To better understand the hydrology of the Wood River Basin a fully distributed, physically based model was set up using the MIKE SHE hydrology model and MIKE 11 hydraulic model by DHI, Inc. The model was developed by recreating the actual management of the basin from 2002 to 2009, a period when tracts of land in the basin were enrolled in land idling programs for water conservation. Calibration and validation was evaluated against shallow groundwater observations. Overall the model described the average conditions of the basin well. Locations that were simulated inaccurately were limited to those in close proximity to the model boundary or to the Wood River, the result of using average values to describe these heterogeneous features. The model was used to simulate two end-member scenarios to determine the limits of water conservation strategies, basin-wide full irrigation and non-irrigation. Two reduced irrigation scenarios were also simulated, the first reduced the irrigation season to June and July, the second eliminated every other irrigation application. The simulation that recreated the actual management showed that non-irrigated tracts did not substantially reduce the consumptive use because water from the surrounding irrigated tracts was able to flow in via the shallow aquifer and provide sub-irrigation. For the full irrigation scenario the average annual consumptive use was 126,000 ac-ft/yr. For the non-irrigated scenario it was 96,000 ac-ft/yr, a reduction of 24%. For the two reduced irrigation scenarios the consumptive use was decreased by 14% and 12%. When compared to the irrigated scenario the total increase of flow to Upper Klamath Lake during the growing season was 60,000 ac-ft/yr for the non-irrigated scenario; and 36,000 ac-ft/yr and 31,000 ac-ft/yr for the two reduced irrigation scenarios respectively. Irrigation in the basin was found to transfer stream flow from the summer time to the winter time due to saturated winter conditions from late season irrigations resulting in increased runoff. There is potential for water conservation strategies in the Wood River Basin to substantially increase water flow into Upper Klamath Lake, but these strategies would have to be implemented extensively throughout the basin to reduce sub-irrigation. Title: Basin-wide distributed modeling of hydrologic responses to irrigation management in the Wood River Basin, Klamath County, OR Author: Owens, Joshua M. The Wood River Basin lies upstream of Upper Klamath Lake, the main reservoir of the USBR Klamath Irrigation Project that provides irrigation water to 210,000 acres of downstream land. Water allocation became a contentious issue in 2001 when drought led to curtailment of irrigation deliveries to the Klamath Irrigation Project in order to maintain minimum lake levels and river flows for endangered species. After lengthy negotiations the Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement was signed in February 2010, and calls for flow increases of 30,000 ac-ft/yr into Upper Klamath Lake from voluntary upstream sources. The Wood River Basin is a potential source of this water, but poorly understood hydrology makes estimates of water gains in response to conservation strategies uncertain. To better understand the hydrology of the Wood River Basin a fully distributed, physically based model was set up using the MIKE SHE hydrology model and MIKE 11 hydraulic model by DHI, Inc. The model was developed by recreating the actual management of the basin from 2002 to 2009, a period when tracts of land in the basin were enrolled in land idling programs for water conservation. Calibration and validation was evaluated against shallow groundwater observations. Overall the model described the average conditions of the basin well. Locations that were simulated inaccurately were limited to those in close proximity to the model boundary or to the Wood River, the result of using average values to describe these heterogeneous features. The model was used to simulate two end-member scenarios to determine the limits of water conservation strategies, basin-wide full irrigation and non-irrigation. Two reduced irrigation scenarios were also simulated, the first reduced the irrigation season to June and July, the second eliminated every other irrigation application. The simulation that recreated the actual management showed that non-irrigated tracts did not substantially reduce the consumptive use because water from the surrounding irrigated tracts was able to flow in via the shallow aquifer and provide sub-irrigation. For the full irrigation scenario the average annual consumptive use was 126,000 ac-ft/yr. For the non-irrigated scenario it was 96,000 ac-ft/yr, a reduction of 24%. For the two reduced irrigation scenarios the consumptive use was decreased by 14% and 12%. When compared to the irrigated scenario the total increase of flow to Upper Klamath Lake during the growing season was 60,000 ac-ft/yr for the non-irrigated scenario; and 36,000 ac-ft/yr and 31,000 ac-ft/yr for the two reduced irrigation scenarios respectively. Irrigation in the basin was found to transfer stream flow from the summer time to the winter time due to saturated winter conditions from late season irrigations resulting in increased runoff. There is potential for water conservation strategies in the Wood River Basin to substantially increase water flow into Upper Klamath Lake, but these strategies would have to be implemented extensively throughout the basin to reduce sub-irrigation. Close

• 17. [Article] Marine Protected Areas and Fishers' Involvement: the Case of the Iroise Sea, Western Brittany, France

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Marine Protected Areas and Fishers' Involvement: the Case of the Iroise Sea, Western Brittany, France Author: Pennanguer, S., Sabourin, A., Alban, Frederique Research Paper Title: Marine Protected Areas and Fishers' Involvement: the Case of the Iroise Sea, Western Brittany, France Author: Pennanguer, S., Sabourin, A., Alban, Frederique Research Paper Close

• 18. [Article] Mitigation of Ecosystem-Level Impacts of Fisheries Bycatch on Marine Megafauna: Conservation Policy, Economic Instruments, and Technical Change

  presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mitigation of Ecosystem-Level Impacts of Fisheries Bycatch on Marine Megafauna: Conservation Policy, Economic Instruments, and Technical Change Author: Squires, Dale, Bull, Joe presentation Title: Mitigation of Ecosystem-Level Impacts of Fisheries Bycatch on Marine Megafauna: Conservation Policy, Economic Instruments, and Technical Change Author: Squires, Dale, Bull, Joe presentation Close

• 19. [Article] Economic Benefits of Conserving Natural Lands: Case Study: Yaquina Bay Conservation Opportunity Area, Oregon

  In this study, which forms part of a set of five case studies that cover natural lands in Florida, Maine, Nebraska, New Mexico and Oregon, we develop estimates of the economic value of several human uses ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic Benefits of Conserving Natural Lands: Case Study: Yaquina Bay Conservation Opportunity Area, Oregon Author: McMurray, Anna, Kroeger, Timm In this study, which forms part of a set of five case studies that cover natural lands in Florida, Maine, Nebraska, New Mexico and Oregon, we develop estimates of the economic value of several human uses supported by Yaquina Bay, a 29 square-mile area in coastal central Oregon that has been identified as a conservation opportunity area (COA) in Oregon’s Conservation Strategy. Our analysis develops quantitative estimates of the economic value associated with recreational fishing and commercial crabbing, oyster harvests and livestock production. It also estimates the value of the carbon sequestration service provided by the ecosystems found in Yaquina Bay and the value of the open space premiums that accrue to residential properties located in the vicinity of undeveloped open spaces. Land use, land management and conservation planning, in order to achieve economically sensible results, should take into account the economic value generated by the conservation of undeveloped lands and the fact that the increasing relative scarcity of these lands will only increase conservation values. With a large share of both ecologically and economically valuable undeveloped lands in private ownership, not just in the Yaquina Bay study area but also at state and national levels, existing financial incentive systems that encourage land conservation on private lands will need to be improved and in many cases additional ones will need to be created in order to better align privately and socially desirable outcomes. This is a challenging task whose urgency is increasing in lockstep with the continuing loss and degradation of natural lands. Title: Economic Benefits of Conserving Natural Lands: Case Study: Yaquina Bay Conservation Opportunity Area, Oregon Author: McMurray, Anna, Kroeger, Timm In this study, which forms part of a set of five case studies that cover natural lands in Florida, Maine, Nebraska, New Mexico and Oregon, we develop estimates of the economic value of several human uses supported by Yaquina Bay, a 29 square-mile area in coastal central Oregon that has been identified as a conservation opportunity area (COA) in Oregon’s Conservation Strategy. Our analysis develops quantitative estimates of the economic value associated with recreational fishing and commercial crabbing, oyster harvests and livestock production. It also estimates the value of the carbon sequestration service provided by the ecosystems found in Yaquina Bay and the value of the open space premiums that accrue to residential properties located in the vicinity of undeveloped open spaces. Land use, land management and conservation planning, in order to achieve economically sensible results, should take into account the economic value generated by the conservation of undeveloped lands and the fact that the increasing relative scarcity of these lands will only increase conservation values. With a large share of both ecologically and economically valuable undeveloped lands in private ownership, not just in the Yaquina Bay study area but also at state and national levels, existing financial incentive systems that encourage land conservation on private lands will need to be improved and in many cases additional ones will need to be created in order to better align privately and socially desirable outcomes. This is a challenging task whose urgency is increasing in lockstep with the continuing loss and degradation of natural lands. Close

• 20. [Article] Private forests, public policy : oak conservation on family forests in Oregon’s Willamette Valley

  In the United States, many of the thorniest natural resource conflicts occur on private lands. This is especially true in the Willamette Valley of Western Oregon where the hallmark habitat type, Oregon ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Private forests, public policy : oak conservation on family forests in Oregon’s Willamette Valley Author: Fischer, Alexandra Paige In the United States, many of the thorniest natural resource conflicts occur on private lands. This is especially true in the Willamette Valley of Western Oregon where the hallmark habitat type, Oregon white oak woodland and savanna, is imperiled. Almost exclusively found on private land, Oregon white oak is threatened by urban development, vineyards, tree plantations, and the elimination of the periodic fires to which it is adapted. While regional and local planners, conservationists and natural resource agencies are attempting to conserve oak, little effort has been made to understand the social group in whose hands the fate of much of the resource rests: family forest owners. This paper presents a case study of oak conservation on family forestlands in Oregon. Through individual and group interviews and building upon social constructionism and interpretive policy analysis, this research investigates how two stakeholder groups—family forest owners and natural resource professionals—frame the problem of oak’s decline and opportunities and constraints for its conservation. It also analyzes some of the conservation policies that informants suggested for oak. By illuminating owners’ needs, capacities and constraints, and identifying areas of common ground and conflict in informants’ interpretive frames, this research identifies ways to reach out to a target group with empathy, facilitate cooperation between stakeholders, and avert potential conflicts that arise from conservation strategies. Title: Private forests, public policy : oak conservation on family forests in Oregon’s Willamette Valley Author: Fischer, Alexandra Paige In the United States, many of the thorniest natural resource conflicts occur on private lands. This is especially true in the Willamette Valley of Western Oregon where the hallmark habitat type, Oregon white oak woodland and savanna, is imperiled. Almost exclusively found on private land, Oregon white oak is threatened by urban development, vineyards, tree plantations, and the elimination of the periodic fires to which it is adapted. While regional and local planners, conservationists and natural resource agencies are attempting to conserve oak, little effort has been made to understand the social group in whose hands the fate of much of the resource rests: family forest owners. This paper presents a case study of oak conservation on family forestlands in Oregon. Through individual and group interviews and building upon social constructionism and interpretive policy analysis, this research investigates how two stakeholder groups—family forest owners and natural resource professionals—frame the problem of oak’s decline and opportunities and constraints for its conservation. It also analyzes some of the conservation policies that informants suggested for oak. By illuminating owners’ needs, capacities and constraints, and identifying areas of common ground and conflict in informants’ interpretive frames, this research identifies ways to reach out to a target group with empathy, facilitate cooperation between stakeholders, and avert potential conflicts that arise from conservation strategies. Close

• 21. [Article] Residents’ drivers and barriers to participation in the Backyard Habitat Certification Program: Study of socio-ecological factors in Madison South neighborhood in NE Portland

  As urban development fractures and reduces available habitat for birds and other wildlife, conservationists are increasing pursuing strategies to improve the habitat value of privately owned yards in and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Residents’ drivers and barriers to participation in the Backyard Habitat Certification Program: Study of socio-ecological factors in Madison South neighborhood in NE Portland Author: Powel, Jinnet As urban development fractures and reduces available habitat for birds and other wildlife, conservationists are increasing pursuing strategies to improve the habitat value of privately owned yards in and around cities. The Backyard Habitat Certification Program is a collaborative effort between the Portland Audubon Society and the Columbia Land Trust that has a two pronged mission: to increase the amount of available habitat for wildlife in the Portland Metro region by encouraging homeowners of lots one acre or less to naturescape their yards; and to increase stewardship and conservation awareness by broadening their participant base. Backyard Habitat’s agency in achieving both goals is linked to 1) their effectiveness at engaging and enrolling residents, 2) residents’ access to greenspace, and 3) their interest and agency in naturescaping their yards. Based on circumstantial evidence, Backyard Habitat is concerned they are not capturing the racial and ethnic diversity of the communities that they serve. This suggests that cultural and/or structural factors are limiting thier access to private yards and scope in providing conservation education. This study begins to explore the drivers and barriers to participation in the Northeast Portland neighborhood of Madison South with the objective of providing community specific and generalizable recommendations on how Backyard Habitat could broaden and deepen participation. Madison South was chosen as the study site because Backyard Habitat would like to increase participation there in order to enhance the impact of a large-scale habitat restoration project: the Dharma Rain Zen Center’s development at Siskiyou Square. The study used a social-ecological framework to explore both ecological and sociological factors that could serve as drivers or barriers to residents in choosing 1) to naturescape and 2) to participate in the Backyard Habitat Certification Program. The study consisted of three phases and looked at two scales of analysis: structural and cultural factors at the societal level and at the individual scale. Phase 1 assessed societal structural and cultural factors within the neighborhood (n= 5,314) including racial and ethnic diversity, language fluency, tenure status, and the value and distribution of greenspace using a combination of US Census data and publicly available on-line mapping tools (Metro Maps, Portland Maps, and Intertwine Alliance’s Regional Conservation Strategy overlays, Google Maps). Phase 2 and 3 consisted of smaller group of participants(n=28) that lived within 200m Siskiyou Square, and used mixed methods door-to-door surveys and guided interviews to explore individual interests, beliefs, and constraints shaping both desired and actual yard use. Phase 2 included the use of a yard-type instrument that allowed participants to indicate their interest in naturescaped, highly manicured, and predominantly permaculture yards by selecting among photographs. The study found that Madison South would be a good neighborhood for Backyard Habitat to engage with the purpose of diversifying their base since it was a relatively diverse racial and ethnic neighborhood within the Portland Metro region. However, since homeownership was disproportionately limited to White and Asian residents, the author recommends that Backyard Habitat should consider strategies for including renters in order to engage a representative demographic. Considering the percentage of rented, single-family homes with yards around the Siskiyou Square neighborhood, such strategies could serve Backyard Habitat’s ecological goals. The study identified limited English as a likely barrier for engaging some homeowners, particularly elderly Vietnamese. However the participant pool was too small to identify preferences, such desired as yard-type, along racial or ethnic lines. With 19% of homes owned by racial and ethnic minorities, Backyard Habitat should consider strategies for further identifying, and overcoming cultural barriers. The survey, interview questionnaire and yard-type instrument appeared useful at identifying receptivity to naturescaping and strategies for broadening participation. Based on the study’s findings and input from participants, the study makes recommendations for how Backyard Habitat can increase participation by being better known, being appealing, and being feasible to a variety of residents. Title: Residents’ drivers and barriers to participation in the Backyard Habitat Certification Program: Study of socio-ecological factors in Madison South neighborhood in NE Portland Author: Powel, Jinnet As urban development fractures and reduces available habitat for birds and other wildlife, conservationists are increasing pursuing strategies to improve the habitat value of privately owned yards in and around cities. The Backyard Habitat Certification Program is a collaborative effort between the Portland Audubon Society and the Columbia Land Trust that has a two pronged mission: to increase the amount of available habitat for wildlife in the Portland Metro region by encouraging homeowners of lots one acre or less to naturescape their yards; and to increase stewardship and conservation awareness by broadening their participant base. Backyard Habitat’s agency in achieving both goals is linked to 1) their effectiveness at engaging and enrolling residents, 2) residents’ access to greenspace, and 3) their interest and agency in naturescaping their yards. Based on circumstantial evidence, Backyard Habitat is concerned they are not capturing the racial and ethnic diversity of the communities that they serve. This suggests that cultural and/or structural factors are limiting thier access to private yards and scope in providing conservation education. This study begins to explore the drivers and barriers to participation in the Northeast Portland neighborhood of Madison South with the objective of providing community specific and generalizable recommendations on how Backyard Habitat could broaden and deepen participation. Madison South was chosen as the study site because Backyard Habitat would like to increase participation there in order to enhance the impact of a large-scale habitat restoration project: the Dharma Rain Zen Center’s development at Siskiyou Square. The study used a social-ecological framework to explore both ecological and sociological factors that could serve as drivers or barriers to residents in choosing 1) to naturescape and 2) to participate in the Backyard Habitat Certification Program. The study consisted of three phases and looked at two scales of analysis: structural and cultural factors at the societal level and at the individual scale. Phase 1 assessed societal structural and cultural factors within the neighborhood (n= 5,314) including racial and ethnic diversity, language fluency, tenure status, and the value and distribution of greenspace using a combination of US Census data and publicly available on-line mapping tools (Metro Maps, Portland Maps, and Intertwine Alliance’s Regional Conservation Strategy overlays, Google Maps). Phase 2 and 3 consisted of smaller group of participants(n=28) that lived within 200m Siskiyou Square, and used mixed methods door-to-door surveys and guided interviews to explore individual interests, beliefs, and constraints shaping both desired and actual yard use. Phase 2 included the use of a yard-type instrument that allowed participants to indicate their interest in naturescaped, highly manicured, and predominantly permaculture yards by selecting among photographs. The study found that Madison South would be a good neighborhood for Backyard Habitat to engage with the purpose of diversifying their base since it was a relatively diverse racial and ethnic neighborhood within the Portland Metro region. However, since homeownership was disproportionately limited to White and Asian residents, the author recommends that Backyard Habitat should consider strategies for including renters in order to engage a representative demographic. Considering the percentage of rented, single-family homes with yards around the Siskiyou Square neighborhood, such strategies could serve Backyard Habitat’s ecological goals. The study identified limited English as a likely barrier for engaging some homeowners, particularly elderly Vietnamese. However the participant pool was too small to identify preferences, such desired as yard-type, along racial or ethnic lines. With 19% of homes owned by racial and ethnic minorities, Backyard Habitat should consider strategies for further identifying, and overcoming cultural barriers. The survey, interview questionnaire and yard-type instrument appeared useful at identifying receptivity to naturescaping and strategies for broadening participation. Based on the study’s findings and input from participants, the study makes recommendations for how Backyard Habitat can increase participation by being better known, being appealing, and being feasible to a variety of residents. Close

• 22. [Article] The heritage program: 25 years old and looking ahead assessing the future of the heritage program : final report

  Over the last 25 years numerous approaches, understandings, and perceptions about natural areas have changed – changes which affect the relevance of programs such as the Heritage Program. As one participant ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The heritage program: 25 years old and looking ahead assessing the future of the heritage program : final report Author: Gaines, Lisa, Kagan, Jimmy Over the last 25 years numerous approaches, understandings, and perceptions about natural areas have changed – changes which affect the relevance of programs such as the Heritage Program. As one participant stated, “the complexity of science in general has been humbling”. The last 25 years has shown many assumptions and premises upon which the Heritage Program were founded have changed. Most important has been the recognition that to focus primarily on pristine areas is not the only way to conserve, that pristine ecosystems do not exist, and that management and restoration are needed in much of the landscape. Nature is much more dynamic and less easily compartmentalized than once assumed. Habitat needs are more complex, context (e.g., capacity for seed dispersal and fire) is becoming more important, and species are often quite tenacious instead of fragile. There is a better understanding that the survival of many species occurs outside of our influence and control. Aside from habitat loss, the major threats most impacting Oregon’s natural heritage, global climate change and exotic species invasions, were not viewed as important when the program was created. Twenty-five years ago meta-population theory did not exist. Technology, including the prevalence and advancement of computers and database management, has progressed. Institutions such as watershed councils, land trusts, and water trusts either did not exist when the Heritage Program began have come into being, or were not considered very important to conservation. Socially, there is a greater sense that biodiversity is now “on the edge”, that more has been lost than we had thought. Also, there is the appreciation that ecosystems provide services and functions other than what can be provided by small “islands” of natural areas. In essence, the Heritage Program needs to accommodate these and other changes by working with a broader context of conservation strategies. Title: The heritage program: 25 years old and looking ahead assessing the future of the heritage program : final report Author: Gaines, Lisa, Kagan, Jimmy Over the last 25 years numerous approaches, understandings, and perceptions about natural areas have changed – changes which affect the relevance of programs such as the Heritage Program. As one participant stated, “the complexity of science in general has been humbling”. The last 25 years has shown many assumptions and premises upon which the Heritage Program were founded have changed. Most important has been the recognition that to focus primarily on pristine areas is not the only way to conserve, that pristine ecosystems do not exist, and that management and restoration are needed in much of the landscape. Nature is much more dynamic and less easily compartmentalized than once assumed. Habitat needs are more complex, context (e.g., capacity for seed dispersal and fire) is becoming more important, and species are often quite tenacious instead of fragile. There is a better understanding that the survival of many species occurs outside of our influence and control. Aside from habitat loss, the major threats most impacting Oregon’s natural heritage, global climate change and exotic species invasions, were not viewed as important when the program was created. Twenty-five years ago meta-population theory did not exist. Technology, including the prevalence and advancement of computers and database management, has progressed. Institutions such as watershed councils, land trusts, and water trusts either did not exist when the Heritage Program began have come into being, or were not considered very important to conservation. Socially, there is a greater sense that biodiversity is now “on the edge”, that more has been lost than we had thought. Also, there is the appreciation that ecosystems provide services and functions other than what can be provided by small “islands” of natural areas. In essence, the Heritage Program needs to accommodate these and other changes by working with a broader context of conservation strategies. Close

• 23. [Article] Development of a Structured Adaptive Approach to Klamath Basin Sucker Recovery Planning

  Listed as endangered in 1988, the Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) and Shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris) were once abundant and widely distributed in the Klamath Basin in Southern Oregon ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of a Structured Adaptive Approach to Klamath Basin Sucker Recovery Planning Author: Barajas, Miguel F. Listed as endangered in 1988, the Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) and Shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris) were once abundant and widely distributed in the Klamath Basin in Southern Oregon and Northern California. Populations of both species have been declining since the late 1960’s. Factors thought responsible for declines include naturally occurring disturbances (e.g., periodic drought), water resource and land development activities, degradation of habitat and water quality, and interactions with introduced exotic species. Detection of any substantial adult recruitment for the last few decades has been minimal. We used a quantitative decision modeling approach to explore potential outcomes of alternative conservation strategies that include captive propagation and catch, grow, and release. Uncertainty about the factors responsible for the apparent lack of recruitment was represented using alternative models of system dynamics. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the model predictions were highly sensitive to population dynamics during early life stages and the alternative ideas of system dynamics. To address these uncertainties, I propose an adaptive approach to sucker recovery that integrates monitoring, research, and management. Title: Development of a Structured Adaptive Approach to Klamath Basin Sucker Recovery Planning Author: Barajas, Miguel F. Listed as endangered in 1988, the Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) and Shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris) were once abundant and widely distributed in the Klamath Basin in Southern Oregon and Northern California. Populations of both species have been declining since the late 1960’s. Factors thought responsible for declines include naturally occurring disturbances (e.g., periodic drought), water resource and land development activities, degradation of habitat and water quality, and interactions with introduced exotic species. Detection of any substantial adult recruitment for the last few decades has been minimal. We used a quantitative decision modeling approach to explore potential outcomes of alternative conservation strategies that include captive propagation and catch, grow, and release. Uncertainty about the factors responsible for the apparent lack of recruitment was represented using alternative models of system dynamics. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the model predictions were highly sensitive to population dynamics during early life stages and the alternative ideas of system dynamics. To address these uncertainties, I propose an adaptive approach to sucker recovery that integrates monitoring, research, and management. Close

• 24. [Article] The relative contribution of climate to changes in lesser prairie-chicken abundance

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the author(s) and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The relative contribution of climate to changes in lesser prairie-chicken abundance Author: Haukos, David, Ross, Beth E., Hagen, Christian, Pitman, James To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. on behalf of the Ecological Society of American. It can be found at: http://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292150-8925/ Title: The relative contribution of climate to changes in lesser prairie-chicken abundance Author: Haukos, David, Ross, Beth E., Hagen, Christian, Pitman, James To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. on behalf of the Ecological Society of American. It can be found at: http://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292150-8925/ Close

• 25. [Article] Factors influencing spawner success in a spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) reintroduction program

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Canadian Science Publishing, NRC Research Press and can be found at: http://www...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors influencing spawner success in a spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) reintroduction program Author: Jacobson, Dave P., O'Malley, Kathleen G., Johnson, Marc A., Sard, Nicholas M., Hogansen, Michael J., Banks, Michael A. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Canadian Science Publishing, NRC Research Press and can be found at: http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0007#.VuHGB3rci0j Title: Factors influencing spawner success in a spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) reintroduction program Author: Jacobson, Dave P., O'Malley, Kathleen G., Johnson, Marc A., Sard, Nicholas M., Hogansen, Michael J., Banks, Michael A. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Canadian Science Publishing, NRC Research Press and can be found at: http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0007#.VuHGB3rci0j Close

• 26. [Article] Use of an Ecosystem-Based Model to Evaluate Alternative Conservation Strategies for Juvenile Chinook Salmon in a Headwater Stream

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Use of an Ecosystem-Based Model to Evaluate Alternative Conservation Strategies for Juvenile Chinook Salmon in a Headwater Stream Author: McClure, M. M., Sanderson, B. L., Harvey, C. J., Warren, D. R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ujfm20/current#.VDv38mMZlfY. Title: Use of an Ecosystem-Based Model to Evaluate Alternative Conservation Strategies for Juvenile Chinook Salmon in a Headwater Stream Author: McClure, M. M., Sanderson, B. L., Harvey, C. J., Warren, D. R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ujfm20/current#.VDv38mMZlfY. Close

• 27. [Article] Contrasting Hydraulic Strategies in Two Tropical Lianas and Their Host Trees

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Botanical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Contrasting Hydraulic Strategies in Two Tropical Lianas and Their Host Trees Author: Johnson, Daniel M., Domec, Jean-Christophe, Meinzer, Frederick C., McCulloh, Katherine A., Woodruff, David R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Botanical Society of America and can be found at: http://www.botany.org/. Title: Contrasting Hydraulic Strategies in Two Tropical Lianas and Their Host Trees Author: Johnson, Daniel M., Domec, Jean-Christophe, Meinzer, Frederick C., McCulloh, Katherine A., Woodruff, David R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Botanical Society of America and can be found at: http://www.botany.org/. Close

• 28. [Article] Differences in sensitivity to the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis among amphibian populations

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by Society for Conservation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Differences in sensitivity to the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis among amphibian populations Author: Blaustein, Andrew R., Gervasi, Stephanie S., Hua, Jessica, et al., Bradley, Paul W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by Society for Conservation Biology and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291523-1739 Title: Differences in sensitivity to the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis among amphibian populations Author: Blaustein, Andrew R., Gervasi, Stephanie S., Hua, Jessica, et al., Bradley, Paul W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by Society for Conservation Biology and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291523-1739 Close

• 29. [Article] Public lands and private waters: scarce mesic resources structure land tenure and sage-grouse distributions

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the author(s) and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Public lands and private waters: scarce mesic resources structure land tenure and sage-grouse distributions Author: Donnelly, J. P., Hagen, C. A., Naugle, D. E., Maestas, J. D. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. on behalf of Ecological Society of America. It can be found at: http://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292150-8925/ Title: Public lands and private waters: scarce mesic resources structure land tenure and sage-grouse distributions Author: Donnelly, J. P., Hagen, C. A., Naugle, D. E., Maestas, J. D. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. on behalf of Ecological Society of America. It can be found at: http://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292150-8925/ Close

• 30. [Article] Evaluating the influence of land use, drought and reach isolation on the occurrence of freshwater mussel species in the lower Flint River Basin, Georgia (U.S.A.)

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http:...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating the influence of land use, drought and reach isolation on the occurrence of freshwater mussel species in the lower Flint River Basin, Georgia (U.S.A.) Author: Conroy, Michael J., Shea, Colin P., Wisniewski, Jason M., Peterson, James T. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ Title: Evaluating the influence of land use, drought and reach isolation on the occurrence of freshwater mussel species in the lower Flint River Basin, Georgia (U.S.A.) Author: Conroy, Michael J., Shea, Colin P., Wisniewski, Jason M., Peterson, James T. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ Close

• 31. [Article] Growth and behavioral responses to elevated temperatures by juvenile sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria and the interactive role of food availability

  The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth and behavioral responses to elevated temperatures by juvenile sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria and the interactive role of food availability Author: Sogard, Susan M., Olla, Bori L. The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Title: Growth and behavioral responses to elevated temperatures by juvenile sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria and the interactive role of food availability Author: Sogard, Susan M., Olla, Bori L. The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Close

• 32. [Article] Multiobjective Optimization of Wetlands for Attaining Flood, Water Quality and Bird Habitat Benefits

  A significant number of historically existing wetlands that naturally stored rainwater and attenuated flood peaks have now been drained and employed as new farming areas. Beyond the water quality and flow ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multiobjective Optimization of Wetlands for Attaining Flood, Water Quality and Bird Habitat Benefits Author: Noa-Yarasca, Efrain A significant number of historically existing wetlands that naturally stored rainwater and attenuated flood peaks have now been drained and employed as new farming areas. Beyond the water quality and flow problem, this has resulted in loss of natural habitats of diverse ecological species. Restoring wetlands have hence been proposed as a potential conservation strategy to help attenuate many of these problems. In this study a spatial, multi-objective optimization study of new potential wetlands was carried out to achieve biodiversity improvements in addition to flood reduction benefits and water quality improvements. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to simulate flow and water quality, and the USGS GAP tool was used to estimate impacts on ecological habitats. Although this study is focused on four types of bird species, as a surrogate of biodiversity across the study site (Big Creek Watershed in southwestern Indiana), the methodology can be applied to other species and regions. The study helped assess redundancies as well as trade-offs between the flooding, water quality, and habitat objective functions. Additionally, the methodology helped assess critical locations that help improve multiple goals. Title: Multiobjective Optimization of Wetlands for Attaining Flood, Water Quality and Bird Habitat Benefits Author: Noa-Yarasca, Efrain A significant number of historically existing wetlands that naturally stored rainwater and attenuated flood peaks have now been drained and employed as new farming areas. Beyond the water quality and flow problem, this has resulted in loss of natural habitats of diverse ecological species. Restoring wetlands have hence been proposed as a potential conservation strategy to help attenuate many of these problems. In this study a spatial, multi-objective optimization study of new potential wetlands was carried out to achieve biodiversity improvements in addition to flood reduction benefits and water quality improvements. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to simulate flow and water quality, and the USGS GAP tool was used to estimate impacts on ecological habitats. Although this study is focused on four types of bird species, as a surrogate of biodiversity across the study site (Big Creek Watershed in southwestern Indiana), the methodology can be applied to other species and regions. The study helped assess redundancies as well as trade-offs between the flooding, water quality, and habitat objective functions. Additionally, the methodology helped assess critical locations that help improve multiple goals. Close

• 33. [Article] Analysis and prediction of patterns in lichen communities over the western Oregon landscape

  The diverse lichen flora of the Pacific Northwest is being impacted by population growth and by forest management practices. Accumulating information about our lichen flora will improve our conservation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis and prediction of patterns in lichen communities over the western Oregon landscape Author: Peterson, Eric B. The diverse lichen flora of the Pacific Northwest is being impacted by population growth and by forest management practices. Accumulating information about our lichen flora will improve our conservation strategies. This dissertation first collects information to improve our understanding of how lichen communities vary among forests of differing structure, and across the western Oregon landscape. It then proposes a method to predict species occurrence in unsampled sites by utilizing the information on forest characters and environmental gradients at sampled sites. Macrolichen communities sampled in coniferous forests revealed that old-growth stands (>200 yrs old) harbored communities that differed from those in young forests (50-110 yrs old). Even more atypical communities occurred in macrolichen hotspots, which were primarily in riparian zones. Many macrolichen species were associated with these hotspots, including numerous nitrogen-fixing cyanolichens. Macrolichen species associated with old-growth forested plots included the nitrogen-fixing lichen Lobaria oregana and several forage-providing alectorioid lichens. The presence of remnant old trees apparently increased the occurrence of old-growth associates in young stands. The calicioids, a group of microlichens investigated only in the Cascades, had a strong association with old growth forest and remnant trees. Diversity of calicioids may also be increased by legacy structures such as old snags and wolf trees. These structures increase continuity between current and previous stands. Macrolichen communities varied between the Coast and Cascade Mountain Ranges, following climatic gradients, particularly annual precipitation. Successional patterns in macrolichen communities appeared to differ between the mountain ranges. The modeling method proposed for using habitat associations to predict occurrence has several advantages over common modeling methods, such as regression. The method is simple, avoids parametric assumptions, provides easy updating of models as additional sites are sampled, and automatically accounts for interactions among predictor variables. It can be linked with GIS data and software to map estimated probability of occurrence across landscapes. The data on calicioids from the Cascades, supplemented with additional stand inventories, were used to test and demonstrate the modeling method. Title: Analysis and prediction of patterns in lichen communities over the western Oregon landscape Author: Peterson, Eric B. The diverse lichen flora of the Pacific Northwest is being impacted by population growth and by forest management practices. Accumulating information about our lichen flora will improve our conservation strategies. This dissertation first collects information to improve our understanding of how lichen communities vary among forests of differing structure, and across the western Oregon landscape. It then proposes a method to predict species occurrence in unsampled sites by utilizing the information on forest characters and environmental gradients at sampled sites. Macrolichen communities sampled in coniferous forests revealed that old-growth stands (>200 yrs old) harbored communities that differed from those in young forests (50-110 yrs old). Even more atypical communities occurred in macrolichen hotspots, which were primarily in riparian zones. Many macrolichen species were associated with these hotspots, including numerous nitrogen-fixing cyanolichens. Macrolichen species associated with old-growth forested plots included the nitrogen-fixing lichen Lobaria oregana and several forage-providing alectorioid lichens. The presence of remnant old trees apparently increased the occurrence of old-growth associates in young stands. The calicioids, a group of microlichens investigated only in the Cascades, had a strong association with old growth forest and remnant trees. Diversity of calicioids may also be increased by legacy structures such as old snags and wolf trees. These structures increase continuity between current and previous stands. Macrolichen communities varied between the Coast and Cascade Mountain Ranges, following climatic gradients, particularly annual precipitation. Successional patterns in macrolichen communities appeared to differ between the mountain ranges. The modeling method proposed for using habitat associations to predict occurrence has several advantages over common modeling methods, such as regression. The method is simple, avoids parametric assumptions, provides easy updating of models as additional sites are sampled, and automatically accounts for interactions among predictor variables. It can be linked with GIS data and software to map estimated probability of occurrence across landscapes. The data on calicioids from the Cascades, supplemented with additional stand inventories, were used to test and demonstrate the modeling method. Close

• 34. [Article] Autecology, reproductive ecology, and demography of Astragalus australis var. olympicus (Fabaceae)

  The goal of this study was to gather information on the autecology, reproductive ecology, and population dynamics of Astragalus australis var. olympicus as a baseline for conservation strategies and to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Autecology, reproductive ecology, and demography of Astragalus australis var. olympicus (Fabaceae) Author: Kaye, Thomas N. The goal of this study was to gather information on the autecology, reproductive ecology, and population dynamics of Astragalus australis var. olympicus as a baseline for conservation strategies and to help explain its restricted range. Approximately four thousand individuals occurred in four known population centers in the Olympic Mountains, Olympic National Park, Clallam County, Washington. The populations were restricted to plant communities on calcareous substrates largely on southeast to southwest slopes above 1450 m. A. australis var. olympicus was absent from surrounding non-calcareous soils. Several characteristics of the physical environment and competition with associated plants influenced its distribution within calcareous sites. The relative importance of the physical environment and competition differed between plant community-types. Most plants produced a large number of flowers and ovules, but relatively few of these formed fruits and seeds. In decreasing importance, ovules in fruits were lost to predation, seed abortion, and lack of fertilization. The absolute percentages of these fates differed from site to site and year to year. Excluding insects by bagging flowers significantly reduced fruit set, but seed set per fruit was unaffected. After seeds were scarified to relieve dormancy, germination was sensitive to temperature and moisture availability, but some seeds germinated at environmental extremes. About 11% of the seeds damaged by predispersal seed predators (weevil larvae) remained alive and were released from dormancy. Population sizes declined at three sites from 1985 to 1988, and a transition matrix model based on the 1987-88 transitions between seedling, vegetative, and reproductive life history stages projected this decline to continue. Therefore, further monitoring is warranted. Seedling survival was low and populations were dominated by reproductive individuals. Predispersal seed predation, damage by introduced mountain goats, and drought may have contributed to the observed decreases in population sizes. Historical reasons and an affinity for calcareous substrates seem to explain the rarity of the taxon, but minimal reproduction and slow or negative population growth may help maintain its restricted range and low numbers. Title: Autecology, reproductive ecology, and demography of Astragalus australis var. olympicus (Fabaceae) Author: Kaye, Thomas N. The goal of this study was to gather information on the autecology, reproductive ecology, and population dynamics of Astragalus australis var. olympicus as a baseline for conservation strategies and to help explain its restricted range. Approximately four thousand individuals occurred in four known population centers in the Olympic Mountains, Olympic National Park, Clallam County, Washington. The populations were restricted to plant communities on calcareous substrates largely on southeast to southwest slopes above 1450 m. A. australis var. olympicus was absent from surrounding non-calcareous soils. Several characteristics of the physical environment and competition with associated plants influenced its distribution within calcareous sites. The relative importance of the physical environment and competition differed between plant community-types. Most plants produced a large number of flowers and ovules, but relatively few of these formed fruits and seeds. In decreasing importance, ovules in fruits were lost to predation, seed abortion, and lack of fertilization. The absolute percentages of these fates differed from site to site and year to year. Excluding insects by bagging flowers significantly reduced fruit set, but seed set per fruit was unaffected. After seeds were scarified to relieve dormancy, germination was sensitive to temperature and moisture availability, but some seeds germinated at environmental extremes. About 11% of the seeds damaged by predispersal seed predators (weevil larvae) remained alive and were released from dormancy. Population sizes declined at three sites from 1985 to 1988, and a transition matrix model based on the 1987-88 transitions between seedling, vegetative, and reproductive life history stages projected this decline to continue. Therefore, further monitoring is warranted. Seedling survival was low and populations were dominated by reproductive individuals. Predispersal seed predation, damage by introduced mountain goats, and drought may have contributed to the observed decreases in population sizes. Historical reasons and an affinity for calcareous substrates seem to explain the rarity of the taxon, but minimal reproduction and slow or negative population growth may help maintain its restricted range and low numbers. Close

• 35. [Article] Leveraging Multi-Sensor Time Series Datasets to Map Short- and Long-Term Forest Disturbances and Drivers of Change in the Colombian Andes

  The spatial distribution of forest disturbance is commonly calculated using a satellite imagery-driven bi- or tri-temporal change analysis. Working in Colombia’s Cordillera de los Picachos National Natural ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Leveraging Multi-Sensor Time Series Datasets to Map Short- and Long-Term Forest Disturbances and Drivers of Change in the Colombian Andes Author: Murillo Sandoval, Paulo Jose The spatial distribution of forest disturbance is commonly calculated using a satellite imagery-driven bi- or tri-temporal change analysis. Working in Colombia’s Cordillera de los Picachos National Natural Park – a region of consistent cloud cover and dramatic topographic relief – a change assessment with such infrequent observations cannot capture long-term trends of vegetative decline (browning) or improvement (greening) nor the drivers associated with these changes. In recognition of the importance of spatio-temporally explicit information for assessing the effects of socio-environmental change and conservation strategy implementation, I developed a rigorous assessment of vegetation change using MODIS and Landsat time-series data and the Breaks For Additive Season and Trend (BFAST) algorithm to identify the timing, trends, and locations of change as well the associated drivers. First, I measured long-term vegetation trends from 2001-2015 using a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-based 250m resolution Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) time-series, and mapped short-term disturbances using all available Landsat images (149 dates from Landsat 5, 7, and 8). BFAST trends based on MAIAC data indicate a net greening in 6% of the park, with a net browning trend of 2.5% in the 10km-wide region surrounding the park. I also identified a 12,500 ha area within Picachos (4% of the park’s total area) that experienced a consecutive vegetative decline or browning during every year of study, a result corroborated with a BFAST Monitor assessment using finer 30m resolution Landsat data. With Landsat, I recorded 12,642 ha (±1440) of disturbed forest within the park at high spatial and temporal accuracy. Spatially, Landsat results had user’s and producer’s accuracies of 0.95±0.02 and 0.83±0.18, respectively. Temporally, a TimeSync-supported temporal validation assessment showed that 75% of Landsat-detected dates of disturbance events were accurate within ± 6 months. With disturbances identified, I characterized disturbances within Picachos’ southeastern foothills and associated drivers using a set of metrics related to the spectral, pattern and trend properties of disturbance patches derived from Landsat time-series data (1996-2015). A training dataset was initially developed to identify drivers of disturbances using Corine Land Cover maps and high-resolution imagery. A Random Forests classifier was used to attribute disturbances to specific drivers of forest cover change: conversion to pasture, conversion to subsistence agriculture, and non-stand replacing disturbance (i.e., thinning). Attribution of changes had high accuracy at patch and area levels with 1-5% commission and 2-14% omission errors, respectively, for regions that were converted to pasture or experienced thinning. Lower agreement was found for agricultural conversion with 43% omission and 9% commission errors. I found that conversion to pasture is the main cause of forest cover loss within Picachos at 9901 ha (±72) corresponding to 14.7% of Picachos’ foothills, and that subtle forest alteration contributed to 1327 ha (±92) of forest degradation. Recognizing the diversity of pressures facing conservation strategy implementation in the region, these results have direct relevance for anticipating future land use pressures within Colombia, as well as across similar regions in the Andes-Amazon transition area. Indeed, since these results reveal the possibility to uncover historical disturbances related to human-incursion in protected landscapes, the methods are well suited to enhancing landscape planning particularly where biodiversity richness is quickly diminishing due to anthropogenic presence. Title: Leveraging Multi-Sensor Time Series Datasets to Map Short- and Long-Term Forest Disturbances and Drivers of Change in the Colombian Andes Author: Murillo Sandoval, Paulo Jose The spatial distribution of forest disturbance is commonly calculated using a satellite imagery-driven bi- or tri-temporal change analysis. Working in Colombia’s Cordillera de los Picachos National Natural Park – a region of consistent cloud cover and dramatic topographic relief – a change assessment with such infrequent observations cannot capture long-term trends of vegetative decline (browning) or improvement (greening) nor the drivers associated with these changes. In recognition of the importance of spatio-temporally explicit information for assessing the effects of socio-environmental change and conservation strategy implementation, I developed a rigorous assessment of vegetation change using MODIS and Landsat time-series data and the Breaks For Additive Season and Trend (BFAST) algorithm to identify the timing, trends, and locations of change as well the associated drivers. First, I measured long-term vegetation trends from 2001-2015 using a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-based 250m resolution Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) time-series, and mapped short-term disturbances using all available Landsat images (149 dates from Landsat 5, 7, and 8). BFAST trends based on MAIAC data indicate a net greening in 6% of the park, with a net browning trend of 2.5% in the 10km-wide region surrounding the park. I also identified a 12,500 ha area within Picachos (4% of the park’s total area) that experienced a consecutive vegetative decline or browning during every year of study, a result corroborated with a BFAST Monitor assessment using finer 30m resolution Landsat data. With Landsat, I recorded 12,642 ha (±1440) of disturbed forest within the park at high spatial and temporal accuracy. Spatially, Landsat results had user’s and producer’s accuracies of 0.95±0.02 and 0.83±0.18, respectively. Temporally, a TimeSync-supported temporal validation assessment showed that 75% of Landsat-detected dates of disturbance events were accurate within ± 6 months. With disturbances identified, I characterized disturbances within Picachos’ southeastern foothills and associated drivers using a set of metrics related to the spectral, pattern and trend properties of disturbance patches derived from Landsat time-series data (1996-2015). A training dataset was initially developed to identify drivers of disturbances using Corine Land Cover maps and high-resolution imagery. A Random Forests classifier was used to attribute disturbances to specific drivers of forest cover change: conversion to pasture, conversion to subsistence agriculture, and non-stand replacing disturbance (i.e., thinning). Attribution of changes had high accuracy at patch and area levels with 1-5% commission and 2-14% omission errors, respectively, for regions that were converted to pasture or experienced thinning. Lower agreement was found for agricultural conversion with 43% omission and 9% commission errors. I found that conversion to pasture is the main cause of forest cover loss within Picachos at 9901 ha (±72) corresponding to 14.7% of Picachos’ foothills, and that subtle forest alteration contributed to 1327 ha (±92) of forest degradation. Recognizing the diversity of pressures facing conservation strategy implementation in the region, these results have direct relevance for anticipating future land use pressures within Colombia, as well as across similar regions in the Andes-Amazon transition area. Indeed, since these results reveal the possibility to uncover historical disturbances related to human-incursion in protected landscapes, the methods are well suited to enhancing landscape planning particularly where biodiversity richness is quickly diminishing due to anthropogenic presence. Close

• 36. [Article] The Economics of Conservation Targeting Strategies

  This is an abbreviated version of a paper published in the American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 82 #2, pages 400-413.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Economics of Conservation Targeting Strategies Author: Boggess, William G., Wu, JunJie, Adams, Richard M. Year: 2001 This is an abbreviated version of a paper published in the American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 82 #2, pages 400-413. Title: The Economics of Conservation Targeting Strategies Author: Boggess, William G., Wu, JunJie, Adams, Richard M. Year: 2001 This is an abbreviated version of a paper published in the American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 82 #2, pages 400-413. Close

• 37. [Article] Conservation hatcheries and supplementation strategies for recovery of wild stocks of salmonids: report of a workshop : Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, Portland, OR, June 19-21, 2000

  This report was written by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conservation hatcheries and supplementation strategies for recovery of wild stocks of salmonids: report of a workshop : Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, Portland, OR, June 19-21, 2000 Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was written by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. Title: Conservation hatcheries and supplementation strategies for recovery of wild stocks of salmonids: report of a workshop : Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, Portland, OR, June 19-21, 2000 Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was written by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. Close

• 38. [Article] Sampling-based robotic information gathering algorithms

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Author(s) and published by SAGE Publications. It can be found at: http://i...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sampling-based robotic information gathering algorithms Author: Sukhatme, Gaurav S., Hollinger, Geoffrey A. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Author(s) and published by SAGE Publications. It can be found at: http://ijr.sagepub.com/ Title: Sampling-based robotic information gathering algorithms Author: Sukhatme, Gaurav S., Hollinger, Geoffrey A. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Author(s) and published by SAGE Publications. It can be found at: http://ijr.sagepub.com/ Close

• 39. [Article] Marine conservation in Latin America and the Caribbean : an analysis of marine protected areas (MPAs)

  Coastal and marine ecosystems in Latin America and the Caribbean are undergoing a rapid and drastic transformation. Dense human populations are concentrated in coastal areas, leading to increased coastal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Marine conservation in Latin America and the Caribbean : an analysis of marine protected areas (MPAs) Author: Guarderas, A. Paulina Coastal and marine ecosystems in Latin America and the Caribbean are undergoing a rapid and drastic transformation. Dense human populations are concentrated in coastal areas, leading to increased coastal development, destruction of near-shore habitats, pollution, and overexploitation of marine resources. For most Latin American and Caribbean countries, the deterioration of coastal ecosystems is particularly critical due to the strong dependency of their economies on the quality of natural resources and ecosystems. Thus, the necessity of effectively conserving and managing marine ecosystems with a more integrative, ecosystem–based approach is urgent. Marine reserves constitute a powerful conservation tool for mitigating ocean degradation. Because they provide spatial refuges for fished populations, and protect important habitats and their associated ecological interactions, they are particularly beneficial for counteracting the harmful effects of overfishing. In Chapter 2 of this thesis, I present a comprehensive analysis of the status and progress of marine protected areas (MPAs), particularly no-take marine reserves in Latin America and the Caribbean. I also show that the number and area protected have increased through time, particularly since the 1980s; but the system of MPAs is still deficient in fully representing the whole array of marine biogeographic provinces. In addition, I demonstrate that no-take marine reserves are poorly utilized for conservation of marine biodiversity in this region. Finally, I highlight the need for strengthening the marine conservation initiative in Latin America and the Caribbean under a regional approach. In Chapter 3 using meta-analytic methods, I quantitatively estimate the magnitude of the conservation effects of marine reserves in Latin America and the Caribbean. I examine the species and reserve characteristics that contribute to explain the variation in responses to protection. These analyses demonstrate positive outcomes of reserve protection at assemblage and species levels, and confirm the effectiveness of marine reserves as a conservation tool to rebuild exploited populations. Less clear is the relationship between density responses to protection and species-specific characteristics. Species with different trophic levels, adult mobility, body size and resilience can benefit from protection. Nevertheless, when I examine the effects of protection on one habitat type (coral reefs) using biomass as the response variable different trophic groups show differential responses. Predators demonstrated higher positive responses compared to herbivores or producers. In addition some indirect effects were disclosed. Findings from this research have direct implications for the advancement of marine conservation in Latin America and the Caribbean. Chapter 2 provides an important tool for planning marine conservation strategies at a regional scale. Areas that need more protection are highlighted, especially networks of no-take marine reserves in the Eastern Pacific and Southern Atlantic. Additionally, this assessment can be used as a baseline to make future comparisons of the progress of marine biodiversity conservation in this region. Chapter 3 demonstrates the powerful effect of no-take marine reserves in restoring depleted populations and in some cases recovering ecological functions that have been lost due to overfishing in Latin American and the Caribbean. Title: Marine conservation in Latin America and the Caribbean : an analysis of marine protected areas (MPAs) Author: Guarderas, A. Paulina Coastal and marine ecosystems in Latin America and the Caribbean are undergoing a rapid and drastic transformation. Dense human populations are concentrated in coastal areas, leading to increased coastal development, destruction of near-shore habitats, pollution, and overexploitation of marine resources. For most Latin American and Caribbean countries, the deterioration of coastal ecosystems is particularly critical due to the strong dependency of their economies on the quality of natural resources and ecosystems. Thus, the necessity of effectively conserving and managing marine ecosystems with a more integrative, ecosystem–based approach is urgent. Marine reserves constitute a powerful conservation tool for mitigating ocean degradation. Because they provide spatial refuges for fished populations, and protect important habitats and their associated ecological interactions, they are particularly beneficial for counteracting the harmful effects of overfishing. In Chapter 2 of this thesis, I present a comprehensive analysis of the status and progress of marine protected areas (MPAs), particularly no-take marine reserves in Latin America and the Caribbean. I also show that the number and area protected have increased through time, particularly since the 1980s; but the system of MPAs is still deficient in fully representing the whole array of marine biogeographic provinces. In addition, I demonstrate that no-take marine reserves are poorly utilized for conservation of marine biodiversity in this region. Finally, I highlight the need for strengthening the marine conservation initiative in Latin America and the Caribbean under a regional approach. In Chapter 3 using meta-analytic methods, I quantitatively estimate the magnitude of the conservation effects of marine reserves in Latin America and the Caribbean. I examine the species and reserve characteristics that contribute to explain the variation in responses to protection. These analyses demonstrate positive outcomes of reserve protection at assemblage and species levels, and confirm the effectiveness of marine reserves as a conservation tool to rebuild exploited populations. Less clear is the relationship between density responses to protection and species-specific characteristics. Species with different trophic levels, adult mobility, body size and resilience can benefit from protection. Nevertheless, when I examine the effects of protection on one habitat type (coral reefs) using biomass as the response variable different trophic groups show differential responses. Predators demonstrated higher positive responses compared to herbivores or producers. In addition some indirect effects were disclosed. Findings from this research have direct implications for the advancement of marine conservation in Latin America and the Caribbean. Chapter 2 provides an important tool for planning marine conservation strategies at a regional scale. Areas that need more protection are highlighted, especially networks of no-take marine reserves in the Eastern Pacific and Southern Atlantic. Additionally, this assessment can be used as a baseline to make future comparisons of the progress of marine biodiversity conservation in this region. Chapter 3 demonstrates the powerful effect of no-take marine reserves in restoring depleted populations and in some cases recovering ecological functions that have been lost due to overfishing in Latin American and the Caribbean. Close

• 40. [Article] Choosing efficient land allocations and forest management regimes for biodiversity

  Increasing rates of species imperilment and the loss of biological diversity in naturally functioning ecosystems can be directly linked to accelerated urban development and the conversion of natural habitats ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Choosing efficient land allocations and forest management regimes for biodiversity Author: Shunk, Neal J. Increasing rates of species imperilment and the loss of biological diversity in naturally functioning ecosystems can be directly linked to accelerated urban development and the conversion of natural habitats to satisfy the needs of man. In combating this loss of biodiversity, scientists and policy makers alike recognize the relevance of habitat conservation. This research, funded by a cooperative grant with USDA Forest Service, relies on a framework for modeling wildlife diversity presented by Montgomery et al (1999), to reveal cost effective habitat conservation strategies. Building on this earlier model, alternative forest management strategies are introduced: information that is vital to timber-based economies. 196 mammalian, reptilian, amphibian, and avian species were used to construct a biodiversity index relevant to the Muddy Creek Watershed, Benton County, Oregon. This index, comprised of a taxonomic diversity measure (May 1990) and a classic logistic viability function, measured gains in biodiversity scaled against the opportunity costs of reallocating lands to meet conservation goals. These index values and associated opportunity costs were calculated and reserved across the full range of land allocation possibilities for the watershed, and formed a marginal cost curve for biodiversity. The wildlife diversity index ranges in value from 296.19, corresponding to a high development market value maximizing solution, to 310.18 at a cost of nearly 460 million dollars, the highest attainable biodiversity index for this watershed. Forest management played an integral role in the conservation of biodiversity, whereby biodiversity maximizing solutions allocated an overwhelming percentage of forested lands to non-harvested forested reserves. Two supplementary analyses were undertaken. The first tracked changes in the biodiversity index when management strategies targeting imperiled species were specifically optimized. Land allocations favoring these species had drastic implications on the predicted populations of the remaining non-imperiled species, indicative of the need to consider a broader set of species and their related needs in future land management planning efforts. The second, examined the efficiency of the Institute for a Sustainable Environment's (ISE) high conservation land allocation projections for the year 2025, and verified the necessity of biological indicators in land planning. Title: Choosing efficient land allocations and forest management regimes for biodiversity Author: Shunk, Neal J. Increasing rates of species imperilment and the loss of biological diversity in naturally functioning ecosystems can be directly linked to accelerated urban development and the conversion of natural habitats to satisfy the needs of man. In combating this loss of biodiversity, scientists and policy makers alike recognize the relevance of habitat conservation. This research, funded by a cooperative grant with USDA Forest Service, relies on a framework for modeling wildlife diversity presented by Montgomery et al (1999), to reveal cost effective habitat conservation strategies. Building on this earlier model, alternative forest management strategies are introduced: information that is vital to timber-based economies. 196 mammalian, reptilian, amphibian, and avian species were used to construct a biodiversity index relevant to the Muddy Creek Watershed, Benton County, Oregon. This index, comprised of a taxonomic diversity measure (May 1990) and a classic logistic viability function, measured gains in biodiversity scaled against the opportunity costs of reallocating lands to meet conservation goals. These index values and associated opportunity costs were calculated and reserved across the full range of land allocation possibilities for the watershed, and formed a marginal cost curve for biodiversity. The wildlife diversity index ranges in value from 296.19, corresponding to a high development market value maximizing solution, to 310.18 at a cost of nearly 460 million dollars, the highest attainable biodiversity index for this watershed. Forest management played an integral role in the conservation of biodiversity, whereby biodiversity maximizing solutions allocated an overwhelming percentage of forested lands to non-harvested forested reserves. Two supplementary analyses were undertaken. The first tracked changes in the biodiversity index when management strategies targeting imperiled species were specifically optimized. Land allocations favoring these species had drastic implications on the predicted populations of the remaining non-imperiled species, indicative of the need to consider a broader set of species and their related needs in future land management planning efforts. The second, examined the efficiency of the Institute for a Sustainable Environment's (ISE) high conservation land allocation projections for the year 2025, and verified the necessity of biological indicators in land planning. Close

• 41. [Article] Range-wide abundance and fluctuating asymmetry patterns of sagebrush-obligate passerine birds

  North American sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) ecosystems are suffering from reductions in habitat extent and quality. Only about 50% of sagebrush remains from pre-settlement conditions, and much of the remaining ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Range-wide abundance and fluctuating asymmetry patterns of sagebrush-obligate passerine birds Author: Krissman, Cortnie M. North American sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) ecosystems are suffering from reductions in habitat extent and quality. Only about 50% of sagebrush remains from pre-settlement conditions, and much of the remaining habitat is fragmented or degraded by invasive species, fire suppression and overgrazing. Sagebrush-obligate species are experiencing population declines as a result of these ecosystem changes. To effectively conserve this ecosystem, it is essential to understand patterns of abundance and stress of the inhabitants at the landscape-level. Abundance of species across their geographic range is not uniform. Instead, abundance often decreases towards the periphery of the range where resources and habitat conditions become less suitable. In addition, stress in populations closer to the periphery of the range may be expressed in condition-dependent traits where suboptimal environmental conditions occur. Fluctuating asymmetry, random deviations from perfect symmetry in bilateral body parts, may reveal increased stress in these populations. I examined patterns of abundance and fluctuating asymmetry of Brewer’s Sparrow (Spizella breweri), Sage Sparrow (Amphisipiza belli), and Sage Thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus), in the western United States, to determine how these responses vary with proximity to range periphery of sagebrush. Using negative binomial regression and Akaike’s Information Criterion, I investigated associations between species abundance from North American Breeding Bird Survey count data and several local- and landscapelevel variables derived from digital maps depicting the distribution of sagebrush throughout the United States. Abundance for these three sagebrushobligate passerine birds was greatest in mid-elevation (1,200-2,300 m) areas and increased with sagebrush cover. I found little support for abundance declining as a function of proximity to range periphery. Using mixed model regression, I assessed the relationship between fluctuating asymmetry estimates in the tarsi of juveniles and the proximity of specimens to the periphery of sagebrush distribution. I predicted higher levels of fluctuating asymmetry in individuals nearer the range periphery. However, fluctuating asymmetry decreased with proximity to the range periphery for Sage Sparrow, and, although present Sage Thrasher, fluctuating asymmetry did not differ significantly across the geographic range for this species. Fluctuating asymmetry could not be estimated with confidence for Brewer’s Sparrow. While this study revealed stress in these species, a more logistically complex study to evaluate fluctuating asymmetry patterns across the landscape is necessary for determining areas of conservation priority. Loss of areas of high percent sagebrush cover due to habitat fragmentation and degradation will result in continued declines in abundance of sagebrush-obligate passerine birds. Knowing high abundances of sagebrush-obligate passerine birds occur in locations with high sagebrush cover at mid-elevations will aid land managers and conservation biologists in designing effective conservation strategies for these species. Title: Range-wide abundance and fluctuating asymmetry patterns of sagebrush-obligate passerine birds Author: Krissman, Cortnie M. North American sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) ecosystems are suffering from reductions in habitat extent and quality. Only about 50% of sagebrush remains from pre-settlement conditions, and much of the remaining habitat is fragmented or degraded by invasive species, fire suppression and overgrazing. Sagebrush-obligate species are experiencing population declines as a result of these ecosystem changes. To effectively conserve this ecosystem, it is essential to understand patterns of abundance and stress of the inhabitants at the landscape-level. Abundance of species across their geographic range is not uniform. Instead, abundance often decreases towards the periphery of the range where resources and habitat conditions become less suitable. In addition, stress in populations closer to the periphery of the range may be expressed in condition-dependent traits where suboptimal environmental conditions occur. Fluctuating asymmetry, random deviations from perfect symmetry in bilateral body parts, may reveal increased stress in these populations. I examined patterns of abundance and fluctuating asymmetry of Brewer’s Sparrow (Spizella breweri), Sage Sparrow (Amphisipiza belli), and Sage Thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus), in the western United States, to determine how these responses vary with proximity to range periphery of sagebrush. Using negative binomial regression and Akaike’s Information Criterion, I investigated associations between species abundance from North American Breeding Bird Survey count data and several local- and landscapelevel variables derived from digital maps depicting the distribution of sagebrush throughout the United States. Abundance for these three sagebrushobligate passerine birds was greatest in mid-elevation (1,200-2,300 m) areas and increased with sagebrush cover. I found little support for abundance declining as a function of proximity to range periphery. Using mixed model regression, I assessed the relationship between fluctuating asymmetry estimates in the tarsi of juveniles and the proximity of specimens to the periphery of sagebrush distribution. I predicted higher levels of fluctuating asymmetry in individuals nearer the range periphery. However, fluctuating asymmetry decreased with proximity to the range periphery for Sage Sparrow, and, although present Sage Thrasher, fluctuating asymmetry did not differ significantly across the geographic range for this species. Fluctuating asymmetry could not be estimated with confidence for Brewer’s Sparrow. While this study revealed stress in these species, a more logistically complex study to evaluate fluctuating asymmetry patterns across the landscape is necessary for determining areas of conservation priority. Loss of areas of high percent sagebrush cover due to habitat fragmentation and degradation will result in continued declines in abundance of sagebrush-obligate passerine birds. Knowing high abundances of sagebrush-obligate passerine birds occur in locations with high sagebrush cover at mid-elevations will aid land managers and conservation biologists in designing effective conservation strategies for these species. Close

• 42. [Article] Spatial modeling of carnivore distribution and viability

  Viability analysis of well-selected focal species can complement other types of conservation planning by revealing thresholds in habitat area and landscape connectivity that may not be evident from ecosystem-level ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial modeling of carnivore distribution and viability Author: Carroll, Carlos Viability analysis of well-selected focal species can complement other types of conservation planning by revealing thresholds in habitat area and landscape connectivity that may not be evident from ecosystem-level evaluations. I used focal species analysis of five carnivores to suggest conservation planning guidelines for the Rocky Mountains and adjacent areas in the Pacific states. I compared static and dynamic viability models for carnivores to assess whether the increased complexity of dynamic simulation models was appropriate given the level of demographic field data typical for carnivore species. I developed models of fisher, lynx, and wolverine distribution from a data set of trapping and sighting records and predicted grizzly bear habitat by adapting previously published regional-scale habitat models. Highquality habitats for wolverine and grizzly bear are strongly associated with low levels of human population and roads. High-quality habitats for fisher and lynx are naturally fragmented by topography and vegetation gradients and are poorly represented in existing protected areas. A comprehensive conservation strategy for carnivores in the region must therefore consider the needs of several species rather than a singie presumed umbrella species. Because many large carnivores are habitat generalists limited by human persecution, and easily-measured attributes such as road density provide robust surrogates for human impact, extrapolation of static habitat models to potential reintroduction areas provides useful guidance for prioritizing carnivore restoration efforts. I also incorporated the static modeling results into a dynamic model. For the wolf; incorporating pack structure into the simulation model increased resilience to human-associated landscape change. For the lynx, relatively low levels of population cycling were found to greatly increase extinction risk when the region was isolated from boreal lynx populations. For the fisher, mortality levels were found to interact strongly with habitat area and isolation to create tlaeshold effects on distribution. Further range contraction is predicted for all species unless coordinated regional planning for habitat restoration occurs. The results suggest that a hybrid approach that builds complex dynamic models on a foundation of data from empirical static models can provide complementary results with a range of perspectives on species' persistence. Title: Spatial modeling of carnivore distribution and viability Author: Carroll, Carlos Viability analysis of well-selected focal species can complement other types of conservation planning by revealing thresholds in habitat area and landscape connectivity that may not be evident from ecosystem-level evaluations. I used focal species analysis of five carnivores to suggest conservation planning guidelines for the Rocky Mountains and adjacent areas in the Pacific states. I compared static and dynamic viability models for carnivores to assess whether the increased complexity of dynamic simulation models was appropriate given the level of demographic field data typical for carnivore species. I developed models of fisher, lynx, and wolverine distribution from a data set of trapping and sighting records and predicted grizzly bear habitat by adapting previously published regional-scale habitat models. Highquality habitats for wolverine and grizzly bear are strongly associated with low levels of human population and roads. High-quality habitats for fisher and lynx are naturally fragmented by topography and vegetation gradients and are poorly represented in existing protected areas. A comprehensive conservation strategy for carnivores in the region must therefore consider the needs of several species rather than a singie presumed umbrella species. Because many large carnivores are habitat generalists limited by human persecution, and easily-measured attributes such as road density provide robust surrogates for human impact, extrapolation of static habitat models to potential reintroduction areas provides useful guidance for prioritizing carnivore restoration efforts. I also incorporated the static modeling results into a dynamic model. For the wolf; incorporating pack structure into the simulation model increased resilience to human-associated landscape change. For the lynx, relatively low levels of population cycling were found to greatly increase extinction risk when the region was isolated from boreal lynx populations. For the fisher, mortality levels were found to interact strongly with habitat area and isolation to create tlaeshold effects on distribution. Further range contraction is predicted for all species unless coordinated regional planning for habitat restoration occurs. The results suggest that a hybrid approach that builds complex dynamic models on a foundation of data from empirical static models can provide complementary results with a range of perspectives on species' persistence. Close

• 43. [Article] Nest-site selection in cooperatively breeding Pohnpei Micronesian Kingfishers (Halcyon cinnamomina reichenbachii) : does nest-site abundance limit reproductive opportunities?

  Despite their inherent importance and utility as ecological examples, island species are among the most endangered and least studied groups. Guam Micronesian Kingfishers (Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nest-site selection in cooperatively breeding Pohnpei Micronesian Kingfishers (Halcyon cinnamomina reichenbachii) : does nest-site abundance limit reproductive opportunities? Author: Kesler, Dylan C. Despite their inherent importance and utility as ecological examples, island species are among the most endangered and least studied groups. Guam Micronesian Kingfishers (Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina) exemplify the plight of insular biota as a critically endangered and understudied island bird that went extinct in the wild before they could be studied in their native habitat. Guam kingfishers currently exist only as a captive population in U.S. zoos. Using radio telemetry and visual observations of a wild subspecies of Micronesian Kingfisher (H. c. reichenbachii) from the island of Pohnpei, this study examined factors critical for the persistence of both the Guam and Pohnpei kingfishers. Behavioral observations indicated that the birds employ a cooperative social system, which included non-parent individuals that assisted in reproductive attempts of others. Because resource limitations have been cited as a potentially important factor in the evolution of cooperative behaviors and in conservation, this investigation assessed the characteristics and availability of a potentially limited nesting resource, arboreal termite nests. First, the characteristics of termite nests, or termitaria, selected by Micronesian Kingfishers for use as nest sites were modeled. Results suggested that Micronesian Kingfishers selected termitaria that were higher from the ground and larger in volume than unused termitaria. Further, there was little evidence that birds selected from among termitaria based on proximity to forest edges and foraging areas, placement on a tree, vegetation characteristics, or microclimate. Second, the number of termitaria with characteristics indicative of nest sites was assessed to determine if reproductive opportunities might be limited by the abundance of suitable termitaria. Results from this analysis suggested that although fewer termitaria existed with characteristics similar to those used for nesting, reproductive opportunities did not appear to be limited by their abundance. Therefore, while conservation strategies should be directed towards providing ample and appropriate nesting substrates, I found no evidence suggesting that termitaria abundance played a role in the evolution of cooperative breeding in Pohnpei Micronesian Kingfishers. Findings presented here will hopefully enhance our understanding of cooperative behaviors, as well as improve conservation efforts for Micronesian Kingfishers and other insular avifauna. Title: Nest-site selection in cooperatively breeding Pohnpei Micronesian Kingfishers (Halcyon cinnamomina reichenbachii) : does nest-site abundance limit reproductive opportunities? Author: Kesler, Dylan C. Despite their inherent importance and utility as ecological examples, island species are among the most endangered and least studied groups. Guam Micronesian Kingfishers (Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina) exemplify the plight of insular biota as a critically endangered and understudied island bird that went extinct in the wild before they could be studied in their native habitat. Guam kingfishers currently exist only as a captive population in U.S. zoos. Using radio telemetry and visual observations of a wild subspecies of Micronesian Kingfisher (H. c. reichenbachii) from the island of Pohnpei, this study examined factors critical for the persistence of both the Guam and Pohnpei kingfishers. Behavioral observations indicated that the birds employ a cooperative social system, which included non-parent individuals that assisted in reproductive attempts of others. Because resource limitations have been cited as a potentially important factor in the evolution of cooperative behaviors and in conservation, this investigation assessed the characteristics and availability of a potentially limited nesting resource, arboreal termite nests. First, the characteristics of termite nests, or termitaria, selected by Micronesian Kingfishers for use as nest sites were modeled. Results suggested that Micronesian Kingfishers selected termitaria that were higher from the ground and larger in volume than unused termitaria. Further, there was little evidence that birds selected from among termitaria based on proximity to forest edges and foraging areas, placement on a tree, vegetation characteristics, or microclimate. Second, the number of termitaria with characteristics indicative of nest sites was assessed to determine if reproductive opportunities might be limited by the abundance of suitable termitaria. Results from this analysis suggested that although fewer termitaria existed with characteristics similar to those used for nesting, reproductive opportunities did not appear to be limited by their abundance. Therefore, while conservation strategies should be directed towards providing ample and appropriate nesting substrates, I found no evidence suggesting that termitaria abundance played a role in the evolution of cooperative breeding in Pohnpei Micronesian Kingfishers. Findings presented here will hopefully enhance our understanding of cooperative behaviors, as well as improve conservation efforts for Micronesian Kingfishers and other insular avifauna. Close

• 44. [Article] McKenzie River focus watershed coordination : year end report 2000

  This report summarizes accomplishments of the McKenzie River Focus Watershed Council (MWC) in the areas of coordination and administration during Fiscal Year 2000. Coordination and administration consist ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: McKenzie River focus watershed coordination : year end report 2000 Author: Thrailkil, Jim This report summarizes accomplishments of the McKenzie River Focus Watershed Council (MWC) in the areas of coordination and administration during Fiscal Year 2000. Coordination and administration consist of prioritization and planning for projects; project management and implementation; procurement of funding for long-term support of the Council; and watershed education/outreach program for residents and local schools. Key accomplishments in the area of project planning include coordinating: monthly Council and executive committee meetings; staffing the Upper Willamette Spring Chinook Working Group; staffing the water quality technical committee; and guiding education and stewardship projects. Key accomplishments in the area of project management include the completion of the McKenzie-Willamette Confluence Assessment; securing funds for project planning in the confluence area; near completion of the BPA funded McKenzie sub-basin assessment; development of a framework for a McKenzie Watershed Conservation Strategy; an evaluation of Council’s monitoring programs - ambient water quality, storm-event water quality, Tier III water quality, and macroinvertebrate monitoring. The Council, in cooperation with the McKenzie River Cooperative, completed habitat enhancements in the Gate Creek and Deer Creek sub-watersheds. This partnership recently submitted Bring Back the Natives grant for initiation of projects in other McKenzie tributaries. The Council will also be working with a local business to develop a river-side riparian enhancement and native landscaping project on the lodge grounds. This will serve as a demonstration project for blending fish and wildlife habitat concerns with maintaining grounds for business opportunities. Accomplishments in the area of procurement of funding included developing the FY2000 Scope of Work and budget for approval by the Council and BPA; providing quarterly budget and work program progress reports to the Council; and securing additional funding from Council partner organizations and foundations. Highlights in the area of watershed education/outreach include the MWC’s lead role in convening the Watershed Education Network for teachers as part of its educational mission; production of newsletters and brochures; and coordination of media coverage of watershed-related issues. MWC completed all tasks outlined in the FY2000 Scope of Work with the following staff: Watershed Coordinator (1.0 FTE), Project Coordinator (.25 FTE), and Education Coordinator (0.5 FTE). Coordination of these activities by MWC improves resource stewardship and protects fish and wildlife habitat through increased collaboration among Federal, state, and local government agencies, and landowners within the watershed. Increasing awareness and expanding knowledge affects behavior positively and promotes attitudes that encourage watershed stewardship. During Fiscal Year 2001, MWC intends to focus on an Implementation Strategy based on the McKenzie sub-basin assessment results; implementation of projects recommended from the McKenzie-Willamette confluence assessment; and increasing its presence at the local level through contact with watershed residents and groups. Title: McKenzie River focus watershed coordination : year end report 2000 Author: Thrailkil, Jim This report summarizes accomplishments of the McKenzie River Focus Watershed Council (MWC) in the areas of coordination and administration during Fiscal Year 2000. Coordination and administration consist of prioritization and planning for projects; project management and implementation; procurement of funding for long-term support of the Council; and watershed education/outreach program for residents and local schools. Key accomplishments in the area of project planning include coordinating: monthly Council and executive committee meetings; staffing the Upper Willamette Spring Chinook Working Group; staffing the water quality technical committee; and guiding education and stewardship projects. Key accomplishments in the area of project management include the completion of the McKenzie-Willamette Confluence Assessment; securing funds for project planning in the confluence area; near completion of the BPA funded McKenzie sub-basin assessment; development of a framework for a McKenzie Watershed Conservation Strategy; an evaluation of Council’s monitoring programs - ambient water quality, storm-event water quality, Tier III water quality, and macroinvertebrate monitoring. The Council, in cooperation with the McKenzie River Cooperative, completed habitat enhancements in the Gate Creek and Deer Creek sub-watersheds. This partnership recently submitted Bring Back the Natives grant for initiation of projects in other McKenzie tributaries. The Council will also be working with a local business to develop a river-side riparian enhancement and native landscaping project on the lodge grounds. This will serve as a demonstration project for blending fish and wildlife habitat concerns with maintaining grounds for business opportunities. Accomplishments in the area of procurement of funding included developing the FY2000 Scope of Work and budget for approval by the Council and BPA; providing quarterly budget and work program progress reports to the Council; and securing additional funding from Council partner organizations and foundations. Highlights in the area of watershed education/outreach include the MWC’s lead role in convening the Watershed Education Network for teachers as part of its educational mission; production of newsletters and brochures; and coordination of media coverage of watershed-related issues. MWC completed all tasks outlined in the FY2000 Scope of Work with the following staff: Watershed Coordinator (1.0 FTE), Project Coordinator (.25 FTE), and Education Coordinator (0.5 FTE). Coordination of these activities by MWC improves resource stewardship and protects fish and wildlife habitat through increased collaboration among Federal, state, and local government agencies, and landowners within the watershed. Increasing awareness and expanding knowledge affects behavior positively and promotes attitudes that encourage watershed stewardship. During Fiscal Year 2001, MWC intends to focus on an Implementation Strategy based on the McKenzie sub-basin assessment results; implementation of projects recommended from the McKenzie-Willamette confluence assessment; and increasing its presence at the local level through contact with watershed residents and groups. Close

• 45. [Article] Nest Success and Cause-Specific Nest Failure of Grassland Passerines Breeding in Prairie Grazed by Livestock

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by The Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291937-2817. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nest Success and Cause-Specific Nest Failure of Grassland Passerines Breeding in Prairie Grazed by Livestock Author: Etterson, Matthew A., Kennedy, Patricia L., Johnson, Tracey N. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by The Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291937-2817. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Nest Success and Cause-Specific Nest Failure of Grassland Passerines Breeding in Prairie Grazed by Livestock Author: Etterson, Matthew A., Kennedy, Patricia L., Johnson, Tracey N. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by The Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291937-2817. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 46. [Article] Spatial and temporal dynamics of anthropogenically influenced forests of the Brazilian Amazon

  The Amazon Tropical Rain Forest is the largest tropical rain forest system, comprising approximately 65% of such forests on earth. Since the 1960's, human populations in the Brazilian Amazon have increased ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial and temporal dynamics of anthropogenically influenced forests of the Brazilian Amazon Author: Bergen, Scott The Amazon Tropical Rain Forest is the largest tropical rain forest system, comprising approximately 65% of such forests on earth. Since the 1960's, human populations in the Brazilian Amazon have increased from two to over 20 million. Concomitant urbanization, forest conversion, and economic dependence on resource extraction have exerted severe demands on these fragile ecosystems. Its status as a global carbon source and sink and its unique biodiversity compels study of the Amazon and the dramatic changes sustained to optimize conservation strategies and ameliorate loss. While the overall effects of deforestation are well documented, little is known about the spatio-temporal interactions between forest dynamics and anthropogenic disturbance. As part of a collaborative NASA-Smithsonian Institute project, the present research focuses on the analysis and modeling of spatio-temporal forest dynamics in the Amazon across scales. The first analysis indicates that secondary forest tree species richness is significantly influenced by proximity to large forest tracts containing frugivorous fauna. These results underscore the necessity of conserving large tracts and the consideration of spatial design for adequate preservation of biodiversity. Methods developed in the second analysis demonstrate that while deforestation devastates biodiversity, secondary forests may contribute to the attenuation of greenhouse gas concentrations. However, this carbon tracking process is revealed to be more complex than previously assumed. Land tenure dynamics and heterogeneity preclude the use of simple static models. These results imply that modeling the world's largest rain forests effects on global greenhouse gas concentrations is highly uncertain and must be evaluated cautiously. The final analysis evaluates the diverse effects of specific large-scale development projects on forest integrity currently being planned. Riverside deforestation and road upgrades have the highest potential for effecting irreversible environmental damage. Protected forests and indigenous lands comprise 30% of the Brazilian Legal Amazon and have the potential to prevent the degradation of 464,151 km² of mature forest. However, political and economic pressures on indigenous peoples threaten to destabilize land tenure and land-use practices. Urgent efforts need to be directed to develop long-term and large-scale planning of Amazon land-use that takes such complexity into consideration. Title: Spatial and temporal dynamics of anthropogenically influenced forests of the Brazilian Amazon Author: Bergen, Scott The Amazon Tropical Rain Forest is the largest tropical rain forest system, comprising approximately 65% of such forests on earth. Since the 1960's, human populations in the Brazilian Amazon have increased from two to over 20 million. Concomitant urbanization, forest conversion, and economic dependence on resource extraction have exerted severe demands on these fragile ecosystems. Its status as a global carbon source and sink and its unique biodiversity compels study of the Amazon and the dramatic changes sustained to optimize conservation strategies and ameliorate loss. While the overall effects of deforestation are well documented, little is known about the spatio-temporal interactions between forest dynamics and anthropogenic disturbance. As part of a collaborative NASA-Smithsonian Institute project, the present research focuses on the analysis and modeling of spatio-temporal forest dynamics in the Amazon across scales. The first analysis indicates that secondary forest tree species richness is significantly influenced by proximity to large forest tracts containing frugivorous fauna. These results underscore the necessity of conserving large tracts and the consideration of spatial design for adequate preservation of biodiversity. Methods developed in the second analysis demonstrate that while deforestation devastates biodiversity, secondary forests may contribute to the attenuation of greenhouse gas concentrations. However, this carbon tracking process is revealed to be more complex than previously assumed. Land tenure dynamics and heterogeneity preclude the use of simple static models. These results imply that modeling the world's largest rain forests effects on global greenhouse gas concentrations is highly uncertain and must be evaluated cautiously. The final analysis evaluates the diverse effects of specific large-scale development projects on forest integrity currently being planned. Riverside deforestation and road upgrades have the highest potential for effecting irreversible environmental damage. Protected forests and indigenous lands comprise 30% of the Brazilian Legal Amazon and have the potential to prevent the degradation of 464,151 km² of mature forest. However, political and economic pressures on indigenous peoples threaten to destabilize land tenure and land-use practices. Urgent efforts need to be directed to develop long-term and large-scale planning of Amazon land-use that takes such complexity into consideration. Close

• 47. [Article] Demographic response of northern spotted owls to barred owl removal

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Wildlife Society ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Demographic response of northern spotted owls to barred owl removal Author: Diller, Lowell V., Schwarz, Carl J., Early, Desiree A., Lamphear, David W., McDonald, Trent L., Hamm, Keith A., Yackulic, Charles B., Dugger, Katie M., Carlson, Peter C. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291937-2817 Title: Demographic response of northern spotted owls to barred owl removal Author: Diller, Lowell V., Schwarz, Carl J., Early, Desiree A., Lamphear, David W., McDonald, Trent L., Hamm, Keith A., Yackulic, Charles B., Dugger, Katie M., Carlson, Peter C. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291937-2817 Close

• 48. [Article] Genetic variation and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Willamette Valley of Oregon

  The population genetic structure of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougi.) in the Willamette Valley of Oregon was investigated. Cones were collected from native stands of ponderosa pine from the Willamette ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Genetic variation and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Willamette Valley of Oregon Author: Gooding, Geoffrey David The population genetic structure of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougi.) in the Willamette Valley of Oregon was investigated. Cones were collected from native stands of ponderosa pine from the Willamette Valley, eastern Oregon, southwest Oregon and the Puget Sound Basin of Washington. Seeds were subjected to isozyme analysis of 12 enzyme systems controlled by 20 different loci. Population genetic parameters for progeny, parent trees and pollen were estimated from isozyme data using BIOSYS-2, a population genetic statistical software package. For progeny data, total gene diversity (HT) was 0.249; average genic diversity within stands (Hs) was 0.231; average genic diversity among stands (DST) was 0.017; the proportion of total genic diversity due to differences among stands (GST) was 0.067. Based on gene diversity statistics and genetic distances, stands of Willamette Valley ponderosa pine do not differ substantially from one another or from other populations of ponderosa pine in Washington and Oregon. These results suggest that protection of the Willamette Valley population can be accomplished by conserving a large number of individuals in a few large stands or many small stands. Multilocus and single-locus estimates of outcrossing rate were determined for six stands within the Willamette Valley. Outcrossing rates were estimated for seven polymorphic loci using MLTR, a mating system analysis software package. Estimates of multilocus outcrossing for these stands (mean 0.642; range 0.365 to 0.879) were substantially lower than estimates previously reported for other populations of ponderosa pine, other pine species, and other species in the family Pinaceae. No significant difference was detected among stands in outcrossing rate. The high level of inbreeding observed in this population could be attributable to population fragmentation due to human activities, or to reduced levels of pollen production in this population compared to other populations of ponderosa pine. Genetic conservation strategies for this population should include the protection of the large native stands that remain and the use of local, adapted sources for afforestation. Management of pollen in a seed orchard should improve the genetic quality of seed over wild stand seed by reducing inbreeding levels. Title: Genetic variation and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Willamette Valley of Oregon Author: Gooding, Geoffrey David The population genetic structure of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougi.) in the Willamette Valley of Oregon was investigated. Cones were collected from native stands of ponderosa pine from the Willamette Valley, eastern Oregon, southwest Oregon and the Puget Sound Basin of Washington. Seeds were subjected to isozyme analysis of 12 enzyme systems controlled by 20 different loci. Population genetic parameters for progeny, parent trees and pollen were estimated from isozyme data using BIOSYS-2, a population genetic statistical software package. For progeny data, total gene diversity (HT) was 0.249; average genic diversity within stands (Hs) was 0.231; average genic diversity among stands (DST) was 0.017; the proportion of total genic diversity due to differences among stands (GST) was 0.067. Based on gene diversity statistics and genetic distances, stands of Willamette Valley ponderosa pine do not differ substantially from one another or from other populations of ponderosa pine in Washington and Oregon. These results suggest that protection of the Willamette Valley population can be accomplished by conserving a large number of individuals in a few large stands or many small stands. Multilocus and single-locus estimates of outcrossing rate were determined for six stands within the Willamette Valley. Outcrossing rates were estimated for seven polymorphic loci using MLTR, a mating system analysis software package. Estimates of multilocus outcrossing for these stands (mean 0.642; range 0.365 to 0.879) were substantially lower than estimates previously reported for other populations of ponderosa pine, other pine species, and other species in the family Pinaceae. No significant difference was detected among stands in outcrossing rate. The high level of inbreeding observed in this population could be attributable to population fragmentation due to human activities, or to reduced levels of pollen production in this population compared to other populations of ponderosa pine. Genetic conservation strategies for this population should include the protection of the large native stands that remain and the use of local, adapted sources for afforestation. Management of pollen in a seed orchard should improve the genetic quality of seed over wild stand seed by reducing inbreeding levels. Close

• 49. [Article] Will wetlands restoration plans today still be effective tomorrow? Evaluation of performance of potential wetlands for peak flow reduction in future climate scenarios in the Eagle Creek Watershed, IN

  Global climate change is expected to exaggerate the severity of floods and droughts and increase the frequency of extreme streamflow events in the Midwestern United States. Managing these projected impacts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Will wetlands restoration plans today still be effective tomorrow? Evaluation of performance of potential wetlands for peak flow reduction in future climate scenarios in the Eagle Creek Watershed, IN Author: Walters, Kelli M. Global climate change is expected to exaggerate the severity of floods and droughts and increase the frequency of extreme streamflow events in the Midwestern United States. Managing these projected impacts poses a major challenge for water resources, conservation, and land use management. Wetlands have been considered as a conservation strategy and work to increase the capacity of watersheds by storing runoff upstream. The implementation of wetlands, especially in tile-drained agricultural watersheds, can reduce peak flows and help mitigate the anticipated impacts of climate change. The goal of this study was to evaluate the long-term performance of wetlands to reduce peak flows in future climate scenarios in the Eagle Creek Watershed in Indiana, as well as to establish a methodology to incorporate climate change into hydrological models to conduct better long-term land management studies and decisions. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was forced with bias corrected climate projections from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) to evaluate the impacts of climate change on watershed hydrology and the ability of wetlands to reduce peak flows. Long-term monthly streamflow results predicted a slight increase in streamflow in the winter and a slight decrease in the summer from the past (1971-2000) to future (2041-2070) time periods. About half of the climate realizations produced an increase in the Q05 (5% exceedance flow) value and half a decrease, but all predictions agreed that high flow events will increase in frequency in the winter and decrease in the spring and summer. No-flow events, although found to be over-predicted by the hydrological model, showed an increase from the past to the future for all climate realizations. Results from the wetland analysis showed that if all potential wetlands identified in a previous study are installed in the watershed, maximum peak flow reductions of around 20-50 m³/s for the past and future, as well as decreased frequency of extreme events, can be seen. Wetlands proved to be a robust solution for peak flow reduction, producing consistent reductions across all climate projections for both the past and future time periods. Title: Will wetlands restoration plans today still be effective tomorrow? Evaluation of performance of potential wetlands for peak flow reduction in future climate scenarios in the Eagle Creek Watershed, IN Author: Walters, Kelli M. Global climate change is expected to exaggerate the severity of floods and droughts and increase the frequency of extreme streamflow events in the Midwestern United States. Managing these projected impacts poses a major challenge for water resources, conservation, and land use management. Wetlands have been considered as a conservation strategy and work to increase the capacity of watersheds by storing runoff upstream. The implementation of wetlands, especially in tile-drained agricultural watersheds, can reduce peak flows and help mitigate the anticipated impacts of climate change. The goal of this study was to evaluate the long-term performance of wetlands to reduce peak flows in future climate scenarios in the Eagle Creek Watershed in Indiana, as well as to establish a methodology to incorporate climate change into hydrological models to conduct better long-term land management studies and decisions. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was forced with bias corrected climate projections from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) to evaluate the impacts of climate change on watershed hydrology and the ability of wetlands to reduce peak flows. Long-term monthly streamflow results predicted a slight increase in streamflow in the winter and a slight decrease in the summer from the past (1971-2000) to future (2041-2070) time periods. About half of the climate realizations produced an increase in the Q05 (5% exceedance flow) value and half a decrease, but all predictions agreed that high flow events will increase in frequency in the winter and decrease in the spring and summer. No-flow events, although found to be over-predicted by the hydrological model, showed an increase from the past to the future for all climate realizations. Results from the wetland analysis showed that if all potential wetlands identified in a previous study are installed in the watershed, maximum peak flow reductions of around 20-50 m³/s for the past and future, as well as decreased frequency of extreme events, can be seen. Wetlands proved to be a robust solution for peak flow reduction, producing consistent reductions across all climate projections for both the past and future time periods. Close

• 50. [Article] Regional gradient analysis and spatial pattern of woody plant communities in Oregon

  Knowledge of regional-scale patterns of plant community structure and controlling factors is largely qualitative and based on numerous local studies. Data from a subsample of 10,000 field plots were used ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Regional gradient analysis and spatial pattern of woody plant communities in Oregon Author: Ohmann, Janet L. Knowledge of regional-scale patterns of plant community structure and controlling factors is largely qualitative and based on numerous local studies. Data from a subsample of 10,000 field plots were used to quantify and map compositional gradients of woody plant communities across Oregon forests. Canonical correspondence analyses explained 9-14% of the total species variation at three geographic scales. Climate contributed most to total variance explained (44-58%), followed by geology (6-16%), disturbance (7-13%), and topography (4- 8%). The dominant compositional gradient was associated with climate, from the lower elevation, moderate, maritime climate of the coast to the higher elevation, drier, continental climate of the interior. The second canonical axis followed a gradient from the warm, dry growing seasons of the interior valleys and eastern Cascades, to cooler, wetter mountainous areas. Only those parent materials that present extreme growing conditions, primarily ultramafic soils, were significant at the regional level. Ecological relationships differed substantially among subregions within the state. Except for topography, which contributed more to explained variation at finer geographic scales, ecological differences among subregions overshadowed effects of geographic extent. Topographic effects were stronger and beta diversity greater in eastern Oregon, where moisture is more limiting for plant growth, and weakest near the coast where climate is more favorable. The secondary importance of topography, disturbance, and substrate can be attributed to their influence on relative abundances of species within a local area, rather than on species presence or absence within broader regions. Community structure varied at a finer spatial scale in eastern than in western Oregon, and species turnover along gradients was greater for shrubs than trees. Amount of unexplained variation in the species data was high but not atypical of gradient analyses. Yet spatial structure in the species data that was uncorrelated with explanatory factors suggests potential to improve the canonical correspondence analysis models, particularly in eastern Oregon. Study findings have implications for considering biological diversity in regional conservation strategies, in planning for global climate change, and in the design of regional inventory and monitoring programs. Title: Regional gradient analysis and spatial pattern of woody plant communities in Oregon Author: Ohmann, Janet L. Knowledge of regional-scale patterns of plant community structure and controlling factors is largely qualitative and based on numerous local studies. Data from a subsample of 10,000 field plots were used to quantify and map compositional gradients of woody plant communities across Oregon forests. Canonical correspondence analyses explained 9-14% of the total species variation at three geographic scales. Climate contributed most to total variance explained (44-58%), followed by geology (6-16%), disturbance (7-13%), and topography (4- 8%). The dominant compositional gradient was associated with climate, from the lower elevation, moderate, maritime climate of the coast to the higher elevation, drier, continental climate of the interior. The second canonical axis followed a gradient from the warm, dry growing seasons of the interior valleys and eastern Cascades, to cooler, wetter mountainous areas. Only those parent materials that present extreme growing conditions, primarily ultramafic soils, were significant at the regional level. Ecological relationships differed substantially among subregions within the state. Except for topography, which contributed more to explained variation at finer geographic scales, ecological differences among subregions overshadowed effects of geographic extent. Topographic effects were stronger and beta diversity greater in eastern Oregon, where moisture is more limiting for plant growth, and weakest near the coast where climate is more favorable. The secondary importance of topography, disturbance, and substrate can be attributed to their influence on relative abundances of species within a local area, rather than on species presence or absence within broader regions. Community structure varied at a finer spatial scale in eastern than in western Oregon, and species turnover along gradients was greater for shrubs than trees. Amount of unexplained variation in the species data was high but not atypical of gradient analyses. Yet spatial structure in the species data that was uncorrelated with explanatory factors suggests potential to improve the canonical correspondence analysis models, particularly in eastern Oregon. Study findings have implications for considering biological diversity in regional conservation strategies, in planning for global climate change, and in the design of regional inventory and monitoring programs. Close