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• 1. [Article] Community college leaders : building community connections

  The study established how community college leaders establish connections with other community leaders. Connections that form broad and inclusive networks can be used to develop positive social capital ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Community college leaders : building community connections Author: York, Penny The study established how community college leaders establish connections with other community leaders. Connections that form broad and inclusive networks can be used to develop positive social capital in communities. Results showed that new community college leaders follow a pattern of community engagement including the identification of other leaders, making contacts, and extending relationships through community and personal activities. No particular set of personality characteristics is required for the development of community connections. Methods of developing community connections vary depending upon leader, college, and community characteristics. The development of connections is expedited by frequent attendance at events, membership in organizations, and the assistance of college staff. The development of community connections is based on sets of skills that can be learned. Skills learned in the development of community connections can be adapted and transferred from one setting to another. Community college leaders tend to define the results of their community connections by college outcomes rather than by community impact. Community college leaders tend not to have broad and inclusive networks that include informal and social service community leaders. New community college leaders and their staffs can use the results of this study to better prepare for the establishment and maintenance of leadership networks that build community. Title: Community college leaders : building community connections Author: York, Penny The study established how community college leaders establish connections with other community leaders. Connections that form broad and inclusive networks can be used to develop positive social capital in communities. Results showed that new community college leaders follow a pattern of community engagement including the identification of other leaders, making contacts, and extending relationships through community and personal activities. No particular set of personality characteristics is required for the development of community connections. Methods of developing community connections vary depending upon leader, college, and community characteristics. The development of connections is expedited by frequent attendance at events, membership in organizations, and the assistance of college staff. The development of community connections is based on sets of skills that can be learned. Skills learned in the development of community connections can be adapted and transferred from one setting to another. Community college leaders tend to define the results of their community connections by college outcomes rather than by community impact. Community college leaders tend not to have broad and inclusive networks that include informal and social service community leaders. New community college leaders and their staffs can use the results of this study to better prepare for the establishment and maintenance of leadership networks that build community. Close

• 2. [Article] Community leaders' perspectives of a rural community college's impact on community development

  The purpose of this qualitative research study was to examine the role a rural community college plays in the development of its community, using a holistic, community-based lens that considered college ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Community leaders' perspectives of a rural community college's impact on community development Author: Thomas, Reine M. The purpose of this qualitative research study was to examine the role a rural community college plays in the development of its community, using a holistic, community-based lens that considered college and community context, interactions and results to answer the question: How does the rural community college impact the development of the rural community? While the community college's connection to the local community is largely inherent, a full understanding of community college-community interaction and the impact of those interactions on the community as a whole is often difficult to articulate. Given the context of today's education accountability requirements, it is advantageous to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the community college with regard to community impact and public benefit -- for community college practitioners, the public, and state and local policy-makers. A social constructivist research perspective, a case study research strategy, and a single case design were employed in this study. The case for this study was a rural Northwest community and the community college within it. The community college was classified as a small, rural-serving college by the Carnegie Classification of Colleges and Universities. A logic model design guided the study. Study participants included: elected officials; business and industry executives; and health, education and human services leaders. A combination of document review, participant observation, and interviews was used to answer the research questions: (a) What is the context of this community and this community college? (b) In what ways do the college and the community interact and engage? (c) What are the results of the college-community engagement? Examination of the data revealed several major themes and five significant findings: 1. The community defines itself through a regional, rural lens and is characterized by an interconnectedness of its people to the land and to the history of the region. 2. The college and the community invest in reciprocal relationships and collaborate on mutually beneficial pursuits. 3. An improved regional economy and skilled-up workforce are identified as positive community changes – and the community college’s contributions to those positive changes are cited as a public benefit. 4. A community leadership network with increased confidence in collaboration, understanding of community assets, and efficacy in community development is recognized as a positive community change -- and the community college's contributions to those positive changes are cited as a public benefit. 5. An enhanced community image and an optimistic community outlook are identified as positive community changes -- and the community college’s contributions to those positive changes are cited as a public benefit. When these findings are taken into account with the related literature, this study offers considerations for practice and further research among community college, civic, and policy leaders.   Title: Community leaders' perspectives of a rural community college's impact on community development Author: Thomas, Reine M. The purpose of this qualitative research study was to examine the role a rural community college plays in the development of its community, using a holistic, community-based lens that considered college and community context, interactions and results to answer the question: How does the rural community college impact the development of the rural community? While the community college's connection to the local community is largely inherent, a full understanding of community college-community interaction and the impact of those interactions on the community as a whole is often difficult to articulate. Given the context of today's education accountability requirements, it is advantageous to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the community college with regard to community impact and public benefit -- for community college practitioners, the public, and state and local policy-makers. A social constructivist research perspective, a case study research strategy, and a single case design were employed in this study. The case for this study was a rural Northwest community and the community college within it. The community college was classified as a small, rural-serving college by the Carnegie Classification of Colleges and Universities. A logic model design guided the study. Study participants included: elected officials; business and industry executives; and health, education and human services leaders. A combination of document review, participant observation, and interviews was used to answer the research questions: (a) What is the context of this community and this community college? (b) In what ways do the college and the community interact and engage? (c) What are the results of the college-community engagement? Examination of the data revealed several major themes and five significant findings: 1. The community defines itself through a regional, rural lens and is characterized by an interconnectedness of its people to the land and to the history of the region. 2. The college and the community invest in reciprocal relationships and collaborate on mutually beneficial pursuits. 3. An improved regional economy and skilled-up workforce are identified as positive community changes – and the community college’s contributions to those positive changes are cited as a public benefit. 4. A community leadership network with increased confidence in collaboration, understanding of community assets, and efficacy in community development is recognized as a positive community change -- and the community college's contributions to those positive changes are cited as a public benefit. 5. An enhanced community image and an optimistic community outlook are identified as positive community changes -- and the community college’s contributions to those positive changes are cited as a public benefit. When these findings are taken into account with the related literature, this study offers considerations for practice and further research among community college, civic, and policy leaders.   Close

• 3. [Article] Coordination and cooperation between community colleges and community schools in selected community college districts

  The most important purposes of this study were to: (1) determine the extent of cooperation and coordination that currently exists in selected community colleges which have community school programs in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coordination and cooperation between community colleges and community schools in selected community college districts Author: Weiss, Marvin Wesley The most important purposes of this study were to: (1) determine the extent of cooperation and coordination that currently exists in selected community colleges which have community school programs in their college districts, and (2) clarify the multi-roles of community schools and of community education in community colleges. Other purposes of the study were to: (1) examine the present educational philosophy regarding community schools and community colleges, (2) determine if duplication of programs exists, and (3) encourage educational administrators to develop a realistic plan for cooperation and coordination between community schools and community colleges. Procedures A. questionnaire with 46 items was developed to obtain opinions from educational administrators regarding organization, administration, finance, instruction and the level of cooperation between community schools and community colleges. The questionnaire was sent to community school directors or coordinators and community college administrators who supervised adult, community or continuing education. Five states were selected for this study--Oregon, Washington, California, Michigan and Florida. Each community college selected had at Least one community school program operating in the college district. Seventy respondents (35 community college and 35 community school administrators) participated in the study by reacting to the 46 items which were assigned values of one to five on a Likerttype scale with one being strong disagreement and five being strong agreement. All items on the returned questionnaire were analyzed by utilizing the analysis of variance technique. Selected Findings Selected findings were: 1. Fifteen items (32. 6%) showed significant differences among mean score responses for community college and community school personnel. 2. Except for three items, no differences existed between mean score responses among states. 3. Except for four items, no interaction effect differences existed in mean responses between college/schooLs and states. 4. The greatest number of rejected items (71. 4%) were found in the section on instruction. 5. The finance section had 66% of its items rejected. 6. There were no significant differences in the responses on all items in the general question section. 7. Of the 35 community schools surveyed, the length of time these schools were in operation varied from one to seven years. Thirteen of the schools were in operation just one year. 8. The greatest number of community schools in one college district was 25. Conclusions and Recommendations The following selected conclusions were based on a review of literature, the questionnaire and results of statistical analysis. They are: 1. There is an urgent need for cooperation and coordination between community colleges and community schools in college districts. 2. State laws do not prevent the community colleges and community schools from cooperating in the five states surveyed in this study. 3. State certification and qualifications of instructors in community colleges and community schools were issues which did not prevent cooperation and coordination between those two institutions. 4. Considerable disagreement exists between community colleges and community schools with regard to whether or not the community college should pay part of the community school director's salary. 5. Competition for tax dollars by community colleges and community schools is not the reason for the lack of cooperation between these institutions in the five states surveyed. 6. Community college and community school personnel must come to an agreement regarding who should be responsible for coordinating community education in a community college district. 7. Much disagreement was found between community schools and community colleges in the areas of instruction and finance. 8. A need exists for a "model" for cooperation and coordination between community schools and community colleges. The following recommendations are made: 1. Have the community college develop a training program for community school para-professionals, directors/ coordinators and other related personnel. 2. Develop formal guidelines for cooperation and coordination between community schools and community colleges. 3. Further delineate the role and function of the multiplicity of agencies providing community education in a community college district. 4. Develop a "model" for cooperation and coordination between community schools and community colleges. Title: Coordination and cooperation between community colleges and community schools in selected community college districts Author: Weiss, Marvin Wesley The most important purposes of this study were to: (1) determine the extent of cooperation and coordination that currently exists in selected community colleges which have community school programs in their college districts, and (2) clarify the multi-roles of community schools and of community education in community colleges. Other purposes of the study were to: (1) examine the present educational philosophy regarding community schools and community colleges, (2) determine if duplication of programs exists, and (3) encourage educational administrators to develop a realistic plan for cooperation and coordination between community schools and community colleges. Procedures A. questionnaire with 46 items was developed to obtain opinions from educational administrators regarding organization, administration, finance, instruction and the level of cooperation between community schools and community colleges. The questionnaire was sent to community school directors or coordinators and community college administrators who supervised adult, community or continuing education. Five states were selected for this study--Oregon, Washington, California, Michigan and Florida. Each community college selected had at Least one community school program operating in the college district. Seventy respondents (35 community college and 35 community school administrators) participated in the study by reacting to the 46 items which were assigned values of one to five on a Likerttype scale with one being strong disagreement and five being strong agreement. All items on the returned questionnaire were analyzed by utilizing the analysis of variance technique. Selected Findings Selected findings were: 1. Fifteen items (32. 6%) showed significant differences among mean score responses for community college and community school personnel. 2. Except for three items, no differences existed between mean score responses among states. 3. Except for four items, no interaction effect differences existed in mean responses between college/schooLs and states. 4. The greatest number of rejected items (71. 4%) were found in the section on instruction. 5. The finance section had 66% of its items rejected. 6. There were no significant differences in the responses on all items in the general question section. 7. Of the 35 community schools surveyed, the length of time these schools were in operation varied from one to seven years. Thirteen of the schools were in operation just one year. 8. The greatest number of community schools in one college district was 25. Conclusions and Recommendations The following selected conclusions were based on a review of literature, the questionnaire and results of statistical analysis. They are: 1. There is an urgent need for cooperation and coordination between community colleges and community schools in college districts. 2. State laws do not prevent the community colleges and community schools from cooperating in the five states surveyed in this study. 3. State certification and qualifications of instructors in community colleges and community schools were issues which did not prevent cooperation and coordination between those two institutions. 4. Considerable disagreement exists between community colleges and community schools with regard to whether or not the community college should pay part of the community school director's salary. 5. Competition for tax dollars by community colleges and community schools is not the reason for the lack of cooperation between these institutions in the five states surveyed. 6. Community college and community school personnel must come to an agreement regarding who should be responsible for coordinating community education in a community college district. 7. Much disagreement was found between community schools and community colleges in the areas of instruction and finance. 8. A need exists for a "model" for cooperation and coordination between community schools and community colleges. The following recommendations are made: 1. Have the community college develop a training program for community school para-professionals, directors/ coordinators and other related personnel. 2. Develop formal guidelines for cooperation and coordination between community schools and community colleges. 3. Further delineate the role and function of the multiplicity of agencies providing community education in a community college district. 4. Develop a "model" for cooperation and coordination between community schools and community colleges. Close

• 4. [Article] The wonderful missions of the community college: a hermeneutic analysis of the first hundred years of the colleges’ community engagement

  The community college, now over 100 years old, began with the singular mission of preparing students for transfer to the university. Throughout the 20th century, the community college has expanded its ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The wonderful missions of the community college: a hermeneutic analysis of the first hundred years of the colleges’ community engagement Author: Nadolny, Raymond A. The community college, now over 100 years old, began with the singular mission of preparing students for transfer to the university. Throughout the 20th century, the community college has expanded its missions to serve increasingly complex and comprehensive community needs. Through a textual analysis of community engagement within seven seminal texts on the community college written at different times during the past century, the study reexamined the evolution of community college mission. The result was an increased appreciation of the community college as a unique social institution that contributed to the development of democracy in America through a history of community engagement, commitment to access, and multiple missions. Title: The wonderful missions of the community college: a hermeneutic analysis of the first hundred years of the colleges’ community engagement Author: Nadolny, Raymond A. The community college, now over 100 years old, began with the singular mission of preparing students for transfer to the university. Throughout the 20th century, the community college has expanded its missions to serve increasingly complex and comprehensive community needs. Through a textual analysis of community engagement within seven seminal texts on the community college written at different times during the past century, the study reexamined the evolution of community college mission. The result was an increased appreciation of the community college as a unique social institution that contributed to the development of democracy in America through a history of community engagement, commitment to access, and multiple missions. Close

• 5. [Article] Exploring Community Resources and Readiness in Relation to Childhood Obesity Prevention in Rural Western America

  Childhood obesity is a nationwide concern of which rural, urban, and suburban communities must be aware in order to take action. The goal for the research project, GROW Healthy Kids and Communities (GROW ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Exploring Community Resources and Readiness in Relation to Childhood Obesity Prevention in Rural Western America Author: John, Deborah, Kunkle, Deanna Childhood obesity is a nationwide concern of which rural, urban, and suburban communities must be aware in order to take action. The goal for the research project, GROW Healthy Kids and Communities (GROW HKC), is to prevent childhood obesity in rural communities through the use of participatory action research and the HEAL MAPPS™ tool. The HEAL MAPPS™ tool allows community members to examine experiences they’ve had in terms of supports and barriers to eating healthy and being physically active within their own communities. This provides a resident-informed profile for their specific rural environment. The result is a community report that evaluates and scores each community based on six dimensions of community readiness to approach the issue of weight healthy environments for childhood obesity prevention: Available Resources, Community Efforts, Knowledge of the Efforts, Knowledge of the Issue, Community Climate, and Leadership. GROW HKC focuses on rural communities due to the likelihood of those communities being under-resourced. Rural communities face unique challenges that more urban communities do not face. Preston, a rural community in Idaho, is no exception and is lacking basic resources that would make physical activity and healthy eating more accessible to community members, such as sidewalks and healthy food retailers. Preston, ID community members do recognize where efforts have been made to provide resources for eating healthy or being physically active in their community but see a need for improvement. Once community readiness is determined evidence-based strategies are used to promote healthy eating and increased physical activities resulting in lower body mass indexes for rural children. Title: Exploring Community Resources and Readiness in Relation to Childhood Obesity Prevention in Rural Western America Author: John, Deborah, Kunkle, Deanna Childhood obesity is a nationwide concern of which rural, urban, and suburban communities must be aware in order to take action. The goal for the research project, GROW Healthy Kids and Communities (GROW HKC), is to prevent childhood obesity in rural communities through the use of participatory action research and the HEAL MAPPS™ tool. The HEAL MAPPS™ tool allows community members to examine experiences they’ve had in terms of supports and barriers to eating healthy and being physically active within their own communities. This provides a resident-informed profile for their specific rural environment. The result is a community report that evaluates and scores each community based on six dimensions of community readiness to approach the issue of weight healthy environments for childhood obesity prevention: Available Resources, Community Efforts, Knowledge of the Efforts, Knowledge of the Issue, Community Climate, and Leadership. GROW HKC focuses on rural communities due to the likelihood of those communities being under-resourced. Rural communities face unique challenges that more urban communities do not face. Preston, a rural community in Idaho, is no exception and is lacking basic resources that would make physical activity and healthy eating more accessible to community members, such as sidewalks and healthy food retailers. Preston, ID community members do recognize where efforts have been made to provide resources for eating healthy or being physically active in their community but see a need for improvement. Once community readiness is determined evidence-based strategies are used to promote healthy eating and increased physical activities resulting in lower body mass indexes for rural children. Close

• 6. [Article] Characterization of community capacity in a forest-dependent community : the case of the Haut-St.-Maurice

  In recent years, economic, social, technological, and environmental changes have all imposed challenges on forest-based communities. This has revived interest in studying these communities to understand ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterization of community capacity in a forest-dependent community : the case of the Haut-St.-Maurice Author: Nadeau, Solange, 1967- In recent years, economic, social, technological, and environmental changes have all imposed challenges on forest-based communities. This has revived interest in studying these communities to understand their ability to tackle these challenges. This study is built around a case study of an industrial forest-based community and aims at characterizing the community's ability to deal with change. A review of the literature documented the evolution of the frameworks used to examine forest communities and guided the choice of a framework. This case study analysis focuses on community capacity and the research follows two avenues: documenting the evolution of community capacity over time, and assessing residents' opinions on major issues challenging their community's capacity. A mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods was used to address these questions. Interviews were used to document the evolution of community capacity. They reveal how community capacity was built through community empowerment with regard to social capital and infrastructure development. They also shed light on the constraining effects that stagnant human capital and institutional management arrangements for public lands had on this capacity. The interviews identified issues challenging the current capacity of the community. A series of questions about these issues was then presented to local residents by means of a mail survey. The survey assessed residents' attitudes and provided information about the degree of agreement within the community on issues associated with community capacity. It reveals the responsiveness of groups within the community, and highlights concerns expressed by specific groups regarding the hurdles faced either by the community or by themselves in building community capacity. Title: Characterization of community capacity in a forest-dependent community : the case of the Haut-St.-Maurice Author: Nadeau, Solange, 1967- In recent years, economic, social, technological, and environmental changes have all imposed challenges on forest-based communities. This has revived interest in studying these communities to understand their ability to tackle these challenges. This study is built around a case study of an industrial forest-based community and aims at characterizing the community's ability to deal with change. A review of the literature documented the evolution of the frameworks used to examine forest communities and guided the choice of a framework. This case study analysis focuses on community capacity and the research follows two avenues: documenting the evolution of community capacity over time, and assessing residents' opinions on major issues challenging their community's capacity. A mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods was used to address these questions. Interviews were used to document the evolution of community capacity. They reveal how community capacity was built through community empowerment with regard to social capital and infrastructure development. They also shed light on the constraining effects that stagnant human capital and institutional management arrangements for public lands had on this capacity. The interviews identified issues challenging the current capacity of the community. A series of questions about these issues was then presented to local residents by means of a mail survey. The survey assessed residents' attitudes and provided information about the degree of agreement within the community on issues associated with community capacity. It reveals the responsiveness of groups within the community, and highlights concerns expressed by specific groups regarding the hurdles faced either by the community or by themselves in building community capacity. Close

• 7. [Article] Promotion Strategy for Fishery Community Involvement: lesson learned from Baan Bang-rong, Talang district, Phuket

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Promotion Strategy for Fishery Community Involvement: lesson learned from Baan Bang-rong, Talang district, Phuket Author: Laowapong, Amporn Research Paper Title: Promotion Strategy for Fishery Community Involvement: lesson learned from Baan Bang-rong, Talang district, Phuket Author: Laowapong, Amporn Research Paper Close

• 8. [Article] Integrating Fishing Communities into Fishery Management: The Influential Economics of Organization

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Integrating Fishing Communities into Fishery Management: The Influential Economics of Organization Author: Hanna, Susan Research Paper Title: Integrating Fishing Communities into Fishery Management: The Influential Economics of Organization Author: Hanna, Susan Research Paper Close

• 9. [Article] Public trust / private interest : practical and philosophical issues for community colleges and their contract education programs

  Community colleges are being pressured to increase their direct support of the economic development agendas of their communities, their states, and even the nation. These pressures develop both externally ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Public trust / private interest : practical and philosophical issues for community colleges and their contract education programs Author: Lindstrom, Eric L. Community colleges are being pressured to increase their direct support of the economic development agendas of their communities, their states, and even the nation. These pressures develop both externally and internally, and are exacerbated when increased demands for access to community college education must be met with chronically flat-lined or underfunded community college budgets. In order to deal effectively with these pressures, community colleges may have to increase the considerable degree to which they already collaborate with the private interests within their communities. Contract education programs are one of the more powerful collaborative devices available to community colleges. But increasing their emphasis on contract education presents practical and philosophical issues for community colleges, and may even put their traditionally comprehensive missions at risk. This study suggests that the degree to which a community college is able to resolve those issues and maintain a comprehensive mission is heavily dependent upon the ability of the top leadership to balance the values and interests of the multiple organizational cultures that make up the community college and its immediate environment. Title: Public trust / private interest : practical and philosophical issues for community colleges and their contract education programs Author: Lindstrom, Eric L. Community colleges are being pressured to increase their direct support of the economic development agendas of their communities, their states, and even the nation. These pressures develop both externally and internally, and are exacerbated when increased demands for access to community college education must be met with chronically flat-lined or underfunded community college budgets. In order to deal effectively with these pressures, community colleges may have to increase the considerable degree to which they already collaborate with the private interests within their communities. Contract education programs are one of the more powerful collaborative devices available to community colleges. But increasing their emphasis on contract education presents practical and philosophical issues for community colleges, and may even put their traditionally comprehensive missions at risk. This study suggests that the degree to which a community college is able to resolve those issues and maintain a comprehensive mission is heavily dependent upon the ability of the top leadership to balance the values and interests of the multiple organizational cultures that make up the community college and its immediate environment. Close

• 10. [Article] Engaging Minds, Building Community : Facilitating community engagement in the Rubenstein School of Enviornment and Natural Resources

  Handout included: Communication Document from the Office of Experiential Learning.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Engaging Minds, Building Community : Facilitating community engagement in the Rubenstein School of Enviornment and Natural Resources Author: Westdijk, Kate Handout included: Communication Document from the Office of Experiential Learning. Title: Engaging Minds, Building Community : Facilitating community engagement in the Rubenstein School of Enviornment and Natural Resources Author: Westdijk, Kate Handout included: Communication Document from the Office of Experiential Learning. Close

• 11. [Article] Improving community profiles for Oregon fisheries and coastal communities through collaboration

  In an effort to supplement the recently completed NOAA fishing community profiles, three coastal Oregon communities were chosen as sites for a collaborative project designed to produce long-form profiles. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Improving community profiles for Oregon fisheries and coastal communities through collaboration Author: Package, Christina In an effort to supplement the recently completed NOAA fishing community profiles, three coastal Oregon communities were chosen as sites for a collaborative project designed to produce long-form profiles. In order to provide a representation of the coast Newport, Port Orford, and Garibali, Oregon were included based on community size, fishery types, and gear types. Community researchers from each community along with social scientists at Oregon State University teamed up to collect ethnographic data not included in the already existing profiles. The community researchers were trained in interviewing techniques, conducting the bulk of the 64 interviews completed by the project. Community researchers interviewed their own peers in their communities in addition to being involved in all aspects of the project. Three long-form community profiles were produced. These profiles include information on the importance of fishing to each community, characteristics of fishermen, descriptions of fishing families and how they have changed over time, support services for fishing and connections to other communities, communication within the fishing community and with others, perspectives on management and effects of management actions, changes in the economics of fishing and seafood and changes in fishing effort, perceptions of the state of the ocean and its resources, and perceptions of the future of fishing in each location. This cutting edge approach of utilizing community members as social science researchers was analyzed and the pros and cons of this approach were revealed, with the positive aspects outweighing the negatives. Title: Improving community profiles for Oregon fisheries and coastal communities through collaboration Author: Package, Christina In an effort to supplement the recently completed NOAA fishing community profiles, three coastal Oregon communities were chosen as sites for a collaborative project designed to produce long-form profiles. In order to provide a representation of the coast Newport, Port Orford, and Garibali, Oregon were included based on community size, fishery types, and gear types. Community researchers from each community along with social scientists at Oregon State University teamed up to collect ethnographic data not included in the already existing profiles. The community researchers were trained in interviewing techniques, conducting the bulk of the 64 interviews completed by the project. Community researchers interviewed their own peers in their communities in addition to being involved in all aspects of the project. Three long-form community profiles were produced. These profiles include information on the importance of fishing to each community, characteristics of fishermen, descriptions of fishing families and how they have changed over time, support services for fishing and connections to other communities, communication within the fishing community and with others, perspectives on management and effects of management actions, changes in the economics of fishing and seafood and changes in fishing effort, perceptions of the state of the ocean and its resources, and perceptions of the future of fishing in each location. This cutting edge approach of utilizing community members as social science researchers was analyzed and the pros and cons of this approach were revealed, with the positive aspects outweighing the negatives. Close

• 12. [Article] Determinants of moth diversity and community in a temperate mountain landscape: vegetation, topography, and seasonality

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://www.esajournal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determinants of moth diversity and community in a temperate mountain landscape: vegetation, topography, and seasonality Author: Miller, Jeffrey C., Jones, Julia A., Highland, Steven A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecsp. Title: Determinants of moth diversity and community in a temperate mountain landscape: vegetation, topography, and seasonality Author: Miller, Jeffrey C., Jones, Julia A., Highland, Steven A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecsp. Close

• 13. [Article] Latina student perceptions of learning communities

  The purpose of this study is to examine the learning that occurs in Latina students who enroll in learning communities designed for underprepared community college students. The research question guiding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Latina student perceptions of learning communities Author: Yaqub, Samia The purpose of this study is to examine the learning that occurs in Latina students who enroll in learning communities designed for underprepared community college students. The research question guiding this study is: What are the experiences of Latina students enrolled in developmental learning community courses which have the greatest impact on their learning? The research design included an interpretive approach and phenomenological method. Thirteen Latina students enrolled in learning communities that paired developmental English with counseling classes at two rural northern California community colleges participated through open-ended interviews and a focus group. Data from the interviews and focus group were coded and grouped into broad areas. These included students' first impressions of their learning communities, and first impressions of college for new students; how students felt about the learning community environment; the contrasts between their experiences in their learning community classes and other classes; and, finally, student perceptions of learning that took place in their learning community classes. Themes were identified within each of these areas. Findings from this study indicate that Latina community college students found great value in learning communities. The linked course structure helped relieve anxiety about being in a new and sometimes alien environment. Students expressed a need to feel comfortable and supported to learn, and when they felt comfortable, they were more apt to participate actively. Students saw their learning community courses as providing the academic support and social connections needed for them to learn. Title: Latina student perceptions of learning communities Author: Yaqub, Samia The purpose of this study is to examine the learning that occurs in Latina students who enroll in learning communities designed for underprepared community college students. The research question guiding this study is: What are the experiences of Latina students enrolled in developmental learning community courses which have the greatest impact on their learning? The research design included an interpretive approach and phenomenological method. Thirteen Latina students enrolled in learning communities that paired developmental English with counseling classes at two rural northern California community colleges participated through open-ended interviews and a focus group. Data from the interviews and focus group were coded and grouped into broad areas. These included students' first impressions of their learning communities, and first impressions of college for new students; how students felt about the learning community environment; the contrasts between their experiences in their learning community classes and other classes; and, finally, student perceptions of learning that took place in their learning community classes. Themes were identified within each of these areas. Findings from this study indicate that Latina community college students found great value in learning communities. The linked course structure helped relieve anxiety about being in a new and sometimes alien environment. Students expressed a need to feel comfortable and supported to learn, and when they felt comfortable, they were more apt to participate actively. Students saw their learning community courses as providing the academic support and social connections needed for them to learn. Close

• 14. [Article] A descriptive study of the Oregon community college budget processes during the 2001-2003 Oregon Legislative session

  From 1990 to 2000, Oregon community colleges experienced a shift in their revenue sources from primarily local taxes to primarily state funding. Additionally during this time Oregon approved term limits ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A descriptive study of the Oregon community college budget processes during the 2001-2003 Oregon Legislative session Author: Bohart, B. Edward From 1990 to 2000, Oregon community colleges experienced a shift in their revenue sources from primarily local taxes to primarily state funding. Additionally during this time Oregon approved term limits for state officials and legislators. In preparation for the 2001-2003 biennial Legislative session, the community colleges pursued new approaches to securing an increase in state funding, which included a single funding request, the first pledge of unity among the community colleges and a trust-building process with the governor. This study followed the budget development processes for Oregon community colleges in preparation for and during the 2001-2003 legislative session. Interviews, observations and primary source materials were used by the researcher to describe the budget processes from the initial community college discussions through the enactment of the community college budget by the legislature. The governor was found to have the most significant influence in providing for the community college request for increased funding. The legislature was found to have less influence in providing increased revenue for community colleges. The governor, as part of his state budget, forwarded a request to the legislature for a $45 million increase for community colleges. The unity of community colleges in supporting one proposal during the session was found to have several positive impacts. Although community colleges received an increase in state funding, the funding formula for community colleges resulted in differentiated funding for each of the 17 Oregon community colleges. An epilogue provides a chronology of significant changes in state revenues, of special legislative sessions and of changes in community college funding after the enactment of the 2001-2003 community college budget. Title: A descriptive study of the Oregon community college budget processes during the 2001-2003 Oregon Legislative session Author: Bohart, B. Edward From 1990 to 2000, Oregon community colleges experienced a shift in their revenue sources from primarily local taxes to primarily state funding. Additionally during this time Oregon approved term limits for state officials and legislators. In preparation for the 2001-2003 biennial Legislative session, the community colleges pursued new approaches to securing an increase in state funding, which included a single funding request, the first pledge of unity among the community colleges and a trust-building process with the governor. This study followed the budget development processes for Oregon community colleges in preparation for and during the 2001-2003 legislative session. Interviews, observations and primary source materials were used by the researcher to describe the budget processes from the initial community college discussions through the enactment of the community college budget by the legislature. The governor was found to have the most significant influence in providing for the community college request for increased funding. The legislature was found to have less influence in providing increased revenue for community colleges. The governor, as part of his state budget, forwarded a request to the legislature for a $45 million increase for community colleges. The unity of community colleges in supporting one proposal during the session was found to have several positive impacts. Although community colleges received an increase in state funding, the funding formula for community colleges resulted in differentiated funding for each of the 17 Oregon community colleges. An epilogue provides a chronology of significant changes in state revenues, of special legislative sessions and of changes in community college funding after the enactment of the 2001-2003 community college budget. Close

• 15. [Article] A study of natural communities in three Oregon counties : an attempt to determine the importance of natural communities as a basis for community planning in country districts : a report

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of natural communities in three Oregon counties : an attempt to determine the importance of natural communities as a basis for community planning in country districts : a report Author: Oregon State Planning Board Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: A study of natural communities in three Oregon counties : an attempt to determine the importance of natural communities as a basis for community planning in country districts : a report Author: Oregon State Planning Board Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 16. [Article] Community Fishery Rights: Issues, Approaches and Atlantic Canadian Case Studies

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Community Fishery Rights: Issues, Approaches and Atlantic Canadian Case Studies Author: Charles, Anthony Research Paper Title: Community Fishery Rights: Issues, Approaches and Atlantic Canadian Case Studies Author: Charles, Anthony Research Paper Close

• 17. [Article] Two case studies of community educational programs : planning, organization, and implementation

  The purpose of this thesis is (1) to study two Oregon communities and to report data related to their concepts of community education and (2) from this data, to develop guidelines for the planning, organization, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Two case studies of community educational programs : planning, organization, and implementation Author: Brown, Tyrus Stearns The purpose of this thesis is (1) to study two Oregon communities and to report data related to their concepts of community education and (2) from this data, to develop guidelines for the planning, organization, and implementation of comprehensive community-wide educational programs. In accomplishing these purposes, it is hoped a contribution will be made to the growth and acceptance of the community education concept in the state of Oregon. A selective review of literature reveals that the community education concept is increasingly perceived as a means of meeting an impending crisis in modern public education. The diverse nature of community schools now in operation is due to (1) the several developmental levels at which these community schools exist, (2) the unique nature of the single community, and (3) an inductive planning method that continually readjusts programming plans to the changing educational needs of the community. Interviews were conducted in two anonymous Oregon communities, Lakepark and Riverside, to gather data pertaining to the planning, organization, and implementation of their current educational efforts. Written publications of each district were also examined carefully. Comparison of the two districts revealed that Riverside had made considerably more progress toward successful implementation because (1) the administration was strongly committed to a common goal of relevant education for their students, (2) a reciprocally supportive relationship existed between the school and the community, (3) an inductive planning method incorporating several evaluative instruments was used, and (4) innovation and change were accepted and encouraged. Innovative educational efforts in local communities must be given professional recognition and assistance in order to succeed, but the current public education system does not adequately provide this recognition and assistance. It is recommended that an " idea center" be established and staffed by people who have the ability to develop and stimulate innovative change in education. This "idea center" would collect and disseminate ideas; it would pilot practical research projects related to the planning, organization, and implementation of community education programs; and it would establish model schools and programs that would provide for the training of community school teachers, counselors, and administrators. Title: Two case studies of community educational programs : planning, organization, and implementation Author: Brown, Tyrus Stearns The purpose of this thesis is (1) to study two Oregon communities and to report data related to their concepts of community education and (2) from this data, to develop guidelines for the planning, organization, and implementation of comprehensive community-wide educational programs. In accomplishing these purposes, it is hoped a contribution will be made to the growth and acceptance of the community education concept in the state of Oregon. A selective review of literature reveals that the community education concept is increasingly perceived as a means of meeting an impending crisis in modern public education. The diverse nature of community schools now in operation is due to (1) the several developmental levels at which these community schools exist, (2) the unique nature of the single community, and (3) an inductive planning method that continually readjusts programming plans to the changing educational needs of the community. Interviews were conducted in two anonymous Oregon communities, Lakepark and Riverside, to gather data pertaining to the planning, organization, and implementation of their current educational efforts. Written publications of each district were also examined carefully. Comparison of the two districts revealed that Riverside had made considerably more progress toward successful implementation because (1) the administration was strongly committed to a common goal of relevant education for their students, (2) a reciprocally supportive relationship existed between the school and the community, (3) an inductive planning method incorporating several evaluative instruments was used, and (4) innovation and change were accepted and encouraged. Innovative educational efforts in local communities must be given professional recognition and assistance in order to succeed, but the current public education system does not adequately provide this recognition and assistance. It is recommended that an " idea center" be established and staffed by people who have the ability to develop and stimulate innovative change in education. This "idea center" would collect and disseminate ideas; it would pilot practical research projects related to the planning, organization, and implementation of community education programs; and it would establish model schools and programs that would provide for the training of community school teachers, counselors, and administrators. Close

• 18. [Article] Conservation and community development in Nepal : case study of a non-government organization

  The internship I performed was with Rural Community Development Program (RCDP), a domestic non-governmental organization in the country of Nepal. This organization focuses on community development goals ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conservation and community development in Nepal : case study of a non-government organization Author: Cannon, Joseph R. The internship I performed was with Rural Community Development Program (RCDP), a domestic non-governmental organization in the country of Nepal. This organization focuses on community development goals in rural communities, utilizing the efforts of volunteers within the context of environmental conservation ideals. I primarily worked with the associated community plant nursery and a community forest. My goals through this position were to observe and learn first-hand about the processes of community development and environmental conservation agencies in developing countries. These goals were met through a ii series of meetings, tours, and duties through RCDP. I spent many days working with the community plant nursery, and learning from the local supervisor. Additionally, I met on numerous occasions with the director of a community forest, and learned about the basic goals and processes of their operation. I was able to subsidize these experiences with tours of natural areas, and communication with community members and businesses. A cultural tour and training were also included. These combined experiences were more than sufficient for meeting my internship goals and obligations of my graduate program. This report completes the requirement of a non-thesis Master of Science degree through the Botany and Plant Pathology Department. Title: Conservation and community development in Nepal : case study of a non-government organization Author: Cannon, Joseph R. The internship I performed was with Rural Community Development Program (RCDP), a domestic non-governmental organization in the country of Nepal. This organization focuses on community development goals in rural communities, utilizing the efforts of volunteers within the context of environmental conservation ideals. I primarily worked with the associated community plant nursery and a community forest. My goals through this position were to observe and learn first-hand about the processes of community development and environmental conservation agencies in developing countries. These goals were met through a ii series of meetings, tours, and duties through RCDP. I spent many days working with the community plant nursery, and learning from the local supervisor. Additionally, I met on numerous occasions with the director of a community forest, and learned about the basic goals and processes of their operation. I was able to subsidize these experiences with tours of natural areas, and communication with community members and businesses. A cultural tour and training were also included. These combined experiences were more than sufficient for meeting my internship goals and obligations of my graduate program. This report completes the requirement of a non-thesis Master of Science degree through the Botany and Plant Pathology Department. Close

• 19. [Article] Influence of sediment characteristics on the composition of soft-sediment intertidal communities in the northern Gulf of Mexico

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by PeerJ. The published article can be found at: https://peerj.com/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of sediment characteristics on the composition of soft-sediment intertidal communities in the northern Gulf of Mexico Author: Coblentz, Kyle E., Taylor, Caz M., Henkel, Jessica R., Sigel, Bryan J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by PeerJ. The published article can be found at: https://peerj.com/. Title: Influence of sediment characteristics on the composition of soft-sediment intertidal communities in the northern Gulf of Mexico Author: Coblentz, Kyle E., Taylor, Caz M., Henkel, Jessica R., Sigel, Bryan J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by PeerJ. The published article can be found at: https://peerj.com/. Close

• 20. [Article] Changes & Fishery Management: Impacts, Communication, and Fishing Communities

  Fisheries resources in Oregon have been the focus of a public policy and management controversy for the last several years. As changes in fisheries resources management and policy decisions continue to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Changes & Fishery Management: Impacts, Communication, and Fishing Communities Author: Conway, Flaxen D.L. Year: 2001 Fisheries resources in Oregon have been the focus of a public policy and management controversy for the last several years. As changes in fisheries resources management and policy decisions continue to be occur, the two communities that are directly involved - the fishery management community and the fishing family business community - will continue to interface with each other. Recognizing the interdependence of these two communities is becoming more and more important. Equally important will be the recognition of how communication at the interface can help to lessen tension and negative impacts. This paper discusses an innovative outreach project and the lessons learned regarding small steps in communication that can help both fishing communities and the fishery management community in their struggles to cope with changes in fishery management. Title: Changes & Fishery Management: Impacts, Communication, and Fishing Communities Author: Conway, Flaxen D.L. Year: 2001 Fisheries resources in Oregon have been the focus of a public policy and management controversy for the last several years. As changes in fisheries resources management and policy decisions continue to be occur, the two communities that are directly involved - the fishery management community and the fishing family business community - will continue to interface with each other. Recognizing the interdependence of these two communities is becoming more and more important. Equally important will be the recognition of how communication at the interface can help to lessen tension and negative impacts. This paper discusses an innovative outreach project and the lessons learned regarding small steps in communication that can help both fishing communities and the fishery management community in their struggles to cope with changes in fishery management. Close

• 21. [Article] Rural Community Explorer portal (phase 1) final report

  The Rural Communities Explorer allows community residents and officials, agencies and businesses, universities and philanthropic organizations to access county and community specific information. The specific ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rural Community Explorer portal (phase 1) final report Author: Salwasser, Janine The Rural Communities Explorer allows community residents and officials, agencies and businesses, universities and philanthropic organizations to access county and community specific information. The specific information developed with this grant for the Explorer included: (1) relevant social, economic, environmental and demographic profiles of each community; and (2) related community-specific spatial/map data, relevant reports and documents, news articles, maps, and photos from the library archives and other sources. The Explorer is designed to permit ease of use by the public with free access to mapping and reporting tools. Title: Rural Community Explorer portal (phase 1) final report Author: Salwasser, Janine The Rural Communities Explorer allows community residents and officials, agencies and businesses, universities and philanthropic organizations to access county and community specific information. The specific information developed with this grant for the Explorer included: (1) relevant social, economic, environmental and demographic profiles of each community; and (2) related community-specific spatial/map data, relevant reports and documents, news articles, maps, and photos from the library archives and other sources. The Explorer is designed to permit ease of use by the public with free access to mapping and reporting tools. Close

• 22. [Article] Crook County, Oregon Community Wildfire Protection Plan

  The Crook County Wildfire Protection Plan documents the community planning process in Crook County and includes the following components: -- Background information on the Community Wildfire Protection ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crook County, Oregon Community Wildfire Protection Plan Author: Crook County Community Wildfire Protection Plan Committee The Crook County Wildfire Protection Plan documents the community planning process in Crook County and includes the following components: -- Background information on the Community Wildfire Protection Plan purpose and process, community profile information and fire behavior in Crook County; -- Risk assessment of communities and critical infrastructure; -- Recommendations to reduce structural ignitability and address issues associated with unprotected lands within the county; -- Summaries of communities, critical infrastructure, hazard reduction priorities and funding priorities; -- Recommendations for plan implementation, monitoring and annual review to assess and document accomplishment, short-fall, revised initiatives, and to identify new challenges and opportunities for community wildfire planning. Title: Crook County, Oregon Community Wildfire Protection Plan Author: Crook County Community Wildfire Protection Plan Committee The Crook County Wildfire Protection Plan documents the community planning process in Crook County and includes the following components: -- Background information on the Community Wildfire Protection Plan purpose and process, community profile information and fire behavior in Crook County; -- Risk assessment of communities and critical infrastructure; -- Recommendations to reduce structural ignitability and address issues associated with unprotected lands within the county; -- Summaries of communities, critical infrastructure, hazard reduction priorities and funding priorities; -- Recommendations for plan implementation, monitoring and annual review to assess and document accomplishment, short-fall, revised initiatives, and to identify new challenges and opportunities for community wildfire planning. Close

• 23. [Article] Examining Rural Resources and Readiness to Change the Context for Obesity Prevention

  GROW Healthy Kids & Communities aims to prevent obesity in rural children. The project targets changing family home, school, and community environments to support children’s weight healthy behaviors by ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Examining Rural Resources and Readiness to Change the Context for Obesity Prevention Author: Richards, Anne Marie GROW Healthy Kids & Communities aims to prevent obesity in rural children. The project targets changing family home, school, and community environments to support children’s weight healthy behaviors by “default.” My URAP apprenticeship is at the community level studying residents’ perceptions of the healthy eating and activity resources in rural communities and community readiness to improve the contexts for obesity prevention. My role is to learn qualitative research methods and data management. Title: Examining Rural Resources and Readiness to Change the Context for Obesity Prevention Author: Richards, Anne Marie GROW Healthy Kids & Communities aims to prevent obesity in rural children. The project targets changing family home, school, and community environments to support children’s weight healthy behaviors by “default.” My URAP apprenticeship is at the community level studying residents’ perceptions of the healthy eating and activity resources in rural communities and community readiness to improve the contexts for obesity prevention. My role is to learn qualitative research methods and data management. Close

• 24. [Article] Leveraging the Power of Institutional Agents for Students of Color : Understanding the Factors Which Influence Engagement at Community Colleges

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Leveraging the Power of Institutional Agents for Students of Color : Understanding the Factors Which Influence Engagement at Community Colleges Author: Hernandez Chapar, Judith W. Title: Leveraging the Power of Institutional Agents for Students of Color : Understanding the Factors Which Influence Engagement at Community Colleges Author: Hernandez Chapar, Judith W. Close

• 25. [Article] Arthropod community organization and development in pear

  Arthropod communities in pear are conceptualized as hierarchically organized systems in which several levels of organization or subsystems can be recognized between the species population level and the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Arthropod community organization and development in pear Author: Gut, Larry J. Arthropod communities in pear are conceptualized as hierarchically organized systems in which several levels of organization or subsystems can be recognized between the species population level and the community as a whole. An individual tree is taken to be the community habitat with arthropod subcommunities developing on leaf, fruit and wood subcommunity habitats. Over a hundred species are reported to colonize one or more subcommunity habitats. Each subcommunity is composed of trophically organized systems of populations. Each system of populations is comprised of a guild of arthropods that use the habitat primarily for feeding but also for overwintering or egg deposition, and associated guilds of specialized predators, parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. Understanding community organization entails understanding how subsystems and their environments interact so as to be incorporated into a unified whole. Along with the relatively specialized interrelationships so important in organizing systems of populations, higher level community subsystems are coupled through the activities of phytophagous and predaceous generalists which feed in or take their prey from more than one subcommunity. In meeting the habitat requirements of each of its life history stages, several members of the pear community move from one subcommunity to another during the course of community development and serve to integrate these subsystems. Additional habitat, trophic and life history aspects of subsystem incorporation and interpenetration are discussed. Community development or change in organization through time is conceptualized as being jointly determined by the development of the habitat and the organization of the species pool. Seasonal development of the pear arthropod community is described in terms of changes in the species composition, size, and spatial distribution of guilds and subcommunities. Community habitat development is taken to be the primary determinant of changes in community structure and organization. As the season progresses, changes in the kinds and biomass of developmental states of each subcommunity habitat are accompanied by changes in the kinds, number or biomass, and distribution of associated community subsystems. Although the influence of habitat development on community development is emphasized, it is from the the species pool that arthropods colonize pear. The species that colonize, and their abundance and time of arrival is partially determined by the organization of this system of communities. Title: Arthropod community organization and development in pear Author: Gut, Larry J. Arthropod communities in pear are conceptualized as hierarchically organized systems in which several levels of organization or subsystems can be recognized between the species population level and the community as a whole. An individual tree is taken to be the community habitat with arthropod subcommunities developing on leaf, fruit and wood subcommunity habitats. Over a hundred species are reported to colonize one or more subcommunity habitats. Each subcommunity is composed of trophically organized systems of populations. Each system of populations is comprised of a guild of arthropods that use the habitat primarily for feeding but also for overwintering or egg deposition, and associated guilds of specialized predators, parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. Understanding community organization entails understanding how subsystems and their environments interact so as to be incorporated into a unified whole. Along with the relatively specialized interrelationships so important in organizing systems of populations, higher level community subsystems are coupled through the activities of phytophagous and predaceous generalists which feed in or take their prey from more than one subcommunity. In meeting the habitat requirements of each of its life history stages, several members of the pear community move from one subcommunity to another during the course of community development and serve to integrate these subsystems. Additional habitat, trophic and life history aspects of subsystem incorporation and interpenetration are discussed. Community development or change in organization through time is conceptualized as being jointly determined by the development of the habitat and the organization of the species pool. Seasonal development of the pear arthropod community is described in terms of changes in the species composition, size, and spatial distribution of guilds and subcommunities. Community habitat development is taken to be the primary determinant of changes in community structure and organization. As the season progresses, changes in the kinds and biomass of developmental states of each subcommunity habitat are accompanied by changes in the kinds, number or biomass, and distribution of associated community subsystems. Although the influence of habitat development on community development is emphasized, it is from the the species pool that arthropods colonize pear. The species that colonize, and their abundance and time of arrival is partially determined by the organization of this system of communities. Close

• 26. [Article] Community well-being and Forest Service policy : re-examining the sustained yield unit

  Sustained yield units (SYU' s), implemented around 1950, required that National Forest timber harvested from a designated area had to be processed in a specific local community. Six units were created ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Community well-being and Forest Service policy : re-examining the sustained yield unit Author: Cheek, Kristin Aldred Sustained yield units (SYU' s), implemented around 1950, required that National Forest timber harvested from a designated area had to be processed in a specific local community. Six units were created for the purpose of promoting community stability, a concept often measured in economic terms. Forest policies designed to aid communities have moved away from SYU's. Today's policies include a broader notion of community well-being, and emphasize nurturing a community's internal ability to accomplish its goals. Still, some communities are asking that the SYU idea be revisited. A qualitative, exploratory study of the Lakeview (Oregon) and Big Valley (California) units was undertaken. The overall objective of the study was to provide insight into whether or not the sustained yield unit policy would be effective in meeting current objectives for forest-based communities. It was also intended to add to our knowledge of the relationship between forest policies and forest-based communities. Interviews were conducted with key informants in the two study areas. Data from interviews were supplemented with data from existing sources. The main theme that emerged from the Lakeview unit was that the SYU had interacted with other factors in the community to improve the local quality of life. Respondents identified many positive relationships between the SYU and local services, businesses, and community involvement. At the same time, they emphasized that the communities in the unit had many positive attributes prior to the establishment of the unit and that these attributes also had a positive influence on the local quality of life. The data did not show evidence that the SYTJ "created," for example, social capital. What was already in place in the local community was a key factor. The main theme that emerged from interviews with Big Valley residents was that the SYU enabled the valley to maintain a mill. The SYU had done so by protecting the local mill from competition. Big Valley respondents described a fairly simple relationship between the SYU, the maintenance of the mill, and associated employment and income provided because the mill was still in business. Some of the perceptions respondents held regarding changes in or the health of their communities were compared to quantitative data. The perceptions and quantitative indicators were not consistent. These comparisons suggested that either people's perceptions were not accurate, or that more appropriate quantitative indicators, which correspond to the same phenomenon people discussed, need to be identified. Still, people's perceptions are considered important sources of information. Results from the study indicate that sustained yield units have at least the potential to contribute positively to community well-being. However, the effects of SYU's are best looked at in the context of many other factors that are a part of the local community, as well as larger external factors affecting the community. Baseline conditions, changing conditions, and the SYU all interact and influence community well-being. This study points to several areas for further research, such as comparing the development of SYU and non-SYU communities. It also points to the need to understand the relationship between the perceptions of forest-based communities' residents and the quantitative indicators often used by researchers when studying change in these communities. Title: Community well-being and Forest Service policy : re-examining the sustained yield unit Author: Cheek, Kristin Aldred Sustained yield units (SYU' s), implemented around 1950, required that National Forest timber harvested from a designated area had to be processed in a specific local community. Six units were created for the purpose of promoting community stability, a concept often measured in economic terms. Forest policies designed to aid communities have moved away from SYU's. Today's policies include a broader notion of community well-being, and emphasize nurturing a community's internal ability to accomplish its goals. Still, some communities are asking that the SYU idea be revisited. A qualitative, exploratory study of the Lakeview (Oregon) and Big Valley (California) units was undertaken. The overall objective of the study was to provide insight into whether or not the sustained yield unit policy would be effective in meeting current objectives for forest-based communities. It was also intended to add to our knowledge of the relationship between forest policies and forest-based communities. Interviews were conducted with key informants in the two study areas. Data from interviews were supplemented with data from existing sources. The main theme that emerged from the Lakeview unit was that the SYU had interacted with other factors in the community to improve the local quality of life. Respondents identified many positive relationships between the SYU and local services, businesses, and community involvement. At the same time, they emphasized that the communities in the unit had many positive attributes prior to the establishment of the unit and that these attributes also had a positive influence on the local quality of life. The data did not show evidence that the SYTJ "created," for example, social capital. What was already in place in the local community was a key factor. The main theme that emerged from interviews with Big Valley residents was that the SYU enabled the valley to maintain a mill. The SYU had done so by protecting the local mill from competition. Big Valley respondents described a fairly simple relationship between the SYU, the maintenance of the mill, and associated employment and income provided because the mill was still in business. Some of the perceptions respondents held regarding changes in or the health of their communities were compared to quantitative data. The perceptions and quantitative indicators were not consistent. These comparisons suggested that either people's perceptions were not accurate, or that more appropriate quantitative indicators, which correspond to the same phenomenon people discussed, need to be identified. Still, people's perceptions are considered important sources of information. Results from the study indicate that sustained yield units have at least the potential to contribute positively to community well-being. However, the effects of SYU's are best looked at in the context of many other factors that are a part of the local community, as well as larger external factors affecting the community. Baseline conditions, changing conditions, and the SYU all interact and influence community well-being. This study points to several areas for further research, such as comparing the development of SYU and non-SYU communities. It also points to the need to understand the relationship between the perceptions of forest-based communities' residents and the quantitative indicators often used by researchers when studying change in these communities. Close

• 27. [Article] Assessing community capacity in Rural America: some lessons from two rural observatories

  Building community capacity is a central concern of both policymakers and community residents. Both want to understand why some communities are more successful in achieving positive social, economic and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing community capacity in Rural America: some lessons from two rural observatories Author: Marre, Alexander, Weber, Bruce Building community capacity is a central concern of both policymakers and community residents. Both want to understand why some communities are more successful in achieving positive social, economic and environmental outcomes, and how to increase the capacity of communities to achieve these outcomes. This is particularly true in communities that face the most difficult economic challenges: central cities of large metropolitan areas and remote rural communities. Most attempts to define, assess and build community capacity, however, have been undertaken in urban neighborhoods. While there is much to learn from these studies of urban places, there are distinctive characteristics and dynamics of rural communities that introduce unique challenges to the assessment and building of community capacity. Two efforts to study rural communities and assess their “capacity” in rural North America are reviewed in this paper: the New Rural Economy (NRE) Rural Observatory of the Canadian Rural Revitalization Foundation and the social capital community assessments of rural Central Oregon communities in the Ventures Program funded by the Northwest Area Foundation. The NRE Rural Observatory, initiated in 1998, is a university-based research effort that involves contractual commitments with 23 rural communities in Canada – selected to represent the diversity of rural places in Canada along several dimensions – to monitor social and economic change and governance in these places. The Ventures Program, initiated in 1999, is a foundation/community partnership program that establishes long-term (10-year) commitments in 5 rural areas in the Western United States in order to encourage poverty-reduction strategies that will yield long-term impact. The project included assessments of community life in each of the participating communities using the Social Capital Community Benchmark Surveys. This paper reviews literature on community capacity and related concepts, then examines the New Rural Economy Rural Observatory and community social capital assessments of Central Oregon Ventures program for lessons that can inform the understanding of these concepts in the rural United States. Drawing on publications and reports from these programs and input from the principals, the paper focuses on the criteria used to select rural communities, local participation in project design and data collection, and the measures used to assess community capacity in the projects. The goal is to generate knowledge leading to policies supportive of sustainable rural places. Title: Assessing community capacity in Rural America: some lessons from two rural observatories Author: Marre, Alexander, Weber, Bruce Building community capacity is a central concern of both policymakers and community residents. Both want to understand why some communities are more successful in achieving positive social, economic and environmental outcomes, and how to increase the capacity of communities to achieve these outcomes. This is particularly true in communities that face the most difficult economic challenges: central cities of large metropolitan areas and remote rural communities. Most attempts to define, assess and build community capacity, however, have been undertaken in urban neighborhoods. While there is much to learn from these studies of urban places, there are distinctive characteristics and dynamics of rural communities that introduce unique challenges to the assessment and building of community capacity. Two efforts to study rural communities and assess their “capacity” in rural North America are reviewed in this paper: the New Rural Economy (NRE) Rural Observatory of the Canadian Rural Revitalization Foundation and the social capital community assessments of rural Central Oregon communities in the Ventures Program funded by the Northwest Area Foundation. The NRE Rural Observatory, initiated in 1998, is a university-based research effort that involves contractual commitments with 23 rural communities in Canada – selected to represent the diversity of rural places in Canada along several dimensions – to monitor social and economic change and governance in these places. The Ventures Program, initiated in 1999, is a foundation/community partnership program that establishes long-term (10-year) commitments in 5 rural areas in the Western United States in order to encourage poverty-reduction strategies that will yield long-term impact. The project included assessments of community life in each of the participating communities using the Social Capital Community Benchmark Surveys. This paper reviews literature on community capacity and related concepts, then examines the New Rural Economy Rural Observatory and community social capital assessments of Central Oregon Ventures program for lessons that can inform the understanding of these concepts in the rural United States. Drawing on publications and reports from these programs and input from the principals, the paper focuses on the criteria used to select rural communities, local participation in project design and data collection, and the measures used to assess community capacity in the projects. The goal is to generate knowledge leading to policies supportive of sustainable rural places. Close

• 28. [Article] Barriers to Community Involvement across Rural and Urban Communities

  Many communities emphasize participatory involvement in local development or reinvention efforts. Recognizing barriers among specific groups could help community leaders identify what may be constraining ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Barriers to Community Involvement across Rural and Urban Communities Author: Torgerson, Melissa Many communities emphasize participatory involvement in local development or reinvention efforts. Recognizing barriers among specific groups could help community leaders identify what may be constraining underrepresented groups from joining in. Utilizing data from the Social Capital Benchmark Survey, this research examined identified “barriers” to community involvement among individuals in rural and urban areas. Results indicated that while rurality reduced perceived obstacles among the general population, particular characteristics uniquely impact the way individuals identify barriers to community involvement within rural and urban places. This analysis not only identifies targeted barriers for communities to address, but also highlights areas where further placebased research could be beneficial. Title: Barriers to Community Involvement across Rural and Urban Communities Author: Torgerson, Melissa Many communities emphasize participatory involvement in local development or reinvention efforts. Recognizing barriers among specific groups could help community leaders identify what may be constraining underrepresented groups from joining in. Utilizing data from the Social Capital Benchmark Survey, this research examined identified “barriers” to community involvement among individuals in rural and urban areas. Results indicated that while rurality reduced perceived obstacles among the general population, particular characteristics uniquely impact the way individuals identify barriers to community involvement within rural and urban places. This analysis not only identifies targeted barriers for communities to address, but also highlights areas where further placebased research could be beneficial. Close

• 29. [Article] Legislators' perceptions about community colleges' use of alternative funding sources to solve budget shortfalls

  The purpose of this study was to discern the nature of legislators' perceptions about community colleges' abilities to generate revenues through alternative funding sources and the resultant effects on ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Legislators' perceptions about community colleges' use of alternative funding sources to solve budget shortfalls Author: Klimes, Debra S.E. The purpose of this study was to discern the nature of legislators' perceptions about community colleges' abilities to generate revenues through alternative funding sources and the resultant effects on state allocations to these colleges. Selected community college-related staff members and legislative staff members in Idaho and Oregon were asked to independently name three to five Idaho and Oregon legislators whom they perceived as having the most influence on community college funding. Out of the sixteen legislators who were nominated, eight were selected to participate in the study. The research identified: (a) important factors that influence legislative decision making which community colleges may affect, and (b) expectations of legislators about community colleges' abilities to acquire alternative funding and the purposes for seeking alternative funds. The following were specific findings of the study: Alternative Funding is a Given The pressure to find alternative funding for community colleges is likely to continue. Seeking alternative funding will be expected in the future by legislators even in good financial times; community college administrators should plan to invest in this process for the long run. Collegial Relationships Among Legislators A significant implication for practice from this research was the impact various individual relationships had on legislators. Legislators in the study described how trusting relationships with key people were integral to the input they obtained and considered in making funding decisions. These relationships included: (a) community college presidents and staff, (b) their colleagues, (c) legislative staff, and (d) agency staff. Community Colleges Must Let Legislators Know What They Want and Plan Ahead Legislators wanted community colleges to be forthcoming about what their long term fiscal and legislative needs, and legislators wanted them presented in priority order. Knowing community colleges' strategic goals and what their long-term plans were for at least five years could help legislators understand the larger fiscal picture and provide a better sense of where the future of community colleges was in their states. In turn, legislators could be watching for funding opportunities for community colleges, inform community colleges about consequences of plans they were making, and help community colleges do better problem-solving as issues occur. Educational Systems Need to Unify Toward the Common Goal Legislators were looking for funding solutions across the educational system. Legislators noted that they would have more confidence in the validity of the requests made of them if education entities -- K-12, community colleges, four-year colleges, and universities – showed the legislators that they were working together as a unified group. According to one legislator, educational institutions need to "marry" across systems so they'll "gain political strength." When systems plan strategically together, legislators are more likely to understand and plan for their needs. The legislators in this study exhibited similar decision making styles, perceptions of community college funding, and expectations about community colleges' responsibilities for acquiring alternative funding to make up for funding shortfalls. Title: Legislators' perceptions about community colleges' use of alternative funding sources to solve budget shortfalls Author: Klimes, Debra S.E. The purpose of this study was to discern the nature of legislators' perceptions about community colleges' abilities to generate revenues through alternative funding sources and the resultant effects on state allocations to these colleges. Selected community college-related staff members and legislative staff members in Idaho and Oregon were asked to independently name three to five Idaho and Oregon legislators whom they perceived as having the most influence on community college funding. Out of the sixteen legislators who were nominated, eight were selected to participate in the study. The research identified: (a) important factors that influence legislative decision making which community colleges may affect, and (b) expectations of legislators about community colleges' abilities to acquire alternative funding and the purposes for seeking alternative funds. The following were specific findings of the study: Alternative Funding is a Given The pressure to find alternative funding for community colleges is likely to continue. Seeking alternative funding will be expected in the future by legislators even in good financial times; community college administrators should plan to invest in this process for the long run. Collegial Relationships Among Legislators A significant implication for practice from this research was the impact various individual relationships had on legislators. Legislators in the study described how trusting relationships with key people were integral to the input they obtained and considered in making funding decisions. These relationships included: (a) community college presidents and staff, (b) their colleagues, (c) legislative staff, and (d) agency staff. Community Colleges Must Let Legislators Know What They Want and Plan Ahead Legislators wanted community colleges to be forthcoming about what their long term fiscal and legislative needs, and legislators wanted them presented in priority order. Knowing community colleges' strategic goals and what their long-term plans were for at least five years could help legislators understand the larger fiscal picture and provide a better sense of where the future of community colleges was in their states. In turn, legislators could be watching for funding opportunities for community colleges, inform community colleges about consequences of plans they were making, and help community colleges do better problem-solving as issues occur. Educational Systems Need to Unify Toward the Common Goal Legislators were looking for funding solutions across the educational system. Legislators noted that they would have more confidence in the validity of the requests made of them if education entities -- K-12, community colleges, four-year colleges, and universities – showed the legislators that they were working together as a unified group. According to one legislator, educational institutions need to "marry" across systems so they'll "gain political strength." When systems plan strategically together, legislators are more likely to understand and plan for their needs. The legislators in this study exhibited similar decision making styles, perceptions of community college funding, and expectations about community colleges' responsibilities for acquiring alternative funding to make up for funding shortfalls. Close

• 30. [Article] The role of Oregon community colleges in economic development as perceived by community college faculty and administrators and the business community which they serve

  Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate areas of consensus and differences among Oregon community college faculty, administrators, and their business community on the desired role of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The role of Oregon community colleges in economic development as perceived by community college faculty and administrators and the business community which they serve Author: Kingry, Larry Kit Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate areas of consensus and differences among Oregon community college faculty, administrators, and their business community on the desired role of the community college and the perceived current role in economic development as defined by selected economic development activities. Methods and Procedures: Twenty-three economic development activities were identified in a review of the literature that were useful in defining the role of community colleges in economic development. Mail out survey instruments were constructed utilizing the twenty-three activities. Respondents were asked to rate each activity as to the level of emphasis that was presently occurring and to the level of importance that it should be emphasized in the community college. Data were collected from 288 individuals representing four groups (full-time faculty, part-time faculty, administrators, and business community members). Subjects were randomly selected from two community college classifications (small community colleges and large community colleges) in proportion to their group's representation in the population, and from the business population geographically located in the corresponding community college service districts. ANOVA statistical tests, t-tests and rank order analysis were the methods used to analyze the data for interpretation. Findings and Conclusions: There was a high degree of consensus among the administrator, full-time faculty, part-time faculty, and business community groups as to the current emphasis and desired emphasis on the twenty-three selected economic development activities in Oregon community colleges. When perceptual differences occurred among the four groups on what was occurring and what should be occurring, in relation to the selected economic development activities, administrators and full-time faculty tended to respond alike. Likewise, the part-time faculty and the business community tended to respond alike. The administrators and business community responded differently more than any other paired group. All groups tended to support the view that the community colleges should be placing more importance on the selected economic development activities than what was occurring. Vocational faculty and nonvocational faculty tended to perceive the same level of importance of the selected economic development activities. There was an obvious discrepancy between the lack of knowledge expressed by the business community and part-time faculty versus the greater knowledge expressed by the community college administrators and full-time faculty on the community colleges' activity in performing the economic development role. Title: The role of Oregon community colleges in economic development as perceived by community college faculty and administrators and the business community which they serve Author: Kingry, Larry Kit Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate areas of consensus and differences among Oregon community college faculty, administrators, and their business community on the desired role of the community college and the perceived current role in economic development as defined by selected economic development activities. Methods and Procedures: Twenty-three economic development activities were identified in a review of the literature that were useful in defining the role of community colleges in economic development. Mail out survey instruments were constructed utilizing the twenty-three activities. Respondents were asked to rate each activity as to the level of emphasis that was presently occurring and to the level of importance that it should be emphasized in the community college. Data were collected from 288 individuals representing four groups (full-time faculty, part-time faculty, administrators, and business community members). Subjects were randomly selected from two community college classifications (small community colleges and large community colleges) in proportion to their group's representation in the population, and from the business population geographically located in the corresponding community college service districts. ANOVA statistical tests, t-tests and rank order analysis were the methods used to analyze the data for interpretation. Findings and Conclusions: There was a high degree of consensus among the administrator, full-time faculty, part-time faculty, and business community groups as to the current emphasis and desired emphasis on the twenty-three selected economic development activities in Oregon community colleges. When perceptual differences occurred among the four groups on what was occurring and what should be occurring, in relation to the selected economic development activities, administrators and full-time faculty tended to respond alike. Likewise, the part-time faculty and the business community tended to respond alike. The administrators and business community responded differently more than any other paired group. All groups tended to support the view that the community colleges should be placing more importance on the selected economic development activities than what was occurring. Vocational faculty and nonvocational faculty tended to perceive the same level of importance of the selected economic development activities. There was an obvious discrepancy between the lack of knowledge expressed by the business community and part-time faculty versus the greater knowledge expressed by the community college administrators and full-time faculty on the community colleges' activity in performing the economic development role. Close

• 31. [Article] A comparison of freshmen attending selected Oregon community colleges and Oregon State University in terms of interests, values, and manifest needs

  The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether there were significant differences between Oregon community college collegiate freshmen and Oregon State University freshmen in terms of interest, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparison of freshmen attending selected Oregon community colleges and Oregon State University in terms of interests, values, and manifest needs Author: Howard, Lorraine Harris The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether there were significant differences between Oregon community college collegiate freshmen and Oregon State University freshmen in terms of interest, values, and manifest needs. The study was limited to a representative sample of the freshman population in the lower-division collegiate program at three selected Oregon community colleges and to a representative sample of Oregon State University. The Strong Vocational Interest Blank for Men, the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values, the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, and a Personal Data Schedule were administered to 499 first-term male and female freshmen who were enrolled at these institutions for the fall term of 1963. The responses of the freshmen on the psychological tests were treated statistically by analysis of variance, and the responses on the Personal Data Schedule were converted to percentages and analyzed using the t-test. Significant differences were evident among the responses of the Oregon State University and community college males and females on the Personal Data Schedule. There were 32 items that differentiated between the community college and Oregon State University males at the 1 percent level and six items at the 5 percent level. There were 28 items that differentiated between the community college females at the 1 percent level and four that differentiated at the 5 percent level. On the Study of Values, Oregon State University males showed a higher mean score on the Theoretical scale than did the community college males. On the Social scale the community college males had a higher mean score than that of the Oregon State University males. Females at Oregon State University showed a higher mean score on the Economic scale than did the community college females, while the community college females had a higher mean score on the Religious scale than did the females at Oregon State University. There were many significant differences between the interests of Oregon State University males and community college males. Males at Oregon State University had substantially higher interest scores on the Strong Vocational Interest Inventory than did the community college males in Groups I and II, while community college males had considerably higher interest scores than did Oregon State University males in Groups VIII and IX. None of the scores on the occupational scales yielded significant differences among the mean scores of females attending Oregon State University and the community college females. Scores on the non-occupational scales, the Specialization Level and Occupational Level, differentiated between Oregon State University and community college males. The Oregon State University males scored higher than the community college males on both of these scales. The Occupational Level scale differentiated between Oregon State University and community college females and the Oregon State University females obtained the higher mean score. The least amount of difference between the mean occupational scores of the community college males and the mean occupational scores of Oregon State University males in the various major schools was found in the scores of the humanities majors when the miscellaneous category was excluded from the comparison. The greatest discrepancy in these occupational scores was found in the responses of males in engineering and science. The scores of the Oregon State University females in education most closely resembled the scores of the community college females, and the occupational scores of females that were least like the scores of community college females were those of the females in business and technology. Responses on the Study of Values and the Strong Vocational Interest Inventory indicated marked differences with respect to population characteristics in interests and values of freshmen attending community colleges and of freshmen attending Oregon State University. However, the responses on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule show no evidence of differences among the personality characteristics of the freshmen. Title: A comparison of freshmen attending selected Oregon community colleges and Oregon State University in terms of interests, values, and manifest needs Author: Howard, Lorraine Harris The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether there were significant differences between Oregon community college collegiate freshmen and Oregon State University freshmen in terms of interest, values, and manifest needs. The study was limited to a representative sample of the freshman population in the lower-division collegiate program at three selected Oregon community colleges and to a representative sample of Oregon State University. The Strong Vocational Interest Blank for Men, the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values, the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, and a Personal Data Schedule were administered to 499 first-term male and female freshmen who were enrolled at these institutions for the fall term of 1963. The responses of the freshmen on the psychological tests were treated statistically by analysis of variance, and the responses on the Personal Data Schedule were converted to percentages and analyzed using the t-test. Significant differences were evident among the responses of the Oregon State University and community college males and females on the Personal Data Schedule. There were 32 items that differentiated between the community college and Oregon State University males at the 1 percent level and six items at the 5 percent level. There were 28 items that differentiated between the community college females at the 1 percent level and four that differentiated at the 5 percent level. On the Study of Values, Oregon State University males showed a higher mean score on the Theoretical scale than did the community college males. On the Social scale the community college males had a higher mean score than that of the Oregon State University males. Females at Oregon State University showed a higher mean score on the Economic scale than did the community college females, while the community college females had a higher mean score on the Religious scale than did the females at Oregon State University. There were many significant differences between the interests of Oregon State University males and community college males. Males at Oregon State University had substantially higher interest scores on the Strong Vocational Interest Inventory than did the community college males in Groups I and II, while community college males had considerably higher interest scores than did Oregon State University males in Groups VIII and IX. None of the scores on the occupational scales yielded significant differences among the mean scores of females attending Oregon State University and the community college females. Scores on the non-occupational scales, the Specialization Level and Occupational Level, differentiated between Oregon State University and community college males. The Oregon State University males scored higher than the community college males on both of these scales. The Occupational Level scale differentiated between Oregon State University and community college females and the Oregon State University females obtained the higher mean score. The least amount of difference between the mean occupational scores of the community college males and the mean occupational scores of Oregon State University males in the various major schools was found in the scores of the humanities majors when the miscellaneous category was excluded from the comparison. The greatest discrepancy in these occupational scores was found in the responses of males in engineering and science. The scores of the Oregon State University females in education most closely resembled the scores of the community college females, and the occupational scores of females that were least like the scores of community college females were those of the females in business and technology. Responses on the Study of Values and the Strong Vocational Interest Inventory indicated marked differences with respect to population characteristics in interests and values of freshmen attending community colleges and of freshmen attending Oregon State University. However, the responses on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule show no evidence of differences among the personality characteristics of the freshmen. Close

• 32. [Article] Twenty years of research on fungus-microbe-plant interactions on Lyman Glacier forefront – lessons learned and questions yet unanswered

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/fungal-ecology/...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Twenty years of research on fungus-microbe-plant interactions on Lyman Glacier forefront – lessons learned and questions yet unanswered Author: Trappe, James M., Strommer, Rauni, Jumpponen, Ari, Cazares, Efren, Brown, Shawn P. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/fungal-ecology/. Title: Twenty years of research on fungus-microbe-plant interactions on Lyman Glacier forefront – lessons learned and questions yet unanswered Author: Trappe, James M., Strommer, Rauni, Jumpponen, Ari, Cazares, Efren, Brown, Shawn P. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/fungal-ecology/. Close

• 33. [Article] Two Oregon governors : the role of perceptions in community college state budget development

  The purpose of this phenomenological study is to describe how Oregon governors Barbara Roberts and John Kitzhaber, whose tenures both coincided with the passage and implementation of property tax limitation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Two Oregon governors : the role of perceptions in community college state budget development Author: Preus, Camille The purpose of this phenomenological study is to describe how Oregon governors Barbara Roberts and John Kitzhaber, whose tenures both coincided with the passage and implementation of property tax limitation measures, determined the community college budgets within their recommended state budgets. The stories of Robert’s 1993 and Kitzhaber’s 2001 decisions are explored and analyzed to assess what influences, experiences, and information impacted each governor’s decision-making for community college funding. This study confirms the role of the governor in the budget decision-making process as one of ‘chief legislator’ or arbiter of the final budget. The findings call for community college leaders to get to know their governors and those individuals close to the governor who are responsible for providing advice on education and community college policies and budgets. Interactions should lead to a clear understanding of the administration’s policy priorities and the placement of education and community colleges among those priorities. Greater knowledge of the priorities will enable community college leaders to build a relationship grounded in a recognition and awareness of these priorities and provide the basis for influencing the governor’s overall perception of community colleges. Development of community college messages should be framed around the governor’s perceptions and priorities for optimal impact. This study finds that there are other influential players in the state-level budget development and decision-making process. As discussed above, the policy advisors close to the governor provided important influences of perception and decisionmaking. Community college leaders must build relationships with a governor’s education policy advisors, as they have access and opportunity to influence the governor’s perceptions and decisions, since they act as translators, interceptors and gatekeepers. Successful relationships with education policy advisors will lead to better understanding of policy priorities and, again, the ability to frame the community college message for maximum influence and impact. Community college leaders must also be familiar with the state-level budgeting process and timeline to ensure that the messages are most effectively delivered and within the established timeframe. Title: Two Oregon governors : the role of perceptions in community college state budget development Author: Preus, Camille The purpose of this phenomenological study is to describe how Oregon governors Barbara Roberts and John Kitzhaber, whose tenures both coincided with the passage and implementation of property tax limitation measures, determined the community college budgets within their recommended state budgets. The stories of Robert’s 1993 and Kitzhaber’s 2001 decisions are explored and analyzed to assess what influences, experiences, and information impacted each governor’s decision-making for community college funding. This study confirms the role of the governor in the budget decision-making process as one of ‘chief legislator’ or arbiter of the final budget. The findings call for community college leaders to get to know their governors and those individuals close to the governor who are responsible for providing advice on education and community college policies and budgets. Interactions should lead to a clear understanding of the administration’s policy priorities and the placement of education and community colleges among those priorities. Greater knowledge of the priorities will enable community college leaders to build a relationship grounded in a recognition and awareness of these priorities and provide the basis for influencing the governor’s overall perception of community colleges. Development of community college messages should be framed around the governor’s perceptions and priorities for optimal impact. This study finds that there are other influential players in the state-level budget development and decision-making process. As discussed above, the policy advisors close to the governor provided important influences of perception and decisionmaking. Community college leaders must build relationships with a governor’s education policy advisors, as they have access and opportunity to influence the governor’s perceptions and decisions, since they act as translators, interceptors and gatekeepers. Successful relationships with education policy advisors will lead to better understanding of policy priorities and, again, the ability to frame the community college message for maximum influence and impact. Community college leaders must also be familiar with the state-level budgeting process and timeline to ensure that the messages are most effectively delivered and within the established timeframe. Close

• 34. [Article] Ecology of riparian plant communities in southern Malheur National Forest

  Riparian communities in the southern portion of Malheur National Forest were intensively studied with the objective of designing an approach for classifying disturbed riparian areas into units of similar ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecology of riparian plant communities in southern Malheur National Forest Author: Padgett, Wayne G. Riparian communities in the southern portion of Malheur National Forest were intensively studied with the objective of designing an approach for classifying disturbed riparian areas into units of similar potential. Not all riparian community types in this portion of the Blue Mountains were sampled due to time limitations. Some of the major community types sampled included: Baltic rush (Juncus balticus) communities; Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) communities; beaked sedge (Carex rostrata) communities; water sedge (Carex aquatilis) communities; mountain alder (Alnus incana) communities; and various willow communities (Salix geyeriana, Salix exigua ssp. exigua, Salix rigida var. mackenziana, and Salix lemmonii). Sites were selected to maximize geographic variation. Piezometers were placed at each site to determine depth to water table. Soil temperature at depths of 15 cm and 50 cm and water table depth were measured semi-weekly. Plant frequency and understory cover by species were determined using 25 cm square plot frames along three 10 m transects in each community sampled. Belt transects were run to determine tree and shrub densities. Tree cover was determined using a hand-held densiometer and the line-intercept method was used for shrub cover. Soils were described and samples were collected from each horizon for laboratory determination of percent organic carbon, soil texture, and reaction (pH). Ordinations of plant communities and plant species were calculated using the DECORANA program for detrended correspondence analysis. The first axis of ordination arranged both species and communities along a moisture gradient. This was verified by correlation analysis as well as through canonical correlation of a species matrix and an environmental matrix. Stand ordination tables combined with water table and soils data were employed in separating these communities into units of similar vegetative potential (Riparian dominance types). Use of these riparian dominance types may improve management of riparian zones in this part of the Blue Mountains and the use of these types is encouraged. Title: Ecology of riparian plant communities in southern Malheur National Forest Author: Padgett, Wayne G. Riparian communities in the southern portion of Malheur National Forest were intensively studied with the objective of designing an approach for classifying disturbed riparian areas into units of similar potential. Not all riparian community types in this portion of the Blue Mountains were sampled due to time limitations. Some of the major community types sampled included: Baltic rush (Juncus balticus) communities; Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) communities; beaked sedge (Carex rostrata) communities; water sedge (Carex aquatilis) communities; mountain alder (Alnus incana) communities; and various willow communities (Salix geyeriana, Salix exigua ssp. exigua, Salix rigida var. mackenziana, and Salix lemmonii). Sites were selected to maximize geographic variation. Piezometers were placed at each site to determine depth to water table. Soil temperature at depths of 15 cm and 50 cm and water table depth were measured semi-weekly. Plant frequency and understory cover by species were determined using 25 cm square plot frames along three 10 m transects in each community sampled. Belt transects were run to determine tree and shrub densities. Tree cover was determined using a hand-held densiometer and the line-intercept method was used for shrub cover. Soils were described and samples were collected from each horizon for laboratory determination of percent organic carbon, soil texture, and reaction (pH). Ordinations of plant communities and plant species were calculated using the DECORANA program for detrended correspondence analysis. The first axis of ordination arranged both species and communities along a moisture gradient. This was verified by correlation analysis as well as through canonical correlation of a species matrix and an environmental matrix. Stand ordination tables combined with water table and soils data were employed in separating these communities into units of similar vegetative potential (Riparian dominance types). Use of these riparian dominance types may improve management of riparian zones in this part of the Blue Mountains and the use of these types is encouraged. Close

• 35. [Article] Do Community Development Financial Institutions Promote Economic Growth in Neighborhoods? A Multi-Metro Area Analysis of Home Values

  2017

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Do Community Development Financial Institutions Promote Economic Growth in Neighborhoods? A Multi-Metro Area Analysis of Home Values Author: McRae, Caitlin 2017 Title: Do Community Development Financial Institutions Promote Economic Growth in Neighborhoods? A Multi-Metro Area Analysis of Home Values Author: McRae, Caitlin 2017 Close

• 36. [Article] Exploring rural people's perceptions of weight-healthy attributes of community place

  (GROW) Healthy Kids and Communities

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Exploring rural people's perceptions of weight-healthy attributes of community place Author: Jamieson, Bridget (GROW) Healthy Kids and Communities Title: Exploring rural people's perceptions of weight-healthy attributes of community place Author: Jamieson, Bridget (GROW) Healthy Kids and Communities Close

• 37. [Article] Transactional analysis applied to a community development issue

  Barth's theory of transactional analysis is applied to the community of Tiller, Oregon and its reaction to a development proposal. Community behavior patterns vis-a-vis the development proposal are examined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transactional analysis applied to a community development issue Author: Manolescu, Kathleen M. Barth's theory of transactional analysis is applied to the community of Tiller, Oregon and its reaction to a development proposal. Community behavior patterns vis-a-vis the development proposal are examined from a processual point of view to determine how these patterns are generated. The community's history and contemporary situation are described. Data derived from bibliographic and field research are presented to illustrate transactions involving reciprocity in the community. A generative model is formulated to depict the constraints and incentives channeling decision-making in the transactions. It is concluded that a transactional analysis is an appropriate tool for examining the community development process and for specifying critical elements in development. The analysis revealed cultural evaluations and therefore provided an indirect means for engaging citizen participation and for assessing the development proposal. Title: Transactional analysis applied to a community development issue Author: Manolescu, Kathleen M. Barth's theory of transactional analysis is applied to the community of Tiller, Oregon and its reaction to a development proposal. Community behavior patterns vis-a-vis the development proposal are examined from a processual point of view to determine how these patterns are generated. The community's history and contemporary situation are described. Data derived from bibliographic and field research are presented to illustrate transactions involving reciprocity in the community. A generative model is formulated to depict the constraints and incentives channeling decision-making in the transactions. It is concluded that a transactional analysis is an appropriate tool for examining the community development process and for specifying critical elements in development. The analysis revealed cultural evaluations and therefore provided an indirect means for engaging citizen participation and for assessing the development proposal. Close

• 38. [Article] Variation in communities of ammonia-oxidizing and denitrifying bacteria in Fennoscandian boreal forest soils

  The objective of this study was to examine the variation among ammonia-oxidizing and denitrifying communities in soils of a natural Fennoscandian boreal forest and of a forest with a long history of fertilization ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Variation in communities of ammonia-oxidizing and denitrifying bacteria in Fennoscandian boreal forest soils Author: Ghimire, Rama D. The objective of this study was to examine the variation among ammonia-oxidizing and denitrifying communities in soils of a natural Fennoscandian boreal forest and of a forest with a long history of fertilization with different levels of nitrogen (N), and to examine whether there are any changes in the microbial communities after the termination of N fertilizer. The natural forest at Betsele, Sweden, represents the inherent variation in N supply, plant productivity, and contrasting soil microbial communities. The long-term fertilized forest, Norrliden, represents an on-going N fertilization experiment with up to 34 years of annual N loading at four levels of ammonium nitrate additions, of which the highest was terminated 14 years ago. Although many studies in the past have been done with microbial communities related to the N cycle, the effect of N and N fertilizer on the ammonia-oxidizing and denitrifying communities is still unclear. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), a fingerprinting method, was used to examine the variation of the ammonia-oxidizer and the denitrifier communities. Functional biomarkers, the amoA gene for ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and the nirK, nirS and nosZ genes for denitrifying bacteria, were subjected to PCR amplification. Amplification of ammonia-oxidizers was more successful in the soils with a higher level of N. The AOB community could be assessed only within the two fertilized plots, which showed a difference in the communities with different level of N fertilization. The difference in denitrifying communities regarding the nitrite reductase (nirK and nirS) and nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) genes were found to be associated with pH and organic matter concentration in the natural forest at Betsele, followed by nitrate and ammonium concentrations. In the case of the fertilized forest, Norrliden, the community difference was driven predominantly by nitrate and ammonium concentrations, and pH. A fertilization effect was found in the nirK communities but this was less apparent with the nirS communities. The nosZ communities showed fertilization effects. The nirK and nirS communities each represent a part of the denitrifying community whereas the nosZ communities gave the entire picture of the denitrifying communities. Nevertheless, the nirS, nirK, and nosZ communities were all significantly correlated. A shift in the nosZ community was observed towards the control and less fertilized plots after the cessation of the fertilizer at Norrliden. The study of these functional genes provided insight about the variability of the microbial communities responsible for regulating important steps in the N cycle. Title: Variation in communities of ammonia-oxidizing and denitrifying bacteria in Fennoscandian boreal forest soils Author: Ghimire, Rama D. The objective of this study was to examine the variation among ammonia-oxidizing and denitrifying communities in soils of a natural Fennoscandian boreal forest and of a forest with a long history of fertilization with different levels of nitrogen (N), and to examine whether there are any changes in the microbial communities after the termination of N fertilizer. The natural forest at Betsele, Sweden, represents the inherent variation in N supply, plant productivity, and contrasting soil microbial communities. The long-term fertilized forest, Norrliden, represents an on-going N fertilization experiment with up to 34 years of annual N loading at four levels of ammonium nitrate additions, of which the highest was terminated 14 years ago. Although many studies in the past have been done with microbial communities related to the N cycle, the effect of N and N fertilizer on the ammonia-oxidizing and denitrifying communities is still unclear. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), a fingerprinting method, was used to examine the variation of the ammonia-oxidizer and the denitrifier communities. Functional biomarkers, the amoA gene for ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and the nirK, nirS and nosZ genes for denitrifying bacteria, were subjected to PCR amplification. Amplification of ammonia-oxidizers was more successful in the soils with a higher level of N. The AOB community could be assessed only within the two fertilized plots, which showed a difference in the communities with different level of N fertilization. The difference in denitrifying communities regarding the nitrite reductase (nirK and nirS) and nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) genes were found to be associated with pH and organic matter concentration in the natural forest at Betsele, followed by nitrate and ammonium concentrations. In the case of the fertilized forest, Norrliden, the community difference was driven predominantly by nitrate and ammonium concentrations, and pH. A fertilization effect was found in the nirK communities but this was less apparent with the nirS communities. The nosZ communities showed fertilization effects. The nirK and nirS communities each represent a part of the denitrifying community whereas the nosZ communities gave the entire picture of the denitrifying communities. Nevertheless, the nirS, nirK, and nosZ communities were all significantly correlated. A shift in the nosZ community was observed towards the control and less fertilized plots after the cessation of the fertilizer at Norrliden. The study of these functional genes provided insight about the variability of the microbial communities responsible for regulating important steps in the N cycle. Close

• 39. [Article] Breeding bird community composition in relation to riparian vegetation structure in grazed habitats

  Riparian zones provide habitat for breeding birds in the semiarid western United States; however, there are few data available that address the effects of livestock grazing strategies on riparian habitats ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Breeding bird community composition in relation to riparian vegetation structure in grazed habitats Author: Sanders, Todd Alan Riparian zones provide habitat for breeding birds in the semiarid western United States; however, there are few data available that address the effects of livestock grazing strategies on riparian habitats and avian communities. Documenting avian community composition in different riparian vegetation communities and relating vegetation communities to livestock grazing strategies may identify management alternatives that are sustainable from a wildlife habitat perspective, and may permit constructive coalitions between agricultural industry and environmental groups. I compared diurnal breeding bird abundance, individual species abundance, and species richness, and vegetation composition and structure among 12 streamside riparian areas of Bear and Silvies valleys in eastern Oregon during 1993 and 1994. Bird and vegetation data were collected along four replicate transects within each of three riparian vegetation communities characterized by vegetation structure: herbaceous, discontinuous willow (Salix spp.), and continuous willow. These riparian vegetation communities were grazed under summer season-long, summer short-duration, and fall short-duration livestock grazing strategies, respectively, >5 years before the study. Differences in riparian vegetation among communities were primarily related to shrub structure by experimental design. The continuous willow community had more shrub cover overall (P<0.001) and within each 1-m height interval from 0-4 m (P<0.013) than the herbaceous and discontinuous willow communities. The herbaceous community had no shrub cover >1 m in height. Willows extended farther (P=0.031) from the steam edge in the continuous willow community than in the discontinuous willow community. No willows were detected in the herbaceous community. I detected 4,016 birds representing 56 species along the transects. Total bird abundance was greater (P<0.001) in the continuous willow community than in the herbaceous and discontinuous willow communities. Species richness was inconsistent (P=0.034) between years within communities; it was greatest (P<0.037) in the continuous and discontinuous willow communities in 1993, and greatest (P<0.003) in the continuous willow community in 1994. Total bird abundance and species richness in 1994 increased with willow volume (r²>0.707, P<0.001). Of 23 bird species with >20 individual detections over both years, 13 species were most abundant in one or two vegetation communities (P<0.088). Seven species (yellow warbler [Dendroica petechia], song sparrow [Melospiza melodia], willow flycatcher [Empidonax traillii], American robin [Turdus migratorius], common snipe [Gallinago gallinago], bobolink [Dolichonyx oryzivorus], and Vaux's swift [Chaetura vauxi]) were most abundant in the continuous willow community. Three species (savannah sparrow [Passerculus sandwichensis], black tern [Chlidonias niger], and American wigeon [Anas americana]) were most abundant in the herbaceous community. Willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) were most abundant in the herbaceous and discontinuous willow communities whereas cinnamon teal (A. cyanoptera) were most abundant in the herbaceous and continuous willow communities. Red-winged blackbirds (Ageliaus phoeniceus) were inconsistent (P=0.032) between years within communities: they were most abundant in the continuous willow community in 1993, and most abundant in the continuous willow and herbaceous communities in 1994. Hydrophytic woody vegetation within semiarid rangeland environments increases structural complexity and is associated with avian abundance and diversity. Yellow warblers, willow flycatchers, and song sparrows, which depend on hydrophytic shrubs for nesting almost exclusively in the semiarid West, are especially threatened by the elimination or simplification of woody riparian vegetation. I suggest that riparian vegetation structure and composition, which is associated with avian abundance, species richness, riparian associate bird species, and landscape-level biological diversity, be maintained where possible. Seasonal light (<30% use) fall short-duration grazing seemed to be compatible with the maintenance of woody riparian vegetation whereas summer season-long and summer short-duration grazing is likely incompatible. Title: Breeding bird community composition in relation to riparian vegetation structure in grazed habitats Author: Sanders, Todd Alan Riparian zones provide habitat for breeding birds in the semiarid western United States; however, there are few data available that address the effects of livestock grazing strategies on riparian habitats and avian communities. Documenting avian community composition in different riparian vegetation communities and relating vegetation communities to livestock grazing strategies may identify management alternatives that are sustainable from a wildlife habitat perspective, and may permit constructive coalitions between agricultural industry and environmental groups. I compared diurnal breeding bird abundance, individual species abundance, and species richness, and vegetation composition and structure among 12 streamside riparian areas of Bear and Silvies valleys in eastern Oregon during 1993 and 1994. Bird and vegetation data were collected along four replicate transects within each of three riparian vegetation communities characterized by vegetation structure: herbaceous, discontinuous willow (Salix spp.), and continuous willow. These riparian vegetation communities were grazed under summer season-long, summer short-duration, and fall short-duration livestock grazing strategies, respectively, >5 years before the study. Differences in riparian vegetation among communities were primarily related to shrub structure by experimental design. The continuous willow community had more shrub cover overall (P<0.001) and within each 1-m height interval from 0-4 m (P<0.013) than the herbaceous and discontinuous willow communities. The herbaceous community had no shrub cover >1 m in height. Willows extended farther (P=0.031) from the steam edge in the continuous willow community than in the discontinuous willow community. No willows were detected in the herbaceous community. I detected 4,016 birds representing 56 species along the transects. Total bird abundance was greater (P<0.001) in the continuous willow community than in the herbaceous and discontinuous willow communities. Species richness was inconsistent (P=0.034) between years within communities; it was greatest (P<0.037) in the continuous and discontinuous willow communities in 1993, and greatest (P<0.003) in the continuous willow community in 1994. Total bird abundance and species richness in 1994 increased with willow volume (r²>0.707, P<0.001). Of 23 bird species with >20 individual detections over both years, 13 species were most abundant in one or two vegetation communities (P<0.088). Seven species (yellow warbler [Dendroica petechia], song sparrow [Melospiza melodia], willow flycatcher [Empidonax traillii], American robin [Turdus migratorius], common snipe [Gallinago gallinago], bobolink [Dolichonyx oryzivorus], and Vaux's swift [Chaetura vauxi]) were most abundant in the continuous willow community. Three species (savannah sparrow [Passerculus sandwichensis], black tern [Chlidonias niger], and American wigeon [Anas americana]) were most abundant in the herbaceous community. Willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) were most abundant in the herbaceous and discontinuous willow communities whereas cinnamon teal (A. cyanoptera) were most abundant in the herbaceous and continuous willow communities. Red-winged blackbirds (Ageliaus phoeniceus) were inconsistent (P=0.032) between years within communities: they were most abundant in the continuous willow community in 1993, and most abundant in the continuous willow and herbaceous communities in 1994. Hydrophytic woody vegetation within semiarid rangeland environments increases structural complexity and is associated with avian abundance and diversity. Yellow warblers, willow flycatchers, and song sparrows, which depend on hydrophytic shrubs for nesting almost exclusively in the semiarid West, are especially threatened by the elimination or simplification of woody riparian vegetation. I suggest that riparian vegetation structure and composition, which is associated with avian abundance, species richness, riparian associate bird species, and landscape-level biological diversity, be maintained where possible. Seasonal light (<30% use) fall short-duration grazing seemed to be compatible with the maintenance of woody riparian vegetation whereas summer season-long and summer short-duration grazing is likely incompatible. Close

• 40. [Article] Effects of vegetation and disturbance on fungal communities in the western Cascades of Oregon

  The use of high throughput molecular methods that allow for the study of bacterial communities in environmental samples is commonplace in microbial ecology. Until recently, fungal community ecology has focused ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of vegetation and disturbance on fungal communities in the western Cascades of Oregon Author: Kageyama, Stacie Ann, 1967- The use of high throughput molecular methods that allow for the study of bacterial communities in environmental samples is commonplace in microbial ecology. Until recently, fungal community ecology has focused on isolation, collection of sporocarps, or collection of ectomycorrhizal roots. The techniques used to extract and amplify DNA from environmental samples are relatively new to the world of fungal community ecology. Many fungi are difficult to isolate. Collection and identification of sporocarps and root tips is time-consuming. Sporocarp production may vary from year-to-year. Here, we present three studies using length heterogeneity PCR (LH-PCR) with the general fungal primers ITS1-F and ITS4 for the internal transcribed spacer region of rRNA to examine changes in fungal community composition in response to changes in vegetation, and disturbance events. In the first study, we used LH-PCR to examine differences in fungal community composition along transects from the forest to the meadow sites at two sites in the western Cascades of Oregon. We found dramatic differences in fungal community composition due to vegetation type and found an intermediate community in the transition zone between meadow and forest. In the second and third studies, we used LH-PCR to identify treatment effects in two manipulative experiments. In both studies, LH-PCR allowed us to observe the changes in community dynamics and identify some of the factors involved in community changes following disturbance. In the second study, we found that fungal succession occurred rapidly when cores were transferred to new environments. We also found evidence that succession occurred more slowly when roots were excluded. In the third study, we used bacterial primers in addition to the fungal ITS primers. We found that presence of live roots rather than either aboveground litter inputs or seasonal differences in sampling times were the greatest determinant of both fungal and bacterial communities at the Detritus Input and Removal Treatment plots 6 years after initiation. Title: Effects of vegetation and disturbance on fungal communities in the western Cascades of Oregon Author: Kageyama, Stacie Ann, 1967- The use of high throughput molecular methods that allow for the study of bacterial communities in environmental samples is commonplace in microbial ecology. Until recently, fungal community ecology has focused on isolation, collection of sporocarps, or collection of ectomycorrhizal roots. The techniques used to extract and amplify DNA from environmental samples are relatively new to the world of fungal community ecology. Many fungi are difficult to isolate. Collection and identification of sporocarps and root tips is time-consuming. Sporocarp production may vary from year-to-year. Here, we present three studies using length heterogeneity PCR (LH-PCR) with the general fungal primers ITS1-F and ITS4 for the internal transcribed spacer region of rRNA to examine changes in fungal community composition in response to changes in vegetation, and disturbance events. In the first study, we used LH-PCR to examine differences in fungal community composition along transects from the forest to the meadow sites at two sites in the western Cascades of Oregon. We found dramatic differences in fungal community composition due to vegetation type and found an intermediate community in the transition zone between meadow and forest. In the second and third studies, we used LH-PCR to identify treatment effects in two manipulative experiments. In both studies, LH-PCR allowed us to observe the changes in community dynamics and identify some of the factors involved in community changes following disturbance. In the second study, we found that fungal succession occurred rapidly when cores were transferred to new environments. We also found evidence that succession occurred more slowly when roots were excluded. In the third study, we used bacterial primers in addition to the fungal ITS primers. We found that presence of live roots rather than either aboveground litter inputs or seasonal differences in sampling times were the greatest determinant of both fungal and bacterial communities at the Detritus Input and Removal Treatment plots 6 years after initiation. Close

• 41. [Article] Perceptions of the influence of school-based activities on voter behavior

  The purpose of this case study was to explore the perceptions of school district administrators and members of the community about the influence of school-based activities had on voter behavior. The case ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Perceptions of the influence of school-based activities on voter behavior Author: Borella, AnnLouise The purpose of this case study was to explore the perceptions of school district administrators and members of the community about the influence of school-based activities had on voter behavior. The case study focused on a school district in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Interviews were held with the school district administrators and taxpayers in the community. The surveyed taxpayers were prominent, influential and well informed about the school district and the community. Three questions were addressed to both the school administrators and taxpayers. (1.) What are the perceptions of the interviewee on the influence of school site activities on voter behavior? (2.) What activities would the interviewee perceive to be most effective in gaining/keeping community support? (3.) Does the interviewee perceive anything unusual about the community in its participation in school site activities and/or non-school activities? It was found that attracting the people to the school site can be a positive influence, provided that the schoolsite is in good order. The activities most effective in gaining/keeping community support were those activities that pulled the widest range of community members to the school site. The administrators perceived the large attendance at school activities as support for the school system rather than the family members supporting the children. Administrators were also aware of a large segment of the community without school-age children, yet no active budgeted plans to reach them had been made. Furthermore, community members felt that the district should live within their budget even though there was large community support for school based activities. The change in demographic characteristics, increased enrollment, and increased property evaluations have caused the community's perception of the school district to become more fiscally conservative. Due to the lack of trust by the taxpayers, the school district needs to be sensitive to the community by furnishing timely information about the how and why public monies are being spent. Title: Perceptions of the influence of school-based activities on voter behavior Author: Borella, AnnLouise The purpose of this case study was to explore the perceptions of school district administrators and members of the community about the influence of school-based activities had on voter behavior. The case study focused on a school district in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Interviews were held with the school district administrators and taxpayers in the community. The surveyed taxpayers were prominent, influential and well informed about the school district and the community. Three questions were addressed to both the school administrators and taxpayers. (1.) What are the perceptions of the interviewee on the influence of school site activities on voter behavior? (2.) What activities would the interviewee perceive to be most effective in gaining/keeping community support? (3.) Does the interviewee perceive anything unusual about the community in its participation in school site activities and/or non-school activities? It was found that attracting the people to the school site can be a positive influence, provided that the schoolsite is in good order. The activities most effective in gaining/keeping community support were those activities that pulled the widest range of community members to the school site. The administrators perceived the large attendance at school activities as support for the school system rather than the family members supporting the children. Administrators were also aware of a large segment of the community without school-age children, yet no active budgeted plans to reach them had been made. Furthermore, community members felt that the district should live within their budget even though there was large community support for school based activities. The change in demographic characteristics, increased enrollment, and increased property evaluations have caused the community's perception of the school district to become more fiscally conservative. Due to the lack of trust by the taxpayers, the school district needs to be sensitive to the community by furnishing timely information about the how and why public monies are being spent. Close

• 42. [Article] Indicators of Social Vulnerability in Fishing Communities along the West Coast Region of the U.S.

  Social vulnerability is often thought of as a culmination of social factors influencing the susceptibility of various groups to harm and govern their ability to respond. In an effort to identify communities ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Indicators of Social Vulnerability in Fishing Communities along the West Coast Region of the U.S. Author: Miller, Stacey D. Social vulnerability is often thought of as a culmination of social factors influencing the susceptibility of various groups to harm and govern their ability to respond. In an effort to identify communities that may be susceptible to social impacts from changes to fishery policies or fishing conditions, NOAA Fisheries is developing social vulnerability indicators for fishing-dependent communities in five regions within the U.S including the northeast, southeast, west coast, Alaska, and Hawaii. Place-based data from the U.S. decennial census, American Community Survey, NOAA Fisheries, state fish and wildlife agencies, and a myriad of additional sources are included in a factor analysis to identify communities engaged in and reliant on commercial fishing, and to derive indicators of social vulnerability. Using these indicators, 18 communities along the west coast were identified as having high levels of both commercial fishing dependence and social vulnerability, although the drivers varied among communities. This research complements the development of a national vulnerability assessment by using the vulnerability resilience linear conceptual model to evaluate exposure and sensitivity of communities along the west coast to potential policy or environmental changes that affect commercial fishing activity. Title: Indicators of Social Vulnerability in Fishing Communities along the West Coast Region of the U.S. Author: Miller, Stacey D. Social vulnerability is often thought of as a culmination of social factors influencing the susceptibility of various groups to harm and govern their ability to respond. In an effort to identify communities that may be susceptible to social impacts from changes to fishery policies or fishing conditions, NOAA Fisheries is developing social vulnerability indicators for fishing-dependent communities in five regions within the U.S including the northeast, southeast, west coast, Alaska, and Hawaii. Place-based data from the U.S. decennial census, American Community Survey, NOAA Fisheries, state fish and wildlife agencies, and a myriad of additional sources are included in a factor analysis to identify communities engaged in and reliant on commercial fishing, and to derive indicators of social vulnerability. Using these indicators, 18 communities along the west coast were identified as having high levels of both commercial fishing dependence and social vulnerability, although the drivers varied among communities. This research complements the development of a national vulnerability assessment by using the vulnerability resilience linear conceptual model to evaluate exposure and sensitivity of communities along the west coast to potential policy or environmental changes that affect commercial fishing activity. Close

• 43. [Article] Jobs, Natural Amenities, Distance, Population, or Services: What Drives Age- Specific Migration for Small Oregon Communities?

  Declining population is a major concern for rural communities. In many places, out-migration has led to a loss of key services. This essay investigates the role of services, as well as labor markets, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Jobs, Natural Amenities, Distance, Population, or Services: What Drives Age- Specific Migration for Small Oregon Communities? Author: Wall, Conor Declining population is a major concern for rural communities. In many places, out-migration has led to a loss of key services. This essay investigates the role of services, as well as labor markets, natural amenities, distance to urban areas, and community size, in determining net migration rates for small Oregon communities for the 1990-2000 and 2000-2010 time periods. Estimates of age-specific migration rates for Oregon incorporated places show markedly different patterns for small communities, with such places experiencing severe outmigration among 20-to-24 year-olds, but adding population in older age groups. Regression analysis of net migration in Oregon communities with 1289 people or fewer shows that natural amenities, particularly low rainfall and proximity to open water, are primary drivers of community-specific migration rates. The effects of labor markets and distance to urban centers are found to wane, particularly for working-age migrants, in the 2000-2010 period, with the size of a community becoming a more important determinant of its net migration rate. Access to services, such as grocery stores, however, is found to significantly boost net migration rates and to mitigate the tendency for very small places to suffer net outmigration. Title: Jobs, Natural Amenities, Distance, Population, or Services: What Drives Age- Specific Migration for Small Oregon Communities? Author: Wall, Conor Declining population is a major concern for rural communities. In many places, out-migration has led to a loss of key services. This essay investigates the role of services, as well as labor markets, natural amenities, distance to urban areas, and community size, in determining net migration rates for small Oregon communities for the 1990-2000 and 2000-2010 time periods. Estimates of age-specific migration rates for Oregon incorporated places show markedly different patterns for small communities, with such places experiencing severe outmigration among 20-to-24 year-olds, but adding population in older age groups. Regression analysis of net migration in Oregon communities with 1289 people or fewer shows that natural amenities, particularly low rainfall and proximity to open water, are primary drivers of community-specific migration rates. The effects of labor markets and distance to urban centers are found to wane, particularly for working-age migrants, in the 2000-2010 period, with the size of a community becoming a more important determinant of its net migration rate. Access to services, such as grocery stores, however, is found to significantly boost net migration rates and to mitigate the tendency for very small places to suffer net outmigration. Close

• 44. [Article] Social challenges in managing natural resources in coastal fishing communities

  Two topics concerning fisheries management are considered in this thesis. The first concerns the social values that commercial fishing communities associate with commercial fishing. A survey of residents ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Social challenges in managing natural resources in coastal fishing communities Author: Sharp, Shayla B. Two topics concerning fisheries management are considered in this thesis. The first concerns the social values that commercial fishing communities associate with commercial fishing. A survey of residents from eleven Oregon Coastal fishing communities was conducted to examine the social values associated with the commercial fishing occupation and fishing heritage. Community and social values as they are conceptualized in this study, refer to the attitudes, opinions, and beliefs held by fishers and non-fishers in commercial fishing communities. These values include sentiments about preserving existing ways of life, improving community services, attachment to place, maintaining the natural resource history of the area, and increasing economic opportunities. The second topic examines the extent to which social and community values held by fishing communities are identified and integrated into fishery management decisions. There is little knowledge about the process by which this information is obtained or identified, or whether or not that information is useful - information that could increase the ability of decision-makers, policy makers and managers to comply with the spirit of the amended Magnuson-Stevens Act. The ability in which fisheries managers and decision-makers incorporate, integrate and learn about social values associated with commercial fishing may depend greatly on their understanding of how these values are embedded within communities. Title: Social challenges in managing natural resources in coastal fishing communities Author: Sharp, Shayla B. Two topics concerning fisheries management are considered in this thesis. The first concerns the social values that commercial fishing communities associate with commercial fishing. A survey of residents from eleven Oregon Coastal fishing communities was conducted to examine the social values associated with the commercial fishing occupation and fishing heritage. Community and social values as they are conceptualized in this study, refer to the attitudes, opinions, and beliefs held by fishers and non-fishers in commercial fishing communities. These values include sentiments about preserving existing ways of life, improving community services, attachment to place, maintaining the natural resource history of the area, and increasing economic opportunities. The second topic examines the extent to which social and community values held by fishing communities are identified and integrated into fishery management decisions. There is little knowledge about the process by which this information is obtained or identified, or whether or not that information is useful - information that could increase the ability of decision-makers, policy makers and managers to comply with the spirit of the amended Magnuson-Stevens Act. The ability in which fisheries managers and decision-makers incorporate, integrate and learn about social values associated with commercial fishing may depend greatly on their understanding of how these values are embedded within communities. Close

• 45. [Article] Barriers that influence the decision of semiconductor specialists to teach part-time at community colleges

  There is a shortage of qualified community college technical instructors in new and emerging technologies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the barriers that may affect the decision of semiconductor ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Barriers that influence the decision of semiconductor specialists to teach part-time at community colleges Author: Smith, David E., 1943- There is a shortage of qualified community college technical instructors in new and emerging technologies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the barriers that may affect the decision of semiconductor specialists to teach part-time at community colleges. The desired outcome is to enable community colleges to increase the pool of part-time faculty from the semiconductor industry. This study identified four primary barriers that could affect an individual's decision to teach: (a) interest in teaching, (b) self-efficacy, (c) awareness of teaching opportunities, and (d) faculty development. As community colleges seek to fill the increasing demand for part-time technical instructors, industry seeks to increase its ranks of technical employees. A survey of technical specialists from the semiconductor industry showed high levels of professional experience, interest in teaching, and various experiences in teaching. An important finding of this study, however, was the overwhelming lack of awareness (83%, n=76) of teaching opportunities at community colleges. If community colleges are to increase their pool of part-time technical faculty, it is necessary for technical specialists to be aware that part-time teaching positions are available. If industry is to fill its growing need for qualified technical specialists, it should be willing to share some of the talent of its best employees with the community. Title: Barriers that influence the decision of semiconductor specialists to teach part-time at community colleges Author: Smith, David E., 1943- There is a shortage of qualified community college technical instructors in new and emerging technologies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the barriers that may affect the decision of semiconductor specialists to teach part-time at community colleges. The desired outcome is to enable community colleges to increase the pool of part-time faculty from the semiconductor industry. This study identified four primary barriers that could affect an individual's decision to teach: (a) interest in teaching, (b) self-efficacy, (c) awareness of teaching opportunities, and (d) faculty development. As community colleges seek to fill the increasing demand for part-time technical instructors, industry seeks to increase its ranks of technical employees. A survey of technical specialists from the semiconductor industry showed high levels of professional experience, interest in teaching, and various experiences in teaching. An important finding of this study, however, was the overwhelming lack of awareness (83%, n=76) of teaching opportunities at community colleges. If community colleges are to increase their pool of part-time technical faculty, it is necessary for technical specialists to be aware that part-time teaching positions are available. If industry is to fill its growing need for qualified technical specialists, it should be willing to share some of the talent of its best employees with the community. Close

• 46. [Article] Identification and development of procedures and criteria for self-analysis by community colleges

  The primary objective of this study was to develop a prototype instrument of procedures and criteria to be used by community college s for self-analysis and evaluation purposes. The study grew out of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Identification and development of procedures and criteria for self-analysis by community colleges Author: Morris, William Robert The primary objective of this study was to develop a prototype instrument of procedures and criteria to be used by community college s for self-analysis and evaluation purposes. The study grew out of the recognized need to assess and improve the effectiveness and pertinence of community college philosophies, roles and responsibilities, organization, administration and programs. The importance of the study is amplified by the unprecedented growth and development of community colleges throughout the nation. An instrument was developed with assistance from a national advisory committee, a planning committee of Oregon and Washington community college leaders, a research team from the Oregon State System of Higher Education and numerous individuals concerned with community colleges. The instrument was partially field tested in a community college setting. It appears that the instrument can accomplish the analysis purpose for which it was designed. The instrument also appears to have the potential of improving education in community colleges. Additional field testing of the instrument is recommended. Title: Identification and development of procedures and criteria for self-analysis by community colleges Author: Morris, William Robert The primary objective of this study was to develop a prototype instrument of procedures and criteria to be used by community college s for self-analysis and evaluation purposes. The study grew out of the recognized need to assess and improve the effectiveness and pertinence of community college philosophies, roles and responsibilities, organization, administration and programs. The importance of the study is amplified by the unprecedented growth and development of community colleges throughout the nation. An instrument was developed with assistance from a national advisory committee, a planning committee of Oregon and Washington community college leaders, a research team from the Oregon State System of Higher Education and numerous individuals concerned with community colleges. The instrument was partially field tested in a community college setting. It appears that the instrument can accomplish the analysis purpose for which it was designed. The instrument also appears to have the potential of improving education in community colleges. Additional field testing of the instrument is recommended. Close

• 47. [Article] Invisible Possibilities: Poverty Alleviation in Small-scale Fisher Communities

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Invisible Possibilities: Poverty Alleviation in Small-scale Fisher Communities Author: Onyango, Paul Abstract Only Title: Invisible Possibilities: Poverty Alleviation in Small-scale Fisher Communities Author: Onyango, Paul Abstract Only Close

• 48. [Article] The development and maintenance of stream community structure and organization

  The goal of this study was to better understand stream communities through a perspective that might make their structure, organization, and development more understandable. This goal was approached through ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The development and maintenance of stream community structure and organization Author: Wevers, Mary Jo The goal of this study was to better understand stream communities through a perspective that might make their structure, organization, and development more understandable. This goal was approached through the following objectives: 1. To determine the assemblages of stream organisms and define subsystems within a stream community. 2. To explain the structure and organization of the subsystems by means of habitat, life history, trophic, and environmental relationships. 3. To explain how the community as a whole and the subsystems develop and persist through immigration, colonization, and subsystem interactions. An organismic perspective of stream communities is utilized in addressing the development and maintenance of stream community structure and organization. The conceptual framework of Warren et al. (1979) provides a perspective which emphasizes the importance of species interrelationships and interdspendencies within a community. This perspective is organismic in that it takes the view that communities exhibit organismic properties. It is hot organismic in the Clementsian sense that communities are metaphorical organisms. A hierarchical scheme of stream community subsystems is presented. Habitat organization is used to define 2° and 3° subsystems. Trophic organization defines 4° subsystems, and other aspects of life history organization define 5° subsystems. Two model streams were employed in this study of stream community structure and organization. The 2° subsystems, shallow riffles, deep riffles, and pools, were sampled for one year following initiation of the experiment. Community organization and development are described in terms of biomass and taxa numbers. Macroinvertebrate biomass and taxa number tended to be greater in riffle habitats than in pool habitats. Biomass in 2° and 3° subsystems generally in creased with time. Taxa number increased until early winter when it declined slightly. Changes in biomass and taxa number in 4° trophic subsystems and 5° species population subsystems are also discussed. Species pool, life history, and colonization determination of stream community structure and organization are addressed. The potential capacity of the stream community resides in the species pool. The pattern of kinds and abundances of species in space and time is partially determined by the life history patterns of the species. Colonizing ability of species populations affects the development and organization of stream communities. Downstream drift and aerial sources of colonists contributed to the colonization of the experimental streams in this study, although the relative importance of the two sources changed through time. Stream habitat and environment play important roles in stream community development and organization by providing shelter or cover and supplying needed resources. As the environment provided by a stream system impinges upon the stream community, there must be concordance between the community and its environment. The climatic parameters light and temperature and autochthonous and allochthonous inputs such as litter fall are discussed as environmental parameters that impinge on the model stream communities. Title: The development and maintenance of stream community structure and organization Author: Wevers, Mary Jo The goal of this study was to better understand stream communities through a perspective that might make their structure, organization, and development more understandable. This goal was approached through the following objectives: 1. To determine the assemblages of stream organisms and define subsystems within a stream community. 2. To explain the structure and organization of the subsystems by means of habitat, life history, trophic, and environmental relationships. 3. To explain how the community as a whole and the subsystems develop and persist through immigration, colonization, and subsystem interactions. An organismic perspective of stream communities is utilized in addressing the development and maintenance of stream community structure and organization. The conceptual framework of Warren et al. (1979) provides a perspective which emphasizes the importance of species interrelationships and interdspendencies within a community. This perspective is organismic in that it takes the view that communities exhibit organismic properties. It is hot organismic in the Clementsian sense that communities are metaphorical organisms. A hierarchical scheme of stream community subsystems is presented. Habitat organization is used to define 2° and 3° subsystems. Trophic organization defines 4° subsystems, and other aspects of life history organization define 5° subsystems. Two model streams were employed in this study of stream community structure and organization. The 2° subsystems, shallow riffles, deep riffles, and pools, were sampled for one year following initiation of the experiment. Community organization and development are described in terms of biomass and taxa numbers. Macroinvertebrate biomass and taxa number tended to be greater in riffle habitats than in pool habitats. Biomass in 2° and 3° subsystems generally in creased with time. Taxa number increased until early winter when it declined slightly. Changes in biomass and taxa number in 4° trophic subsystems and 5° species population subsystems are also discussed. Species pool, life history, and colonization determination of stream community structure and organization are addressed. The potential capacity of the stream community resides in the species pool. The pattern of kinds and abundances of species in space and time is partially determined by the life history patterns of the species. Colonizing ability of species populations affects the development and organization of stream communities. Downstream drift and aerial sources of colonists contributed to the colonization of the experimental streams in this study, although the relative importance of the two sources changed through time. Stream habitat and environment play important roles in stream community development and organization by providing shelter or cover and supplying needed resources. As the environment provided by a stream system impinges upon the stream community, there must be concordance between the community and its environment. The climatic parameters light and temperature and autochthonous and allochthonous inputs such as litter fall are discussed as environmental parameters that impinge on the model stream communities. Close

• 49. [Article] A comparative study of temperate Chamaecyparis forests

  The objectives of this study include: (1) analysis of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, C. taiwanensis, and C. formosensis forests including the structure, composition, and dynamics of plant communities and their ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparative study of temperate Chamaecyparis forests Author: Hawk, Glenn M. The objectives of this study include: (1) analysis of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, C. taiwanensis, and C. formosensis forests including the structure, composition, and dynamics of plant communities and their environmental relationships; and (2) comparison of the temperate Chamaecyparis forests of Taiwan and the Pacific Northwest with emphasis on structural and successional characteristics. One vegetation zone with four communities in Taiwan and three zones with eight communities in the Pacific Northwest are described. All communities are defined on the basis of their vegetative differences which arise primarily in response to changes in climate and/or soils. The Chamaecyparis communities show varying degrees of site specificity. The two Taiwan species are sympatric over most of their ranges. Chamaecyparis taiwanensis occurs on high elevation, well drained landforms and on many aspects. The soils are typically podzolized or undifferentiated. Most vigorous forests tend to be in northwestern portions of the generic range. Chamaecyparis formosensis is found at lower elevations, on less well drained and more commonly podzolized soils, and is more restricted to north and northwestern aspects. The most vigorous stands are in the southeastern portion of Its range. Climatic variation is more pronounced in the Pacific Northwest, and Chamaecyparis lawsoniana communities reflect this. In the north, middle and low elevations are occupied by the Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/Polystichum munitum-Oxalis oregana community on more mesic areas and by the Tsuga heterophyIh-Chamaecyparls lawsoniana/Rhododendron macrophyllum-Gaultheria shallon community on better drained sites. Both communities occur on sedimentary parent materials within the Tsuga heterophylla Zone. On ultramafic parent material in this zone the Chamaecyparis lawsoniana-Tsuga heterophylla/Xerophyllum tenax community occurs. South and east of the range of Tsuga heterophylla, mixed soils support the Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/Lithocarpus densiflora community as a closed forest, while pure ultramafic substrates are occupied by the open Pinus-Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/Quercus vaccinifolia/Xerophyllum tenax community (both in the Mixed EvergreenZone). At the transition of the Tsuga heterophylla and Abies concolor Zones is the Abies concolor- Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis lawsoniana community, the lower member of the Abies concolor Zone. South and inland from this transition area and at higher elevations, are the other Abies concolor Zone communities, Abies concolor-Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/herb and mixed Abies-Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/herb. The first of these occurs on mixed soils which include some ultramafics, while the second is primarily on granitic parent materials. Chamaecyparis taiwanensis reproduces well in mature forests, although with much less success in the bamboo community than in the shrub community. Chamaecyparis formosensis reproduces poorly in all mature forests. Hardwoods and bamboo are strong competitors with Chamaecyparis formosensis, which is also less shade tolerant than Chamaecyparis taiwanensis. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana reproduces better than either Taiwan species, in all zones, and in all communities studied. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana density in most size classes is significantly different among communities. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana appears to be relatively better adapted to sub-mesic sites on mixed ultramafic soils than to more mesic sites on other substrates. Chamaecyparis taiwanensis and C. formosensis are interpreted as being quasi-climax species which persist because of their longevity and ability to colonize disturbed areas. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana is interpreted as being a climax species in mesic communities on sedimentary and granitic substrates along with Tsuga heterophylla or Abies concolor, and as a climax dominant on ultramafic substrates where other tree species are relatively more inhibited than Chamaecyparis lawsoniana. Title: A comparative study of temperate Chamaecyparis forests Author: Hawk, Glenn M. The objectives of this study include: (1) analysis of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, C. taiwanensis, and C. formosensis forests including the structure, composition, and dynamics of plant communities and their environmental relationships; and (2) comparison of the temperate Chamaecyparis forests of Taiwan and the Pacific Northwest with emphasis on structural and successional characteristics. One vegetation zone with four communities in Taiwan and three zones with eight communities in the Pacific Northwest are described. All communities are defined on the basis of their vegetative differences which arise primarily in response to changes in climate and/or soils. The Chamaecyparis communities show varying degrees of site specificity. The two Taiwan species are sympatric over most of their ranges. Chamaecyparis taiwanensis occurs on high elevation, well drained landforms and on many aspects. The soils are typically podzolized or undifferentiated. Most vigorous forests tend to be in northwestern portions of the generic range. Chamaecyparis formosensis is found at lower elevations, on less well drained and more commonly podzolized soils, and is more restricted to north and northwestern aspects. The most vigorous stands are in the southeastern portion of Its range. Climatic variation is more pronounced in the Pacific Northwest, and Chamaecyparis lawsoniana communities reflect this. In the north, middle and low elevations are occupied by the Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/Polystichum munitum-Oxalis oregana community on more mesic areas and by the Tsuga heterophyIh-Chamaecyparls lawsoniana/Rhododendron macrophyllum-Gaultheria shallon community on better drained sites. Both communities occur on sedimentary parent materials within the Tsuga heterophylla Zone. On ultramafic parent material in this zone the Chamaecyparis lawsoniana-Tsuga heterophylla/Xerophyllum tenax community occurs. South and east of the range of Tsuga heterophylla, mixed soils support the Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/Lithocarpus densiflora community as a closed forest, while pure ultramafic substrates are occupied by the open Pinus-Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/Quercus vaccinifolia/Xerophyllum tenax community (both in the Mixed EvergreenZone). At the transition of the Tsuga heterophylla and Abies concolor Zones is the Abies concolor- Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis lawsoniana community, the lower member of the Abies concolor Zone. South and inland from this transition area and at higher elevations, are the other Abies concolor Zone communities, Abies concolor-Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/herb and mixed Abies-Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/herb. The first of these occurs on mixed soils which include some ultramafics, while the second is primarily on granitic parent materials. Chamaecyparis taiwanensis reproduces well in mature forests, although with much less success in the bamboo community than in the shrub community. Chamaecyparis formosensis reproduces poorly in all mature forests. Hardwoods and bamboo are strong competitors with Chamaecyparis formosensis, which is also less shade tolerant than Chamaecyparis taiwanensis. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana reproduces better than either Taiwan species, in all zones, and in all communities studied. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana density in most size classes is significantly different among communities. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana appears to be relatively better adapted to sub-mesic sites on mixed ultramafic soils than to more mesic sites on other substrates. Chamaecyparis taiwanensis and C. formosensis are interpreted as being quasi-climax species which persist because of their longevity and ability to colonize disturbed areas. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana is interpreted as being a climax species in mesic communities on sedimentary and granitic substrates along with Tsuga heterophylla or Abies concolor, and as a climax dominant on ultramafic substrates where other tree species are relatively more inhibited than Chamaecyparis lawsoniana. Close

• 50. [Article] Evaluating the Reach, Effectiveness, and Adoption of an Extension Family & Community Health Program Implemented to Change the Rural Context for Weight Health

  Rural communities face many factors that may contribute to an obesogenic environment which include poorer food options (highly processed, low cost, and energy ­dense), reduced physical activity opportunities ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating the Reach, Effectiveness, and Adoption of an Extension Family & Community Health Program Implemented to Change the Rural Context for Weight Health Author: Mischkot, Brooke, John, Deborah Rural communities face many factors that may contribute to an obesogenic environment which include poorer food options (highly processed, low cost, and energy ­dense), reduced physical activity opportunities and resources, increased reliance on automobiles, and social aspects such isolation and neighborhood safety. Sub-optimal school contexts hinder students' healthy eating and physical activity before, during and after school. Active school transit is difficult for children in rural communities because of spatial distance to students' homes. Rural communities often have insufficient outdoor and indoor spaces for active recreation. Access, availability and affordability of nutrient ­dense foods such as fruits and vegetables are limited in rural environments. The overarching goal of Generating Rural Options for Weight Healthy Kids and Communities (GROW­ HKC) is to prevent childhood obesity. The 5-year study included selected rural communities within Oregon and five participating Western states (AZ, CO, NM, NV, and WA). One specific aim of the project was to plan, implement and evaluate a multi-level intervention targeting rural home, school, and community contexts to improve eating habits, increase physical activity and improve BMI trends in elementary school-age children. To do so, Extension personnel were trained to support weight healthy community development, participatory action research tools were created and used to assess community resources and readiness, and guide community-driven, environmentally ­based obesity prevention strategies. A process evaluation was implemented to better understand the relationship between Extension intervention efforts and changes to the obesogenic environment. Qualitative data sources, including personnel daily effort and activity logs, and documentation of changes in school and community resources were imported, coded, and analyzed using QSR NVivo 10 to describe community capacity building strategies and activities the GROW staff implemented in the Clackamas County intervention. Domains of capacity buildings that emerged included participation, leadership, problem assessment, and role of the outside agent. Title: Evaluating the Reach, Effectiveness, and Adoption of an Extension Family & Community Health Program Implemented to Change the Rural Context for Weight Health Author: Mischkot, Brooke, John, Deborah Rural communities face many factors that may contribute to an obesogenic environment which include poorer food options (highly processed, low cost, and energy ­dense), reduced physical activity opportunities and resources, increased reliance on automobiles, and social aspects such isolation and neighborhood safety. Sub-optimal school contexts hinder students' healthy eating and physical activity before, during and after school. Active school transit is difficult for children in rural communities because of spatial distance to students' homes. Rural communities often have insufficient outdoor and indoor spaces for active recreation. Access, availability and affordability of nutrient ­dense foods such as fruits and vegetables are limited in rural environments. The overarching goal of Generating Rural Options for Weight Healthy Kids and Communities (GROW­ HKC) is to prevent childhood obesity. The 5-year study included selected rural communities within Oregon and five participating Western states (AZ, CO, NM, NV, and WA). One specific aim of the project was to plan, implement and evaluate a multi-level intervention targeting rural home, school, and community contexts to improve eating habits, increase physical activity and improve BMI trends in elementary school-age children. To do so, Extension personnel were trained to support weight healthy community development, participatory action research tools were created and used to assess community resources and readiness, and guide community-driven, environmentally ­based obesity prevention strategies. A process evaluation was implemented to better understand the relationship between Extension intervention efforts and changes to the obesogenic environment. Qualitative data sources, including personnel daily effort and activity logs, and documentation of changes in school and community resources were imported, coded, and analyzed using QSR NVivo 10 to describe community capacity building strategies and activities the GROW staff implemented in the Clackamas County intervention. Domains of capacity buildings that emerged included participation, leadership, problem assessment, and role of the outside agent. Close